Refine
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (345)
Year of publication
- 2011 (345) (remove)
Document Type
- Journal article (211)
- Doctoral Thesis (118)
- Preprint (10)
- Conference Proceeding (2)
- Master Thesis (2)
- Book (1)
- Report (1)
Language
- English (345) (remove)
Keywords
- Medizin (15)
- Expression (9)
- Activation (8)
- Cancer (7)
- Quran (7)
- Koran (6)
- Taufliege (6)
- Text Mining (6)
- Apoptosis (5)
- Biene (5)
- Dendritische Zelle (5)
- Maus (5)
- Mice (5)
- Therapy (5)
- Biologie (4)
- Drosophila melanogaster (4)
- In-vivo (4)
- Krebs <Medizin> (4)
- Memory (4)
- Proteine (4)
- apoptosis (4)
- Ameisen (3)
- Bayesian classifier (3)
- Biology (3)
- Drosophila (3)
- Emotion (3)
- Evolution (3)
- Gefühl (3)
- Gene-expression (3)
- HIV (3)
- Informationsverarbeitung (3)
- Kosmologie (3)
- Ladungstransport (3)
- Lernen (3)
- MRI (3)
- Model (3)
- Molekularstrahlepitaxie (3)
- NMR-Tomographie (3)
- Nude-mice (3)
- Prevalence (3)
- Spintronik (3)
- Textvergleich (3)
- Virologie (3)
- cancer (3)
- emotion (3)
- fNIRS (3)
- marine sponge (3)
- mouse models (3)
- organic solar cells (3)
- ADHD (2)
- Agent (2)
- Alzheimer disease (2)
- Amino acids (2)
- Antibody (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- B chromosomes (2)
- Bakterien (2)
- Base text (2)
- Behavior (2)
- Bildgebendes Verfahren (2)
- Blut-Hirn-Schranke (2)
- Brain (2)
- Breast-cancer (2)
- Breast-tumors (2)
- CD95 (2)
- Children (2)
- China (2)
- Content Management (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNA methylation (2)
- DNS-Reparatur (2)
- Depression (2)
- Diabetes mellitus (2)
- Dichtefunktionalformalismus (2)
- Differentiation (2)
- Differenzierung (2)
- Disease (2)
- Elementarteilchenphysik (2)
- Emotional processing (2)
- Escherichia coli (2)
- Exziton (2)
- Fusion proteins (2)
- GLV-1H68 (2)
- Gedächtnis (2)
- Gehirn (2)
- Gene (2)
- Genes (2)
- Genetik (2)
- Geruchssinn (2)
- Gesicht (2)
- Gothenburg model (2)
- Growth (2)
- Halbleiter (2)
- Heart failure (2)
- Helicasen (2)
- Human brain (2)
- IN-VIVO (2)
- Inflammation (2)
- Inhibition (2)
- Inhibitor (2)
- Insulin (2)
- Interaktion (2)
- Ketogenic diet (2)
- Klimaänderung (2)
- Knowledge Management (2)
- Krebs (2)
- Kristallographie (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Learning (2)
- Ligand (2)
- Listeria monocytogenes (2)
- Lung-cancer (2)
- Manganverbindungen (2)
- Maschinelles Lernen (2)
- Mechanisms (2)
- Medicine (2)
- Merocyanine (2)
- Meta-model (2)
- Microscopy (2)
- Mikroskopie (2)
- Molekulargenetik (2)
- Mortality (2)
- Mouse-brain (2)
- NFkB (2)
- NMR-Bildgebung (2)
- Nash-Gleichgewicht (2)
- Neurobiologie (2)
- Neutrino (2)
- NiMnSb (2)
- Nickelverbindungen (2)
- Olfaction (2)
- Olfaktion (2)
- Optimierung (2)
- PALM (2)
- Pathway (2)
- Physik (2)
- Pilzkörper (2)
- Polymere (2)
- Promoter (2)
- Protein (2)
- Psychologie (2)
- Pädiatrie (2)
- RNA (2)
- Raman (2)
- Regression (2)
- Resonanz-Tunneleffekt (2)
- Rezeptor (2)
- Rheumatologie (2)
- Risk (2)
- Röntgendiffraktometrie (2)
- Selbstorganisation (2)
- Spin (2)
- Stachellose Biene (2)
- Stammzelle (2)
- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Stimuli (2)
- Streptomyces axinellae (2)
- Support Vector Machine (2)
- T-Lymphozyt (2)
- TNF (2)
- TRAIL (2)
- Tansania (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Text mining (2)
- Textual alterations weighting system (2)
- Textual document collation (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Transporter (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei (2)
- Tumor-necrosis-factor (2)
- Typ 1 (2)
- VASP (2)
- Vaccinia Virus (2)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Visualisierung (2)
- Wissensmanagement (2)
- Zelladhäsion (2)
- Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter (2)
- activation (2)
- antennal lobe (2)
- anti-trypanosomal (2)
- bacteria (2)
- breast cancer (2)
- children (2)
- cytoskeleton (2)
- dSTORM (2)
- diagnosis (2)
- differentiation (2)
- emotional regulation (2)
- fluorescent proteins (2)
- head (2)
- identification (2)
- multiple myeloma (2)
- mushroom body (2)
- neurobiology (2)
- neurons (2)
- olfaction (2)
- photoswitchable organic fluorophores (2)
- protease inhibition (2)
- protein (2)
- protein adsorption (2)
- review (2)
- self-assembly (2)
- spintronics (2)
- super-resolution (2)
- synaptic proteins (2)
- tetromycin (2)
- (13)C (1)
- 26S RDNA Data (1)
- 316L stainless-steel (1)
- 5-HT (1)
- 5-HT transporter (1)
- 5-HT1A (1)
- 5-HT2C (1)
- 65-kda isoform (1)
- A chromosomes (1)
- AD5 mutation (1)
- AFLP (1)
- ALBA Proteine (1)
- ALBA proteins (1)
- AML (1)
- AUM (1)
- Abhängigkeitsmaß (1)
- Abwehr (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Actin (1)
- Actinomycetes (1)
- Acute Myocardial Infarction (1)
- Acute tryptophan depletion (1)
- Adenocarcinomas (1)
- Adrenerger Rezeptor (1)
- Adrenergic receptor (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Adult head (1)
- Aescin (1)
- African Trypanosomes (1)
- African-americans (1)
- Agalsidase beta therapy (1)
- Age (1)
- Aggregat <Chemie> (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- Aktienmarkt (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Alcohol (1)
- Alkohol (1)
- Allelic loss (1)
- Allergie (1)
- Allgemeine Zelle (1)
- Alpha galactosidase (1)
- Alpha-dependent apoptosis (1)
- Alpha-galactosidase (1)
- Alter (1)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (1)
- Alzheimerkrankheit (1)
- Amazonian forest (1)
- Ambipolarer Ladungstransport (1)
- Ameisengäste (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Androstadienon (1)
- Angeregter Zustand (1)
- Angewandte Geowissenschaften (1)
- Anisotropes Universum (1)
- Anisotropic Universe (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Ankyrin (1)
- Anoplolepis gracilipes (1)
- Ant-following birds (1)
- Antennallobus (1)
- Anterior inferotemporal cortex (1)
- Anthocyane (1)
- Anthracen (1)
- Anthrax Toxin (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antigen 4 (1)
- Antikörper (1)
- Antimonide (1)
- Antwortverhalten (1)
- Anxiety (1)
- Anxiety-like behavior (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- Approximationsalgorithmus (1)
- Aquaculture (1)
- Aquakultur (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Arbeitsplatzsicherung (1)
- Arbeitsschutz (1)
- Arbeitssicherheit (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Archaebakterien (1)
- Arterial water (1)
- Arterielles Blut (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Asisted Reproduction (1)
- Aspartate Aminotransferases (1)
- Assemblages (1)
- Assoziation (1)
- Assoziatives Gedächtnis (1)
- Asthma (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1)
- Attraction (1)
- Attraktion (1)
- Auditory targets (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom (1)
- Autoimmune-Diseases (1)
- Avatar <Informatik> (1)
- Axon (1)
- B Lymphocytes (1)
- B-Lymphozyten (1)
- BAD (1)
- BH3-only proteins (1)
- BRCA1 (1)
- BRM (1)
- Bacillus anthracis (1)
- Bacillus-subtilis (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial conjugation (1)
- Barcodes (1)
- Barrett-Ösophagus (1)
- Base composition (1)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (1)
- Bayes-Klassifikator (1)
- Bcl-2-Proteinfamilie (1)
- Beer-lambert law (1)
- Benin (1)
- Bestäubung (1)
- Beta-1-Rezeptor (1)
- Beta-1-receptor (1)
- Beta-glucocerebrosidase (1)
- Bewusstsein (1)
- Beyond the standard model (1)
- Bianchi-Kosmologie (1)
- Biased gene conversion (1)
- Bienenbrut (1)
- Bienenkrankheit (1)
- Bindestelle (1)
- Bindungsprozess (1)
- Bindungsstellen (1)
- Bioanalytik (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biodiversität (1)
- Bioinformatik (1)
- Biokinetics (1)
- Biological Invasions (1)
- Biological identifications (1)
- Biomarkers (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (1)
- Bipolar disorder (1)
- Black-lipid-bilayer (1)
- Blattschneiderameisen (1)
- Blood-brain barrier (1)
- Blood-brain-barrier (1)
- Blutgefäßsystem (1)
- Bodenstation (1)
- Body weight (1)
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Bone morphogenetic proteins (1)
- Boolean Grammar (1)
- Boolesche Grammatik (1)
- Botanik (1)
- Box-Jenkins-Verfahren (1)
- Box–Jenkins Program (1)
- Brahma (1)
- Bronchialasthma (1)
- Brownsche Bewegung (1)
- Brucei (1)
- Bruchfläche (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Bt-Mais (1)
- Bt-maize (1)
- Bubble Universes (1)
- C-IAP1 (1)
- C-MYC (1)
- C-elegans (1)
- CD105 antigen (1)
- CD34 antigen (1)
- CD9 (1)
- CEF (1)
- CIAP1 (1)
- CIN (1)
- COX-2 (1)
- CSDP (1)
- CYR61 (1)
- CaV1.2 und PMCA4b (1)
- Calcium-ATPasen (1)
- Calciumkanal (1)
- Cancer of Pancreas (1)
- Candida albicans (1)
- Capsaicin receptor (1)
- Carbon dioxide capture (1)
- Carcinoma (1)
- Carcinomatosis (1)
- Cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (1)
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (1)
- Cardiovascular hospitalizations (1)
- Carnica-Biene (1)
- Caspase-8 activation (1)
- Cataglyphis (1)
- Cataglyphis-fortis (1)
- Causes of revelation (1)
- Cav1.2 and PMCA4b (1)
- Cell (1)
- Cell Motility (1)
- Cell line (1)
- Cell permeability (1)
- Cell surface (1)
- Cell-line (1)
- Central complex (1)
- Channelrhodopsin-2 (1)
- Chapters arrangement (1)
- Charged Aerosol Detektion (1)
- Checkpoints (1)
- Chemie (1)
- Chemosensory neurons (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chernobyl (1)
- Childhood (1)
- Childhood medulloblastoma (1)
- Chinese family (1)
- Chinese politics (1)
- Chinese stock market (1)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (1)
- Chlamydia pneumoniae (1)
- Chlamydiales (1)
- Chlorinderivate (1)
- Chromatin-remodeling complexes (1)
- Chromophor (1)
- Chromosomal instability (1)
- Chronic Kidney-disease (1)
- Chronic kidney-disease (1)
- Chronology of revelation (1)
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor (1)
- Cisplatin (1)
- Clarias gariepinus (1)
- Clinical manifestations (1)
- Clinical proteomics (1)
- Clinical-trials (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Co (1)
- CoPt (1)
- Coefficient (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cognitive representation (1)
- Cold (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colonial volvocales chlorophyta (1)
- Comorbidities (1)
- Comorbidity survey replication (1)
- Complex (1)
- Components (1)
- Compressed Sensing (1)
- Condensed matter (1)
- Confucianism; East Asia; Traditional Values (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Constraint-Programmierung (1)
- Cosmology (1)
- Counting (1)
- Coupled Cluster (1)
- Creatine Kinase (1)
- Crop seed (1)
- CrossQuery (1)
- Crown Gall (1)
- Cumulative incidence function (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobakterien (1)
- Cyclic nucleotides (1)
- Cyclo-AMP (1)
- Cyprus (1)
- Cytochrom P-450 (1)
- Cytochrom P450 (1)
- Cytologie (1)
- DLTS (1)
- DNA Repair (1)
- DNA barcodes (1)
- DNA hypermethylation (1)
- DNA recombination (1)
- DNS-Schädigung (1)
- DSM-IV disorders (1)
- Damage (1)
- Dark Matter (1)
- Dasycladales chlorophyta (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Dauer formation (1)
- Defined burkitts lymphoma (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Degradation <Technik> (1)
- Deletion (1)
- Deliberate practice (1)
- Demyelinating peripheral neuropathy (1)
- Demökologie (1)
- Denaturierende Gradienten-Gelelektrophorese (1)
- Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (1)
- Dendritic Cells (1)
- Dendritic cell (1)
- Dendritic cell tumor (1)
- Desert ant navigation (1)
- Desmoplakin (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Diabetic polyneuropathy (1)
- Diabetic-nephropathy (1)
- Diabetische Polyneuropathie (1)
- Diagnosis (1)
- Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (1)
- Diarrhea (1)
- Diastocic Dysfunction (1)
- Dienstgüte (1)
- Diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung (1)
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (1)
- Diluted magnetic semiconductors (1)
- Discovery (1)
- Disease progression (1)
- Disease-modifying therapies (1)
- Disorders (1)
- Distinct (1)
- Distributed Space Systems (1)
- Division (1)
- Dopamine (1)
- Dorylinae (1)
- Dosimetry (1)
- Down-regulation (1)
- Drahtloses Sensorsystem (1)
- Drahtloses vermaschtes Netz (1)
- Drosophila Antennal Lobe (1)
- Drosophila Larva (1)
- Drosophila Larve (1)
- Drug development (1)
- Dunkle Materie (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- Dynamik von Membranrezeptoren (1)
- EGF (1)
- EGF Rezeptor (1)
- EGFR Transactivation (1)
- ERI (1)
- Early-onset (1)
- Edema formation (1)
- Effective dose (1)
- Einzelmolekülmikroskopie (1)
- Einzelpartikelverfolgung (1)
- Elektronensprayionisations-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Elektronisches Publizieren (1)
- Embryo (1)
- Embryonalentwicklung (1)
- Emotionen (1)
- Emotionsausdruck (1)
- Energieeffizienz (1)
- Energy efficiency (1)
- England (1)
- Enterica serovar typhimurium (1)
- Entscheidung (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Environmental Risk Assessment (1)
- Enzyme immunoassay (1)
- Enzyme replacement therapy (1)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor (1)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (1)
- Epigenetics (1)
- Epigenotypus (1)
- Epilepsy (1)
- Epimutation (1)
- Eplerenone (1)
- Erneuerbare Ressourcen (1)
- Escherichia-coli K-12 (1)
- Etesienklima (1)
- European beech (1)
- Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik (1)
- Europäsches Arzneibuch (1)
- Excision (1)
- Exciton (1)
- Exons (1)
- Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (1)
- Experimental stroke (1)
- Expert chess players (1)
- Expresses genes (1)
- Extensivtierhaltung (1)
- Extremwertstatistik (1)
- Extremwerttheorie (1)
- Exzitonentransport (1)
- F-19 MRI (1)
- FLAMM (1)
- FT-IR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Fabry (1)
- Factor gene PRPF31 (1)
- Factor receptor (1)
- Factor sigma(B) (1)
- Factor-alpha (1)
- Fahren (1)
- Fahrerverhalten (1)
- Fairness (1)
- Family (1)
- Fanconi Anemia (1)
- Fanconi-Anämie (1)
- Farbstoff (1)
- Fazies (1)
- FeS cluster (1)
- Femtosekundenspektroskopie (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Fibroblasts (1)
- Fibromyalgie (1)
- Fische (1)
- Flagellum (1)
- Flavonoide (1)
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (1)
- Follow-up (1)
- Formicidae (1)
- Fortpflanzung (1)
- FoxP3 Expression (1)
- Fragility Index (1)
- Fragilitätsindex (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fragmentationsenergie (1)
- Frames (1)
- Framingham (1)
- Frequency Domain (1)
- Friedenssicherung (1)
- Ftsz (1)
- Fullerenderivate (1)
- Function knowledge (1)
- Functional diversity (1)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (1)
- Funktionelle Bildgebung (1)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (1)
- Furan (1)
- Furchungsteilung (1)
- Fynbos (1)
- Förster coupling (1)
- Förster-Kopplung (1)
- Füllungsmaterialien (1)
- Füllungsrandanalyse (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (1)
- GAG (1)
- GAP (1)
- GC-Content (1)
- GI-101A tumor xenografts (1)
- GMR (1)
- GPCR (1)
- GRAID (1)
- GSVP (1)
- Gamma Rays (1)
- Gammastrahlung (1)
- Genanalyse (1)
- Gene-transfer (1)
- General-population (1)
- Generalized Nash Equilibrium (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genfallen-Insertion (1)
- Genome Sequencing (1)
- Genome wide analysis (1)
- Genomsequenzierung (1)
- Genotyp (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gerinnungsfaktor (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Geruchswahrnehmung (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Gesichtererkennung (1)
- Gesichtsdynamik (1)
- Gewebedoppler (1)
- Gewerkschaft (1)
- Glas (1)
- Globotriaosylceramide (1)
- Glomerular-filtration-rate (1)
- Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (1)
- Glutamate-receptor (1)
- Glutamic-acid decarboxylase anxiety (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold Nanoparticles (1)
- Gold Nanopartikel (1)
- Gothenburg Modell (1)
- Gothenburg model of collation process (1)
- Gradients (1)
- Gram-positive bacteria (1)
- Gravitation (1)
- Gravitationstheorie (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Grippe (1)
- Ground Station Networks (1)
- Growth-factor receptor (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grundwasseranreicherung (1)
- Grundwasserhaushalt (1)
- Grundwasserneubildung (1)
- H-1-NMR spectroscopy (1)
- HEALPix (1)
- HIV diagnosis and management (1)
- HIV-1 (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HRTEM (1)
- Habichtskraut (1)
- Habitat fragmentation (1)
- Haemodialysis (1)
- Halbleiterschicht (1)
- Harnwegsinfektion (1)
- Hartmannsensor (1)
- Hartree-Fock-Methode (1)
- Hautkrebs (1)
- Hazards (1)
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (1)
- Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (1)
- Heat Hyperalgesia (1)
- Helicase (1)
- Helicobacter pylori (1)
- Hemagglutination inhibition (1)
- Hemodialysis-patients (1)
- Heparan-sulfate (1)
- Hereditary breast cancer (1)
- Heterostruktur (1)
- Hieracium (1)
- High-Frequency Ventilation (1)
- High-jump photographs (1)
- High-resolution (1)
- Higher rates (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- Histone deacetylase inhibition (1)
- Hochgeschwindigkeitskinematographie (1)
- Hohen-Harmonischen Erzeugung (1)
- Home monitoring (1)
- Homebox gene (1)
- Homoarginine (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honey-bees (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Honigbiene (1)
- Human Sodium/Iodide symporter (1)
- Human genome (1)
- Human lung-cancer (1)
- Human sodium iodide symporter (1)
- Human-immunodeficiency-virus (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hyperalgesia (1)
- Hyperkalemia (1)
- Hypersensibilität (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- IDPs (1)
- IEEE 802.11 (1)
- IEEE 802.15.4 (1)
- II-VI Semiconductors (1)
- IMAT (1)
- Ifn-gamma (1)
- Images (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imidacloprid (1)
- Immune-System (1)
- Immunität <Medizin> (1)
- Immunogenicity (1)
- Immunological Self-Tolerance (1)
- Immunologische Synapse (1)
- Immunstimulation (1)
- Immuntoleranz (1)
- Impaktversuche (1)
- Imprinting (1)
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-Vivo (1)
- In-vitro (1)
- Inactivation (1)
- Induced apoptosis (1)
- Induced senescence (1)
- Infarct Zone (1)
- Infection (1)
- Inflationäres Weltall (1)
- Information Visualization (1)
- Inhomogeneous Cosmological Models (1)
- Innere-Punkte-Methode (1)
- Insektenlarve (1)
- Insensitivity (1)
- Instability (1)
- Insulin Degrading Enzyme (1)
- Insulin-like Growth (1)
- Insulin-like-Growth-Factor-Binding-Protein-5 (1)
- Interactive Ventilatory Support (1)
- Interferon-alpha (1)
- Interleukin 17 (1)
- Interleukin-6 (1)
- Interleukin-6-Deficient mice (1)
- International Physical Activity Questionnaire (1)
- Internet (1)
- Internet Behaviour (1)
- Intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- Intuition (1)
- Invasion genes (1)
- Invasionsbiologie (1)
- Invasive Art (1)
- Ionenkanal (1)
- Iran (1)
- Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (1)
- Iron-oxide (1)
- Iron-uptake (1)
- Ischemia (1)
- Ischemie (1)
- Israel Junction Conditions (1)
- Japankärpfling (1)
- Jena / Institut fuer Optik und Quantenelektronik Jena (1)
- Jugend (1)
- Jura <Geologie> (1)
- Juvenile biventricular cardiomyopathy (1)
- K-RAS (1)
- Kanalkinetik (1)
- Kanzerogenese (1)
- Kappa-B activation (1)
- Kappa-B pathway (1)
- Karibisches Meer (1)
- Karush-Kuhn-Tucker-Bedingungen (1)
- Keimzell- und Embryonalentwicklung (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kerman <Region> (1)
- Kernspintomografie (1)
- Keuchhusten (1)
- Kinase pathway (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Kleinsatellit (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimaanalyse (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Klinische Studie (1)
- Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine (1)
- Knock-out mice (1)
- Knowledge Modeling (1)
- Knowledge representation (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kognitive Inhibition (1)
- Kognitiver Prozess (1)
- Kognitives Lernen (1)
- Kohaerente Optik (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kollagen (1)
- Kombinatorische Optimierung (1)
- Komplementaritätsproblem (1)
- Komplexitätstheorie (1)
- Kondition <Mathematik> (1)
- Kongestive Herzmuskelkrankheit (1)
- Konsolidierung (1)
- Kontrolle der Genexpression (1)
- Kooperation (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung (1)
- Krebskranker (1)
- Krisenmanagement (1)
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (1)
- LAD (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LHC (1)
- LHC phenomenology (1)
- LIMP-2 (1)
- LINC complex (1)
- Ladungsträgerrekombination (1)
- Land plants (1)
- Land-use change (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Language comprehension (1)
- Langzeitpotenzierung (1)
- Larval development (1)
- Larve (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laserverstaerker (1)
- Latency (1)
- Lawhul-Mahfuz (1)
- Lebensqualität (1)
- Leber (1)
- Leistung (1)
- Leistungstests (1)
- Lentiviral transgenesis (1)
- Lesions (1)
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (1)
- Level (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Limit (1)
- Lines (1)
- Link rate adaptation (1)
- Linkratenanpassung (1)
- Lipid Metabolism (1)
- Lipidstoffwechsel (1)
- Lipom (1)
- Lipophilicity (1)
- Live cells (1)
- Living cells (1)
- Local governance (1)
- Locked-in syndrome (1)
- Logged forests (1)
- Long-term depression (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- Lov domain (1)
- Lung Injury (1)
- Lung cancer (1)
- Lungenkrebs (1)
- MAGIC-Teleskop (1)
- MBE (1)
- MP-Störungstheorie (1)
- MPEC (1)
- MRI reporter (1)
- Macaque monkey (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Madagascar (1)
- Magnetic properties of thin films interfaces (1)
- Magnetic-resonance (1)
- Magnetic-resonance microscopy (1)
- Magnetische Anisotropie (1)
- Magnetische Anisotropien (1)
- Magnetische Halbleiter (1)
- Magnetischer Halbleiter (1)
- Magneto-Electric Effect (1)
- Magneto-Elektrischer Effekt (1)
- Magnetoelektrischer Effekt (1)
- Magnetowiderstand (1)
- Maintenance (1)
- Major depression (1)
- Malignant neoplasms (1)
- Mammakarzinom (1)
- Mammalian genomes (1)
- Mammalian target (1)
- Manganate (1)
- Mantle cell lymphoma (1)
- Marktsegmentierung (1)
- Mass-spectrometry (1)
- Materials science (1)
- Maus Modell (1)
- Media (1)
- Mediated Inflammatory Hyperalgesia (1)
- Meeresschwämme (1)
- Mehrgitter (1)
- Mehrgitterverfahren (1)
- Mehrkriterielle Optimierung (1)
- Melanoma-cells (1)
- Melophorus-bagoti (1)
- Membrane Receptor Dynamics (1)
- Membranrezeptor (1)
- Mena (1)
- Mena promoter ativity (1)
- Mena-Promotor-Aktivität (1)
- Mensch (1)
- Merkmalsintegration (1)
- Merkmalsverarbeitung (1)
- Merocyanin (1)
- Mesoskopisches System (1)
- Messenger-RNA (1)
- Messprozess (1)
- Metaanalyse (1)
- Metaanalysis (1)
- Metalloprotease (1)
- Method Validation (1)
- MicroRNAs (1)
- Microarray (1)
- Microarray data (1)
- Midblastula-transition MBT MZT (1)
- Middle cerebral-artery (1)
- Migräne (1)
- Mikroglomeruli (1)
- Millisecond-timescale (1)
- Mimik (1)
- Minkowski Functionals (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Molecular beam epitxy (1)
- Molecular pathogenesis (1)
- Molecular systematics (1)
- Molecular-genetics (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Molekulare Bildgebung (1)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (1)
- Mood disorders (1)
- Moralisches Handeln (1)
- Morbidity (1)
- Morphing (1)
- Motion (1)
- Motoneuron (1)
- Motoneuronen (1)
- Motor Memory (1)
- Motorisches Gedächtnis (1)
- Motorisches Lernen (1)
- Movement (1)
- Multiferroics (1)
- Multiferroikum (1)
- Multilateralismus (1)
- Multiparameter predictor (1)
- Multiple-Sclerosis (1)
- Mushroom bodies (1)
- Muskelkontraktion (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Mutations (1)
- Myocardial-Infarction (1)
- Myofibroblast differentiation (1)
- Myomesin (1)
- N-Myc (1)
- NA+/I-symporter (1)
- NF-Kappa-B (1)
- NFATc1 (1)
- NMR (1)
- NPSI (1)
- NPY (1)
- NTP-binding-properties (1)
- NaV1.9 (1)
- Nahrungserwerb (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanoröhre (1)
- Natriumkanal (1)
- Nav1.9 (1)
- Navigation (1)
- Naïve Bayesian (1)
- Necrosis (1)
- Necrosis-factor-Alpha (1)
- Nematode Caenorhabditis-elegans (1)
- Nervenfaser (1)
- Network Management (1)
- Network Virtualization (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Netzwerkanalyse (1)
- Netzwerkmanagement (1)
- Netzwerkvirtualisierung (1)
- Neural basis (1)
- Neural precursor cells (1)
- Neuralgie (1)
- Neuro-blastoma (1)
- Neuroblastoma (1)
- Neuroethologie (1)
- Neurogenetics (1)
- Neurogenetik (1)
- Neurogenic inflammation (1)
- Neurologie (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neurons (1)
- Neuropathy (1)
- Neuroprotection (1)
- Neuroprotektion (1)
- Neutrinooszillation (1)
- Neutrophils (1)
- Newton-Verfahren (1)
- Nichtglatte Optimierung (1)
- Nichtkommutative Differentialgeometrie (1)
- Nichtkommutative Geometrie (1)
- Nichtkonvexe Optimierung (1)
- Nichtlineare Optik (1)
- Nichtlineare Optimierung (1)
- Nichtlokale Quantenfeldtheorie (1)
- Nichtverbale Kommunikation (1)
- Nichtzielorganismen (1)
- Nicotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptor (1)
- Non-Compaction Kardiomyopathie (1)
- Non-phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Non-reactive Measurement (1)
- Non-target effects (1)
- Noncommutative Geometry (1)
- Nonpathogenic Escherichia-coli (1)
- Nosema (1)
- Nosema apis (1)
- Nuclear RDNA (1)
- Nuclear expression (1)
- Nuclease (1)
- Nucleasen (1)
- Nucleotide-Excision-Repair (1)
- Nukleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur (1)
- Numerik (1)
- Obscurin (1)
- Oil (1)
- Oncolytic Virus (1)
- Oncostatin-M-Receptor (1)
- Onkolyse (1)
- Onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (1)
- Open Science (1)
- Optical control (1)
- Organische Chemie (1)
- Organische Solarzelle (1)
- Organischer Halbleiter (1)
- Ormocer (1)
- Ormocers (1)
- Ostasien (1)
- Outcome survey (1)
- Outcomes (1)
- Outlier detection (1)
- Own-name (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- P3HT (1)
- P53 (1)
- PCI (1)
- PDE (1)
- PDZ-Domain (1)
- PEDF (1)
- PET-1 (1)
- PI-System (1)
- PPGPP (1)
- PRPF31 (1)
- Pain (1)
- Palliativmedizin (1)
- Palmoplantar keratoderma (1)
- Paneldaten (1)
- Pankreaskrebs (1)
- Paracyclophane (1)
- Paradoxical heat sensation (1)
- Parasit (1)
- Parataxonomy (1)
- Parietal cortex (1)
- Parkinson disease (1)
- Parkinsons-disease (1)
- Parkinson’s disease (1)
- Partially parallel acquisitions (1)
- Particle physics (1)
- Particles (1)
- Partielle Differentialgleichung (1)
- Path-integraton (1)
- Pathogene Bakterien (1)
- Pathogens (1)
- Pathologic neovascularization (1)
- Pathologie (1)
- Pathology (1)
- Pattern classification (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Pentastomiasis (1)
- Perception (1)
- Perfusion (1)
- Pericyclische Reaktion (1)
- Peripheral Inflammation (1)
- Pharmacokinetics (1)
- Pharmacological management (1)
- Pharmakogenetik (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Pheromon (1)
- Pheromone (1)
- Photoactivated localization microscopy (1)
- Photon migration (1)
- Photovoltaik (1)
- Physical Activity (1)
- Physical Sciences (1)
- Physical impairment (1)
- Physical sciences (1)
- Physiological functions (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Place of revelation (1)
- Plantation forests (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasma-membrane (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Pluripotenz (1)
- Politik (1)
- Polymorphisms (1)
- Population structure (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Porifera (1)
- Positive-Pressure Respiration (1)
- Positron Emission Tomography (1)
- Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (1)
- Potentials (1)
- Predictors (1)
- Preisbildung (1)
- Preserved Ejection Fraction (1)
- Prfa-mediated virulence (1)
- Priming (1)
- Probabilities (1)
- Profile distances (1)
- Progenitor cells (1)
- Progression (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Propagation (1)
- Prosaccade (1)
- Protective antigen (1)
- Protein-Interaktionspartner (1)
- Proteinaddukte (1)
- Proteinadsorption (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Proteinstruktur (1)
- Proteintyrosinphosphatase (1)
- Prunus-africana (1)
- Präkonditionierung (1)
- Pseudomonas-aeruginosa (1)
- Pt (1)
- Purity control (1)
- QCM (1)
- QoE (1)
- QoS (1)
- Quality of Experience (1)
- Quality of Service (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Qualitätskontrolle (1)
- Quamtum chemistry (1)
- Quantenchemie (1)
- Quantenfeldtheorie (1)
- Quantenkosmologie (1)
- Quantifizierung (1)
- Quantum Field Theory on Curved Spacetimes (1)
- Quergestreifte Muskulatur (1)
- Question format (1)
- R factor = 0.027 (1)
- R-Paritaet (1)
- R-parity (1)
- RAF (1)
- RBCL Gene-sequences (1)
- REM (1)
- REMPI (1)
- RFID (1)
- RIP1 (1)
- RNA sequence analyses (1)
- RNA-SEQ (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RNS (1)
- RNS-Interferenz (1)
- RP11 (1)
- Radical prostatectomy (1)
- Radiotherapy (1)
- Raf <Biochemie> (1)
- Rain-forest (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Random-Walk (1)
- Randomized controlled trial (1)
- Rat Sensory Neurons (1)
- Rat spinal-cord (1)
- Rat-brain (1)
- Rats (1)
- Ratte (1)
- Real-time (1)
- Receptor (1)
- Receptor ytva (1)
- Recombinant vaccinia (1)
- Recombination directionality factor (1)
- Reconstruction of original text (1)
- Recurrent neural-networks (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Reinheitsanalytik (1)
- Rekombination (1)
- Rekonstruktion (1)
- Relaxometrie (1)
- Relaxometry (1)
- Remote Sensing (1)
- Remote device monitoring (1)
- Renormierung (1)
- Repair (1)
- Reporter gene (1)
- Reproduktionsmedizin (1)
- Resonante Tunneldioden (1)
- Restorations margin (1)
- Restorative materials (1)
- Restraint stress (1)
- Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) (1)
- Retinoic acid (1)
- Retroviren (1)
- Review (1)
- Rheumatoid-Arthritis (1)
- Riesenmagnetowiderstand (1)
- Rissbildung (1)
- Rissverlauf (1)
- Rochester diabetic neuropathy (1)
- Rodents (1)
- Rotbuche (1)
- Rural politics (1)
- Räumliches Gedächtnis (1)
- Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenbeugung (1)
- Röntgenkristallographie (1)
- SAS <Programm> (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SERS (1)
- SP117 mutation (1)
- STO (1)
- SUBSP carotovora (1)
- SUN domain protein (1)
- Saccadic eye-movements (1)
- Safety (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella-typhimurium (1)
- Sample-sizes (1)
- Scale (1)
- Scatter Plot (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Schachexperten (1)
- Schachnovizen (1)
- Scheduling (1)
- Schizophrenie (1)
- Schlaganfall (1)
- Schleifendiagramm (1)
- Schuldgefühl (1)
- Schwamm (1)
- Schwämme (1)
- Search Volume Index (1)
- Secondary structure (1)
- Sedentary Behavior (1)
- Sedimentologie (1)
- Seed dispersal (1)
- Sehrinde (1)
- Sekundärmetabolit (1)
- Selbstassemblierung (1)
- Self-assembly (1)
- Semimagnetischer Halbleiter (1)
- Sensitivity (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Serotonin transporter (1)
- Serotonin transporter polymorphism (1)
- Serum autoantibodies (1)
- Sex-Hormones (1)
- Sicherheit am Arbeitsplatz (1)
- Sigma(B)-dependent stress-response (1)
- Signaling (1)
- Signaling complex (1)
- Signaltransduktion (1)
- Single Particle Tracking (1)
- Single-chain TNF (1)
- Skelettmuskel (1)
- Smad (1)
- Small Satellites (1)
- Small-fiber neuropathy (1)
- Smooth-muscle-cells (1)
- Social Desirability (1)
- Soft-tissue infection (1)
- Soft-tissue sarcoma (1)
- Softwarearchitektur (1)
- Sonic hedgehog (1)
- South Africa (1)
- Sox9 (1)
- Soybean seeds (1)
- Soziale Insekten (1)
- Soziale Sicherheit (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Speckle tracking (1)
- Spectrin (1)
- Spectroscopy fnirs (1)
- Speicher (1)
- Spieltheorie (1)
- Spin Drehmoment (1)
- Spinal muscular atrophy (1)
- Spinale Muskelatrophie (1)
- Spinelectronic (1)
- Spinelektronik (1)
- Spinnen (1)
- Sponge diseases (1)
- Sprouting angiogenesis (1)
- Sprödbruch (1)
- Squalius alburnoides (1)
- Stability (1)
- Stage renal-disease (1)
- Stages of Prophet Mohammad’s messengership (1)
- Staphylococcus-aureus (1)
- State-Space Models (1)
- Statistical classifiers (1)
- Step and Shoot IMRT (1)
- Stimulated-emission (1)
- Stochastisches System (1)
- Storage (1)
- Stoßwelle (1)
- Strahlentherapie (1)
- Strain nissle-1917 (1)
- Streptomycin (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Störstellenverteilung (1)
- Subdistribution (1)
- Subitizing (1)
- Subliminal priming (1)
- Subliminales Priming (1)
- Subtyp C (1)
- Subunit (1)
- Sudden cardiac death (1)
- Sugar-transport (1)
- Suicide vector (1)
- Sun1 (1)
- Super-Resolution Microscopy (1)
- Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (1)
- Supersymmetrie (1)
- Suppressive Function (1)
- Suppressors EXT1 (1)
- Supramolecular electronics (1)
- Supramolekulare Chemie (1)
- Supramolekulare Struktur (1)
- Surrogate endpoints (1)
- Surveillance (1)
- Survival (1)
- Susceptibility (1)
- Switch (1)
- Symbionts (1)
- Symbiose (1)
- Symptomlinderung (1)
- Synapse (1)
- Synaptische Plastizität (1)
- Synaptische Transmission (1)
- System (1)
- System von partiellen Differentialgleichungen (1)
- Systematic search (1)
- Systemic-Lupus-Erythematosus (1)
- Südafrika (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T = 174 K (1)
- T cells (1)
- T lymphocyte (1)
- T-Zellaktivierung (1)
- T-Zellhomöostase (1)
- T-lymphocytes (1)
- TD-DFT (1)
- TFIIH (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TRAF2 (1)
- TRI-SNRNP (1)
- TRP Channels (1)
- TSC (1)
- TYPE-1 (1)
- Tabas (1)
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Targeted Radiotherapy (1)
- Targets (1)
- Task (1)
- Task-performance (1)
- Tau-Protein (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temporal areas (1)
- Tests (1)
- Text categorization (1)
- Text information (1)
- Text segmentation (1)
- Theoretische Chemie (1)
- Theoretische Informatik (1)
- Thermal Hyperalgesia (1)
- Thermometrie (1)
- Thermometry (1)
- Think/No-Think (1)
- Thrombose (1)
- Thrombozyt (1)
- Thrombus (1)
- Tierökologie (1)
- Time (1)
- Time Series Analysis (1)
- Time-course (1)
- Time-domain NMR (1)
- Tissue (1)
- Tissues (1)
- Titan-Saphir-Laser (1)
- Titin (1)
- Toleranz (1)
- Toll-like Rezeptor (1)
- Toll-like receptor (1)
- Total Physical Activity (1)
- Toxikologie (1)
- Toxin (1)
- Tracking (1)
- Transaktivierung (1)
- Transcription-factor (1)
- Transfer-RNA modification (1)
- Transgenic mice (1)
- Transgenic zebrafish (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Translokation (1)
- Transport (1)
- Travelling-salesman-Problem (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Triarylamine (1)
- Triple in situ hybridization (1)
- Trithorax (1)
- Trophobiose (1)
- Trunkenheit im Verkehr (1)
- Trypanosome (1)
- Trypanosomen (1)
- Tsetse Fliege (1)
- Tsetsefliege (1)
- Tunneleffekt (1)
- Type 1 Diabetes (1)
- Typhoid-fever (1)
- Tyrosin phosphatase (1)
- UN-Friedenssicherung (1)
- UN-peacekeeping (1)
- UV (1)
- Ultrakurze Laserpulse (1)
- Ultrakurzer Lichtimpuls (1)
- Ultraschallkardiographie (1)
- Umwelttoxikologie (1)
- Unbewusste Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Undersampling (1)
- Ungesättigte Fettsäuren (1)
- Universitätsforst Würzburg (1)
- Unterabtastung (1)
- Unternehmensbewertung (1)
- Up-regulation (1)
- Urinary tract infection (1)
- VMAT (1)
- VSG (1)
- Vaccine (1)
- Vaccinia-Virus (1)
- Valenz (1)
- Validierung (1)
- Variants (1)
- Varizellen-Virus (1)
- Vegetative state (1)
- Vergence (1)
- Verhaltenplastizität (1)
- Verhaltensforschung (1)
- Verhaltenstherapie (1)
- Verification (1)
- Verteidigung (1)
- Verteiltes System (1)
- Vesikeltransport (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Village election (1)
- Virtual Research Environment (1)
- Virulenz (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Virusinfektion (1)
- Visual Text Mining (1)
- Visual attention (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Visuelles Gedächtnis (1)
- Visuelles System (1)
- Voluntary control (1)
- Von-Willebrand-factor (1)
- Vorkonditionierer (1)
- Vulkanologie (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Wardrobe Malfunction (1)
- Wasserhaushalt (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsmodell (1)
- Wernicke's perpendicular fasciculus (1)
- Wernickes Assoziationsbündel (1)
- Wettbewerbsdesign (1)
- Whedos (1)
- White-matter (1)
- Wide-gap-Halbleiter (1)
- Wilms tumor (1)
- Wirkstoff (1)
- Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs (1)
- Wissensrepräsentation (1)
- Wurzelhalsgalle (1)
- Würzburg University Forest (1)
- X chromosome (1)
- X-Gal staining (1)
- X-Gal-Färbung (1)
- X-ray Crystallography (1)
- XMCD (1)
- XML (1)
- XML model (1)
- XPD (1)
- XRD (1)
- Xeroderma pigmentosum (1)
- Yellow Crazy Ant (1)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- Yersinia-pseudotuberculosis (1)
- Young-patients (1)
- Zebrabärbling (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zebrafish (1)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (1)
- Zell-Adhäsion (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellkern (1)
- Zelllinie (1)
- Zelllysat (1)
- Zellmigration (1)
- Zellvolumen (1)
- Zentraliran (1)
- Zielstruktur (1)
- Zinc Chlorin (1)
- Zinkchlorine (1)
- Zoologie (1)
- Zustandsraummodelle (1)
- Zwei-Ebenen-Optimierung (1)
- Zygote (1)
- Zypern (1)
- Zytokin-induzierte Killerzellen (1)
- Zählen (1)
- acetylcholine (1)
- adaptive immunity (1)
- adaptive optics (1)
- adenovirus (1)
- adrenal cortex hormones (1)
- adrenal cortex neoplasms (1)
- advanced stages (1)
- africans (1)
- agrarwirtschaftliche Produktion (1)
- agricultural production (1)
- algebraic aggregation (1)
- algebraische Aggregation (1)
- allergy (1)
- allodynia (1)
- alloy (1)
- androstadienone (1)
- angeregte Zustände in Aggregaten (1)
- animal behavior (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- anorganische geordnete Halbleiter (1)
- ant (1)
- anti-protease (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antidepressive agents (1)
- antigen processing and recognition (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- antimicrobials (1)
- antiretroviral therapy (1)
- antiretrovirals (1)
- ants (1)
- anxiety (1)
- arrow cues (1)
- asexual reproduction (1)
- assistierte Reproduktion (1)
- association studies (1)
- asymptomatic bacteriuria (1)
- attention (1)
- autoantibodies (1)
- autofluorescence (1)
- automation (1)
- axon growth (1)
- basal ganglia (1)
- behavior (1)
- behavioral change (1)
- behavioral maturation (1)
- behaviour (1)
- beta-glucuronidase (1)
- binding sites (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biomedicine (1)
- biopsy (1)
- biosensor (1)
- biosensors (1)
- black box (1)
- blast cell lysate (1)
- blast-derived RNA (1)
- blood (1)
- blood-plasma (1)
- bone (1)
- brood development (1)
- cachexia (1)
- cameleon (1)
- campestris PV vesicatoria (1)
- cancer patients (1)
- cancer stem cells (1)
- carcinogenicity (1)
- cell (1)
- cell adhesion (1)
- cell coagulation (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell self-assembled monolayers (1)
- cell staining (1)
- cell-cycle dependence (1)
- cervical vertebrae pneumatization (1)
- charge carrier transport in organic thin films (1)
- charged aerosol detector (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chess experts (1)
- chess novices (1)
- chiral control (1)
- chirale Kontrolle (1)
- chronic pain (1)
- cidofovir (1)
- cis-acting sequences (1)
- cleft infants (1)
- climate change (1)
- climate change impacts (1)
- climate variability (1)
- clothianidin (1)
- cognitive inhibition (1)
- collaboratories (1)
- comparative genomics (1)
- complementary problems (1)
- concurrent design facility (1)
- cone-beam ct (1)
- congenital melanocytic nevi (1)
- conjugated polymers (1)
- consesus (1)
- contingent capture (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cooperativity (1)
- coumaphos (1)
- crisis management (1)
- crystallography (1)
- cue (1)
- cyclic nucleotide signaling (1)
- cyclic-gmp (1)
- cysteine protease (1)
- cytochrome p450 (1)
- cytokine-induced killer cells (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytotoxic T cells (1)
- damage assessment disaster (1)
- data-to-parameter ratio = 23.6. (1)
- decision-making (1)
- defense (1)
- degradation (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritic cells (1)
- dendritische Zellen (1)
- depression (1)
- determines pathgenicity (1)
- developmental signaling (1)
- diet (1)
- differential geneexpression (1)
- differenzielle Genexpression (1)
- diffusion tractography (1)
- dilute magnetic semiconductors (1)
- dipolar aggregation (1)
- disaster (1)
- discovery (1)
- disorder (1)
- distance-based classifier (1)
- diversity (1)
- dna-binding protein (1)
- dominant-negative (1)
- dopamine (1)
- dopaminergics (1)
- down-regulation (1)
- driving (1)
- drosophila melanogaster (1)
- drugs (1)
- dyes/pigments (1)
- dynamic faces (1)
- earthquake (1)
- ecological process (1)
- ecosystem health (1)
- electrical resistivity imaging (1)
- electroencephalography (1)
- electronic transport in nanocrystalline materials (1)
- electroweak corrections (1)
- embryos (1)
- emulsions (1)
- energy-transfer (1)
- enhance viral transcription (1)
- env leader protein (1)
- epitaxy (1)
- epithelial-cells (1)
- ereigniskorreliertes Potential (1)
- erneuerbare Wasserressourcen (1)
- escherichia coli (1)
- evaporation based detectors (1)
- evaporationsbasierte Detektoren (1)
- exceedance counts (1)
- excited states in aggregates (1)
- exciton transport (1)
- experimentelle Studien (1)
- explosive volcanism (1)
- explosiver Vulkanismus (1)
- extensive Fischerei-Systeme (1)
- extensive fishery (1)
- extracellular enzymes (1)
- extremal coefficient (1)
- extreme value theory (1)
- fMRI (1)
- fMRT (1)
- face morphing (1)
- face processing (1)
- face recognition (1)
- facial age (1)
- facial expressions (1)
- facial gender (1)
- facies (1)
- fear memory (1)
- feature integration (1)
- feature processing (1)
- femtosecond spectroscopy (1)
- ferromagnetic resonance (1)
- ferromagnetische Resonanz (1)
- flagellar sensing proteins (1)
- fluorescence-activated cell sorting (1)
- fluorescent probe (1)
- fluorine (1)
- foamyviruses (1)
- fracture model (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- fragmentation energy (1)
- freezing (1)
- functional MRI (1)
- functional imaging (1)
- functional modules (1)
- funktionelle Module (1)
- furan (1)
- gastric cancer (1)
- gastrointestinal infections (1)
- gastrointestinal tract (1)
- gel electrophoresis (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene expression profiling (1)
- gene flow (1)
- gene-cluster (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- gene-therapy (1)
- gene-trap (1)
- genes (1)
- genetic causes of cancer (1)
- genetic risk factor (1)
- genetic transcription (1)
- genetically modified crops (1)
- genetically modified plants (1)
- genetics (1)
- genome (1)
- genomic damage (1)
- genomic databases (1)
- genomic imaging (1)
- genomische Schäden (1)
- genotyping (1)
- german people (1)
- gezielte Radiotherapie (1)
- gis (1)
- glomerulus (1)
- gonads (1)
- greening (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- guidance (1)
- guilt (1)
- gynogenesis (1)
- haploinsufficiency (1)
- haplotypes (1)
- helical tomotherapy (1)
- helicobacter pylori infection (1)
- hemocompatibility (1)
- heterovalent heterointerfaces (1)
- high-order harmonic generation (1)
- high-speed photography (1)
- hippocampus (1)
- homologous recombination (1)
- honey bee (1)
- honey bees (1)
- honeybee (1)
- host (organism) (1)
- human (1)
- human breast cancer (1)
- humaner Natrium-Iodid-Symporter (1)
- humans (1)
- hybridomas (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hyperalgesia (1)
- hypersensitive response (1)
- imidacloprid (1)
- immunohistochemistry techniques (1)
- immunological synapse (1)
- immunomodulatory (1)
- immunoprecipitation (1)
- impact experiments (1)
- implied cost of capital (1)
- implizite Kapitalkosten (1)
- in vivo imaging (1)
- in-vivo (1)
- indans (1)
- infarction (1)
- infection (1)
- inflammation (1)
- innate immunity (1)
- insect pests (1)
- insects (1)
- insulin (1)
- insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) (1)
- integration (1)
- inter-organisational relations (1)
- inter-organisationale Beziehungen (1)
- interacting PDZ domain (1)
- interaction (1)
- interactive collation of textual variants (1)
- interleukins (1)
- international trade (1)
- interspecific comparison (1)
- intervalence charge transfer (1)
- intrinsic value models (1)
- introgression (1)
- intuition (1)
- inundation (1)
- iron (1)
- isoform (1)
- joint action (1)
- keratosis (1)
- kinase (1)
- kinetics (1)
- labor unions (1)
- large-scale (1)
- larvae (1)
- learning (1)
- learning and memory (1)
- left ventricular non-compaction (1)
- levodopa (1)
- libraries (1)
- limitations (1)
- lipid imaging (1)
- liver (1)
- low carbohydrate diet (1)
- lumps (1)
- lung-cancer (1)
- lymph nodes (1)
- lymphomas (1)
- macroglomerulus (1)
- macrophages (1)
- magnetic anisotropy (1)
- magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- magnetic semiconductors (1)
- magnetometry (1)
- maize (1)
- management (1)
- map (1)
- maps (1)
- market segmentation (1)
- masked priming (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mastocytosis (1)
- measles virus (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- medicin (1)
- megavoltage computed-tomography (1)
- melanogaster (1)
- melanoma (1)
- meningococcal disease (1)
- merocyanine dye (1)
- messanger RNA (1)
- messenger RNA (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metacarpal (1)
- methanofullerenes (1)
- methods (1)
- mice (1)
- microdissection (1)
- microglomeruli (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- migraineur (1)
- migration (1)
- mimicry (1)
- moclobemide (1)
- modulation of virus replication (1)
- molecular switch (1)
- molekulare Schalter (1)
- monoamine oxidase (1)
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- monoklonale Antikörper (1)
- morality (1)
- motoneuron (1)
- mouse (1)
- mouse model (1)
- mtDNA (1)
- multigrid (1)
- multilateralism (1)
- muscle (1)
- mutation databases (1)
- myomesin (1)
- n-Halbleiter (1)
- nAChR (1)
- nanobiocomposites (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanotechnology (1)
- neisseria meningitidis (1)
- nephroblastoma (1)
- networkanalysis (1)
- neuroimaging (1)
- neurology (1)
- neuropil (1)
- neuroprotection (1)
- nicht-kartesische Bildgebung (1)
- nichtglatt (1)
- nitric-oxide (1)
- no (1)
- nociceptor sensitization (1)
- noise index (1)
- noise phenomena (1)
- non-Cartesian imaging (1)
- nonlinear optics (1)
- nonverbal communication (1)
- nonverbale Kommunikation (1)
- northern blotting (1)
- nuclear envelope (1)
- obscurin (1)
- obstructive pulmonary-disease (1)
- occupational health and safety (1)
- occupational injury (1)
- olfactory glomeruli (1)
- olfactory information (1)
- on-shell renormalization (1)
- oncolytic virotherapy (1)
- oncolytic virus (1)
- onkolytische Viren (1)
- oocytes (1)
- opioids (1)
- optimisation (1)
- optimization (1)
- organic semicondcutors (1)
- organic semiconductors (1)
- organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures (1)
- organische Photovoltaik (1)
- organische Solarzelle (1)
- organische Solarzellen (1)
- organische ungeordnete Halbleiter (1)
- organization (1)
- orofacial clefts (1)
- orofaziale spaltkinder (1)
- osteotomy (1)
- palliative care (1)
- panel (1)
- parallel constraint satisfaction (1)
- parasite cycle (1)
- parasitärer Entwicklungszyklus (1)
- paternal introgression (1)
- pathogenetic organism (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathway (1)
- pediatrics (1)
- performance (1)
- permaforst mountain (1)
- permafrost (1)
- personality traits (1)
- pharmacogenetics (1)
- pharmacokinetics (1)
- phenelzine (1)
- phenotyping (1)
- pheromone (1)
- phonon (1)
- photo-CELIV (1)
- phylogenetic analysis (1)
- pilot study (1)
- plants (1)
- plasmon (1)
- plasticity (1)
- plate fixation (1)
- platelet-adhesion (1)
- pneumolysin (1)
- pol messenger-rna (1)
- pollen (1)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (1)
- population genetics (1)
- pore formation (1)
- preconditioning (1)
- prefrontal cortex (1)
- presynaptic inhibition (1)
- primary tumor cell culture (1)
- prognosis (1)
- prognostic biomarkers (1)
- proinflammatory cytokine (1)
- prostate-cancer (1)
- protective antigen (1)
- protein adducts (1)
- protein structure (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantum-dots (1)
- questionnaire (1)
- radar (1)
- radiofrequency identification (1)
- radiotherapy (1)
- ralstonia solanacearum (1)
- rasagiline (1)
- rat (1)
- rausch index (1)
- rauschphänomenen (1)
- reaction time (1)
- real-life interaction (1)
- receptor (1)
- receptor channel (1)
- recombinant proteins (1)
- recombination (1)
- regulatory RNA (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- renewable water resources (1)
- reporter (1)
- reputation (1)
- requirements management (1)
- research errors (1)
- resin (1)
- resistance (1)
- resonant tunneling (1)
- resonant tunneling diodes (1)
- retinoic acid (1)
- retroviral proteins (1)
- retroviral vectors (1)
- reveals (1)
- reverse-transcriptase (1)
- rod degeneration (1)
- salivary gland lymph node (1)
- sar (1)
- satellite data (1)
- sauropod dinosaurs (1)
- scholarly publishing (1)
- schwach gekoppelte Regime (1)
- sciatic nerves (1)
- scientific publishing (1)
- screening tools (1)
- secretion systems (1)
- sedimentary environment (1)
- seed aging (1)
- seed quality (1)
- selegiline (1)
- self-assembled monolayers (1)
- semismooth (1)
- semismooth Newton method (1)
- sequence databases (1)
- service based software architecture (1)
- service brokerage (1)
- sex ratio (1)
- silico model (1)
- silver staining (1)
- simulation (1)
- single-crystal X-ray study (1)
- skin neoplasms (1)
- skull (1)
- small RNA (1)
- social interaction (1)
- somatic mutations (1)
- space missions phases (1)
- spatial cuing (1)
- spatial representation (1)
- speckle tracking (1)
- sperm (1)
- sphingomonads (1)
- sphingomyelinase (1)
- spin determination (1)
- spin torque (1)
- spinal cord (1)
- spinal-cord-injury (1)
- spine radiosurgery (1)
- splicing defect (1)
- spontaneously hypersensitive-rats (1)
- stingless bees (1)
- streptomyces (1)
- subharmonics (1)
- subharmonische (1)
- subliminal priming (1)
- subviral particle release (1)
- sucrose allocation (1)
- supersymmetry (1)
- supramolekularen Elektronik (1)
- surface coating (1)
- surfaces (1)
- sustainable water management (1)
- symptom control (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synaptische Proteine (1)
- synaptisches Protein (1)
- tail dependence (1)
- tau protein (1)
- teilweise oder vollständig ungefaltete Proteine (1)
- telomeres (1)
- terminal gag domain (1)
- testes (1)
- text categorization (1)
- therapy (1)
- think/no-think (1)
- thyroid cancer (1)
- time-dependent density functional theory (1)
- titin (1)
- tolerance (1)
- torque meter (1)
- trade unions (1)
- tragfähiges Wassermanagement (1)
- transcription factor function (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcription initiation site (1)
- transient absorption (1)
- transiente Absorption (1)
- translocation (1)
- tranylcypromine (1)
- trap distribution (1)
- treatment (1)
- triarylamine (1)
- trypanosomes (1)
- tsetse fly (1)
- tumor model (1)
- type 1 diabetes (1)
- type III protein secretion system complex (1)
- type III secretion system pathways (1)
- tyrosine phosphatase (1)
- ultra-short laser pulses (1)
- unconscious information processing (1)
- unicellular cyanobacteria (1)
- unsaturated Fatty Acids (1)
- untranslated regions (1)
- urine (1)
- vaccinia virus (1)
- valence (1)
- variability analysis (1)
- varicella-zoster virus immunosuppression (1)
- vascular system (1)
- version control (1)
- vertebral metastases (1)
- vertebral pneumaticity (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- virale Proteine (1)
- virulence (1)
- wR factor = 0.069 (1)
- water balance (1)
- wavefront (1)
- weak coupling regime (1)
- wikis (1)
- workflow platform (1)
- xanthomonas (1)
- xanthomonas campestris (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zeitabhängige Dichtefunktionaltheorie (1)
- Öko-Toxikologie (1)
- Ökologische Prozesse (1)
- Ökosystemgesundheit (1)
- Überschreitungsanzahl (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (67)
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (29)
- Physikalisches Institut (27)
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik (19)
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum (19)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (17)
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie (16)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (15)
- Institut für Psychologie (13)
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie (12)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
Background:
The etiology of secondary cancer in childhood cancer survivors is largely unclear. Exposure of normal somatic cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy can damage DNA and if not all DNA lesions are properly fixed, the mis-repair may lead to pathological consequences. It is plausible to assume that genetic differences, i.e. in the pathways responsible for cell cycle control and DNA repair, play a critical role in the development of secondary cancer.
Methodology/Findings:
To identify factors that may influence the susceptibility for second cancer formation, we recruited 20 individuals who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second cancer as well as 20 carefully matched control individuals with childhood malignancy but without a second cancer. By antibody microarrays, we screened primary fibroblasts of matched patients for differences in the amount of representative DNA repair-associated proteins. We found constitutively decreased levels of RAD9A and several other DNA repair proteins in two-cancer patients, compared to one-cancer patients. The RAD9A protein level increased in response to DNA damage, however to a lesser extent in the two-cancer patients. Quantification of mRNA expression by real-time RT PCR revealed lower RAD9A mRNA levels in both untreated and 1 Gy gamma-irradiated cells of two-cancer patients.
Conclusions/Significance:
Collectively, our results support the idea that modulation of RAD9A and other cell cycle arrest and DNA repair proteins contribute to the risk of developing a second malignancy in childhood cancer patients.
Background: The etiology of secondary cancer in childhood cancer survivors is largely unclear. Exposure of normal somatic cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy can damage DNA and if not all DNA lesions are properly fixed, the mis-repair may lead to pathological consequences. It is plausible to assume that genetic differences, i.e. in the pathways responsible for cell cycle control and DNA repair, play a critical role in the development of secondary cancer. Methodology/Findings: To identify factors that may influence the susceptibility for second cancer formation, we recruited 20 individuals who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second cancer as well as 20 carefully matched control individuals with childhood malignancy but without a second cancer. By antibody microarrays, we screened primary fibroblasts of matched patients for differences in the amount of representative DNA repair-associated proteins. We found constitutively decreased levels of RAD9A and several other DNA repair proteins in two-cancer patients, compared to onecancer patients. The RAD9A protein level increased in response to DNA damage, however to a lesser extent in the twocancer patients. Quantification of mRNA expression by real-time RT PCR revealed lower RAD9A mRNA levels in both untreated and 1 Gy c-irradiated cells of two-cancer patients. Conclusions/Significance: Collectively, our results support the idea that modulation of RAD9A and other cell cycle arrest and DNA repair proteins contribute to the risk of developing a second malignancy in childhood cancer patients.
Background: In principle, the elimination of malignancies by oncolytic virotherapy could proceed by different mechanisms - e.g. tumor cell specific oncolysis, destruction of the tumor vasculature or an anti-tumoral immunological response. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of these factors to elucidate the responsible mechanism for regression of human breast tumor xenografts upon colonization with an attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV). Methods: Breast tumor xenografts were analyzed 6 weeks post VACV infection (p.i.; regression phase) by immunohistochemistry and mouse-specific expression arrays. Viral-mediated oncolysis was determined by tumor growth analysis combined with microscopic studies of intratumoral virus distribution. The tumor vasculature was morphologically characterized by diameter and density measurements and vessel functionality was analyzed by lectin perfusion and extravasation studies. Immunological aspects of viral-mediated tumor regression were studied in either immune-deficient mouse strains (T-, B-, NK-cell-deficient) or upon cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression (MHCII+-cell depletion) in nude mice. Results: Late stage VACV-infected breast tumors showed extensive necrosis, which was highly specific to cancer cells. The tumor vasculature in infected tumor areas remained functional and the endothelial cells were not infected. However, viral colonization triggers hyperpermeability and dilatation of the tumor vessels, which resembled the activated endothelium in wounded tissue. Moreover, we demonstrated an increased expression of genes involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in VACV-infected tumors, which orchestrate perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration. The immunohistochemical analysis of infected tumors displayed intense infiltration of MHCII-positive cells and colocalization of tumor vessels with MHCII+/CD31+ vascular leukocytes. However, GI-101A tumor growth analysis upon VACV-infection in either immunosuppressed nude mice (MHCII+-cell depleted) or in immune-deficient mouse strains (T-, B-, NK-cell-deficient) revealed that neither MHCII-positive immune cells nor T-, B-, or NK cells contributed significantly to VACV-mediated tumor regression. In contrast, tumors of immunosuppressed mice showed enhanced viral spreading and tumor necrosis. Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that VACV-mediated oncolysis is the primary mechanism of tumor shrinkage in the late regression phase. Neither the destruction of the tumor vasculature nor the massive VACV-mediated intratumoral inflammation was a prerequisite for tumor regression. We propose that approaches to enhance viral replication and spread within the tumor microenvironment should improve therapeutical outcome.
In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, more than 2000 genes are estimated to encode transcription factors (TFs), which clearly emphasizes the importance of transcriptional control. Although genomic approaches have generated large TF open reading frame (ORF) collections, only a limited number of these genes is functionally characterized, yet. This review evaluates strategies and methods to identify TF functions. In particular, we focus on two recently developed TF screening platforms, which make use of publically available GATEWAY®-compatible ORF collections. (1) The Arabidopsis thaliana TF ORF over-Expression (AtTORF-Ex) library provides pooled collections of transgenic lines over-expressing HA-tagged TF genes, which are suited for screening approaches to define TF functions in stress defense and development. (2) A high-throughput microtiter plate based protoplast trans activation (PTA) system has been established to screen for TFs which are regulating a given promoter:Luciferase construct in planta.
Retinoic acid pathway activity in Wilms tumors and characterization of biological responses in vitro
(2011)
Background: Wilms tumor (WT) is one of the most common malignancies in childhood. With current therapy protocols up to 90% of patients can be cured, but there is still a need to improve therapy for patients with aggressive WT and to reduce treatment intensity where possible. Prior data suggested a deregulation of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway in high-risk WT, but its mode of action remained unclear. Results: The association of retinoid signaling and clinical parameters could be validated in a large independent tumor set, but its relevance in primary nephrectomy tumors from very young children may be different. Reduced RA pathway activity and MYCN overexpression were found in high risk tumors as opposed to tumors with low/ intermediate risk, suggesting a beneficial impact of RA especially on advanced WT. To search for possible modes of action of retinoids as novel therapeutic options, primary tumor cell cultures were treated in vitro with all-trans-RA (ATRA), 9cis-RA, fenretinide and combinations of retinoids and a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Genes deregulated in high risk tumors showed opposite changes upon treatment suggesting a positive effect of retinoids. 6/7 primary cultures tested reduced proliferation, irrespective of prior RA signaling levels. The only variant culture was derived from mesoblastic nephroma, a distinct childhood kidney neoplasm. Retinoid/HDAC inhibitor combinations provided no synergistic effect. ATRA and 9cis-RA induced morphological changes suggestive of differentiation, while fenretinide induced apoptosis in several cultures tested. Microarray analysis of ATRA treated WT cells revealed differential expression of many genes involved in extracellular matrix formation and osteogenic, neuronal or muscle differentiation. The effects documented appear to be reversible upon drug withdrawal, however. Conclusions: Altered retinoic acid signaling has been validated especially in high risk Wilms tumors. In vitro testing of primary tumor cultures provided clear evidence of a potential utility of retinoids in Wilms tumor treatment based on the analysis of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
Background:
Single drug use has not achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of prostate cancer, despite application of increasingly widespread targeted therapeutics. In the present study, the combined impact of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor RAD001, the dual EGFr and VGEFr tyrosine kinase inhibitor AEE788 and the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on prostate cancer growth and adhesion in vitro was investigated.
Methods:
PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP cells were treated with RAD001, AEE788 or VPA or with a RAD-AEE-VPA combination. Tumor cell growth, cell cycle progression and cell cycle regulating proteins were then investigated by MTT-assay, flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, tumor cell adhesion to vascular endothelium or to immobilized extracellular matrix proteins as well as migratory properties of the cells was evaluated, and integrin alpha and beta subtypes were analyzed. Finally, effects of drug treatment on cell signaling pathways were determined.
Results:
All drugs, separately applied, reduced tumor cell adhesion, migration and growth. A much stronger anticancer effect was evoked by the triple drug combination. Particularly, cdk1, 2 and 4 and cyclin B were reduced, whereas p27 was elevated. In addition, simultaneous application of RAD001, AEE788 and VPA altered the membranous, cytoplasmic and gene expression pattern of various integrin alpha and beta subtypes, reduced integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and deactivated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Signaling analysis revealed that EGFr and the downstream target Akt, as well as p70S6k was distinctly modified in the presence of the drug combination.
Conclusions:
Simultaneous targeting of several key proteins in prostate cancer cells provides an advantage over targeting a single pathway. Since strong anti-tumor properties became evident with respect to cell growth and adhesion dynamics, the triple drug combination might provide progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Background: Hemostasis is a critical and active function of the blood mediated by platelets. Therefore, the prevention of pathological platelet aggregation is of great importance as well as of pharmaceutical and medical interest. Endogenous platelet inhibition is predominantly based on cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) elevation and subsequent cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase (PKA, PKG) activation. In turn, platelet phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and protein phosphatases counterbalance their activity. This main inhibitory pathway in human platelets is crucial for countervailing unwanted platelet activation. Consequently, the regulators of cyclic nucleotide signaling are of particular interest to pharmacology and therapeutics of atherothrombosis. Modeling of pharmacodynamics allows understanding this intricate signaling and supports the precise description of these pivotal targets for pharmacological modulation. Results: We modeled dynamically concentration-dependent responses of pathway effectors (inhibitors, activators, drug combinations) to cyclic nucleotide signaling as well as to downstream signaling events and verified resulting model predictions by experimental data. Experiments with various cAMP affecting compounds including antiplatelet drugs and their combinations revealed a high fidelity, fine-tuned cAMP signaling in platelets without crosstalk to the cGMP pathway. The model and the data provide evidence for two independent feedback loops: PKA, which is activated by elevated cAMP levels in the platelet, subsequently inhibits adenylyl cyclase (AC) but as well activates PDE3. By multi-experiment fitting, we established a comprehensive dynamic model with one predictive, optimized and validated set of parameters. Different pharmacological conditions (inhibition, activation, drug combinations, permanent and transient perturbations) are successfully tested and simulated, including statistical validation and sensitivity analysis. Downstream cyclic nucleotide signaling events target different phosphorylation sites for cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA, PKG) in the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). VASP phosphorylation as well as cAMP levels resulting from different drug strengths and combined stimulants were quantitatively modeled. These predictions were again experimentally validated. High sensitivity of the signaling pathway at low concentrations is involved in a fine-tuned balance as well as stable activation of this inhibitory cyclic nucleotide pathway. Conclusions: On the basis of experimental data, literature mining and database screening we established a dynamic in silico model of cyclic nucleotide signaling and probed its signaling sensitivity. Thoroughly validated, it successfully predicts drug combination effects on platelet function, including synergism, antagonism and regulatory loops.
There is more and more evidence for the cancer stem cell hypothesis which believes that cancers are driven by a cellular subcomponent that has stem cell properties which is self-renewal, tumorigenicity and multilineage differentiation capacity. Cancer stem cells have been connected to the initiation of tumors and are even found to be responsible for relapses after apparently curative therapies have been undertaken. This hypothesis changes our conceptual approach of oncogenesis and shall have implications in breast cancer prevention, detection and treatment, especially in metastatic breast cancer for which no curative treatment exists. Given the specific stem cell features, novel therapeutic pathways can be targeted. Since the value of vaccinia virus as a vaccination virus against smallpox was discovered by E. Jenner at 18th century, it plays an important role in human medicine and molecular biology. After smallpox was successfully eradicated, vaccinia virus is mainly used as a viral vector in molecular biology and increasingly in cancer therapy. The outstanding capability to specifically target and destroy cancer cells makes it a perfect agent for oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, the virus can easily be modified by inserting genes which encode therapeutic or diagnostic proteins to be expressed when a tumor is infected. The emphasis in this study was the establishment of methods for the enrichment of human breast cancer stem-like cells from cancer cell lines and characterization of those cancer stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by using the Genelux Corporation vaccinia virus strain GLV-1h68, the isolated cancer stem-like cells can be targeted not only in vitro but also in vivo more efficiently. Side-population (SP) cells within cancers and cell lines are rare cell populations known to be enriched cancer stem-like cells. In this study, we used Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry to identify SP cells from the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and GI-101A as models for cancer stem-like cells. Considering the cytotoxicity of Hoechst dye and the restriction of instrument, we did not carry out further studies by this method. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, we showed that human breast cancer cell line GI-101A with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) have stemlike properties. Higher ALDH activity identifies the tumorigenic cell fraction which is capable of self-renewal and of generating tumors that could recapitulate the heterogeneity of the parental tumor. Furthermore, the cells with higher ALDH activity display significant resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation, which proves their stem-like properties again. The cells which have higher ALDH activity also are more invasive compared to cells which have lower ALDH activity, which connects the cancer stem-like cells with cancer metastases. By analyzing the popular human breast cancer stem cells surface markers CD44, CD49f and CD24, it was discovered that the cells with higher ALDH activity have stronger CD44 and CD49f expression than in those cells with lower ALDH activity, which further confirms their stem-like properties. Finally, the cells with higher ALDH activity and lower ALDH activity were infected in vitro and used in virotherapy in a mouse xenograft model was performed. The results indicated that the vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 can replicate in cells with higher ALDH activity more efficiently than cells with lower ALDH activity. GLV-1h68 also can selectively target and eradicate the xenograft tumors which were derived from cells with higher ALDH activity. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key developmental program that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastases. EMT was induced in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLEs) and in GI-101A cells, which results in the acquisition of mesenchymal traits and in the expression of stem cell markers. Furthermore, the EMT-induced GI-101A cells showed resistance to chemotherapy and invasion capacity. CD44+/CD24- cells were enriched during the EMT induction. Following flow cytometry sorting by using CD44, CD24 and ESA surface marker, the sorted cells were tested in a mouse model regarding tumorigenicity. Unexpectedly, we found that CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells could initiate tumors more efficiently rather than CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ and other fractions in EMTinduced GI-101A cells. We also infected the CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ and CD44+/CD24- /ESA+ cells in vitro and performed virotherapy in a mouse xenograft model. The results indicated that the vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 is able to replicate in CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells more efficiently than in CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ cells. GLV-1h68 was also capable to selectively target and eradicate the xenograft tumors which derived from CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells. Moreover, CD44- cells have much lower tumorigenicity in the mouse model and CD44- cells derived-tumors are not responsive to vaccinia virotherapy. In summary, we have successfully established an in vitro and in vivo system for the identification, characterization and isolation of cancer stem-like cells from the human breast cancer cell line GI-101A by using the ALDEFLUOR assay. The vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 was able to efficiently target and eradicate the higher ALDH activity cells and tumors derived from those cells. Although contrary to the current assumption, CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells in the EMT-induced GI-101A cell line showed stem-like properties and GLV-1h68 was able to efficiently target and eradicate the CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells and tumors which derived from those cells. Finally, improved understanding of cancer stem cells may have tremendous relevance for how cancer should be treated. It is menacing that cancer stem cells are resistant to almost all anti-tumor approaches which have already been established for the treatment of metastatic diseases such as ionizing radiation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and small molecular inhibitors. Therefore, it is promising that our results suggest that these cancer stem cells may be susceptible to treatment with oncolytic vaccinia virus.
Background:
Early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the more common mental illnesses of children and adolescents, with prevalence of 1% to 3%. Its manifestations often lead to severe impairment and to conflict in the family. In this review, we summarize the manifestations, comorbidity, pathophysiology, and course of this disease as well as current modes of diagnosis and treatment.
Methods:
We selectively review the relevant literature and the German-language guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses in children and adolescents.
Results:
Obsessive-compulsive manifestations are of many types and cause severe impairment. Comorbid mental disturbances are present in as many as 70% of patients. The disease takes a chronic course in more than 40% of patients. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the treatment of first choice, followed by combination pharmacotherapy including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and then by SSRI alone.
Conclusion:
OCD often begins in childhood or adolescence. There are empirically based neurobiological and cognitive-behavioral models of its pathophysiology. Multiaxial diagnostic evaluation permits early diagnosis. Behavioral therapy and medications are highly effective treatments, but the disorder nonetheless takes a chronic course in a large percentage of patients.
Background:
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling factors have the ability to remodel nucleosomes and play essential roles in key developmental processes. SWI/SNF complexes contain one subunit with ATPase activity, which in Drosophila melanogaster is called Brahma (Brm). The regulatory activities of SWI/SNF have been attributed to its influence on chromatin structure and transcription regulation, but recent observations have revealed that the levels of Brm affect the relative abundances of transcripts that are formed by alternative splicing and/or polyadenylation of the same pre-mRNA.
Results:
We have investigated whether the function of Brm in pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila melanogaster is mediated by Brm alone or by the SWI/SNF complex. We have analyzed the effects of depleting individual SWI/SNF subunits on pre-mRNA processing throughout the genome, and we have identified a subset of transcripts that are affected by depletion of the SWI/SNF core subunits Brm, Snr1 or Mor. The fact that depletion of different subunits targets a subset of common transcripts suggests that the SWI/SNF complex is responsible for the effects observed on pre-mRNA processing when knocking down Brm. We have also depleted Brm in larvae and we have shown that the levels of SWI/SNF affect the pre-mRNA processing outcome in vivo.
Conclusions:
We have shown that SWI/SNF can modulate alternative pre-mRNA processing, not only in cultured cells but also in vivo. The effect is restricted to and specific for a subset of transcripts. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which SWI/SNF regulates transcript diversity and proteomic diversity in higher eukaryotes.
Enormous amounts of data are being generated by modern methods such as transcriptome or exome sequencing and microarray profiling. Primary analyses such as quality control, normalization, statistics and mapping are highly complex and need to be performed by specialists. Thereafter, results are handed back to biomedical researchers, who are then confronted with complicated data lists. For rather simple tasks like data filtering, sorting and cross-association there is a need for new tools which can be used by non-specialists. Here, we describe CrossQuery, a web tool that enables straight forward, simple syntax queries to be executed on transcriptome sequencing and microarray datasets. We provide deepsequencing data sets of stem cell lines derived from the model fish Medaka and microarray data of human endothelial cells. In the example datasets provided, mRNA expression levels, gene, transcript and sample identification numbers, GO-terms and gene descriptions can be freely correlated, filtered and sorted. Queries can be saved for later reuse and results can be exported to standard formats that allow copy-and-paste to all widespread data visualization tools such as Microsoft Excel. CrossQuery enables researchers to quickly and freely work with transcriptome and microarray data sets requiring only minimal computer skills. Furthermore, CrossQuery allows growing association of multiple datasets as long as at least one common point of correlated information, such as transcript identification numbers or GO-terms, is shared between samples. For advanced users, the object-oriented plug-in and event-driven code design of both server-side and client-side scripts allow easy addition of new features, data sources and data types.
Enormous amounts of data are being generated by modern methods such as transcriptome or exome sequencing and microarray profiling. Primary analyses such as quality control, normalization, statistics and mapping are highly complex and need to be performed by specialists. Thereafter, results are handed back to biomedical researchers, who are then confronted with complicated data lists. For rather simple tasks like data filtering, sorting and cross-association there is a need for new tools which can be used by non-specialists. Here, we describe CrossQuery, a web tool that enables straight forward, simple syntax queries to be executed on transcriptome sequencing and microarray datasets. We provide deep-sequencing data sets of stem cell lines derived from the model fish Medaka and microarray data of human endothelial cells. In the example datasets provided, mRNA expression levels, gene, transcript and sample identification numbers, GO-terms and gene descriptions can be freely correlated, filtered and sorted. Queries can be saved for later reuse and results can be exported to standard formats that allow copy-and-paste to all widespread data visualization tools such as Microsoft Excel. CrossQuery enables researchers to quickly and freely work with transcriptome and microarray data sets requiring only minimal computer skills. Furthermore, CrossQuery allows growing association of multiple datasets as long as at least one common point of correlated information, such as transcript identification numbers or GO-terms, is shared between samples. For advanced users, the object-oriented plug-in and event-driven code design of both server-side and client-side scripts allow easy addition of new features, data sources and data types.
Background
Investigation of the expression of an intestinal stem cell marker in esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) with and without Barrett's Esophagus (BE), with respect to a cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis.
Materials and methods
Expression of a putative intestinal stem cell marker LgR5 was analyzed in esophageal cancer specimen (n = 70: 41 EAC with BE, 19 EAC without BE, and n = 10 esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas, ESCC) and in the adenocarcinoma cell line OE-33. Ki-67 and Cdx-2 were co-labelled with LgR5 in double staining experiments. Immunhistochemical expression results were confirmed by RT-PCR and correlated with tumor stage and five-year survival rates.
Results
LgR5was found expressed in 35 of 41 (85%) EAC with BE and in 16 of 19 (81%) EAC without BE. By contrast, LgR5 was not found to be expressed in ESCC. Quantification of immunolabeling showed 15% LgR5+ cells in EAC with BE, 32% LgR5+ cells in adjacent BE and 13% in EAC without BE. Immunofluorescence double staining experiments with LgR5 and Ki-67 revealed a subpopulation (~5%) of proliferating LgR+/Ki-67+ cells. On mRNA-level, expression of LgR5 was higher in BE in comparison to EAC (p = 0.0159). High levels of LgR5 expression in BE associated EAC were associated with poorer survival in univariate analysis.
Conclusion
The stem cell marker LgR5 is expressed in EAC, irrespective of association with BE, and appears to have negative impact on survival. The subset of proliferating LgR5+ cells (<5%) might resemble rapidly cycling CSCs, which needs to be substantiated in further investigations.
Background: Investigation of the expression of an intestinal stem cell marker in esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) with and without Barrett’s Esophagus (BE), with respect to a cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis. Materials and methods: Expression of a putative intestinal stem cell marker LgR5 was analyzed in esophageal cancer specimen (n = 70: 41 EAC with BE, 19 EAC without BE, and n = 10 esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas, ESCC) and in the adenocarcinoma cell line OE-33. Ki-67 and Cdx-2 were co-labelled with LgR5 in double staining experiments. Immunhistochemical expression results were confirmed by RT-PCR and correlated with tumor stage and five-year survival rates. Results: LgR5was found expressed in 35 of 41 (85%) EAC with BE and in 16 of 19 (81%) EAC without BE. By contrast, LgR5 was not found to be expressed in ESCC. Quantification of immunolabeling showed 15% LgR5+ cells in EAC with BE, 32% LgR5+ cells in adjacent BE and 13% in EAC without BE. Immunofluorescence double staining experiments with LgR5 and Ki-67 revealed a subpopulation (~5%) of proliferating LgR+/Ki-67+ cells. On mRNAlevel, expression of LgR5 was higher in BE in comparison to EAC (p = 0.0159). High levels of LgR5 expression in BE associated EAC were associated with poorer survival in univariate analysis. Conclusion: The stem cell marker LgR5 is expressed in EAC, irrespective of association with BE, and appears to have negative impact on survival. The subset of proliferating LgR5+ cells (<5%) might resemble rapidly cycling CSCs, which needs to be substantiated in further investigations.
Background:
We determined antibodies to the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in children to assess: the incidence of (H1N1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season in Germany, the proportion of subclinical infections and to compare titers in vaccinated and infected children.
Methodology/Principal Findings:
Eight pediatric hospitals distributed over Germany prospectively provided sera from in-or outpatients aged 1 to 17 years from April 1(st) to July 31(st) 2010. Vaccination history, recall of infections and sociodemographic factors were ascertained. Antibody titers were measured with a sensitive and specific in-house hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) and compared to age-matched sera collected during 6 months before the onset of the pandemic in Germany. We analyzed 1420 post-pandemic and 300 pre-pandemic sera. Among unvaccinated children aged 1-4 and 5-17 years the prevalence of HI titers (>= 1:10) was 27.1% (95% CI: 23.5-31.3) and 53.5% (95% CI: 50.9-56.2) compared to 1.7% and 5.5%, respectively, for pre-pandemic sera, accounting for a serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 during the season 2009/2010 of 25,4% (95% CI : 19.3-30.5) in children aged 1-4 years and 48.0% (95% CI: 42.6-52.0) in 5-17 year old children. Of children with HI titers >= 1: 10, 25.5% (95% CI: 22.5-28.8) reported no history of any infectious disease since June 2009. Among vaccinated children, 92% (95%-CI: 87.0-96.6) of the 5-17 year old but only 47.8% (95%-CI: 33.5-66.5) of the 1-4 year old children exhibited HI titers against influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009.
Conclusion:
Serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections in children indicates high infection rates with older children (5-17 years) infected twice as often as younger children. In about a quarter of the children with HI titers after the season 2009/2010 subclinical infections must be assumed. Low HI titers in young children after vaccination with the AS03(B)-adjuvanted split virion vaccine need further scrutiny.
Background:
To study whether and how c-MYC expression determines response to radio-and chemotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma (MB).
Methods:
We used DAOY and UW228 human MB cells engineered to stably express different levels of c-MYC, and tested whether c-MYC expression has an effect on radio-and chemosensitivity using the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay, clonogenic survival, apoptosis assays, cell cycle analysis, and western blot assessment. In an effort to validate our results, we analyzed c-MYC mRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from well-documented patients with postoperative residual tumor and compared c-MYC mRNA expression with response to radio-and chemotherapy as examined by neuroradiological imaging.
Results:
In DAOY -and to a lesser extent in UW228 -cells expressing high levels of c-MYC, the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, and etoposide was significantly higher when compared with DAOY/UW228 cells expressing low levels of c-MYC. Irradiation-and chemotherapy-induced apoptotic cell death was enhanced in DAOY cells expressing high levels of c-MYC. The response of 62 of 66 residual tumors was evaluable and response to postoperative radio-(14 responders (CR, PR) vs. 5 non-responders (SD, PD)) or chemotherapy (23 CR/PR vs. 20 SD/PD) was assessed. c-MYC mRNA expression was similar in primary MB samples of responders and non-responders (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.50, ratio 0.49, 95% CI 0.008-30.0 and p = 0.67, ratio 1.8, 95% CI 0.14-23.5, respectively).
Conclusions:
c-MYC sensitizes MB cells to some anti-cancer treatments in vitro. As we failed to show evidence for such an effect on postoperative residual tumors when analyzed by imaging, additional investigations in xenografts and larger MB cohorts may help to define the exact function of c-MYC in modulating response to treatment.
This study should contribute to the important field of pharmacogenetics by: firstly, establishing an easy and safe phenotyping method that combines the activity determination of all three previously mentioned CYPs (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19) into one phenotyping cocktail and secondly, improving the knowledge about the predictive power of the genotype for the measured phenotype. It was indeed possible to develop a save, easy-to-use, fast and simultaneous phenotyping procedure for the important genetic polymorphic enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. To accomplish that, interaction studies with the chosen probe drugs dextromethorphan (DEX, CYP2D6), flurbiprofen (FLB, CYP2C9) and omeprazole (OME, CYP2C19) were conducted. It could be proven that DEX and FLB can be administered in combination, whereas OME alters the phenotyping results of CYP2C9. This is a new finding as in 2004 a phenotyping cocktail was published that used FLB and OME in combination. However, to our knowledge, no interaction tests were carried in that study. The new phenotyping procedure is not only verified by prior probe drug interaction studies, it also has other advantages over phenotyping cocktails found in literature. Firstly, save probe drugs are used in very small doses. This is possible due to the new sensitive LC-MS/MS methods that were evaluated. Secondly, the new phenotyping procedure is very fast and on-invasive. Urine has to be collected only for 2 h and the results also suggest that the time consuming glucuronide cleavage of the CYP2D6 dependent metabolite dextrorphan, usually carried out before CYP2D6 phenotyping, may be unnecessary. Most importantly, however, new insights into the phenotype prediction from genotype for CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 could be gained within this study. Nearly 300 phenotyped Caucasian subjects were also genotyped for the most important known variant alleles for CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 using several established and newly developed genoptyping methods. Therefore, a direct correlation between phenotype and genotype could be conducted for CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. Employing linear modeling, it was possible to assign activity coefficients to each of the detected CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 alleles, thereby estimating their contribution to the resulting enzyme activity. This might facilitate the prediction of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 metabolic status of a subject knowing only its respective genotypes. Especially the new CYP2D6 genotype phenotype correlation model might allow for more precise phenotype prediction for the included variant alleles than was possible until now. Taken together, this study substantially contributes to the important research field of pharmacogenetics by (i) developing a save and easy-to-use phenotyping combination for CYP2D6 and CYP2C9, and (ii) by establishing activity coefficients for each of the detected CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 alleles, thereby allowing for a more precise prediction of the phenotype from genotype.
Binding of proteins to DNA is usually considered 1D with one protein bound to one DNA molecule. In principle, proteins with multiple DNA binding domains could also bind to and thereby cross-link different DNA molecules. We have investigated this possibility using high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins, which are architectural elements of chromatin and are involved in the regulation of multiple DNA-dependent processes. Using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), we could show that overexpression of HMGA1a-eGFP in Cos-7 cells leads to chromatin aggregation. To investigate if HMGA1a is directly responsible for this chromatin compaction we developed a DNA cross-linking assay. We were able to show for the first time that HMGA1a can cross-link DNA directly. Detailed analysis using point mutated proteins revealed a novel DNA cross-linking domain. Electron microscopy indicates that HMGA1 proteins are able to create DNA loops and supercoils in linearized DNA confirming the cross-linking ability of HMGA1a. This capacity has profound implications for the spatial organization of DNA in the cell nucleus and suggests cross-linking activities for additional nuclear proteins.
The most important aim of restorative therapy in dentistry is to achieve a restoration that remains dense from bacteria and this way from tooth pulp irritation as well. Patients on the other hand appreciate and expect additionally good aesthetics. This way the decision which material the practitioner should chose very often still causes dilemmas. The aim of this 4 year long study was to evaluate the Admira filling material, that belongs to ormocer group and its future in the area of restorative dentistry. SEM analysis of fillings margins followed on epoxy resin casts (achieved from impressions taken at each of the control appointments) and showed that after four years of clinical observation more than 90 percent of the restoratives margins remained perfectly adapted. Due to technical reasons the examination followed only in the enamel area and as a result this study is not answering the question of margin quality within the dentin.
The majority of breast cancer patients will require radiation therapy at some time during the course of their disease. An estimated 30–50% of all radiation treatments are of palliative nature, either to alleviate symptoms or prophylactic to prevent deterioration of quality of life due to locally progressive disease. Radiotherapy is a locally effective tool, and typically causes no systemic and mostly mild acute side effects. The following article provides an overview of options and decision-making in palliative radiotherapy for symptom control.