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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are among the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine is the lead molecule which exerts its therapeutic effects, at least in part, by promoting neuroplasticity through increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin-related receptor kinase B (TrkB) signalling. It is unclear however, to which extent the neuroplastic effects of fluoxetine are solely mediated by the inhibition of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). To answer this question, the effects of fluoxetine on neuroplasticity were analysed in both wild type (WT) and 5-Htt knock-out (KO) mice. Using Western blotting and RT-qPCR approaches, we showed that fluoxetine 10 µM activated BDNF/TrkB signalling pathways in both CD1 and C57BL/6J mouse primary cortical neurons. Interestingly, effects on BDNF signalling were observed in primary cortical neurons from both 5-Htt WT and KO mice. In addition, a 3-week in vivo fluoxetine treatment (15 mg/kg/d; i.p.) increased the expression of plasticity genes in brains of both 5-Htt WT and KO mice, and tended to equally enhance hippocampal cell proliferation in both genotypes, without reaching significance. Our results further suggest that fluoxetine-induced neuroplasticity does not solely depend on 5-HTT blockade, but might rely, at least in part, on 5-HTT-independent direct activation of TrkB.
Preclinical studies point to a pivotal role of the orexin 1 (OX1) receptor in arousal and fear learning and therefore suggest the HCRTR1 gene as a prime candidate in panic disorder (PD) with/without agoraphobia (AG), PD/AG treatment response, and PD/AG-related intermediate phenotypes. Here, a multilevel approach was applied to test the non-synonymous HCRTR1 C/T Ile408Val gene variant (rs2271933) for association with PD/AG in two independent case-control samples (total n = 613 cases, 1839 healthy subjects), as an outcome predictor of a six-weeks exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD/AG patients (n = 189), as well as with respect to agoraphobic cognitions (ACQ) (n = 483 patients, n = 2382 healthy subjects), fMRI alerting network activation in healthy subjects (n = 94), and a behavioral avoidance task in PD/AG pre- and post-CBT (n = 271). The HCRTR1 rs2271933 T allele was associated with PD/AG in both samples independently, and in their meta-analysis (p = 4.2 × 10−7), particularly in the female subsample (p = 9.8 × 10−9). T allele carriers displayed a significantly poorer CBT outcome (e.g., Hamilton anxiety rating scale: p = 7.5 × 10−4). The T allele count was linked to higher ACQ sores in PD/AG and healthy subjects, decreased inferior frontal gyrus and increased locus coeruleus activation in the alerting network. Finally, the T allele count was associated with increased pre-CBT exposure avoidance and autonomic arousal as well as decreased post-CBT improvement. In sum, the present results provide converging evidence for an involvement of HCRTR1 gene variation in the etiology of PD/AG and PD/AG-related traits as well as treatment response to CBT, supporting future therapeutic approaches targeting the orexin-related arousal system.
C9ORF72 mutations are the most common cause of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MRI studies have investigated structural changes in C9ORF72-associated FTLD (C9FTLD) and provided first insights about a prominent involvement of the thalamus and the cerebellum. Our multicenter, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography study of 22 mutation carriers with FTLD, 22 matched non-carriers with FTLD, and 23 cognitively healthy controls provided valuable insights into functional changes in C9FTLD: compared to non-carriers, mutation carriers showed a significant reduction of glucose metabolism in both thalami, underscoring the key role of the thalamus in C9FTLD. Thalamic metabolism did not correlate with disease severity, duration of disease, or the presence of psychotic symptoms. Against our expectations we could not demonstrate a cerebellar hypometabolism in carriers or non-carriers. Future imaging and neuropathological studies in large patient cohorts are required to further elucidate the central role of the thalamus in C9FTLD.
Alien limb phenomenon is a rare syndrome associated with a feeling of non-belonging and disowning toward one's limb. In contrast, anarchic limb phenomenon leads to involuntary but goal-directed movements. Alien/anarchic limb phenomena are frequent in corticobasal syndrome (CBS), an atypical parkinsonian syndrome characterized by rigidity, akinesia, dystonia, cortical sensory deficit, and apraxia. The structure function relationship of alien/anarchic limb was investigated in multi centric structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Whole-group and single subject comparisons were made in 25 CBS and eight CBS-alien/anarchic limb patients versus controls. Support vector machine was used to see if CBS with and without alien/anarchic limb could be distinguished by structural MRI patterns. Whole-group comparison of CBS versus controls revealed asymmetric frontotemporal atrophy. CBS with alien/anarchic limb syndrome versus controls showed frontoparietal atrophy including the supplementary motor area contralateral to the side of the affected limb. Exploratory analysis identified frontotemporal regions encompassing the pre-/and postcentral gyrus as compromised in CBS with alien limb syndrome. Classification of CBS patients yielded accuracies of 79%. CBS-alien/anarchic limb syndrome was differentiated from CBS patients with an accuracy of 81%. Predictive differences were found in the cingulate gyrus spreading to frontomedian cortex, postcentral gyrus, and temporoparietoocipital regions. We present the first MRI-based group analysis on CBS-alien/anarchic limb. Results pave the way for individual clinical syndrome prediction and allow understanding the underlying neurocognitive architecture. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Background
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common pharmaco-resistant epilepsy referred for adult epilepsy surgery. Though associated with prolonged febrile seizures (FS) in childhood, the neurobiological basis for this relationship is not fully understood and currently no preventive or curative therapies are available. DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), potentially plays a pivotal role in epileptogenesis associated with FS. In an attempt to start exploring this notion, the present cross-sectional pilot study investigated whether global DNA methylation levels (5-mC and 5-hmC markers) and DNMT isoforms (DNMT1, DNMT3a1, and DNMT3a2) expression would be different in hippocampal and neocortical tissues between controls and TLE patients with or without a history of FS.
Results
We found that global DNA methylation levels and DNMT3a2 isoform expression were lower in the hippocampus for all TLE groups when compared to control patients, with a more significant decrease amongst the TLE groups with a history of FS. Interestingly, we showed that DNMT3a1 expression was severely diminished in the hippocampus of TLE patients with a history of FS in comparison with control and other TLE groups. In the neocortex, we found a higher expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3a1 as well as increased levels of global DNA methylation for all TLE patients compared to controls.
Conclusion
Together, the findings of this descriptive cross-sectional pilot study demonstrated brain region-specific changes in DNMT1 and DNMT3a isoform expression as well as global DNA methylation levels in human TLE with or without a history of FS. They highlighted a specific implication of DNMT3a isoforms in TLE after FS. Therefore, longitudinal studies that aim at targeting DNMT3a isoforms to evaluate the potential causal relationship between FS and TLE or treatment of FS-induced epileptogenesis seem warranted.
Background
Epigenetic mechanisms may play a major role in the biological embedding of early-life stress (ELS). One proposed mechanism is that glucocorticoid (GC) release following ELS exposure induces long-lasting alterations in DNA methylation (DNAm) of important regulatory genes of the stress response. Here, we investigate the dynamics of GC-dependent methylation changes in key regulatory regions of the FKBP5 locus in which ELS-associated DNAm changes have been reported.
Results
We repeatedly measured DNAm in human peripheral blood samples from 2 independent cohorts exposed to the GC agonist dexamethasone (DEX) using a targeted bisulfite sequencing approach, complemented by data from Illumina 450K arrays. We detected differentially methylated CpGs in enhancers co-localizing with GC receptor binding sites after acute DEX treatment (1 h, 3 h, 6 h), which returned to baseline levels within 23 h. These changes withstood correction for immune cell count differences. While we observed main effects of sex, age, body mass index, smoking, and depression symptoms on FKBP5 methylation levels, only the functional FKBP5 SNP (rs1360780) moderated the dynamic changes following DEX. This genotype effect was observed in both cohorts and included sites previously shown to be associated with ELS.
Conclusion
Our study highlights that DNAm levels within regulatory regions of the FKBP5 locus show dynamic changes following a GC challenge and suggest that factors influencing the dynamics of this regulation may contribute to the previously reported alterations in DNAm associated with current and past ELS exposure.
Oligodendrocytes provide metabolic and functional support to neuronal cells, rendering them key players in the functioning of the central nervous system. Oligodendrocytes need to be newly formed from a pool of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). The differentiation of OPCs into mature and myelinating cells is a multistep process, tightly controlled by spatiotemporal activation and repression of specific growth and transcription factors. While oligodendrocyte turnover is rather slow under physiological conditions, a disruption in this balanced differentiation process, for example in case of a differentiation block, could have devastating consequences during ageing and in pathological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. Over the recent years, increasing evidence has shown that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs, are major contributors to OPC differentiation. In this review, we discuss how these epigenetic mechanisms orchestrate and influence oligodendrocyte maturation. These insights are a crucial starting point for studies that aim to identify the contribution of epigenetics in demyelinating diseases and may thus provide new therapeutic targets to induce myelin repair in the long run.
Major depressive disorder and the anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, disabling and moderately heritable. Depression and anxiety are also highly comorbid and have a strong genetic correlation (r(g) approximate to 1). Cognitive behavioural therapy is a leading evidence-based treatment but has variable outcomes. Currently, there are no strong predictors of outcome. Therapygenetics research aims to identify genetic predictors of prognosis following therapy. We performed genome-wide association meta-analyses of symptoms following cognitive behavioural therapy in adults with anxiety disorders (n = 972), adults with major depressive disorder (n = 832) and children with anxiety disorders (n = 920; meta-analysis n = 2724). We (h(SNP)(2)) and polygenic scoring was used to examine genetic associations between therapy outcomes and psychopathology, personality and estimated the variance in therapy outcomes that could be explained by common genetic variants learning. No single nucleotide polymorphisms were strongly associated with treatment outcomes. No significant estimate of h(SNP)(2) could be obtained, suggesting the heritability of therapy outcome is smaller than our analysis was powered to detect. Polygenic scoring failed to detect genetic overlap between therapy outcome and psychopathology, personality or learning. This study is the largest therapygenetics study to date. Results are consistent with previous, similarly powered genome-wide association studies of complex traits.
Objective: To assess patterns and impact of small nerve fiber dysfunction and pathology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).
Methods: One hundred seventeen women with FMS underwent neurological examination, questionnaire assessment, neurophysiology assessment, and small fiber tests: skin punch biopsy, corneal confocal microscopy, microneurography, quantitative sensory testing including C-tactile afferents, and pain-related evoked potentials. Data were compared with those of women with major depressive disorder and chronic widespread pain (MD-P) and healthy women.
Results: Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) was reduced at different biopsy sites in 63% of FMS patients (MDP: 10%, controls: 18%; p < 0.001 for each). We found 4 patterns of skin innervation in FMS: normal, distally reduced, proximally reduced, and both distally and proximally reduced (p < 0.01 for each compared to controls). Microneurography revealed initial activity-dependent acceleration of conduction velocity upon low frequencies of stimulation in 1A fibers, besides 1B fiber spontaneous activity and mechanical sensitization in FMS patients. FMS patients had elevated warm detection thresholds (p < 0.01), impaired C-tactile afferents (p < 0.05), and reduced amplitudes (p < 0.001) of pain-related evoked potentials compared to controls. Compared to FMS patients with normal skin innervation, those with generalized IENFD reduction had higher pain intensity and impairment due to pain, higher disease burden, more stabbing pain and paresthesias, and more anxiety (p < 0.05 for each). FMS patients with generalized IENFD reduction also had lower corneal nerve fiber density (p < 0.01) and length (p < 0.05).
Interpretation: The extent of small fiber pathology is related to symptom severity in FMS. This knowledge may have implications for the diagnostic classification and treatment of patients with FMS.
Background
Several recent studies have investigated the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in bipolar disorder (BD), but few studies have directly investigated the interaction between CRP genetic variants and peripheral CRP concentration across different phases of BD. In this study, we aimed to replicate previous findings that demonstrated altered CRP levels in BD, and to investigate whether there is an association of peripheral protein expression with genetic variants in the CRP gene.
Methods
221 patients were included in the study, of which 183 (all episodes, 46 not medicated, 174 medicated) were genotyped for CRP single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shown to influence peripheral CRP protein expression (rs1800947, rs2808630, rs1417938, rs1205).
Results
There were no differences in CRP levels associated with the genotypes, only regarding the rs1205 SNP there were significantly different CRP protein expression between the genotypes when taking body mass index, age, BD polarity, subtype and leukocyte number into account. However, we could show significantly elevated CRP protein expression in manic patients compared to euthymic and depressed patients, independent from genotype. Medication was found to have no effect on CRP protein expression.
Conclusions
These results indicate that low grade inflammation might play a role in mania and might be rather a state than a trait marker of bipolar disorder.
The transport of glucose across the cell plasma membrane is vital to most mammalian cells. The glucose transporter (GLUT; also called SLC2A) family of transmembrane solute carriers is responsible for this function in vivo. GLUT proteins encompass 14 different isoforms in humans with different cell type-specific expression patterns and activities. Central to glucose utilization and delivery in the brain is the neuronally expressed GLUT3. Recent research has shown an involvement of GLUT3 genetic variation or altered expression in several different brain disorders, including Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Furthermore, GLUT3 was identified as a potential risk gene for multiple psychiatric disorders. To study the role of GLUT3 in brain function and disease a more detailed knowledge of its expression in model organisms is needed. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has in recent years gained popularity as a model organism for brain research and is now well-established for modeling psychiatric disorders. Here, we have analyzed the sequence of GLUT3 orthologs and identified two paralogous genes in the zebrafish, slc2a3a and slc2a3b. Interestingly, the Glut3b protein sequence contains a unique stretch of amino acids, which may be important for functional regulation. The slc2a3a transcript is detectable in the central nervous system including distinct cellular populations in telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon at embryonic and larval stages. Conversely, the slc2a3b transcript shows a rather diffuse expression pattern at different embryonic stages and brain regions. Expression of slc2a3a is maintained in the adult brain and is found in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The slc2a3b transcripts are present in overlapping as well as distinct regions compared to slc2a3a. Double in situ hybridizations were used to demonstrate that slc2a3a is expressed by some GABAergic neurons at embryonic stages. This detailed description of zebrafish slc2a3a and slc2a3b expression at developmental and adult stages paves the way for further investigations of normal GLUT3 function and its role in brain disorders.
Converging evidence suggests a role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, in modulating long-term, neurobiological effects of early-life adversity. Here, we aimed at further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction, and its consequences for socio-emotional behaviors, with a focus on anxiety and social interaction. In this study, adult, male Tph2 null mutant (Tph2\(^{-/-}\)) and heterozygous (Tph2\(^{+/-}\)) mice, and their wildtype littermates (Tph2\(^{+/+}\)) were exposed to neonatal, maternal separation (MS) and screened for behavioral changes, followed by genome-wide RNA expression and DNA methylation profiling. In Tph2\(^{-/-}\) mice, brain 5-HT deficiency profoundly affected socio-emotional behaviors, i.e., decreased avoidance of the aversive open arms in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) as well as decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Tph2\(^{+/-}\) mice showed an ambiguous profile with context-dependent, behavioral responses. In the EPM they showed similar avoidance of the open arm but decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Notably, MS effects on behavior were subtle and depended on the Tph2 genotype, in particular increasing the observed avoidance of EPM open arms in wildtype and Tph2\(^{+/-}\) mice when compared to their Tph2\(^{-/-}\) littermates. On the genomic level, the interaction of Tph2 genotype with MS differentially affected the expression of numerous genes, of which a subset showed an overlap with DNA methylation profiles at corresponding loci. Remarkably, changes in methylation nearby and expression of the gene encoding cholecystokinin, which were inversely correlated to each other, were associated with variations in anxiety-related phenotypes. In conclusion, next to various behavioral alterations, we identified gene expression and DNA methylation profiles to be associated with TPH2 inactivation and its interaction with MS, suggesting a gene-by-environment interaction-dependent, modulatory function of brain 5-HT availability.
Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system dysfunction is implicated in exaggerated fear responses triggering various anxiety-, stress-, and trauma-related disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the impact of constitutively inactivated 5-HT synthesis on context-dependent fear learning and extinction using tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) knockout mice. Fear conditioning and context-dependent fear memory extinction paradigms were combined with c-Fos imaging and electrophysiological recordings in the dorsal hippocampus (dHip). Tph2 mutant mice, completely devoid of 5-HT synthesis in brain, displayed accelerated fear memory formation and increased locomotor responses to foot shock. Furthermore, recall of context-dependent fear memory was increased. The behavioral responses were associated with increased c-Fos expression in the dHip and resistance to foot shock-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). In conclusion, increased context-dependent fear memory resulting from brain 5-HT deficiency involves dysfunction of the hippocampal circuitry controlling contextual representation of fear-related behavioral responses.
Background: Recent research has shown an increased risk of accidents and injuries in ADHD patients, which could potentially be reduced by stimulant treatment. Therefore, the first aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of adult ADHD in a trauma surgery population. The second aim was to investigate accident mechanisms and circumstances which could be specific to ADHD patients, in comparison to the general population. Methods: We screened 905 accident victims for ADHD using the ASRS 18-item self-report questionnaire. The basic demographic data and circumstances of the accidents were also assessed. Results: Prevalence of adult ADHD was found to be 6.18% in our trauma surgery patient sample. ADHD accident victims reported significantly higher rates of distraction, stress and overconfidence in comparison to non-ADHD accident victims. Overconfidence and being in thoughts as causal mechanisms for the accidents remained significantly higher in ADHD patients after correction for multiple comparison. ADHD patients additionally reported a history of multiple accidents. Conclusion: The majority of ADHD patients in our sample had not previously been diagnosed and were therefore not receiving treatment. The results subsequently suggest that general ADHD screening in trauma surgery patients may be useful in preventing further accidents in ADHD patients. Furthermore, psychoeducation regarding specific causal accident mechanisms could be implemented in ADHD therapy to decrease accident incidence rate
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a very common stress-related mental disorder that carries a huge burden for affected patients and the society. It is associated with a high mortality that derives from suicidality and the development of serious medical conditions such as heart diseases, diabetes, and stroke. Although a range of effective antidepressants are available, more than 50% of the patients do not respond to the first treatment they are prescribed and around 30% fail to respond even after several treatment attempts. The heterogeneous condition of MDD, the lack of biomarkers matching patients with the right treatments and the situation that almost all available drugs are only targeting the serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine signaling, without regulating other potentially dysregulated systems may explain the insufficient treatment status. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of these other systems, there is numerous and robust evidence that it is implicated in MDD and other stress-related conditions, but up to date there is no specific drug targeting HPA axis components that is approved and no test that is routinely used in the clinical setting identifying patients for such a specific treatment. Is there still hope after these many years for a breakthrough of agents targeting the HPA axis? This review will cover tests detecting altered HPA axis function and the specific treatment options such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists, corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 (CRH1) receptor antagonists, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) receptor antagonists.
Ängstliche Depression ist ein Subtypus der depressiven Erkrankung geprägt von schwerer klinischen Symptomatik und schlechterem Ansprechen auf antidepressive Therapie. Faktoren, die eine ängstliche Depression begünstigen sowie neuroendokrine Veränderungen sind bislang nicht bekannt. Wir untersuchten die Auswirkung einer kindlichen Traumatisierung sowie Veränderungen der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse bei diesem Subtypus. Patienten mit einer ängstlichen Depression erfuhren häufiger eine emotionale und körperliche Vernachlässigung in der Kindheit. Darüber hinaus fanden sich im modifizierten Dexamethason-Suppressions-Test eine erhöhte Sensitivität des Glukokortikoid-Rezeptors in Abhängigkeit eines sexuellen Missbrauchs sowie ein morgendlicher Hypercortisolismus bei ängstlich depressiven Patienten, in Abhängigkeit des Ansprechens auf antidepressive Therapie.
Neben Stimmungsschwankungen leiden viele bipolare Patienten unter kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen. Dies ist von hoher Relevanz, da neuropsychologische Defizite zur Aufrechterhaltung der bipolaren Störung beitragen können. Unsere Studie widmete sich zum einen der Untersuchung verzerrter Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse als auch der Erfassung dysfunktionaler Emotionsregulationsstrategien in der bipolaren Störung. Da es uns besonders interessierte, ob diese dysfunktionalen Prozesse im euthymen Intervall bestehen bleiben, rekrutierten wir akut depressive als auch euthyme bipolare Patienten. Weiterhin untersuchten wir, ob der Aspekt der prädominanten Polarität einen Einfluss auf die Informationsverarbeitung und Emotionsregulation haben könnte.
Zur Erfassung selektiver Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse verwendeten wir eine Dot-Probe-Aufgabe. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei den akut depressiven bipolaren Patienten deutliche Defizite im Reaktionsvermögen vorlagen. Bei den euthymen Patienten mit manischer Polarität fand sich überraschenderweise ein Bias weg von positiven Stimuli, was möglicherweise als Schutzmechanismus vor potentiellen Triggern einer Manie interpretiert werden kann.
Um zu testen, ob sich bipolare Patienten in den Emotionsregulationsstrategien von gesunden Kontrollpersonen unterscheiden, wurden zwei verschiedene Fragebögen eingesetzt. In der Auswertung zeigte sich, dass nicht nur akut depressive Patienten, sondern auch remittierte Patienten zu dysfunktionalen Emotionsregulationsstrategien neigten und dass die euthymen Probanden mit depressiver bzw. manischer Polarität in unterschiedlichen Emotionsregulationsstrategien von gesunden Probanden abwichen.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass Defizite in der selektiven Aufmerksamkeit und in der Emotionsregulation nicht nur in der akuten Krankheitsphase, sondern auch im „gesunden Intervall“ vorhanden sind. Darüber hinaus liefert die Studie erste Hinweise darauf, dass sich Patienten mit depressiver und manischer Polarität in der Informationsverarbeitung emotionaler Stimuli als auch in Emotionsregulationsstrategien unterscheiden.
Jeder Zwanzigste im Alter von über 60 Jahren ist von einer Demenzerkrankung betroffen. Mit zunehmendem Alter steigt der Anteil Betroffener drastisch. Hierbei ist die Alzheimer-Demenz (AD) der häufigste Subtyp der Demenzerkrankungen. Symptomatisch ist diese Erkrankung vorwiegend charakterisiert durch ein Nachlassen der Gedächtnisfunktionen; neuropathologisch weisen Patienten mit AD neurofibrilläre Bündel von Tau-Protein-Ablagerungen, Amyloid-β (Aβ) Plaques sowie einen verringerten zerebralen Blutfluss auf.
Aktuell gibt es noch keine Behandlungsmöglichkeit, um die Erkrankung deutlich zu verlangsamen oder zu stoppen. Bereits Jahrzehnte vor Diagnosestellung der AD beginnen die pathologischen Mechanismen. Aktuelle Behandlungsmethoden setzen jedoch häufig erst nach Diagnosestellung einer AD an, also zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem das Gehirn schon eine deutliche Neurodegeneration aufweist. Die Untersuchung von Risikogruppen zur Identifikation von frühen Biomarkern und nebenwirkungsarmen Behandlungsmethoden bietet ein großes Potential, um die Erkrankung möglichst früh entdecken und verlangsamen oder vielleicht sogar stoppen zu können. Risikogruppen im späteren Lebensabschnitt sind beispielsweise Träger des genetischen Hauptrisikofaktors Apolipoprotein-E4 (APOE4), Patienten mit einer subjektiven kognitiven Beeinträchtigung sowie Patienten mit einer objektiven leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigung (engl. mild cognitive impairment; MCI).
Die Untersuchung der hämodynamischen Reaktion mittels funktioneller Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (fNIRS) ist aufgrund der einfachen und kostengünstigen Einsetzbarkeit dieser Methodik besonders praktikabel. Auch der wiederholte Befund einer reduzierten hämodynamischen Reaktion bei Patienten mit AD scheint vielversprechend. Untersuchungen mit AD-Risikogruppen gibt es bisher jedoch nur wenige; zudem weisen diese uneindeutige Befunde auf.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher die Untersuchung der hämodynamischen Reaktion bei den Risikogruppen ‚APOE4‘ und ‚MCI‘ im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen während Wortflüssigkeitsaufgaben, die mittels fNIRS bereits gut etablierte Aufgaben darstellen. Des Weiteren wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Wirkung einer nebenwirkungsarmen Behandlungsmethode im Vergleich zu einer sham-Behandlung bei der Risikogruppe ‚subjektive kognitive Beeinträchtigung‘ untersucht. Bei dieser Behandlungsmethode handelt es sich um ein mittels transkranieller Gleichstromstimulation (engl. transcranial direct current stimulation; tDCS) augmentiertes kognitives Training.
Es zeigt sich für die Risikogruppe APOE4 bei gleicher Leistung im Vergleich zu Trägern anderer Allelvarianten eine verminderte hämodynamische Reaktion im typischerweise aufgabenspezifisch genutzten inferioren frontalen Gyrus. Parallel dazu weist der mediale frontale Gyrus, ein Teil des frontoparietalen Kontrollsystems, eine verstärkte hämodynamische Reaktion auf. Bei der Risikogruppe MCI zeigt sich neben einer schlechteren Testleistung eine verminderte hämodynamische Reaktion des infe-rioren frontotemporalen Kortex, welcher den inferioren frontalen Gyrus umfasst. Das tDCS-augmentierte kognitive Training bewirkt nicht nur einen gruppenunspezifischen Anstieg der hämodynamischen Reaktion im inferioren frontotemporalen Kortex, die tDCS verstärkt diesen Effekt im Vergleich zur sham-Stimulation noch zusätzlich. Dies geht jedoch nicht mit einer Veränderung der Testleistung einher.
Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass eine reduzierte hämodyna-mische Reaktion bereits in frühen Krankheitsstadien der AD detektierbar ist und dies möglicherweise als Biomarker für eine frühzeitige Detektion und Behandlung genutzt werden könnte. Des Weiteren bietet die tDCS für frühe Krankheitsstadien der AD das Potential einer nebenwirkungsarmen Behandlungsmethode.
Zusammenhang zwischen der Serumkonzentration serotonerger Antidepressiva und der Blutgerinnung
(2019)
Das Verordnungsvolumen von Antidepressiva in Deutschland hat sich in den letzten zehn Jahren etwa verdoppelt. Gleichzeitig liegen zahlreiche Untersuchungen über erhöhte Blutungstendenzen unter der Therapie mit serotonergen Antidepressiva vor. Die aktuelle Studienlage deutet darauf hin, dass es unter anderem über das serotonerge System zu Beeinflussungen der Thrombozyteneigenschaften und in Folge dessen zu Veränderungen der Blutgerinnung kommen könnte.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen der Serumkonzentration serotonerger Antidepressiva und der Blutgerinnung zu untersuchen. Im Gegensatz zur Dosis bietet die Serumkonzentration exakte Informationen über die tatsächlich wirkende Antidepressivamenge und berücksichtigt neben der Patientenadhärenz die interindividuelle Variabilität der pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften. Die Beurteilung der Blutgerinnung erfolgte unter Zuhilfenahme von Gerinnungsparametern (Thrombozytenzahl, mittleres Plättchenvolumen, Quick, INR, partielle Thromboplastinzeit). Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass mit steigender Serumkonzentration Veränderungen der Blutgerinnung und in Folge dessen auch der Gerinnungsparameter entstehen können. Darüber hinaus sollte untersucht werden unter welchen Antidepressiva potentielle Veränderungen auftreten. Es wurden Antidepressiva unterschiedlicher Wirkungsgruppen analysiert: Amitriptylin, Doxepin, Es‑Citalopram, Mirtazapin und Venlafaxin. Besonders selektive Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer standen auf Grund der aktuellen Studienlage im Verdacht Einfluss auf die Gerinnung zu nehmen. Um Antidepressiva spezifische Aussagen treffen zu können, war das Vorliegen einer antidepressiven Monotherapie grundlegendes Selektionskriterium. Alle potenziell gerinnungsbeeinflussenden sowie serotonerg wirkenden Arzneimittel wurden ausgeschlossen. Die Daten wurden retrospektiv erhoben und stammten von stationär therapierten Patienten der Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie am Universitätsklinikum Würzburg.
Die Untersuchungen ergaben für das trizyklische Antidepressivum Amitriptylin signifikante Ergebnisse. Die interindividuelle Analyse zeigte signifikant positive Korrelationen zwischen der partiellen Thromboplastinzeit (PTT) und dem Metabolitenspiegel (Nortriptylin‑Konzentration, rs=0,564; p=0,010, N=20) sowie dem Summenspiegel von Amitriptylin (Amitriptylin- und Nortriptylin‑Konzentration, rs=0,477; p=0,033, N=20). Darüber hinaus stellten sich im Rahmen der intraindividuellen Analyse signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der Thrombozytenzahl unter niedriger und hoher Amitriptylin‑Konzentration dar (Z= ‑2,867; p=0,004, N=45). Ergänzend wurde im Rahmen von explorativen Untersuchungen der Zusammenhang zwischen der verabreichten Dosis und der Serumkonzentration der Antidepressiva analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Schwankungen um den Faktor 3 bis 11, die im Vergleich zu anderen Studien geringer ausfielen.
Der Verdacht, dass besonders selektive Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer einen erhöhten Einfluss auf die Gerinnungsparameter haben, wurde in der aktuellen Arbeit nicht bestätigt. Ebenso waren unter Doxepin, Mirtazapin und Venlafaxin keine Zusammenhänge zur Serumkonzentration zu beobachten. Die signifikanten Ergebnisse unter Amitriptylin lassen vermuten, dass nicht nur die Inhibition von Serotonintransportern, wie bei selektiven Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmern, sondern zusätzlich auch die Hemmung von Serotoninrezeptoren, wie dem 5‑HT2A‑Rezeptor, eine Rolle im Hinblick auf Veränderungen von Thrombozyteneigenschaften spielen. Dennoch lagen im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung 98% der Gerinnungsparameter aller analysierten Antidepressiva im Normbereich.
Die Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung nahe, dass das Risiko immer wieder berichteter Blutungskomplikationen unter der Behandlung mit Antidepressiva trotz zunehmender Verordnungszahlen überschaubar scheint. Entsprechend aktueller Publikationen ist vermutlich erst bei zusätzlicher Einnahme von nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika sowie antikoagulativen Arzneimitteln von einem erhöhten Blutungsrisiko auszugehen. Besonders gastrointestinale Blutungen spielen bei Kombination dieser Medikamente auf Grund der gesteigerten Magensäuresekretion eine Rolle. Ob die Serumkonzentration der Antidepressiva bei entsprechender Komedikation ebenfalls eine Rolle im Hinblick auf Veränderungen der Gerinnungsparameter spielt, sollte im Rahmen weiterführender Längsschnittstudien genauer untersucht werden. Ergänzend wären Untersuchungen zur Klärung des Kausalzusammenhangs wünschenswert, um das Blutungsrisiko im Zusammenhang mit Antidepressiva in Zukunft weiter minimieren zu können.
Bestimmung von genetischen Veränderungen auf PANX 1-3 anhand von Einzelnukleotid Polymorphismen (SNP). Test auf Assoziation von Allelen und Haplotypen mit den schizophrenen Psychosen nach ICD-10 und der Klassifikation von Karl Leonhard in Form einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie mit 1163 Patienten und 479 Kontrollen.