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Balanced hydroxyethylstarch (HES 130/0.4) impairs kidney function in-vivo without inflammation
(2015)
Volume therapy is a standard procedure in daily perioperative care, and there is an ongoing discussion about the benefits of colloid resuscitation with hydroxyethylstarch (HES). In sepsis HES should be avoided due to a higher risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). Results of the usage of HES in patients without sepsis are controversial. Therefore we conducted an animal study to evaluate the impact of 6% HES 130/0.4 on kidney integrity with sepsis or under healthy conditions Sepsis was induced by standardized Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (sCASP). sCASP-group as well as control group (C) remained untreated for 24 h. After 18 h sCASP+HES group (sCASP+VOL) and control+HES (C+VOL) received 50 ml/KG balanced 6% HES (VOL) 130/0.4 over 6h. After 24h kidney function was measured via Inulin- and PAH-Clearance in re-anesthetized rats, and serum urea, creatinine (crea), cystatin C and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as well as histopathology were analysed. In vitro human proximal tubule cells (PTC) were cultured +/- lipopolysaccharid (LPS) and with 0.1–4.0% VOL. Cell viability was measured with XTT-, cell toxicity with LDH-test. sCASP induced severe septic AKI demonstrated divergent results regarding renal function by clearance or creatinine measure focusing on VOL. Soleley HES (C+VOL) deteriorated renal function without sCASP. Histopathology revealed significantly derangements in all HES groups compared to control. In vitro LPS did not worsen the HES induced reduction of cell viability in PTC cells. For the first time, we demonstrated, that application of 50 ml/KG 6% HES 130/0.4 over 6 hours induced AKI without inflammation in vivo. Severity of sCASP induced septic AKI might be no longer susceptible to the way of volume expansion
Background
Up to 50% of septic patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI). The pathomechanism of septic AKI is poorly understood. Therefore, we established an innovative rodent model to characterize sepsis-induced AKI by standardized colon ascendens stent peritonitis (sCASP). The model has a standardized focus of infection, an intensive care set up with monitoring of haemodynamics and oxygenation resulting in predictable impairment of renal function, AKI parameters as well as histopathology scoring.
Methods
Anaesthetized rats underwent the sCASP procedure, whereas sham animals were sham operated and control animals were just monitored invasively. Haemodynamic variables and blood gases were continuously measured. After 24 h, animals were reanesthetized; cardiac output (CO), inulin and PAH clearances were measured and later on kidneys were harvested; and creatinine, urea, cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were analysed. Additional sCASP-treated animals were investigated after 3 and 9 days.
Results
All sCASP-treated animals survived, whilst ubiquitous peritonitis and significantly deteriorated clinical and macrohaemodynamic sepsis signs after 24 h (MAP, CO, heart rate) were obvious. Blood analyses showed increased lactate and IL-6 levels as well as leucopenia. Urine output, inulin and PAH clearance were significantly decreased in sCASP compared to sham and control. Additionally, significant increase in cystatin C and NGAL was detected. Standard parameters like serum creatinine and urea were elevated and sCASP-induced sepsis increased significantly in a time-dependent manner. The renal histopathological score of sCASP-treated animals deteriorated after 3 and 9 days.
Conclusions
The presented sCASP method is a standardized, reliable and reproducible method to induce septic AKI. The intensive care set up, continuous macrohaemodynamic and gas exchange monitoring, low mortality rate as well as the opportunity of detailed analyses of kidney function and impairments are advantages of this setup. Thus, our described method may serve as a new standard for experimental investigations of septic AKI.
Die Stressantwort der hormonellen Nebennierenrindenaktivität auf ACTH-Stimulation und in der Sepsis
(2010)
Das Steroidhormon Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) und die sulfatierte Form Dehydroepiandrosteron-Sulfat (DHEAS) werden hauptsächlich in der Nebennierenrinde produziert und sind quantitativ das Hauptprodukt der Steroidsynthese der menschlichen Nebennierenrinde. Nur DHEA kann weiter verstoffwechselt werden und ist ein wichtiger Ausgangstoff sowohl für die weibliche wie die männliche Geschlechtshormonsynthese. Bei Patienten mit Sepsis wurde ein Abfall der DHEAS-Serumkonzentration nachgewiesen. Da bisher eine kontinuierliche Interkonversion zwischen DHEA und DHEAS angenommen wurde, schloss man aus diesem Befund auch auf eine niedrige DHEA-Konzentration. Neuere Erkenntnisse – unter anderem begründet durch eine Studie von Hammer et al.(5) – widerlegen jedoch die Hypothese der kontinuierlichen Interkonversion. Um den Einfluss der Sepsis auf die DHEA-Konzentration zu bestimmen, wurden für die Studie ACTH-Tests bei drei verschiedenen Kohorten durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie weichen ab von der früheren Annahme eines DHEA-Mangels bei Patienten mit Sepsis und zeigen eine Differenz zwischen DHEA- und DHEAS-Konzentration im Sinne einer signifikant erhöhten DHEA-Konzentration und einer erniedrigten DHEAS-Konzentration. Die erhöhte DHEA-Konzentration konnte nicht für Patienten mit akuter Hüftfraktur nachgewiesen werden, sodass die Hochregulation von DHEA wahrscheinlich eine entzündugsspezifische Reaktion ist. Da die Werte für DHEAS bei der Sepsiskohorte im Vergleich zu gesunden Probanden signifikant niedriger sind, könnte eine verminderte Aktivität bzw. Produktion der DHEA-Sulphotransferase der Grund für die erhöhte DHEA-Konzentration sein. Daraus folgt, dass DHEAS keinen verlässlicher Marker für die adrenale Androgenproduktion – insbesondere in pathologischen Situationen wie der Sepsis – darstellt, da die vorliegende Arbeit kein kontinuierliches Gleichgewicht von DHEA- und DHEAS-Konzentration ergab. Möglicherweise ist die erhöhte Serumkonzentration von DHEA als gegenregulatorischer Mechanismus zu verstehen, um das Gleichgewicht zwischen Cortisol- und DHEA-vermittelten Wirkungen aufrecht zu erhalten. Jedoch kann sich dieser Mechanismus erschöpfen, wie es der Verlauf bei schwerst betroffenen Patienten vermuten lässt.