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Globale Wertschöpfungsketten stellen nicht nur hochkomplexe Beziehungsgefüge dar, sondern unterliegen auch einem ständigen Wandlungsprozess. Ein zentraler Treiber dieser Wandlungsprozesse ist der technologische Fortschritt. Moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, insbesondere die Phänomene der Digitalisierung und des Online-Handels, sind derzeit von besonderer Bedeutung für Wertschöpfungsketten, da unterschiedliche Fortschritte in der Digitalisierung nicht nur zu wirtschaftlichen Vor- und Nachteilen von Unternehmen führen können, sondern auch zu Up- bzw. Downgradingprozessen innerhalb der Wertschöpfungsketten.
In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Fokus auf den handels- bzw. konsumentennahen Teil von Wertschöpfungsketten gelegt, um die Folgen der Digitalisierung für Hersteller, Händler und Konsumenten näher zu betrachten. Als konkretes Forschungsbeispiel dient die deutsche Schuhbranche, da sich diese gegenwärtig – von Industrie bis Handel – in einem umfassenden Strukturwandel befindet. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich die Komplexität von Wertschöpfungsketten im Zuge der Digitalisierung deutlich erhöht (hat). In der Schuhbranche drängen neue Akteure auf den Markt, bestehende Akteure müssen sich anpassen. Direkte Folgen sind nicht nur eine neue Akteurskonstellation, sondern auch ein sich neu bildendes Machtgefüge. Es kommt somit zur Restrukturierung bisheriger Wertschöpfungsketten.
Shannon channel capacity estimation, based on large packet length is used in traditional Radio Resource Management (RRM) optimization. This is good for the normal transmission of data in a wired or wireless system. For industrial automation and control, rather short packages are used due to the short-latency requirements. Using Shannon’s formula leads in this case to inaccurate RRM solutions, thus another formula should be used to optimize radio resources in short block-length packet transmission, which is the basic of Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLCs). The stringent requirement of delay Quality of Service (QoS) for URLLCs requires a link-level channel model rather than a physical level channel model. After finding the basic and accurate formula of the achievable rate of short block-length packet transmission, the RRM optimization problem can be accurately formulated and solved under the new constraints of URLLCs. In this short paper, the current mathematical models, which are used in formulating the effective transmission rate of URLLCs, will be briefly explained. Then, using this rate in RRM for URLLC will be discussed.
Utilizing multiple access technologies such as 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi within a coherent framework is currently standardized by 3GPP within 5G ATSSS. Indeed, distributing packets over multiple networks can lead to increased robustness, resiliency and capacity. A key part of such a framework is the multi-access proxy, which transparently distributes packets over multiple paths. As the proxy needs to serve thousands of customers, scalability and performance are crucial for operator deployments. In this paper, we leverage recent advancements in data plane programming, implement a multi-access proxy based on the MP-DCCP tunneling approach in P4 and hardware accelerate it by deploying the pipeline on a smartNIC. This is challenging due to the complex scheduling and congestion control operations involved. We present our pipeline and data structures design for congestion control and packet scheduling state management. Initial measurements in our testbed show that packet latency is in the range of 25 μs demonstrating the feasibility of our approach.
Future mobile communication networks, such as 5G and beyond, can benefit from Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) when deployed on cloud infrastructures to achieve elasticity and scalability. However, new challenges arise as to managing states of Network Functions (NFs). Especially control plane VNFs, which are mainly found in cellular core networks like the 5G Core (5GC), received little attention since the shift towards virtualizing NFs. Most existing solutions for these core networks are often complex, intrusive, and are seldom compliant with the standard. With the emergence of 5G campus networks, UEs will be mainly machine-type devices. These devices communicate more deterministically, bringing new opportunities for elaborated state management. This work presents an emulation environment to perform rigorous measurements on state access patterns. The emulation comes with a fully parameterized Markov model for the UE to examine a wide variety of different devices. These measurements can then be used as a solid base for designing an efficient, simple, and standard conform state management solution that brings us further towards stateless core networks.
Tactile Internet aims at allowing perceived real-time interactions between humans and machines. This requires satisfying a stringent latency requirement of haptic data streams whose data rates vary drastically as the results of perceptual codecs. This introduces a complex problem for the underlying network infrastructure to fulfill the pre-defined level of Quality of Service (QoS). However, novel networking hardware with data plane programming capability allows processing packets differently and opens up a new opportunity. For example, a dynamic and network-aware resource management strategy can help satisfy the QoS requirements of different priority flows without wasting precious bandwidth. This paper introduces virtual queues for service differentiation between different types of traffic streams, leveraging protocol independent switch architecture (PISA). We propose coordinating the management of all the queues and dynamically adapting their sizes to minimize packet loss and delay due to network congestion and ensure QoS compliance.
In time-sensitive networks (TSN) based on 802.1Qbv, i.e., the time-aware Shaper (TAS) protocol, precise transmission schedules and, paths are used to ensure end-to-end deterministic communication. Such resource reservations for data flows are usually established at the startup time of an application and remain untouched until the flow ends. There is no way to migrate existing flows easily to alternative paths without inducing additional delay or wasting resources. Therefore, some of the new flows cannot be embedded due to capacity limitations on certain links which leads to sub-optimal flow assignment. As future networks will need to support a large number of lowlatency flows, accommodating new flows at runtime and adapting existing flows accordingly becomes a challenging problem. In this extended abstract we summarize a previously published paper of us [1]. We combine software-defined networking (SDN), which provides better control of network flows, with TSN to be able to seamlessly migrate time-sensitive flows. For that, we formulate an optimization problem and propose different dynamic path configuration strategies under deterministic communication requirements. Our simulation results indicate that regularly reconfiguring the flow assignments can improve the latency of time-sensitive flows and can increase the number of flows embedded in the network around 4% in worst-case scenarios while still satisfying individual flow deadlines.
This paper gives an overview of our recent activities in the field of satellite communication networks, including an introduction to geostationary satellite systems and Low Earth Orbit megaconstellations. To mitigate the high latencies of geostationary satellite networks, TCP-splitting Performance Enhancing Proxies are deployed. However, these cannot be applied in the case of encrypted transport headers as it is the case for VPNs or QUIC. We summarize performance evaluation results from multiple measurement campaigns. In a recently concluded project, multipath communication was used to combine the advantages of very heterogeneous communication paths: low data rate, low latency (e.g., DSL light) and high data rate, high latency (e.g., geostationary satellite).
Today’s advanced Internet-of-Things applications raise technical challenges on cloud, edge, and fog computing. The design of an efficient, virtualized, context-aware, self-configuring orchestration system of a fog computing system constitutes a major development effort within this very innovative area of research. In this paper we describe the architecture and relevant implementation aspects of a cloudless resource monitoring system interworking with an SDN/NFV infrastructure. It realizes the basic monitoring component of the fundamental MAPE-K principles employed in autonomic computing. Here we present the hierarchical layering and functionality within the underlying fog nodes to generate a working prototype of an intelligent, self-managed orchestrator for advanced IoT applications and services. The latter system has the capability to monitor automatically various performance aspects of the resource allocation among multiple hosts of a fog computing system interconnected by SDN.
The increased occurrence of Software-Defined-Networking (SDN) not only improves the dynamics and maintenance of network architectures, but also opens up new use cases and application possibilities. Based on these observations, we propose a new network topology consisting of a star and a ring topology. This hybrid topology will be called wheel topology in this paper. We have considered the static characteristics of the wheel topology and compare them with known other topologies.
This article focuses on the mediality of the Donaueschinger passion play, oscillating between textuality and performativity, rituality and theatrality. It argues that the play is composed as a reading text, regarding the speech, style and the narrative, poetological and exegetical character of its stage directions. In spite of its being intended to be read the passion play exhibits theatralic and liturgical elements, that allow to identify its literary genre. The detailed description of décor and actions on stage and even of the audience helps to imagine a performance, that exceeds the textual status of the manuscript. The text's performative dimension invites the reader to participate in contemplating Christ's passion and in worshiping him.
Der erste deutsche Homer-Übersetzer, Simon Schaidenreisser, wurde oft dafür kritisiert, dass er die antike Welt verchristlicht und an die bürgerliche Stadtkultur des 16. Jahrhunderts angepasst hat. Dagegen zeigt ein Vergleich mit der lateinischen Rezeption, dass sich Schaidenreissers Übersetzungsmethode, sein Homerbild und seine Interpretation des Epos kaum von gelehrten Humanisten unterschied. Aus diesem Grund lässt sich die erste deutsche ‚Odyssea‘ (1537/38) als ein genuin humanistisches Werk verstehen.
Ein spätmittelalterliches Passionsspiel als tragisch zu bezeichnen, widerspricht nicht nur den Konventionen der Fachliteratur, sondern wirkt geradezu anachronistisch. Tragik im Mittelalter könne es nicht geben, lautet die communis opinio, da das christliche Weltbild keinen Raum dafür lasse. Das vollständige Fehlen der Gattung der Tragödie scheint diese These zu bestätigen. Dennoch beruht sie nicht auf einer Auseinandersetzung mit den theoretischen Aussagen oder den literarischen Spielen der Zeit, sondern auf dem in Deutschland seit dem 19. Jahrhundert dominierenden metaphysischen Tragikkonzept. Wird der Blick hingegen von der Philosophie des Tragischen wieder zu einer Poetologie der Tragödie gerichtet, können tragische Handlungsstrukturen in der Literatur des Mittelalters sichtbar werden, wie am ‚Frankfurter Passionsspiel’ von 1493 unter Berücksichtigung der Wirkung, der Handlungskonstellation und der Figurenkonzeption gezeigt wird. Compassio und Schrecken der Zuschauer, die Hamartia des Judas und der Antagonismus zwischen göttlicher und menschlicher Natur Jesu erlauben, die Passion Christi als tragisches Spiel zu verstehen.
Übersetzungen sind Teil der Geschlechtergeschichte. An frühneuzeitlichen Antikenübersetzungen lässt sich nicht nur ablesen, welche Beiträge Männer und Frauen bei der Erschließung und Vermehrung von Wissen leisten konnten. Vielmehr zeigen Übersetzungen auch, wie Geschlechtskonzepte neu konfiguriert und an die Ideale der Zielkultur angepasst werden. In diesem Aufsatz wird am Beispiel der Mythen von Europa und Alkyone untersucht, wie sich in Johannes Sprengs deutscher ‚Metamorphosen‘-Übersetzung genderspezifische Machtrelationen verschieben. Durch eine vergleichende Analyse legt die Autorin offen, mit welchen sprachlichen und literarischen Techniken Ovids Heroinen in frühneuzeitliche Hausfrauen verwandelt werden. Abschreckung und Idealisierung sind zentrale Deutungsstrategien, um den Kultur- und Ideologietransfer von der Antike zur Frühen Neuzeit zu bewältigen und genderspezifische Normen zu vermitteln.
Der Beitrag untersucht, wie Gendervorstellungen, Geschlechtsidentitäten und Körperkonzepte in dem altfranzösischen Roman performativ konstruiert werden. Anknüpfend an die Gender- und Queertheorie Judith Butlers wird gezeigt, dass das vermeintlich natürliche Geschlecht der Protagonistin nicht essentialistisch, sondern als kulturelle Kategorie zu verstehen ist.
Fertilität und Macht: Die Reproduktionspflicht mittelalterlicher Herrscherinnen und Herrscher
(2021)
Fertility was a key theme of medieval rulership. To conceive and give birth to sons – and thus to ensure the succession to the throne – was one of the foremost duties of medieval kings and queens. But what happened when a male child died in infancy, no male child was born, or no pregnancy ever came about? Barrenness could have dramatic consequences in the Middle Ages, for example expulsion, divorce or conflicts over royal succession. Against this historical background, it seems logical that the fate of the childless ruler would be recounted in the form of a ‘Passion narrative’. In the German literature of the Middle Ages, however, there are also interpretative models of a contrary vein to be found. In the year 1220, for instance, Ebernand of Erfurt construed the wedded life of the imperial couple Henry and Kunigunde as a tale of resistance against the royal obligation to reproduce. In his versified legend, composed in the vernacular, the couple secretly agrees not to fulfil society’s expectations, but to lead a chaste marriage. Yet above and beyond legend, childless rulers were also subject to the impact of multifarious legal, religious, medical, narrative and discursive factors. Taking Michel Foucault as a point of departure, this contribution shows how fertility became a field of power on which hierarchies between rulers and subjects, men and women were negotiated, while also shedding light on how religious and secular ideals clashed in the assessment of infertility.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive autonomy loss and need for care. This does not only affect patients themselves, but also the patients’ informal caregivers (CGs) in their health, personal and professional lives. The big efforts of this multi-center study were not only to evaluate the caregivers' burden and to identify its predictors, but it also should provide a specific understanding of the needs of ALS patients' CGs and fill the gap of knowledge on their personal and work lives. Using standardized questionnaires, primary data from patients and their main informal CGs (n = 249) were collected. Patients' functional status and disease severity were evaluated using the Barthel Index, the revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and the King’s Stages for ALS. The caregivers' burden was recorded by the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Comorbid anxiety and depression of caregivers were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Additionally, the EuroQol Five Dimension Five Level Scale evaluated their health-related quality of life. The caregivers' burden was high (mean ZBI = 26/88, 0 = no burden, ≥24 = highly burdened) and correlated with patients' functional status (r\(_p\) = −0.555, p < 0.001, n = 242). It was influenced by the CGs' own mental health issues due to caregiving (+11.36, 95% CI [6.84; 15.87], p < 0.001), patients' wheelchair dependency (+9.30, 95% CI [5.94; 12.66], p < 0.001) and was interrelated with the CGs' depression (r\(_p\) = 0.627, p < 0.001, n = 234), anxiety (r\(_p\) = 0.550, p < 0.001, n = 234), and poorer physical condition (r\(_p\) = −0.362, p < 0.001, n = 237). Moreover, female CGs showed symptoms of anxiety more often, which also correlated with the patients' impairment in daily routine (r\(_s\) = −0.280, p < 0.001, n = 169). As increasing disease severity, along with decreasing autonomy, was the main predictor of caregiver burden and showed to create relevant (negative) implications on CGs' lives, patient care and supportive therapies should address this issue. Moreover, in order to preserve the mental and physical health of the CGs, new concepts of care have to focus on both, on not only patients but also their CGs and gender-associated specific issues. As caregiving in ALS also significantly influences the socioeconomic status by restrictions in CGs' work lives and income, and the main reported needs being lack of psychological support and a high bureaucracy, the situation of CGs needs more attention. Apart from their own multi-disciplinary medical and psychological care, more support in care and patient management issues is required.