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Der Natrium-D-Glukose Kotransporter 1 (SGLT1) spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aufnahme von Glukose aus dem Darmlumen in die Enterozyten des Darms. Anhand von Untersuchungen an Xenopus laevis-Oozyten konnte in unserem Labor das Protein RS1 als posttranslationales Regulatorprotein für SGLT1 und diverse andere Transporter ermittelt werden. Es wurde eine regulatorische Domäne aus RS1 mit vielen potentiellen Phosphorylierungsstellen isoliert (RS1-Reg) und gezeigt dass RS1-Reg die Abschnürung von Transporter enthaltenen Vesikeln vom Transgolgi-Netzwerk hemmt. Neben SGLT1 reguliert RS1 auch die konzentrierenden Nukleosidtransporter (CNTs) am TGN. Die Regulation der Transporter ist vom Phosphorylierungszustand von RS1-Reg abhängig. So wurde durch Versuche an Oozyten von Xenopus laevis und Injektion von RS1-Reg Mutanten gezeigt, dass die Phosphorylierung von RS1-Reg an einigen Stellen zu einer Inhibition von SGLT1 führte, während der Nukleosidtransporter CNT1 durch die dephosphorylierte Mutante herunterreguliert wurden. Neben der phosphorylierungsabhängigen Regulation konnte für SGLT1 auch gezeigt werden, dass die Herunterregulation nur unter Niedrigzucker-Bedingungen erfolgte, nicht jedoch bei hohen Glukosekonzentrationen. Für die CNTs war eine derartige Zuckerabhängigkeit nicht zu beobachten.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Ergebnisse aus den Oozytenmessungen auch in vivo in einem Säugetier gezeigt werden können. Hierzu wurden Mutanten der regulatorischen Domäne (RS1-Reg) des Maus-Proteins, welche den phosphorylierten Zustand simulierten (RS1-Reg (S19E)), oder die Phosphorylierung verhinderten (RS1-Reg (S19A)) eingesetzt. Diese wurden an ein Nanohydrogel gekoppelt, um eine Aufnahme in die Enterozyten im Darm zu gewährleisten. Es wurde in der RS1KO-Mausohne funktionelles RS1 gezeigt, dass auch im in vivo-System eine Herunterregulation von SGLT1 durch mRS1-Reg (S19E), nicht jedoch durch mRS1-Reg (S19A) erfolgte, während die CNTs nur durch mRS1-Reg (S19A) inhibiert wurden. Des Weiteren führte mRS1-Reg (S19A) in der Wildtypmaus bei niedrigen Zuckerkonzentrationen zu einer Stimulation von SGLT1, was für eine Kompetition mit dem endogenen RS1-Proteins spricht. Es konnte indirekt der Beweis erbracht werden, dass über Nanohydrogele längere Proteine in die Zelle gebracht werden können und dort funktionell freigesetzt werden.
N‐heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), relatives of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), exhibit high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character. To investigate their π‐electron donating ability, NHOs were attached to triarylborane π‐acceptors (A) giving donor (D)–π–A compounds 1–3. In addition, an enamine π‐donor analogue (4) was synthesized for comparison. UV–visible absorption studies show a larger red shift for the NHO‐containing boranes than for the enamine analogue, a relative of cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs). Solvent‐dependent emission studies indicate that 1–4 have moderate intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) behavior. Electrochemical investigations reveal that the NHO‐containing boranes have extremely low reversible oxidation potentials (e.g., for 3, \(E^{ox}_{1/2}\) =−0.40 V vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium, Fc/Fc\(^+\), in THF). Time‐dependent (TD) DFT calculations show that the HOMOs of 1–3 are much more destabilized than that of the enamine‐containing 4, which confirms the stronger donating ability of NHOs.
A convenient and efficient one‐step synthesis of 1,1,1‐triborylalkanes was achieved via sequential dehydrogenative borylation and double hydroborations of terminal alkynes with HBpin (HBpin=pinacolborane) catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available Cu(OAc)\(_2\). This process proceeds under mild conditions, furnishing 1,1,1‐tris(boronates) with wide substrate scope, excellent selectivity, and good functional‐group tolerance, and is applicable to gram‐scale synthesis without loss of yield. The 1,1,1‐triborylalkanes can be used in the preparation of α‐vinylboronates and borylated cyclic compounds, which are valuable but previously rare compounds. Different alkyl groups can be introduced stepwise via base‐mediated deborylative alkylation to produce racemic tertiary alkyl boronates, which can be readily transformed into useful tertiary alcohols.
Eine effiziente, einstufige Synthese von 1,1,1‐Trialkylalkanen durch die sequenzielle, dehydrierende Borylierung und zweifache Hydroborierung von terminalen Alkinen mit Pinakolboran (HBpin) wurde unter Verwendung des kostengünstigen und einfach zugänglichen Kupfersalzes Cu(OAc)2 als Katalysator realisiert. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich durch ein breites Substratspektrum, eine außerordentliche Selektivität und eine hohe Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen aus. Zudem kann die Reaktion ohne Ausbeuteverlust im Gramm‐Maßstab durchgeführt werden. Die somit erhaltenen 1,1,1‐Trialkylalkane können Anwendungen in der Herstellung von synthetisch wertvollen und bislang schwer zugänglichen α‐Vinylboronaten und zyklischen Boryl‐Verbindungen finden. Verschiedene Alkylgruppen können stufenweise über eine basenvermittelte deborylierende Alkylierung eingeführt werden, um racemische, tertiäre Alkylboronate herzustellen, die einfach in nützliche tertiäre Alkohole umgewandelt werden können.
A combination of copper iodide and phenanthroline as the ligand is an efficient catalyst for Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling of highly fluorinated boronate esters (aryl−Bpin) with aryl iodides and bromides to generate fluorinated biaryls in good to excellent yields. This method represents a nice alternative to traditional cross‐coupling methods which require palladium catalysts and stoichiometric amounts of silver oxide. We note that π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions dominate the molecular packing in the partly fluorinated biaryl crystals investigated herein. They are present either between the arene and perfluoroarene, or solely between arenes or perfluoroarenes, respectively.
In enterocytes, protein RS1 (RSC1A1) mediates an increase of glucose absorption after ingestion of glucose-rich food via upregulation of Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in the brush-border membrane (BBM). Whereas RS1 decelerates the exocytotic pathway of vesicles containing SGLT1 at low glucose levels between meals, RS1-mediated deceleration is relieved after ingestion of glucose-rich food. Regulation of SGLT1 is mediated by RS1 domain RS1-Reg, in which Gln-Ser-Pro (QSP) is effective. In contrast to QSP and RS1-Reg, Gln-Glu-Pro (QEP) and RS1-Reg with a serine to glutamate exchange in the QSP motif downregulate the abundance of SGLT1 in the BBM at high intracellular glucose concentrations by about 50%. We investigated whether oral application of QEP improves diabetes in db/db mice and affects the induction of diabetes in New Zealand obese (NZO) mice under glucolipotoxic conditions. After 6-day administration of drinking water containing 5 mM QEP to db/db mice, fasting glucose was decreased, increase of blood glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test was blunted, and insulin sensitivity was increased. When QEP was added for several days to a high fat/high carbohydrate diet that induced diabetes in NZO mice, the increase of random plasma glucose was prevented, accompanied by lower plasma insulin levels. QEP is considered a lead compound for development of new antidiabetic drugs with more rapid cellular uptake. In contrast to SGLT1 inhibitors, QEP-based drugs may be applied in combination with insulin for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, decreasing the required insulin amount, and thereby may reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.
We report herein a mild procedure for the copper‐catalyzed oxidative cross‐coupling of electron‐deficient polyfluorophenylboronate esters with terminal alkynes. This method displays good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope, generating cross‐coupled alkynyl(fluoro)arene products in moderate to excellent yields. Thus, it represents a simple alternative to the conventional Sonogashira reaction.
We synthesized new pyrene derivatives with strong bis(para ‐methoxyphenyl)amine donors at the 2,7‐positions and n ‐azaacene acceptors at the K‐region of pyrene. The compounds possess a strong intramolecular charge transfer, leading to unusual properties such as emission in the red to NIR region (700 nm), which has not been reported before for monomeric pyrenes. Detailed photophysical studies reveal very long intrinsic lifetimes of >100 ns for the new compounds, which is typical for 2,7‐substituted pyrenes but not for K‐region substituted pyrenes. The incorporation of strong donors and acceptors leads to very low reduction and oxidation potentials, and spectroelectrochemical studies show that the compounds are on the borderline between localized Robin‐Day class‐II and delocalized Robin‐Day class‐III species.
We report herein the catalytic triboration of terminal alkynes with B\(_2\)pin\(_2\) (bis(pinacolato)diboron) using readily available Cu(OAc)\(_2\) and P\(^n\)Bu\(_3\). Various 1,1,2‐triborylalkenes, a class of compounds that have been demonstrated to be potential matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐2) inhibitors, were obtained directly in moderate to good yields. The process features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance. This copper‐catalyzed reaction can be conducted on a gram scale to produce the corresponding 1,1,2‐triborylalkenes in modest yields. The utility of these products was demonstrated by further transformations of the C−B bonds to prepare gem ‐dihaloborylalkenes (F, Cl, Br), monohaloborylalkenes (Cl, Br), and trans ‐diaryldiborylalkenes, which serve as important synthons and have previously been challenging to prepare.
Wir berichten über die katalytische Triborierung terminaler Alkine mit B\(_2\)pin\(_2\) (Bis‐(pinakolato)‐dibor) unter Verwendung von einfach zugänglichem Cu(OAc)\(_2\) und P\(^n\)Bu\(_3\). Verschiedene 1,1,2‐Triborylalkene, eine Verbindungsklasse mit potentieller Funktion als Matrix‐Metallo‐Proteinase(MMP‐2)‐Inhibitor, werden direkt in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten erhalten. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich durch milde Reaktionsbedingungen, ein breites Substratspektrum und eine gute Verträglichkeit gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen aus. Diese Cu‐katalysierte Reaktion kann im Gramm‐Maßstab durchgeführt werden und liefert die entsprechenden 1,1,2‐Triborylalkene in mäßigen Ausbeuten. Die Verwendung solcher Verbindungen wird anhand weiterer Transformationen der C−B‐Bindungen zur Darstellung eines geminalen Dihalogenborylalkens (F, Cl, Br), eines Monohalogendiborylalkens (Cl, Br) und eines trans‐Diaryldiborylalkens demonstriert, welche bedeutende Synthesebausteine darstellen und bisher nur schwer zugänglich waren.
The NaOtBu‐catalyzed mixed 1,1‐diboration of terminal alkynes using the unsymmetrical diboron reagent BpinBdan (pin = pinacolato; dan = 1,8‐diaminonaphthalene) proceeds in a regio‐ and stereoselective fashion affording moderate to high yields of 1,1‐diborylalkenes bearing orthogonal boron protecting groups. It is applicable to gram‐scale synthesis without loss of yield or selectivity. The mixed 1,1‐diborylalkene products can be utilized in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions which take place selectivly at the C–B site. DFT calculations suggest the NaOtBu‐catalyzed mixed 1,1‐diboration of alkynes occurs through deprotonation of the terminal alkyne, stepwise addition of BpinBdan to the terminal carbon followed by protonation with tBuOH. Experimentally observed selective formation of (Z)‐diborylalkenes is supported by our theoretical studies.
Using a new divergent approach, conjugated triarylborane dendrimers were synthesized up to the 2nd generation. The synthetic strategy consists of three steps: 1) functionalization, via iridium catalyzed C−H borylation; 2) activation, via fluorination of the generated boronate ester with K[HF\(_{2}\)] or [N(nBu\(_{4}\))][HF\(_{2}\)]; and 3) expansion, via reaction of the trifluoroborate salts with aryl Grignard reagents. The concept was also shown to be viable for a convergent approach. All but one of the conjugated borane dendrimers exhibit multiple, distinct and reversible reduction potentials, making them potentially interesting materials for applications in molecular accumulators. Based on their photophysical properties, the 1st generation dendrimers exhibit good conjugation over the whole system. However, the conjugation does not increase further upon expansion to the 2nd generation, but the molar extinction coefficients increase linearly with the number of triarylborane subunits, suggesting a potential application as photonic antennas.
Three different perfluoroalkylated borafluorenes (\(^{F}\)Bf) were prepared and their electronic and photophysical properties were investigated. The systems have four trifluoromethyl moieties on the borafluorene moiety as well as two trifluoromethyl groups at the ortho positions of their exo‐aryl moieties. They differ with regard to the para substituents on their exo‐aryl moieties, being a proton \(^{F}\)Xyl\(^{F}\)Bf, \(^{F}\)Xyl: 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), a trifluoromethyl group (\(^{F}\)Mes\(^{F}\)Bf, \(^{F}\)Mes: 2,4,6‐tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) or a dimethylamino group (p‐NMe\(_{2}\)‐\(^{F}\)Xyl\(^{F}\)Bf, p‐NMe\(_{2}\)‐\(^{F}\)Xyl: 4‐(dimethylamino)‐2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), respectively. All derivatives exhibit extraordinarily low reduction potentials, comparable to those of perylenediimides. The most electron‐deficient derivative \(^{F}\)Mes\(^{F}\)Bf was also chemically reduced and its radical anion isolated and characterized. Furthermore, all compounds exhibit very long fluorescent lifetimes of about 250 ns up to 1.6 μs; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this differ. The donor‐substituted derivative p‐NMe\(_{2}\)‐\(^{F}\)Xyl\(^{F}\)Bf exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from a charge‐transfer (CT) state, whereas the \(^{F}\)Mes\(^{F}\)Bf and FXylFBf borafluorenes exhibit only weakly allowed locally excited (LE) transitions due to their symmetry and low transition‐dipole moments.
Fluoride abstraction from different types of transition metal fluoride complexes [L\(_n\)MF] (M=Ti, Ni, Cu) by the Lewis acid tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane (C\(_2\)F\(_5\))\(_3\)PF\(_2\) to yield cationic transition metal complexes with the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate counterion (FAP anion, [(C\(_2\)F\(_5\))\(_3\)PF\(_3\)]\(^-\)) is reported. (C\(_2\)F\(_5\))\(_3\)PF\(_2\) reacted with trans-[Ni(iPr\(_2\)Im)\(_2\)(Ar\(^F\))F] (iPr2Im=1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-ylidene; Ar\(^F\)=C\(_6\)F\(_5\), 1 a; 4-CF\(_3\)-C\(_6\)F\(_4\), 1 b; 4-C\(_6\)F\(_5\)-C\(_6\)F\(_4\), 1 c) through fluoride transfer to form the complex salts trans-[Ni(iPr\(_2\)Im)\(_2\)(solv)(Ar\(^F\))]FAP (2 a-c[solv]; solv=Et\(_2\)O, CH\(_2\)Cl\(_2\), THF) depending on the reaction medium. In the presence of stronger Lewis bases such as carbenes or PPh\(_3\), solvent coordination was suppressed and the complexes trans-[Ni(iPr\(_2\)Im)\(_2\)(PPh\(_3\))(C\(_6\)F\(_5\))]FAP (trans-2 a[PPh\(_3\)]) and cis-[Ni(iPr\(_2\)Im)\(_2\)(Dipp\(_2\)Im)(C\(_6\)F\(_5\))]FAP (cis-2 a[Dipp\(_2\)Im]) (Dipp\(_2\)Im=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) were isolated. Fluoride abstraction from [(Dipp\(_2\)Im)CuF] (3) in CH\(_2\)Cl\(_2\) or 1,2-difluorobenzene led to the isolation of [{(Dipp\(_2\)Im)Cu}\(_2\)]\(^2\)\(^+\)2 FAP\(^-\) (4). Subsequent reaction of 4 with PPh\(_3\) and different carbenes resulted in the complexes [(Dipp\(_2\)Im)Cu(LB)]FAP (5 a–e, LB=Lewis base). In the presence of C6Me6, fluoride transfer afforded [(Dipp\(_2\)Im)Cu(C\(_6\)Me\(_6\))]FAP (5 f), which serves as a source of [(Dipp\(_2\)Im)Cu)]\(^+\). Fluoride abstraction of [Cp\(_2\)TiF\(_2\)] (7) resulted in the formation of dinuclear [FCp\(_2\)Ti(μ-F)TiCp\(_2\)F]FAP (8) (Cp=η\(^5\)-C\(_5\)H\(_5\)) with one terminal fluoride ligand at each titanium atom and an additional bridging fluoride ligand.
We report four new luminescent tetracationic bis-triarylborane DNA and RNA sensors that show high binding affinities, in several cases even in the nanomolar range. Three of the compounds contain substituted, highly emissive and structurally flexible bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl-4-ethynyl)arene linkers (3: arene=5,5′-2,2′-bithiophene; 4: arene=1,4-benzene; 5: arene=9,10-anthracene) between the two boryl moieties and serve as efficient dual Raman and fluorescence chromophores. The shorter analogue 6 employs 9,10-anthracene as the linker and demonstrates the importance of an adequate linker length with a certain level of flexibility by exhibiting generally lower binding affinities than 3–5. Pronounced aggregation–deaggregation processes are observed in fluorimetric titration experiments with DNA for compounds 3 and 5. Molecular modelling of complexes of 5 with AT-DNA, suggest the minor groove as the dominant binding site for monomeric 5, but demonstrate that dimers of 5 can also be accommodated. Strong SERS responses for 3–5 versus a very weak response for 6, particularly the strong signals from anthracene itself observed for 5 but not for 6, demonstrate the importance of triple bonds for strong Raman activity in molecules of this compound class. The energy of the characteristic stretching vibration of the C≡C bonds is significantly dependent on the aromatic moiety between the triple bonds. The insertion of aromatic moieties between two C≡C bonds thus offers an alternative design for dual Raman and fluorescence chromophores, applicable in multiplex biological Raman imaging.
Phenylpyridyl-fused boroles [TipPBB1]\(_4\) and TipPBB2 were synthesized and their properties investigated. [TipPBB1]\(_4\) forms a tetramer in both the solid state and solution. TipPBB2 contains a 4-coordinate boron atom in the solid state but dissociates to give a 3-coordinate boron species in solution. TipPBB2 shows interesting temperature-dependent dual fluorescence in solution because of the equilibrium between 3- and 4-coordinate boron species due to weak N⋅⋅⋅B intermolecular coordination.
Bis(1-(4-tolyl)-carboran-2-yl)-(4-tolyl)-borane [(1-(4-MeC\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\))-closo-1,2-C\(_{2}\)B\(_{10}\)H\(_{10}\)-2-)\(_{2}\)(4-MeC\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\))B] (1), a new bis(o-carboranyl)-(R)-borane was synthesised by lithiation of the o-carboranyl precursor and subsequent salt metathesis reaction with (4-tolyl)BBr\(_{2}\). Cyclic voltammetry experiments on 1 show multiple distinct reduction events with a one-electron first reduction. In a selective reduction experiment the corresponding paramagnetic radical anion 1\(^{.−}\) was isolated and characterized. Single-crystal structure analyses allow an in-depth comparison of 1, 1\(^{.−}\), their calculated geometries, and the S\(_{1}\) excited state of 1. Photophysical studies of 1 show a charge transfer (CT) emission with low quantum yield in solution but a strong increase in the solid state. TD-DFT calculations were used to identify transition-relevant orbitals.
A nickel/N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalytic system has been developed for the borylation of aryl sulfoxides with B\(_{2}\)(neop)\(_{2}\) (neop=neopentyl glycolato). A wide range of aryl sulfoxides with different electronic and steric properties were converted into the corresponding arylboronic esters in good yields. The regioselective borylation of unsymmetric diaryl sulfoxides was also feasible leading to borylation of the sterically less encumbered aryl substituent. Competition experiments demonstrated that an electron-deficient aryl moiety reacts preferentially. The origin of the selectivity in the Ni-catalyzed borylation of electronically biased unsymmetrical diaryl sulfoxide lies in the oxidative addition step of the catalytic cycle, as oxidative addition of methoxyphenyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl sulfoxide to the Ni(0) complex occurs selectively to give the structurally characterized complex trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(4-CF\(_{3}\)-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)){(SO)-4-MeO-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)}] 4. For complex 5, the isomer trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(OSC\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))] 5-I was structurally characterized in which the phenyl sulfinyl ligand is bound via the oxygen atom to nickel. In solution, the complex trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(OSC\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))] 5-I is in equilibrium with the S-bonded isomer trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(SOC\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))] 5, as shown by NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations reveal that these isomers are separated by a mere 0.3 kJ/mol (M06/def2-TZVP-level of theory) and connected via a transition state trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(η\(^{2}\)-{SO}-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))], which lies only 10.8 kcal/mol above 5.
A novel protocol for the transition metal-free 1,2-addition of polyfluoroaryl boronate esters to aldehydes and ketones is reported, which provides secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols, and ketones. Control experiments and DFT calculations indicate that both the ortho-F substituents on the polyfluorophenyl boronates and the counterion K\(^+\) in the carbonate base are critical. The distinguishing features of this procedure include the employment of commercially available starting materials and the broad scope of the reaction with a wide variety of carbonyl compounds giving moderate to excellent yields. Intriguing structural features involving O−H⋅⋅⋅O and O−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonding, as well as arene-perfluoroarene interactions, in this series of racemic polyfluoroaryl carbinols have also been addressed.
A series of 9-borafluorene derivatives, functionalised with electron-donating groups, have been prepared. Some of these 9-borafluorene compounds exhibit strong yellowish emission in solution and in the solid state with relatively high quantum yields (up to 73.6 % for FMesB-Cz as a neat film). The results suggest that the highly twisted donor groups suppress charge transfer, but the intrinsic photophysical properties of the 9-borafluorene systems remain. The new compounds showed enhanced stability towards the atmosphere, and exhibited excellent thermal stability, revealing their potential for application in materials science. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices were fabricated with two of the highly emissive compounds, and they exhibited strong yellow-greenish electroluminescence, with a maximum luminance intensity of >22 000 cd m\(^{-2}\). These are the first two examples of 9-borafluorene derivatives being used as light-emitting materials in OLED devices, and they have enabled us to achieve a balance between maintaining their intrinsic properties while improving their stability.