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Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan (2)
- Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita Japan (2)
- Institut for Molecular Biology and CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (2)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD, USA (2)
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre (2)
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- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S. (1)
The pathophysiology of tremor in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is evolving towards a complex alteration to monoaminergic innervation, and increasing evidence suggests a key role of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system (LC-NA). However, the difficulties in imaging LC-NA in patients challenge its direct investigation. To this end, we studied the development of tremor in a reserpinized rat model of PD, with or without a selective lesioning of LC-NA innervation with the neurotoxin DSP-4. Eight male rats (Sprague Dawley) received DSP-4 (50 mg/kg) two weeks prior to reserpine injection (10 mg/kg) (DR-group), while seven male animals received only reserpine treatment (R-group). Tremor, rigidity, hypokinesia, postural flexion and postural immobility were scored before and after 20, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 180 min of reserpine injection. Tremor was assessed visually and with accelerometers. The injection of DSP-4 induced a severe reduction in LC-NA terminal axons (DR-group: 0.024 ± 0.01 vs. R-group: 0.27 ± 0.04 axons/um\(^2\), p < 0.001) and was associated with significantly less tremor, as compared to the R-group (peak tremor score, DR-group: 0.5 ± 0.8 vs. R-group: 1.6 ± 0.5; p < 0.01). Kinematic measurement confirmed the clinical data (tremor consistency (% of tremor during 180 s recording), DR-group: 37.9 ± 35.8 vs. R-group: 69.3 ± 29.6; p < 0.05). Akinetic–rigid symptoms did not differ between the DR- and R-groups. Our results provide preliminary causal evidence for a critical role of LC-NA innervation in the development of PD tremor and foster the development of targeted therapies for PD patients.
Ultra-high field cardiac MRI in large animals and humans for translational cardiovascular research
(2023)
A key step in translational cardiovascular research is the use of large animal models to better understand normal and abnormal physiology, to test drugs or interventions, or to perform studies which would be considered unethical in human subjects. Ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI) at 7 T field strength is becoming increasingly available for imaging of the heart and, when compared to clinically established field strengths, promises better image quality and image information content, more precise functional analysis, potentially new image contrasts, and as all in-vivo imaging techniques, a reduction of the number of animals per study because of the possibility to scan every animal repeatedly. We present here a solution to the dual use problem of whole-body UHF-MRI systems, which are typically installed in clinical environments, to both UHF-MRI in large animals and humans. Moreover, we provide evidence that in such a research infrastructure UHF-MRI, and ideally combined with a standard small-bore UHF-MRI system, can contribute to a variety of spatial scales in translational cardiovascular research: from cardiac organoids, Zebra fish and rodent hearts to large animal models such as pigs and humans. We present pilot data from serial CINE, late gadolinium enhancement, and susceptibility weighted UHF-MRI in a myocardial infarction model over eight weeks. In 14 pigs which were delivered from a breeding facility in a national SARS-CoV-2 hotspot, we found no infection in the incoming pigs. Human scanning using CINE and phase contrast flow measurements provided good image quality of the left and right ventricle. Agreement of functional analysis between CINE and phase contrast MRI was excellent. MRI in arrested hearts or excised vascular tissue for MRI-based histologic imaging, structural imaging of myofiber and vascular smooth muscle cell architecture using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging, and UHF-MRI for monitoring free radicals as a surrogate for MRI of reactive oxygen species in studies of oxidative stress are demonstrated. We conclude that UHF-MRI has the potential to become an important precision imaging modality in translational cardiovascular research.
This study evaluated the influence of different vascular reconstruction kernels on the image quality of CT angiographies of the lower extremity runoff using a 1st-generation photon-counting-detector CT (PCD-CT) compared with dose-matched examinations on a 3rd-generation energy-integrating-detector CT (EID-CT). Inducing continuous extracorporeal perfusion in a human cadaveric model, we performed CT angiographies of eight upper leg arterial runoffs with radiation dose-equivalent 120 kVp acquisition protocols (CTDIvol 5 mGy). Reconstructions were executed with different vascular kernels, matching the individual modulation transfer functions between scanners. Signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) and contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNR) were computed to assess objective image quality. Six radiologists evaluated image quality subjectively using a forced-choice pairwise comparison tool. Interrater agreement was determined by calculating Kendall’s concordance coefficient (W). The intraluminal attenuation of PCD-CT images was significantly higher than of EID-CT (414.7 ± 27.3 HU vs. 329.3 ± 24.5 HU; p < 0.001). Using comparable kernels, image noise with PCD-CT was significantly lower than with EID-CT (p ≤ 0.044). Correspondingly, SNR and CNR were approximately twofold higher for PCD-CT (p < 0.001). Increasing the spatial frequency for PCD-CT reconstructions by one level resulted in similar metrics compared to EID-CT (CNRfat; EID-CT Bv49: 21.7 ± 3.7 versus PCD-CT Bv60: 21.4 ± 3.5). Overall image quality of PCD-CTA achieved ratings superior to EID-CTA irrespective of the used reconstruction kernels (best: PCD-CT Bv60; worst: EID-CT Bv40; p < 0.001). Interrater agreement was good (W = 0.78). Concluding, PCD-CT offers superior intraluminal attenuation, SNR, and CNR compared to EID-CT in angiographies of the upper leg arterial runoff. Combined with improved subjective image quality, PCD-CT facilitates the use of sharper convolution kernels and ultimately bears the potential of improved vascular structure assessability.
Photon-counting detector (PCD) CT allows for ultra-high-resolution (UHR) examinations of the shoulder without requiring an additional post-patient comb filter to narrow the detector aperture. This study was designed to compare the PCD performance with a high-end energy-integrating detector (EID) CT. Sixteen cadaveric shoulders were examined with both scanners using dose-matched 120 kVp acquisition protocols (low-dose/full-dose: CTDI\(_{vol}\) = 5.0/10.0 mGy). Specimens were scanned in UHR mode with the PCD-CT, whereas EID-CT examinations were conducted in accordance with the clinical standard as “non-UHR”. Reconstruction of EID data employed the sharpest kernel available for standard-resolution scans (ρ\(_{50}\) = 12.3 lp/cm), while PCD data were reconstructed with both a comparable kernel (11.8 lp/cm) and a sharper dedicated bone kernel (16.5 lp/cm). Six radiologists with 2–9 years of experience in musculoskeletal imaging rated image quality subjectively. Interrater agreement was analyzed by calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient in a two-way random effects model. Quantitative analyses comprised noise recording and calculating signal-to-noise ratios based on attenuation measurements in bone and soft tissue. Subjective image quality was higher in UHR-PCD-CT than in EID-CT and non-UHR-PCD-CT datasets (all p < 0.001). While low-dose UHR-PCD-CT was considered superior to full-dose non-UHR studies on either scanner (all p < 0.001), ratings of low-dose non-UHR-PCD-CT and full-dose EID-CT examinations did not differ (p > 0.99). Interrater reliability was moderate, indicated by a single measures intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.58–0.73; p < 0.001). Image noise was lowest and signal-to-noise ratios were highest in non-UHR-PCD-CT reconstructions at either dose level (p < 0.001). This investigation demonstrates that superior depiction of trabecular microstructure and considerable denoising can be realized without additional radiation dose by employing a PCD for shoulder CT imaging. Allowing for UHR scans without dose penalty, PCD-CT appears as a promising alternative to EID-CT for shoulder trauma assessment in clinical routine.
Highlights
• Loss of DNAJC19's DnaJ domain disrupts cardiac mitochondrial structure, leading to abnormal cristae formation in iPSC-CMs.
• Impaired mitochondrial structures lead to an increased mitochondrial respiration, ROS and an elevated membrane potential.
• Mutant iPSC-CMs show sarcomere dysfunction and a trend to more arrhythmias, resembling DCMA-associated cardiomyopathy.
Background
Dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder arising from truncating mutations in DNAJC19, which encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Clinical features include an early onset, often life-threatening, cardiomyopathy associated with other metabolic features. Here, we aim to understand the metabolic and pathophysiological mechanisms of mutant DNAJC19 for the development of cardiomyopathy.
Methods
We generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) of two affected siblings with DCMA and a gene-edited truncation variant (tv) of DNAJC19 which all lack the conserved DnaJ interaction domain. The mutant iPSC-CMs and their respective control cells were subjected to various analyses, including assessments of morphology, metabolic function, and physiological consequences such as Ca\(^{2+}\) kinetics, contractility, and arrhythmic potential. Validation of respiration analysis was done in a gene-edited HeLa cell line (DNAJC19tv\(_{HeLa}\)).
Results
Structural analyses revealed mitochondrial fragmentation and abnormal cristae formation associated with an overall reduced mitochondrial protein expression in mutant iPSC-CMs. Morphological alterations were associated with higher oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in all three mutant iPSC-CMs, indicating higher electron transport chain activity to meet cellular ATP demands. Additionally, increased extracellular acidification rates suggested an increase in overall metabolic flux, while radioactive tracer uptake studies revealed decreased fatty acid uptake and utilization of glucose. Mutant iPSC-CMs also showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an elevated mitochondrial membrane potential. Increased mitochondrial respiration with pyruvate and malate as substrates was observed in mutant DNAJC19tv HeLa cells in addition to an upregulation of respiratory chain complexes, while cellular ATP-levels remain the same. Moreover, mitochondrial alterations were associated with increased beating frequencies, elevated diastolic Ca\(^{2+}\) concentrations, reduced sarcomere shortening and an increased beat-to-beat rate variability in mutant cell lines in response to β-adrenergic stimulation.
Conclusions
Loss of the DnaJ domain disturbs cardiac mitochondrial structure with abnormal cristae formation and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that DNAJC19 plays an essential role in mitochondrial morphogenesis and biogenesis. Moreover, increased mitochondrial respiration, altered substrate utilization, increased ROS production and abnormal Ca\(^{2+}\) kinetics provide insights into the pathogenesis of DCMA-related cardiomyopathy.
Summary
Here we describe a novel neuro-mesodermal assembloid model that recapitulates aspects of peripheral nervous system (PNS) development such as neural crest cell (NCC) induction, migration, and sensory as well as sympathetic ganglion formation. The ganglia send projections to the mesodermal as well as neural compartment. Axons in the mesodermal part are associated with Schwann cells. In addition, peripheral ganglia and nerve fibers interact with a co-developing vascular plexus, forming a neurovascular niche. Finally, developing sensory ganglia show response to capsaicin indicating their functionality.
The presented assembloid model could help to uncover mechanisms of human NCC induction, delamination, migration, and PNS development. Moreover, the model could be used for toxicity screenings or drug testing. The co-development of mesodermal and neuroectodermal tissues and a vascular plexus along with a PNS allows us to investigate the crosstalk between neuroectoderm and mesoderm and between peripheral neurons/neuroblasts and endothelial cells.
Highlights
•Novel neuro-mesodermal assembloid model of peripheral nervous system development
•Model covers neural crest cell induction, migration, and ganglion formation
•Ganglia send projections to the mesodermal as well as neural compartment
•Peripheral ganglia and nerve fibers interact with a co-developing vascular plexus
The Best for the Most Important: Maintaining a Pristine Proteome in Stem and Progenitor Cells
(2019)
Pluripotent stem cells give rise to reproductively enabled offsprings by generating progressively lineage-restricted multipotent stem cells that would differentiate into lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells. These lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells give rise to all adult tissues and organs. Adult stem and progenitor cells are generated as part of the developmental program and play critical roles in tissue and organ maintenance and/or regeneration. The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew, maintain pluripotency, and differentiate into a multicellular organism is highly dependent on sensing and integrating extracellular and extraorganismal cues. Proteins perform and integrate almost all cellular functions including signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, metabolism, and cell division and death. Therefore, maintenance of an appropriate mix of correctly folded proteins, a pristine proteome, is essential for proper stem cell function. The stem cells' proteome must be pristine because unfolded, misfolded, or otherwise damaged proteins would interfere with unlimited self-renewal, maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation into downstream lineages, and consequently with the development of properly functioning tissue and organs. Understanding how various stem cells generate and maintain a pristine proteome is therefore essential for exploiting their potential in regenerative medicine and possibly for the discovery of novel approaches for maintaining, propagating, and differentiating pluripotent, multipotent, and adult stem cells as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will summarize cellular networks used by various stem cells for generation and maintenance of a pristine proteome. We will also explore the coordination of these networks with one another and their integration with the gene regulatory and signaling networks.
Taxane (wie Paclitaxel oder Cabazitaxel) sind bewährte Arzneimittel in den systemischen Therapieschemata vieler bösartiger Erkrankungen, einschließlich Brust- und Eierstockkrebs. Sie fördern die Stabilisierung der Mikrotubuli, was zu einem Stillstand des Zellzyklus während der Mitose führt, auf den die Apoptose folgt. Neben dieser antimitotischen Wirkung von Taxanen ist seit einiger Zeit auch eine gefäßverändernde Wirkung von Taxanen bekannt. Kürzlich wurde gezeigt, dass Taxane tatsächlich Störungen in der Gefäßarchitektur verursachen, indem sie den Kalziumeinstrom über TRPC6, einen unselektiven Kationenkanal, auslösen. Der erhöhte intrazelluläre Ca2+-Spiegel bewirkt eine Rundung der Endothelzellen, was zu einer Störung des endothelialen Monolayers, Serumausfluss und Gefäßkollaps führt.
In dieser Arbeit konzentrierten wir uns auf die Gefäßbetten von peripheren Organen wie dem Herzen oder der Niere in Abhängigkeit vom Tumorstadium und der Taxol-Behandlung. Die Organe wurden mit immunhistochemischen Techniken angefärbt, um Veränderungen in der Architektur und Morphologie der Blutgefäße zu untersuchen.
Wir fanden Veränderungen in der Morphologie der Kapillaren des Herzens und darüber hinaus Veränderungen in der Expression endothelialer Antigene in Abhängigkeit vom Tumorstadium, insbesondere eine zunehmende endotheliale Expression von TRPC6 in Abhängigkeit vom Tumorstadium.
Diese Ergebnisse liefern neue Erkenntnisse für das Verständnis der systemischen Auswirkungen maligner Erkrankungen und tragen dazu bei, Folgeerkrankungen bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Krebs zu verhindern.
In this study, the impact of reconstruction sharpness on the visualization of the appendicular skeleton in ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) photon-counting detector (PCD) CT was investigated. Sixteen cadaveric extremities (eight fractured) were examined with a standardized 120 kVp scan protocol (CTDI\(_{vol}\) 10 mGy). Images were reconstructed with the sharpest non-UHR kernel (Br76) and all available UHR kernels (Br80 to Br96). Seven radiologists evaluated image quality and fracture assessability. Interrater agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient. For quantitative comparisons, signal-to-noise-ratios (SNRs) were calculated. Subjective image quality was best for Br84 (median 1, interquartile range 1–3; p ≤ 0.003). Regarding fracture assessability, no significant difference was ascertained between Br76, Br80 and Br84 (p > 0.999), with inferior ratings for all sharper kernels (p < 0.001). Interrater agreement for image quality (0.795, 0.732–0.848; p < 0.001) and fracture assessability (0.880; 0.842–0.911; p < 0.001) was good. SNR was highest for Br76 (3.4, 3.0–3.9) with no significant difference to Br80 and Br84 (p > 0.999). Br76 and Br80 produced higher SNRs than all kernels sharper than Br84 (p ≤ 0.026). In conclusion, PCD-CT reconstructions with a moderate UHR kernel offer superior image quality for visualizing the appendicular skeleton. Fracture assessability benefits from sharp non-UHR and moderate UHR kernels, while ultra-sharp reconstructions incur augmented image noise.
Objectives: This study investigated the feasibility and image quality of ultra-low-dose unenhanced abdominal CT using photon-counting detector technology and tin prefiltration. Materials and Methods: Employing a first-generation photon-counting CT scanner, eight cadaveric specimens were examined both with tin prefiltration (Sn 100 kVp) and polychromatic (120 kVp) scan protocols matched for radiation dose at three different levels: standard-dose (3 mGy), low-dose (1 mGy) and ultra-low-dose (0.5 mGy). Image quality was evaluated quantitatively by means of contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNR) with regions of interest placed in the renal cortex and subcutaneous fat. Additionally, three independent radiologists performed subjective evaluation of image quality. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated as a measure of interrater reliability. Results: Irrespective of scan mode, CNR in the renal cortex decreased with lower radiation dose. Despite similar mean energy of the applied x-ray spectrum, CNR was superior for Sn 100 kVp over 120 kVp at standard-dose (17.75 ± 3.51 vs. 14.13 ± 4.02), low-dose (13.99 ± 2.6 vs. 10.68 ± 2.17) and ultra-low-dose levels (8.88 ± 2.01 vs. 11.06 ± 1.74) (all p ≤ 0.05). Subjective image quality was highest for both standard-dose protocols (score 5; interquartile range 5–5). While no difference was ascertained between Sn 100 kVp and 120 kVp examinations at standard and low-dose levels, the subjective image quality of tin-filtered scans was superior to 120 kVp with ultra-low radiation dose (p < 0.05). An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.844 (95% confidence interval 0.763–0.906; p < 0.001) indicated good interrater reliability. Conclusions: Photon-counting detector CT permits excellent image quality in unenhanced abdominal CT with very low radiation dose. Employment of tin prefiltration at 100 kVp instead of polychromatic imaging at 120 kVp increases the image quality even further in the ultra-low-dose range of 0.5 mGy.
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a recently recognized syndrome that, as its name indicates, involves the existence of both interstitial lung fibrosis and emphysema in one individual, and is often accompanied by pulmonary hypertension. This debilitating, progressive condition is most often encountered in males with an extensive smoking history, and is presented by dyspnea, preserved lung volumes, and contrastingly impaired gas exchange capacity. The diagnosis of the disease is based on computed tomography imaging, demonstrating the coexistence of emphysema and interstitial fibrosis in the lungs, which might be of various types and extents, in different areas of the lung and several relative positions to each other. CPFE bears high mortality and to date, specific and efficient treatment options do not exist. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the clinical attributes and manifestations of CPFE. Moreover, we will focus on pathophysiological and pathohistological lung phenomena and suspected etiological factors of this disease. Finally, since there is a paucity of preclinical research performed for this particular lung pathology, we will review existing animal studies and provide suggestions for the development of additional in vivo models of CPFE syndrome.
Nach bisheriger Kenntnis sind aus den Alpen Vorkommen von fünf Taraxacum-Kleinarten der Sektion Borealia in Frankreich, der Schweiz, Österreich, Italien und Slowenien bekannt: Taraxacum gallicum, Taraxacum handelii, T. kraettlii, T. mazzettii und T. melzerianum. Zwischen 2004 und 2014 wurden diese Vorkommen und weitere potentielle Wuchsorte aufgesucht. Durch detaillierte Untersuchung der Vorkommen vor Ort sowie zahlreicher Belege aus mehreren europäischen Herbarien können nun Merkmale ergänzt, präzisiert und einige Fehler, Unklarheiten in den Originalbeschreibungen korrigiert und Lücken ergänzt werden. Zahlreiche Fotos und Zeichnungen sowie ein neugefasster Schlüssel sollen den Zugang zur Sektion Borealia erleichtern. Mit Taraxacum cimae-gallinae vom Hühnerspiel bei Sterzing (Italien, Südtirol) wird eine neue Art der Sektion Borealia beschrieben. Die Wuchsorte der Borealia-Arten in der alpinen Stufe sind überwiegend Schotterböden auf windgefegten Graten und Gipfelverebnungen. Diese sind derzeit sowohl durch den Ski-Tourismus als auch durch die Klimaerwärmung gefährdet.
The parotid gland is one of the major salivary glands producing a serous secretion, and it plays an essential role in the digestive and immune systems. Knowledge of peroxisomes in the human parotid gland is minimal; furthermore, the peroxisomal compartment and its enzyme composition in the different cell types of the human parotid gland have never been subjected to a detailed investigation. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of peroxisomes in the human parotid gland’s striated duct and acinar cells. We combined biochemical techniques with various light and electron microscopy techniques to determine the localization of parotid secretory proteins and different peroxisomal marker proteins in parotid gland tissue. Moreover, we analyzed the mRNA of numerous gene encoding proteins localized in peroxisomes using real-time quantitative PCR. The results confirm the presence of peroxisomes in all striated duct and acinar cells of the human parotid gland. Immunofluorescence analyses for various peroxisomal proteins showed a higher abundance and more intense staining in striated duct cells compared to acinar cells. Moreover, human parotid glands comprise high quantities of catalase and other antioxidative enzymes in discrete subcellular regions, suggesting their role in protection against oxidative stress. This study provides the first thorough description of parotid peroxisomes in different parotid cell types of healthy human tissue.
Eine pentaploide Sippe aus der Pilosella macranthela-Verwandtschaft wurde in Unterfranken/Bayern entdeckt, die hier als P. macranthela subsp. sylvae-pici neu beschrieben wird. Sie wächst hauptsächlich im bayerischen Buntsandstein-Spessart und kommt mit drei kleinen, isolierten Wuchsorten auch in den Kalkgebieten des Maintals und Tauberbereichs vor. Die Wuchsform steht zwischen dem Furcata- und Laxicephala-Typus von Pilosellinen mit ober- und teils unterirdischen Ausläufern und zeigt Neigung, Horste zu bilden. Die Ober- und Unterseiten der Rosettenblätter besitzen Sternhaare. Die Korbstiele und Hüllblätter sind dicht mit dunkel gestielten Drüsenhaaren mit gelblichen Drüsenköpfen besetzt. Die seitlichen Zähne der Blütenzungen sind oft durch Einschnitte abgetrennt. Tetra- und pentaploide Zwischenarten zwischen P. macranthela subsp. sylvae-pici und P. officinarum werden als P. ottonis neu beschrieben. P. ottonis ist tetra- und pentaploid mit bis zu 7 Körben, ist an den Hüllblättern mit dunklen Stieldrüsen besetzt und ähnelt vom Habitus Formen von P. acutlifolia. Die Hüllen von P. ottonis besitzen wie die von P. macranthela subsp. sylvae-pici und P. glomerata zahlreiche, ca. 10–20 μm dicke Epidermispapillen, die stets bei P. officinarum fehlen. Heterogene P. marcanthela-Sippen (tetra- und heptaploid) kommen als Spontanhybride zwischen P. glomerata und P. officinarum auch außerhalb des Spessartgebiets vor und wurden auch ohne benachbarte P. glomerata gefunden.
Recombinant beta interferons-1 (IFNβ-1) are used as first line therapies in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS. IFNβ-1a/b has moderate effects on the prevention of relapses and slowing of disease progression. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) are known to play a key role in the pathology of MS and its model EAE. To investigate the effects of short-term treatment with s.c. IFNβ-1a versus the combined application of s.c. IFNβ-1a and oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR1 (Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice) in MOG\(_{35-55}\)-induced EAE. IFNβ-1a (30 mg/kg) was applied s.c. from days 0–7 p.i. of EAE in controls and Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice. FGFR signaling proteins associated with inflammation/degeneration in MS/EAE were analyzed by western blot in the spinal cord. Further, FGFR1 in Oli-neu oligodendrocytes were inhibited by PD166866 and treated with IFNβ-1a (400 ng/mL). Application of IFNβ-1a over 8 days resulted in less symptoms only at the peak of disease (days 9–11) compared to controls. Application of IFNβ-1a in Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice resulted in less symptoms primarily in the chronic phase of EAE. Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice treated with IFNβ-1a showed increased expression of pERK and BDNF. In Oli-neu oligodendrocytes, treatment with PD166866 and IFNβ-1a also showed an increased expression of pERK and BDNF/TrkB. These data suggest that the beneficial effects in the chronic phase of EAE and on signaling molecules associated with ERK and BDNF expression are caused by the modulation of FGFR1 and not by interferon beta-1a. FGFR may be a potential target for therapy in MS.
Herzkreislauferkrankungen sind weit verbreitet und nicht nur eine große Belastung für die Betroffenen, sondern auch für das Gesundheitssystem. Die Folgen von Herzkreislauferkrankungen wie z.B. Myokardinfarkt und koronare Herzkrankheit stellen weltweit die häufigste Todesursache dar. Prävention, frühzeitige Erkennung und konsequente Behandlung sind daher von großer Bedeutung.
Um das Verständnis für die Pathophysiologie zu fördern und ferner Therapieansätze ausfindig zu machen, ist es notwendig, nicht nur die Herzmuskelzellen im Blick zu haben, sondern auch die Komponenten des Herzmuskelstromas, die deren Funktion beeinflussen können.
Das Verständnis und die Rekonstruktion des kardialen Gewebes auf ultrastruktureller Ebene, sowie die Charakterisierung und Wechselwirkungen der verschiedenen Zellen des Herzens haben deshalb das Interesse vieler Forschergruppen geweckt.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die detaillierte ultrastrukturelle Analyse kardialer Perizyten, Endothelzellen sowie Kapillarwand-assoziierter Zellen und deren Kontakte im Arbeitsmyokard der Maus mittels verschiedener elektronenmikroskopischer Methoden.
Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurde die transmissionselektronenmikroskopische Probenaufbereitung optimiert und ein modifiziertes Protokoll zur hervorragenden Kontrastierung der biologischen Membranen und zum bestmöglichen Erhalt der Ultrastruktur etabliert. Die optimierte Probenaufbereitung bot dann die ideale Grundlage für die Generierung elektronenmikroskopischer Datensätze mittels serieller Block-Face Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SBF-SEM) und anschließender Erzeugung dreidimensionaler Modelle der Mikrovaskulatur des Arbeitsmyokards der Maus.
Die detaillierte ultrastrukturelle Analyse in drei Dimensionen offenbart neue morphologische Merkmale der kardialen Mikrovaskulatur und zeigt, dass die kardialen Perizyten vereinzelt Fortsätze abgeben, die mit den Endothelzellen assoziiert sind. Dadurch entsteht nicht nur eine perizytäre-endotheliale Einheit, die von derselben Basallamina umschlossen wird. Die Rekonstruktion zeigt ebenfalls, dass die Kapillarwand-assoziierten Zellen sehr groß und weit verzweigt sind und nicht von der die Perizyten und Endothelzellen umgebenden Basallamina umschlossen werden. Sie stehen an vereinzelten Stellen in direktem Kontakt mit den Endothelzellen.
Immunelektronenmikroskopische Analysen zeigen, dass die Kapillarwand-assoziierten Zellen sowohl CD34-positiv als auch CD44-positiv sind.
Größer angelegte Studien zur weiteren dreidimensionalen Analyse z.B. in der Intima einer Arteriole könnten zur weiteren Charakterisierung der Perizyten und der Kapillarwand-assoziierten Zellen beitragen und sogar eine Einteilung möglich machen.
Eine Beteiligung von Perizyten im Rahmen des kardialen Remodeling nach einem Myokardinfarkt wurde bereits nachgewiesen. Außerdem spielen die Membranproteine CD34 und CD44 eine wichtige Rolle in der Hämatopoese und auch der Angiogenese.
In Zukunft könnten sich auch daraus interessante neue Ansätze für gezielte Therapien nach einem Myokardinfarkt ergeben.
In Unterfranken/Nordbayern wurde eine gut abgegrenzte Unterart der Hieracium maculatum-Gruppe festgestellt, die auf die Hänge des Maintals zwischen Würzburg und Hasloch beschränkt ist mit einem Hot Spot (>90% des Gesamtbestandes) zwischen den Orten Thüngersheim und Retzbach. Aufgrund einiger Ähnlichkeiten mit H. glaucinum subsp. prasiophaeum (Syn.: subsp. gougetianum) wird die Unterart als H. maculatum subsp. pseudogougetianum beschrieben. Diese Subspecies wächst bevorzugt auf Muschelkalk-Schotter und beginnt bereits Mitte April zu blühen, hat weißlich behaarte Kopfhüllen mit dunklen Stieldrüsen. Die Grundblattrosette besteht aus eiförmigen bis elliptischen, gezähnten bis gesägten, oberseits kahlen, glauken und dunkel gefleckten Blättern. Die Stängel tragen 1-3(4) gestielte Laubblätter und bilden meistens lange blühende Seitenäste aus den Blattachseln. H. maculatum subsp. pseudogougetianum ist wie ein Teil der H. maculatum-Sippen tetraploid mit einem Genomgewicht (2C-Wert) von 14,5 pg und unterscheidet sich damit von der H. glaucinum-Gruppe, deren untersuchte Taxa ausnahmslos triploid sind (10,1 pg).
Adenocarcinoma lung cancer is a type of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which accounts for 85% of lung cancer incidence globally. The therapies that are being applied, both conventional therapies and antibody-based treatments, are still found to have side effects. Several previous studies have demonstrated the ability of the ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) as an ethnomedicine with anti-tumor properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract in inhibiting the proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration of A549 cells (NSCLC). The adhesion as well as the migration assay was performed. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the expression of αvβ3 integrins, α5β1 integrins, and VEGF. The cells were divided into the following treatment groups: control (non-treated/NT), positive control (AP3/inhibitor β3 80 µg/mL), cisplatin (9 µg/mL), and EEOS at concentrations of 50, 70, 100, and 200 µg/mL. The results showed that EEOS inhibits the adhesion ability and migration of A549 cells, with an optimal concentration of 200 µg/mL. ELISA testing showed that the group of A549 cells given EEOS 200 µg/mL presented a decrease in the optimal expression of integrin α5β1, integrin αvβ3, and VEGF.
Hieracium rotundatum subsp. silvae-bavaricae wird als neu für die Wissenschaft beschrieben und abgebildet. Die neue Unterart gehört zu einem Formenkreis von Arten (H. rotundatum, H. transylvanicum), dessen Hauptverbreitung auf dem Balkan liegt. Die wechselvolle nomenklatorische Geschichte des Artnamens wird nachgezeichnet. Diagnostische Merkmale zur Unterscheidung der in der Wuchsform ähnlichen Arten H. murorum, H. rotundatum und H. transylvanicum werden diskutiert. Dabei wird auf die Bedeutung der Ausbildung des Grundblattzyklus besonders hingewiesen. Entgegen bisheriger Kenntnis reicht die nordwestliche Verbreitungsgrenze von H. rotundatum nun bis Südost-Bayern. Bei der Suche nach H. rotundatum konnte auch eine morphologisch auffällige Unterart von H. rotundatum nachgewiesen werden, die hier als neu beschrieben wird.