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Institute
- Institut für Humangenetik (237) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Comprehensive Hearing Center, Department of ORL, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (1)
Fanconi Anämie ist eine seltene rezessiv vererbte Erkrankung, deren zu Grunde liegende Enzymdefekte in ein Netzwerk unterschiedlichster DNA-Reparaturproteine eingewoben sind. Phylogenetisch sind uns Vögel relativ nahe verwandt, was sie zu einem guten Modellorganismus jenseits der Säugetiermodelle macht. Eine von Hühnerzellen abgeleitete Zelllinie (DT40) wurde bereits schon breit eingesetzt um die Funktion des FA-Signalwegs zu erforschen. Nachdem auch das Hühnergenom vollständig entschlüsselt wurde, konnten zu fast allen FA-Genen Orthologe gefunden werden. Unter den zahlreichen FA-Genen sind für diese Arbeit vor allem FANCC und -G von Bedeutung, da beide Gene auf dem Z-Geschlechtschromosom des Huhns liegen und eine Inaktivierung des zweiten Z-Chromosoms beim Hahn äquivalent zur X-Inaktivierung beim Menschen nicht stattfindet. Somit sollte es ein ´natürliches´ Gendosisungleichgewicht zwischen den Geschlechtern geben. Im durchgeführten Southern Blot konnte keine geschlechtsspezifisch weibliche Bande (für FANCC und -G) gefunden werden. Somit ist davon auszugehen, dass die FA-Gene C und G ausschließlich auf dem Z-Chromosom lokalisiert sind. Dies wurde auch nochmals mittels FISH bestätigt - beide Gene fanden sich auf dem kurzen Arm des Z-Chromosoms (FANCC zentromernah, FANCG zentromerfern). Aus Studien mit DT40 Zellen ist bereits bekannt, dass FA defiziente Zellen ähnlich wie humane FA-Zellen eine Hypersensitivität gegenüber Substanzen zeigen, die DNA-crosslinks verursachen. In Anlehnung an die humane FA-Diagnostik wurden die neu etablierten embryonalen Fibroblasten mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen und Einwirkzeiten von MMC behandelt und die Schäden ausgewertet. In allen Untersuchungen trugen die weiblichen Zellen mehr Schäden davon als die männlichen. Bei niedrigen Konzentrationen zeigte sich dies nur als Trend, bei höheren MMC-Konzentrationen und längeren Einwirkzeiten fanden sich bei fast allen durchgeführten Untersuchungen auch statistisch signifikante Unterschiede. Somit ergibt sich aus dieser Arbeit ein deutlicher Hinweis auf ein funktionelles Ungleichgewicht zwischen Henne und Hahn was die DNA-Reparatur nach Schädigung durch MMC angeht.
The transcription factor 12 (tcf12) is a basic Helix-Loop-Helix protein (bHLH) of the E-protein family, proven to play an important role in developmental processes like neurogenesis, mesoderm formation, and cranial vault development. In humans, mutations in TCF12 lead to craniosynostosis, a congenital birth disorder characterized by the premature fusion of one or several of the cranial sutures. Current research has been primarily focused on functional studies of TCF12, hence the cellular expression profile of this gene during embryonic development and early stages of ossification remains poorly understood. Here we present the establishment and detailed analysis of two transgenic tcf12:EGFP fluorescent zebrafish (Danio rerio) reporter lines. Using these transgenic lines, we analyzed the general spatiotemporal expression pattern of tcf12 during different developmental stages and put emphasis on skeletal development and cranial suture patterning. We identified robust tcf12 promoter-driven EGFP expression in the central nervous system (CNS), the heart, the pronephros, and the somites of zebrafish embryos. Additionally, expression was observed inside the muscles and bones of the viscerocranium in juvenile and adult fish. During cranial vault development, the transgenic fish show a high amount of tcf12 expressing cells at the growth fronts of the ossifying frontal and parietal bones and inside the emerging cranial sutures. Subsequently, we tested the transcriptional activity of three evolutionary conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) located in the tcf12 locus by transient transgenic assays and compared their in vivo activity to the expression pattern determined in the transgenic tcf12:EGFP lines. We could validate two of them as tcf12 enhancer elements driving specific gene expression in the CNS during embryogenesis. Our newly established transgenic lines enhance the understanding of tcf12 gene regulation and open up the possibilities for further functional investigation of these novel tcf12 enhancer elements in zebrafish.
Community-acquired (CA) Staphylococcus aureus cause various diseases even in healthy individuals. Enhanced virulence of CA-strains is partly attributed to increased production of toxins such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSM). The pathogen is internalized efficiently by mammalian host cells and intracellular S. aureus has recently been shown to contribute to disease. Upon internalization, cytotoxic S. aureus strains can disrupt phagosomal membranes and kill host cells in a PSM-dependent manner. However, PSM are not sufficient for these processes. Here we screened for factors required for intracellular S. aureus virulence. We infected escape reporter host cells with strains from an established transposon mutant library and detected phagosomal escape rates using automated microscopy. We thereby, among other factors, identified a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) to be required for efficient phagosomal escape and intracellular survival of S. aureus as well as induction of host cell death. By genetic complementation as well as supplementation with the synthetic NRPS product, the cyclic dipeptide phevalin, wild-type phenotypes were restored. We further demonstrate that the NRPS is contributing to virulence in a mouse pneumonia model. Together, our data illustrate a hitherto unrecognized function of the S. aureus NRPS and its dipeptide product during S. aureus infection.
Introduction:
Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Methods:
We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals.
Results:
We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk.
Conclusions:
This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.
Die Fanconi-Anämie ist eine autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Krankheit, die mit progredientem Knochenmarksversagen, Fehlbildungen und Tumoren einhergeht. Diagnostiziert wird diese Krankheit durch eine vermehrte Chromosomenbrüchigkeit nach Behandlung mit Diepoxybutan oder Mitomycin C oder durch einen erhöhten Anteil von Zellen in der G2-Phase in der Durchflußzytometrie. Bei einigen Patienten wurden Verläufe mit stabilen Blutbildern beschrieben. Als Erklärung wurde das Vorhandensein einer Mosaikkonstellation bei diesen Patienten diskutiert. Hier wird ein FA-Patient der Komplementationsgruppe A beschrieben, bei dem es im Alter von 2 Jahren zu einer Thrombozytopenie kam und ein dysplastisches Knochenmark vorlag. Zusätzlich liegt bei dem Patienten noch ein Wachstumshormonmangel bei dysplastischer Hypophyse vor. Im Alter von 3 ½ Jahren kam es zu einer deutlichen Stabilisierung des Blutbildes; auch fand sich bei wiederholten Knochenmarkspunktionen ein normozelluläres Mark. Nachdem zuvor die Diagnose FA mittels Chromosomenbruchanalyse und Durchflußzytometrie gestellt und später durch Untersuchung von Fibroblasten bestätigt worden war, stellte sich jetzt die Frage eines Mosaiks. Weitere Zellzyklusanalysen ergaben annähernd normale Befunde. Bei einer weiteren, im Alter von 6 Jahren durchgeführten Chromosomenbruchanalyse zeigte sich eine bimodale Verteilung der MMC-Sensitivität. Auf Grund dieser Bimodalität, also der Koexistenz von defekten und intakten Zellen, kann von der Existenz einer Mosaikkonstellation ausgegangen werden, die für das Auftreten intakter Zellen verantwortlich ist und dadurch zu einer Stabilisierung des Blutbildes geführt hat. Die erste Mutation des Patienten wurde auf Exon 10 gefunden, wo anstelle von Glutaminsäure ein Stopcodon gebildet wird. Ob die Mosaikkonstellation im vorliegenden Fall durch intragenes Crossover oder Genkonversion entstanden ist, kann erst nach der Identifizierung der Mutation auf dem zweiten Allel des Patienten abgeklärt werden.
While interplay between BRCA1 and AURKA-RHAMM-TPX2-TUBG1 regulates mammary epithelial polarization, common genetic variation in HMMR (gene product RHAMM) may be associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Following on these observations, we further assessed the link between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers and subsequently analyzed using a retrospective likelihood approach. The association of HMMR rs299290 with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers was confirmed: per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 - 1.15, p = 1.9 x 10\(^{-4}\) (false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p = 0.043). Variation in CSTF1, located next to AURKA, was also found to be associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs2426618 per-allele HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.16, p = 0.005 (FDR-adjusted p = 0.045). Assessment of pairwise interactions provided suggestions (FDR-adjusted p\(_{interaction}\) values > 0.05) for deviations from the multiplicative model for rs299290 and CSTF1 rs6064391, and rs299290 and TUBG1 rs11649877 in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Following these suggestions, the expression of HMMR and AURKA or TUBG1 in sporadic breast tumors was found to potentially interact, influencing patients' survival. Together, the results of this study support the hypothesis of a causative link between altered function of AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 and breast carcinogenesis in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Background
The impact of task relevance on event-related potential amplitudes of early visual processing was previously demonstrated. Study designs, however, differ greatly, not allowing simultaneous investigation of how both degree of distraction and task relevance influence processing variations. In our study, we combined different features of previous tasks. We used a modified 1-back task in which task relevant and task irrelevant stimuli were alternately presented. The task irrelevant stimuli could be from the same or from a different category as the task relevant stimuli, thereby producing high and low distracting task irrelevant stimuli. In addition, the paradigm comprised a passive viewing condition. Thus, our paradigm enabled us to compare the processing of task relevant stimuli, task irrelevant stimuli with differing degrees of distraction, and passively viewed stimuli. EEG data from twenty participants was collected and mean P100 and N170 amplitudes were analyzed. Furthermore, a potential connection of stimulus processing and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was investigated.
Results
Our results show a modulation of peak N170 amplitudes by task relevance. N170 amplitudes to task relevant stimuli were significantly higher than to high distracting task irrelevant or passively viewed stimuli. In addition, amplitudes to low distracting task irrelevant stimuli were significantly higher than to high distracting stimuli. N170 amplitudes to passively viewed stimuli were not significantly different from either kind of task irrelevant stimuli. Participants with more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity showed decreased N170 amplitudes across all task conditions. On a behavioral level, lower N170 enhancement efficiency was significantly correlated with false alarm responses.
Conclusions
Our results point to a processing enhancement of task relevant stimuli. Unlike P100 amplitudes, N170 amplitudes were strongly influenced by enhancement and enhancement efficiency seemed to have direct behavioral consequences. These findings have potential implications for models of clinical disorders affecting selective attention, especially ADHD.
Die Zellzyklusanalyse an kultivierten Fruchtwasserzellen zur pränatalen Diagnostik der Fanconi-Anämie ist nicht hinreichend zuverlässig und sollte aufgrund der teilweisen Verfälschung des Ergebnisses durch tetraploide Zellen und unzureichende Mitogenantwort sowie eventuell einen hohen Anteil nichtstimulierbarer Zellen (sog. noncycling fraction) stets mit einer weiteren Untersuchung an Nabelschnurblutzellen bestätigt werden. Durch eine Kombination von Amnionzelll- und NS-Blut- Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Durchflußzytometrie kann die Diagnose FA dann in der Mehrzahl der Fälle sicher ausgeschlossen oder bestätigt werden. Diese funktionelle Testung ist insbesondere für das Screening von Niedrig-Risiko-Schwangerschaften geeignet, bei denen eine pränatale Diagnostik auf Grund eines auffälligen Ultraschallbefundes bei sonst leerer Familienanamnese durchgeführt wird. Indirekte und direkte Gendiagnostik setzen die Kenntnis des betroffenen Gens bzw. beider krankheitsverursachender Mutationen voraus. Im engen zeitlichen Fenster der pränatalen Diagnostik können diese nicht immer rechtzeitig bestimmt werden. In den Fällen, in welchen sowohl funktionelle als auch Gendiagnostik durchgeführt wurde, konnte das Ergebnis der funktionellen Diagnostik stets bestätigt werden. Die einzige Fehldiagnose unter den hier vorgestellten Familien beruhte auf der Tatsache, dass in diesem Fall das Ergebnis der Zellzyklustestung an kultivierten Fruchtwasserzellen nicht durch eine Untersuchung von Nabelschnurblut kontrolliert wurde. Werden sowohl Amnionzellen als auch Nabelschnurblut untersucht und wird die Untersuchung der Amnionzellen durch eine einfache Sensitivitätsmessung gegenüber MMC ergänzt, so ist die funktionelle pränatale Diagnostik eine verlässliche Methode zur Bestätigung oder zum Ausschluß der Diagnose Fanconi-Anämie. Die größtmögliche Sicherheit der pränatalen Diagnostik wird jedoch mit molekulargenetischen Methoden erreicht. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn Komplementationsgruppenzugehörigkeit und die Art der krankheitsverursachenden Mutationen vor Beginn der Schwangerschaft bekannt sind.
Prerequisite to any biological laboratory assay employing living animals is consideration about its necessity, feasibility, ethics and the potential harm caused during an experiment. The imperative of these thoughts has led to the formulation of the 3R-principle, which today is a pivotal scientific standard of animal experimentation worldwide. The rising amount of laboratory investigations utilizing living animals throughout the last decades, either for regulatory concerns or for basic science, demands the development of alternative methods in accordance with 3R to help reduce experiments in mammals. This demand has resulted in investigation of additional vertebrate species displaying favourable biological properties. One prominent species among these is the zebrafish (Danio rerio), as these small laboratory ray-finned fish are well established in science today and feature outstanding biological characteristics. In this review, we highlight the advantages and general prerequisites of zebrafish embryos and larvae before free-feeding stages for toxicological testing, with a particular focus on cardio-, neuro, hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we discuss toxicokinetics, current advances in utilizing zebrafish for organ toxicity testing and highlight how advanced laboratory methods (such as automation, advanced imaging and genetic techniques) can refine future toxicological studies in this species.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Krankenblätter 366 kleiner Frühgeborener (Schwangerschaftswochen (SSW) 23/0 bis 32/0), die im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2001 in der Frauenklinik des Klinikums Süd Nürnberg aus Einlingsschwangerschaften geboren wurden, retrospektiv ausgewertet. 136 Schwangere wurden nach einem vorzeitigen Blasensprung entbunden. 16 Kinder sind innerhalb der Neonatalperiode gestorben. Erfasst wurden zum einen wichtige prä- und peripartale Faktoren, u.a. mütterliches Alter und Risiko,Schwangerschaftsalter, Indikation zur Schwangerschaftsbeendigung und Entbindungsmodus, und zum anderen fetale Outcome-Parameter wie Gewicht, Apgar Score, Nabelarterien-pH-Wert, Base Excess und Intubation. Darüber hinaus wurden für jedes Kind die Morbiditätsdiagnosen und bei gestorbenen Kindern die Todesursachen aufgenommen. In 37 % der Fälle lag der Frühgeburt ein vorzeitiger Blasensprung zugrunde, in 31 % eine vorzeitige Wehentätigkeit. Die übrigen 32 % wurden durch maternofetale Pathologie hervorgerufen. Das Gewicht der Frühgeborenen lag zu 75 % unter 1500 g. In einer schweren Azidose befanden sich 6 % der Kinder. Eine starke Abhängigkeit der Outcome-Parameter von Poleinstellung und Entbindungsmodus war nicht zu beobachten. Frühgeborene nach fetaler Entbindungsindikation wiesen ein schlechteres Outcome auf als nach maternaler Indikation. Von den beobachteten Krankheiten kam das Atemnotsyndrom am häufigsten vor (in 63 % der Fälle), bei 20 % der Kinder III.-IV. Grades. Hochgradige Retinopathie (Grade III-IV) wurde in 5,4 %, retrolentale Fibroplasie in 0,6 % der Fälle diagnostiziert. Ein Drittel der Kinder erkrankten an einer Sepsis. Bei 18 % entwickelte sich im Verlauf eine bronchopulmonale Dysplasie. Schwere Hirnblutungen (III.-IV. Grades) erlitten 4,5 % der Frühgeborenen, periventrikuläre Leukomalazie 3,6 % und nekrotisierende Enterokolitis 1,5 %. Die genannten Krankheiten traten mit zunehmendem Schwangerschaftsalter weniger häufig auf. Die Prognose verbesserte sich besonders stark in den SSW 28-30. 6 von 16 Todesfällen (38 %) entfielen auf die ersten 24 Lebensstunden. Die Todesursachen waren Unreife/Mangelgeburt (31 %), Sepsis (31 %), Fehlbildungen und intrauterine Asphyxie (jeweils 13 %). Die neonatale Mortalitätsrate nahm mit zunehmendem Geburtsgewicht deutlich ab: Von 33 % für Frühgeborene unter 500 g, auf 3 % ab 1000 g. Die mittlere Latenzperiode nach einem vorzeitigen Blasensprung betrug 9,1 Tage (in 90 % der Fälle bis zu 3 Wochen, Maximum: 10 Wochen). Kinder beider betrachteter Gruppen von 23-28 und 29-32 SSW profitierten vom angewendeten konservativen Management: Bezüglich der Lungenreife war eine klare Verbesserung zu beobachten, falls die RDS-Prophylaxe 48 Stunden vor der Geburt abgeschlossen war. Sepsis kam zwar in der Gruppe mit niedrigerem Gestationsalter häufiger vor, war jedoch nicht direkt abhängig von der Latenzperiode. Im Vergleich mit anderen aktuellen Studien lagen die in dieser Arbeit festgestellten Morbiditätsraten etwa gleichauf. Die Kinder des eigenen Kollektivs entwickelten aber seltener intraventrikuläre Hämorrhagie und periventrikuläre Leukomalazie. Die starke Abnahme von Morbidität und Mortalität mit zunehmendem Schwangerschaftsalter wird in den Vergleichsstudien ähnlich berichtet. Eine nicht vernachlässigbare Überlebenschance kann bereits ab 23 SSW gegeben sein (4 von 6 dieser Kinder überlebten die Neonatalperiode). Die Chancen auf ein gesundes Überleben jedoch steigen besonders in den SSW 28-30. Daher ist in den sehr frühen SSW die Prolongation der Schwangerschaft zu empfehlen.
Usher syndrome, the most prevalent cause of combined hereditary vision and hearing impairment, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, several conditions with phenotypes overlapping Usher syndrome have been described. This makes the molecular diagnosis of hereditary deaf-blindness challenging. Here, we performed exome sequencing and analysis on 7 Mexican and 52 Iranian probands with combined retinal degeneration and hearing impairment (without intellectual disability). Clinical assessment involved ophthalmological examination and hearing loss questionnaire. Usher syndrome, most frequently due to biallelic variants in MYO7A (USH1B in 16 probands), USH2A (17 probands), and ADGRV1 (USH2C in 7 probands), was diagnosed in 44 of 59 (75%) unrelated probands. Almost half of the identified variants were novel. Nine of 59 (15%) probands displayed other genetic entities with dual sensory impairment, including Alström syndrome (3 patients), cone-rod dystrophy and hearing loss 1 (2 probands), and Heimler syndrome (1 patient). Unexpected findings included one proband each with Scheie syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. In four probands, including three Usher cases, dual sensory impairment was either modified/aggravated or caused by variants in distinct genes associated with retinal degeneration and/or hearing loss. The overall diagnostic yield of whole exome analysis in our deaf-blind cohort was 92%. Two (3%) probands were partially solved and only 3 (5%) remained without any molecular diagnosis. In many cases, the molecular diagnosis is important to guide genetic counseling, to support prognostic outcomes and decisions with currently available and evolving treatment modalities.
Electric shock is a common stimulus for nociception-research and the most widely used reinforcement in aversive associative learning experiments. Yet, nothing is known about the mechanisms it recruits at the periphery. To help fill this gap, we undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 38 inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains, which avoided shock to varying extents. We identified 514 genes whose expression levels and/or sequences covaried with shock avoidance scores. We independently scrutinized 14 of these genes using mutants, validating the effect of 7 of them on shock avoidance. This emphasizes the value of our candidate gene list as a guide for follow-up research. In addition, by integrating our association results with external protein-protein interaction data we obtained a shock avoidance- associated network of 38 genes. Both this network and the original candidate list contained a substantial number of genes that affect mechanosensory bristles, which are hairlike organs distributed across the fly's body. These results may point to a potential role for mechanosensory bristles in shock sensation. Thus, we not only provide a first list of candidate genes for shock avoidance, but also point to an interesting new hypothesis on nociceptive mechanisms.
Introduction: Several common alleles have been shown to be associated with breast and/or ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Recent genome-wide association studies of breast cancer have identified eight additional breast cancer susceptibility loci: rs1011970 (9p21, CDKN2A/B), rs10995190 (ZNF365), rs704010 (ZMIZ1), rs2380205 (10p15), rs614367 (11q13), rs1292011 (12q24), rs10771399 (12p11 near PTHLH) and rs865686 (9q31.2).
Methods: To evaluate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, we genotyped these SNPs in 12,599 BRCA1 and 7,132 BRCA2 mutation carriers and analysed the associations with breast cancer risk within a retrospective likelihood framework.
Results: Only SNP rs10771399 near PTHLH was associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.94, P-trend = 3 x 10\(^{-4}\)). The association was restricted to mutations proven or predicted to lead to absence of protein expression (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 3.1 x 10\(^{-5}\), P-difference = 0.03). Four SNPs were associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs10995190, P-trend = 0.015; rs1011970, P-trend = 0.048; rs865686, 2df P = 0.007; rs1292011 2df P = 0.03. rs10771399 (PTHLH) was predominantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 4 x 10\(^{-5}\)) and there was marginal evidence of association with ER- negative breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.00, P-trend = 0.049).
Conclusions: The present findings, in combination with previously identified modifiers of risk, will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction and an improved understanding of the disease etiology in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Background: There is much evidence that T cells are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic forms of scleroderma (SSc). A dysbalance between FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 cells has been suggested. Methods: The study aimed (1) to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of Th17 and Tregs in SSc patients depending on disease manifestation (limited vs. diffuse cutaneous SSc, dcSSc) and activity, and (2) the transcriptional level and methylation status of Th17- and Treg-specific transcription factors. Results: There was a concurrent accumulation of circulating peripheral IL-17-producing CCR6+ Th cells and FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with dcSSc. At the transcriptional level, Th17- and Treg-associated transcription factors were elevated in SSc. A strong association with high circulating Th17 and Tregs was seen with early, active, and severe disease presentation. However, a diminished suppressive function on autologous lymphocytes was found in SSc-derived Tregs. Significant relative hypermethylation was seen at the gene level for RORC1 and RORC2 in SSc, particularly in patients with high inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Besides the high transcriptional activity of T cells, attributed to Treg or Th17 phenotype, in active SSc disease, Tregs may be insufficient to produce high amounts of IL-10 or to control proliferative activity of effector T cells in SSc. Our results suggest a high plasticity of Tregs strongly associated with the Th17 phenotype. Future directions may focus on enhancing Treg functions and stabilization of the Treg phenotype.
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the major cause of blindness in the developed world. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are not well understood although in recent years a primary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has become evident. The aim of the present study is to systematically analyse genes which are differentially expressed in the RPE, and to assess their possible association with mechanisms and pathways likely to be related to retinal disease, in particular AMD. Towards this goal, 2379 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were established from an inhouse generated RPE cDNA library. This library was constructed by using the suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique which normalises redundant sequences and ensures enrichment of rare transcripts. In a first phase, 1002 ESTs were sequenced and subjected to comprehensive alignment with public nucleotide and protein databases. A search of the 1002 ESTs against the human genome draft sequence yielded 168 known genes, 51 predicted genes, 15 unknown transcripts and 41 clones with no significant similarity. Reverse Northern blot hybridization was performed for 318 EST clusters to identify abundantly expressed genes in the RPE and to prioritize subsequent analyses. Representative clones were spotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with cDNA probes of driver (heart and liver) and tester (RPE) used in the cDNA library construction. Subsequently, 107 EST clusters were subjected to Northern blot hybridizations. These analyses identified 7 RPE-specific, 3 retina-specific, 7 RPE/retina-specific, and 7 tissue restricted transcripts, while 29 EST clusters were ubiquitously expressed, and evaluation was not possible for another 54 EST clusters. Of the 24 transcripts with specific or restricted expression, 16 clones were selected for further characterization. The predicted gene MGC2477 and 2 novel isoforms of the human transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 3 (TRPM3) were cloned and further described in detail. In addition, polymorphic variations for these 2 genes as well as for the human MT-Protocadherin gene were determined. For MGC2477, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, with 13 having a frequency of the minor allele greater than 20%. 10 of the 15 SNPs have not been reported in so far in public SNP repertoires. Partial assessment of the TRPM3 gene yielded 35 SNPs. Of these, 30 (85.7%) were highly frequent (0.17-0.5%), and 14 (40%) were novel. The MT-Protocadherin gene revealed 35 SNPs, including 28 (80%) with high frequency of the minor allele. 23 (65.7%) were novel SNPs. These SNPs will be used to construct the most common haplotypes. These will be used in case/control association studies in 400 AMD patients and 200 ethnically and aged matched controls to assess a possible contribution of these genes in the etiology of AMD.