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Institut
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Xmrk encodes a putative transmembrane glycoprotein of the tyrosine kinase family and is a melanoma-inducing gene in Xiphophorus. We attempted to investigate the biological function of the putative Xmrk receptor by characterizing its signalling properties. Since a potential Iigand for Xmrk has not yet been identified, it has been difficult to analyse the biochemical properlies and biological function of this cell surface protein. In an approach towards such analyses, the Xmrk extracellular domain was replaced by the closely related Iigand-binding domain sequences of the human epidennal growth factor receptor (HER) and the ligand-induced activity of the chimeric HER-Xmrk proteinwas examined. We show that the Xmrk protein is a functional receptor tyrosine kinase, is highly active in malignant melanoma and displays a constitutive autophosphorylation activity possibly due to an activating mutation in its extracellular or transmembrane domain. In the focus formation assay the HER-Xmrk chimera is a potent transfonning protein equivalent to other tyrosine kinase oncoproteins.
The influence of different CdZnTe substrate treatments prior to II-VI molecular beam epitaxial growth on surface stoichiometry, oxygen, and carbon contamination has been studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. Heating the substrate at 300 °C can eliminate oxygen contamination, but cannot completely remove carbon from the surface. Heating at higher temperatures decreases the carbon contamination only slightly, while increasing the Zn-Cd ratio on the surface considerably. The magnitude of the latter effect is surprising and is crucial when one is using lattice matched CdZnTe (Zn 4%) substrates.
In 55 chronic schizophrenics, the occurrence of infectious diseases during their mothers' pregnancies was investigated. Different psychiatrie diagnostic systems were compared. Infections were reported by the mothers of familial and sporadic DSM I1I-R schizophrenics in equal proportion. However, applying Leonhard's classification, the frequency of infections was found to be significantly increased in 'systematic' schizophrenia (mainly exogenously induced in the view of Leonhard) compared to 'unsystematic' schizophrenia (mainly genetically determined according to Leonhard's findings). Most of the infections occurred during the second trimester (nine out of 13). Thus, in the 'systematic' forms of schizophrenia (low genetic loading), maternal infections in this crucial period of neurodevelopment would appear to be important causative factors in the cytoarchitectural deviance detected in the central nervous system of schizophrenics.
High- and low-IQ children in the first, third, and fifth grades performed two free-recall tasks: a sort-recall task with sets of categorically related pictures, and a class-recall task, with children recalling the current members of their school class. All children were deemed to be experts concerning the composition of their school class, but, unlike experts in other domains, had no special motivation associated with their expertise. Recall and clustering on both tasks were high. The high-IQ children performed better than low-IQ children only on the sort-recall task. IQ was significantly correlated with measures of performance on the sort-recall task but not on the class-recall task. The results reflect the fact that the memory benefits associated with being an expert (here, elimination of IQ effects) are related to the greater knowledge the expert possesses and not to factors of motivation.
In a study intended to replicate and extend the findings from a recent experiment by Schneider and Bjorklund (1992), the expert/novice paradigm was used with second- and fourth-grade children in a sort/recall task. Children were classified as experts or novices for their knowledge of baseball, then given two sort/recall tasks, with a list consisting of either baseball or nonbaseball terms. Experts recalled more than novices on the baseball list only. While both groups used organizational strategies at sorting on the nonbaseball list, experts were marginally more strategic than novices on the baseball list, and no differences were found between the groups on either list for clustering. Baseball experts used more adultlike categories, suggesting that their enhanced levels of recall were attributed in part to strategy use, although there was also evidence that most of the substantial recall difference between the groups was attributed to item-specific effects associated with a more elaborated knowledge base. A second experiment using fifth-grade children on a multitrial sort/recall task using the baseball list also found increased recall by experts, and also found evidence of strategic behavior at the sort phase for trials 3 and 4.
Large-scale multireference configuration interaction (MRD-CI) calculations in a flexible atomic orbital (AO) basis are employed to study the reaction of C\(_2\)H\(_4\) with CH\(_2\) in its firSt triplet and singlet state. The minimum energy path (MEP) of both reactions is calculated, and different mechanisms are discussed. To examine the possible participation of the singlet state in the overall reaction starting from the triplet channel and terminating in the singlet-state c-C\(_3\)H\(_6\), various cuts through both hypersurfaces are calculated. lt is found that favorable interconversion from the trip1et to the singlet surface can only occur at !arge separations of the two fragments of CH2 and C\(_2\)H\(_4\). Experimental data considering the vibrational motion of CH\(_2\) in connection with the relative position of both surfaces are used to obtain an estimate for the overall barrier of the reaction. The height of the barrier is about 6 kcal/mol, while the barrier of the pure triplet reaction is calculated to be 7-9 kcal/mol.
Transiently activating (A-type) potassium (K) channels are important regulators of action potential and action potential firing frequencies. HK1 designates the firsthuman cDNA that is highly homologous to the rat RCK4 cDNA that codes for an A-type K-channel. The HK1 channel is expressed in heart. By somatic cell hybrid analysis, the HK1 gene has been assigned to human chromosome 11p13-pl4, the WAGR deletion region (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genito-urinary abnormalities and mental retardation). Subsequent pulsed field gel (PFG) analysis and comparison with the well-established PFG map of this region localized the gene to 11p14, 200-600 kb telomeric to the FSHB gene.
Opioid peptidesandmultiple opioid receptors are found in brain cardiovascular nuclei, autonomic ganglia, the heart, and blood vessels, and opioids induce potent cardiovascular changes. The role of endogenaus opioids in normal cardiovascular homeostasis is unclear; however, current data suggest opioid involvement in stress.
Background and Purpose: Reperfusion following transient global cerebral ischemia is characterized by an initial hyperemic phase, which precedes hypo perfusion. The pathogenesis of these flow derangements remains obscure. Our study investigates the dynamics of postischemic cerebral blood flow changes, with particular attention to the role of local neurons. Metho(Js: We assessed local cortical blood flow continuously by laser Doppler flowmetry to permit observation of any rapid flow changes after forebrain ischemia induced by four-vessel occlusion for 20 minutes in rats. To investigate the role of local cortical neurons in the regulation of any blood flow fluctuations, five rats received intracortical microinjections of a neurotoxin (10 p,g ibotenic acid in 1 p,1; 1.5-mm-depth parietal cortex) 24 hours before ischemia to induce selective and localized neuronal depletion in an area corresponding to the sampie volume of the laser Doppler probe (1 mm3 ). Local cerebral blood flow was measured within the injection site and at an adjacent control site. Results: Ischemia was followed by marked hyperemia (235 ±23% of control, n =7), followed by secondary hypoperfusion (45±3% of control, n=7). The transition from hyperemia to hypoperfusioo occurred not gradually but precipitously (maximal slope of flow decay: 66±6%/min; n=7). In ibotenic acid-injected rats, hyperemia was preserved at the injection site, but the sudden decline of blood flow was abolished (maximal slope of flow decay: 5±3%/min compared with 53±8%/min at the control site; n=5, p<O.OOI) and 00 significant hypoperfusion de\eloped (103±20% of control at 60 minutes). Conclusions: These data suggest that the rapid transition to cortical hypo perfusion after forebrain ischemia may be triggered locally by a neuronal mechanism but that this mechanism does not underlie the initial hyperemia.
The Wilms tumor gene WTl, a proposed tumor suppressor gene, has been identifled based on its location within a homozygous deletion found in tumor tissue. The gene encodes a putative transcription factor containing a Cys/His zinc finger domain. The critical homozygous deletions, however, are rarely seen, suggesting that in many cases the gene may be inactivated by more subtle alterations. To facilitate the seareh for smaller deletions and point mutations we have established the genomic organization of the WTl gene and have determined the sequence of all 10 exons and flanking intron DNA. The pattern of alternative splicing in two regions has been characterized in detail. These results will form the basis for future studies of mutant alleles at this locus.
This paper describes the influence of neuroleptic therapy on facial action in drug-naive schizophrenics. In a comparative study of medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients, the coordinates of 12 small light-reflecting points, attached to subjects' faces, were computer-recorded and analyzed automatically during a semistandardized clinical interview. In addition, facial activity in videotaped interviews was coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Each sample group comprised of eight patients with the DSMIII- R diagnostic criteria "schizophrenia" or "schizophreniform disorder". Subjects were studied on two occasions, one shortly after admission to the hospital, the other three weeks later. Group I was unmedicated during the first session, whereas group2 was medicated throughout the study. Three weeks after the start of medication, at the second interview, both recording methods showed a reduction in facial activity and facial expression across all subjects in group 1. The facial action of patients in group2, however, remained unchanged.