Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (786) (remove)
Keywords
- Taufliege (67)
- Drosophila (43)
- Genexpression (36)
- Maus (28)
- Signaltransduktion (28)
- Molekularbiologie (26)
- Biene (23)
- Molekulargenetik (22)
- Drosophila melanogaster (21)
- Melanom (21)
- Evolution (20)
- Listeria monocytogenes (20)
- Apoptose (19)
- Genregulation (19)
- Apoptosis (18)
- Bioinformatik (18)
- Ameisen (14)
- Kernhülle (14)
- Mensch (14)
- Verhalten (14)
- Lernen (13)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (13)
- Vaccinia-Virus (13)
- Meiose (12)
- Microarray (12)
- Myc (12)
- T-Lymphozyt (12)
- Trypanosoma brucei (12)
- apoptosis (12)
- dSTORM (12)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (11)
- Gedächtnis (11)
- Gehirn (11)
- Krebs <Medizin> (11)
- Virulenz (11)
- Zellzyklus (11)
- cancer (11)
- Biodiversität (10)
- Mikroskopie (10)
- Rezeptor (10)
- Synapse (10)
- melanoma (10)
- Antikörper (9)
- Embryonalentwicklung (9)
- Epigenetik (9)
- Genmutation (9)
- Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine (9)
- Mitose (9)
- Systembiologie (9)
- Entwicklung (8)
- Geruchswahrnehmung (8)
- Insekten (8)
- Nahrungserwerb (8)
- Stammzelle (8)
- ants (8)
- evolution (8)
- gene expression (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- Ökologie (8)
- Bioinformatics (7)
- Bruchpilot (7)
- Chromatin (7)
- DNS-Reparatur (7)
- DNS-Schädigung (7)
- Honigbiene (7)
- Japankärpfling (7)
- Knockout <Molekulargenetik> (7)
- MAP-Kinase (7)
- Meiosis (7)
- Pilzkörper (7)
- Proteine (7)
- Staphylococcus aureus (7)
- Stoffwechsel (7)
- Therapie (7)
- Tumor (7)
- Zelldifferenzierung (7)
- honeybee (7)
- social insects (7)
- vaccinia virus (7)
- Apis mellifera (6)
- BMP (6)
- Blattschneiderameisen (6)
- Bordetella (6)
- Camponotus floridanus (6)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (6)
- Fanconi-Anämie (6)
- Genanalyse (6)
- Neuroanatomie (6)
- Neurodegeneration (6)
- Neuroethologie (6)
- Ontogenie (6)
- Pheromon (6)
- Plasmozytom (6)
- Schwertkärpfling (6)
- Säugetiere (6)
- Thrombozyt (6)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta (6)
- Trypanosomen (6)
- Xiphophorus (6)
- Zellmigration (6)
- learning (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- Actin (5)
- Allergie (5)
- Assoziatives Gedächtnis (5)
- Ausbreitung (5)
- Bildverarbeitung (5)
- Biologische Uhr (5)
- Camponotus (5)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (5)
- Chronobiologie (5)
- Demökologie (5)
- Dendritische Zelle (5)
- Einzelmolekülmikroskopie (5)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (5)
- Escherichia coli (5)
- Geschlechtsbestimmung (5)
- Glatter Krallenfrosch (5)
- Honeybee (5)
- Immunsystem (5)
- Landnutzung (5)
- Malaria (5)
- Mausmodell (5)
- Memory (5)
- Mitochondrien (5)
- Motilität (5)
- Motoneuron (5)
- Multiples Myelom (5)
- Mutualismus (5)
- Nervendegeneration (5)
- Neurobiologie (5)
- Olfaction (5)
- Oxidativer Stress (5)
- Phosphorylierung (5)
- Phylogenie (5)
- PrfA (5)
- Soziale Insekten (5)
- Symbiose (5)
- Synapsin (5)
- Tagesrhythmus (5)
- Thermoregulation (5)
- Transkription (5)
- Transkription <Genetik> (5)
- Westafrika (5)
- biodiversity (5)
- climate change (5)
- differentiation (5)
- division of labor (5)
- ecology (5)
- foraging (5)
- insects (5)
- land use (5)
- leaf-cutting ants (5)
- memory (5)
- mitochondria (5)
- mushroom body (5)
- oncolytic virotherapy (5)
- soziale Insekten (5)
- synapse (5)
- transcription (5)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (4)
- Angiogenese (4)
- Arbeitsteilung (4)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (4)
- Aurora-A (4)
- Autoimmunität (4)
- Bakterien (4)
- Biomechanik (4)
- Calcium (4)
- Cataglyphis (4)
- DNS (4)
- Differenzierung (4)
- EGFR (4)
- Endothelzelle (4)
- Erbkrankheit (4)
- Fluoreszenz (4)
- Fortpflanzung (4)
- Fortpflanzungsverhalten (4)
- GPCR (4)
- Genom (4)
- Geruchssinn (4)
- HMG-Proteine (4)
- Helicobacter pylori (4)
- Herz (4)
- Hymenoptera (4)
- Höhengradient (4)
- Immunologie (4)
- Immunreaktion (4)
- Infektion (4)
- Interaktion (4)
- Invasion (4)
- Klimaänderung (4)
- Lamina (4)
- Learning (4)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (4)
- Listeria (4)
- Membranproteine (4)
- Messenger-RNS (4)
- Metabolismus (4)
- Microscopy (4)
- Mitochondrium (4)
- Modellierung (4)
- Multiple Sklerose (4)
- Mutagenese (4)
- Mutation (4)
- Naturschutz (4)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (4)
- Nervenzelle (4)
- Nestbau (4)
- Netzwerkanalyse (4)
- Neuroblastom (4)
- Neurogenese (4)
- Onkogen (4)
- Onkolyse (4)
- Orientierung (4)
- Parasit (4)
- Phänologie (4)
- Porin (4)
- Proteinkinasen (4)
- RNS (4)
- Regulation (4)
- Spermatogenese (4)
- Synaptonemal complex (4)
- Synaptonemalkomplex (4)
- Tissue Engineering (4)
- Tumorimmunologie (4)
- Tumorzelle (4)
- Ubiquitinierung (4)
- Xenopus laevis (4)
- Zelle (4)
- Zelltod (4)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (4)
- dispersal (4)
- diversity (4)
- ecosystem services (4)
- honey bee (4)
- meiosis (4)
- microarray (4)
- phosphorylation (4)
- receptor (4)
- symbiosis (4)
- AMPK (3)
- Adhäsion (3)
- Allergy (3)
- Altern (3)
- Ameisenstaat (3)
- Angiotensin II (3)
- Antennallobus (3)
- Antioxidantien (3)
- Asthma (3)
- Atta vollenweideri (3)
- B-MYB (3)
- B-Zell-Lymphom (3)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (3)
- Bestäubung (3)
- Bewegungssehen (3)
- Biene <Gattung> (3)
- Bienen <Familie> (3)
- Biologie (3)
- Blochmannia (3)
- Boden (3)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica (3)
- Bordetella pertussis (3)
- Borneo (3)
- Brustkrebs (3)
- Cancer (3)
- Chemische Kommunikation (3)
- Chlamydia (3)
- DNA repair (3)
- DNS-Sequenz (3)
- Darmflora (3)
- Datenanalyse (3)
- Diversität (3)
- Domäne <Biochemie> (3)
- Dopamine (3)
- Eierstockkrebs (3)
- Elektrophysiologie (3)
- Emerin (3)
- Entwicklungsbiologie (3)
- Entzündung (3)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor (3)
- Epigenetics (3)
- Fanconi Anämie (3)
- Fanconi anemia (3)
- Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie (3)
- Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (3)
- Formicidae (3)
- Gen notch (3)
- Genetik (3)
- Genotoxizität (3)
- Geruch (3)
- Glioblastom (3)
- Glutamatrezeptor (3)
- Hey (3)
- Hochauflösendes Verfahren (3)
- Humangenetik (3)
- Hummel (3)
- Hummeln (3)
- Hämatopoese (3)
- Immuntherapie (3)
- In vitro (3)
- Inhibition (3)
- Innere Uhr (3)
- Insekt (3)
- Interleukin 4 (3)
- Kilimandscharo (3)
- Klassische Konditionierung (3)
- Klimawandel (3)
- Kommunikation (3)
- Krebs (3)
- Kristallstruktur (3)
- Lamine (3)
- Lernverhalten (3)
- Lungenkrebs (3)
- MAPK (3)
- MMB (3)
- MYC (3)
- Makrophage (3)
- Makuladegeneration (3)
- Medaka (3)
- Melanin (3)
- Mesenchymzelle (3)
- Metagenom (3)
- Metastase (3)
- Methylierung (3)
- Mikrobiologie (3)
- Miz1 (3)
- Myatrophische Lateralsklerose (3)
- N-Myc (3)
- Nephroblastom (3)
- Netzhaut (3)
- Neuroblast (3)
- Neurogenetik (3)
- Neuronale Plastizität (3)
- Non-coding RNA (3)
- Octopamin (3)
- Octopamine (3)
- Olfaktorik (3)
- Oozyte (3)
- PALM (3)
- Peptide (3)
- Pheromone (3)
- Photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer (3)
- Plasmodium falciparum (3)
- Plastizität (3)
- Platy (3)
- Pollen (3)
- Pollination (3)
- Polymorphismus (3)
- Populationsgenetik (3)
- Primaten (3)
- Protein (3)
- RNS-Interferenz (3)
- RNS-Spleißen (3)
- Reproduktion (3)
- Salmonella typhimurium (3)
- Sammeln (3)
- Savanne (3)
- Sex determination (3)
- Sinnesphysiologie (3)
- Smad (3)
- Stress (3)
- Super-resolution microscopy (3)
- Synapsine (3)
- T-Lymphozyten (3)
- T-Zellen (3)
- TRAIL (3)
- Toll-like-Rezeptoren (3)
- Transposon (3)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor (3)
- VMD2 (3)
- VSG (3)
- Vaccinia Virus (3)
- Virulenzfaktor (3)
- Visuelles System (3)
- Wahrnehmung (3)
- Wald (3)
- Wespen (3)
- Wirtszelle (3)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (3)
- Zebrabärbling (3)
- Zellwand (3)
- Zytotoxizität (3)
- antennal lobe (3)
- bacteria (3)
- bees (3)
- behaviour (3)
- bioinformatics (3)
- biomechanics (3)
- cardiac hypertrophy (3)
- chemical communication (3)
- chemische Kommunikation (3)
- classical conditioning (3)
- conservation (3)
- cytotoxicity (3)
- dendritic cells (3)
- developmental differentiation (3)
- emerin (3)
- fish (3)
- fluorescence (3)
- invasion (3)
- kutikuläre Kohlenwasserstoffe (3)
- lamina (3)
- localization microscopy (3)
- lung cancer (3)
- malaria (3)
- metabolism (3)
- metagenomics (3)
- motility (3)
- mouse model (3)
- nest climate (3)
- neurodegeneration (3)
- neuroethology (3)
- olfaction (3)
- onkolytische Virotherapie (3)
- operant conditioning (3)
- oxidative stress (3)
- p53 (3)
- reproduction (3)
- spermiogenesis (3)
- stem cells (3)
- synaptic proteins (3)
- transcriptome (3)
- virulence (3)
- visual system (3)
- Überexpression (3)
- AMD (2)
- ANCA (2)
- Ackerschmalwand (2)
- Actin-bindende Proteine (2)
- Aktin-Zytoskelett (2)
- Aktivierung <Physiologie> (2)
- Aldosteron (2)
- Algen (2)
- Alkaloide (2)
- Alzheimerkrankheit (2)
- Ameise (2)
- Analyse (2)
- Angewandte Mikrobiologie (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Anthropogener Einfluss (2)
- Antigen CD19 (2)
- Antigen CD8 (2)
- Ants (2)
- Arginin (2)
- Arten-Energy-Theory (2)
- Auge (2)
- Auswertung (2)
- Autoaggressionskrankheit (2)
- B chromosomes (2)
- B-Zelle (2)
- BMPR-IA (2)
- Bakterielle Infektion (2)
- Behavior (2)
- Behaviour (2)
- Bestäuber (2)
- Bestäubungsökologie (2)
- Bienenbrut (2)
- Bindeproteine (2)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Blut (2)
- Blut-Hirn-Schranke (2)
- Bordetella petrii (2)
- Brain (2)
- Bronchialasthma (2)
- Brownsche Bewegung (2)
- Brutbiologie (2)
- BvgAS-System (2)
- Bärtierchen (2)
- C. callunae (2)
- C. efficiens (2)
- C. glutamicum (2)
- CD83mRNA (2)
- CK2 (2)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (2)
- Carnica-Biene (2)
- Channelrhodopsin (2)
- Chromosomes (2)
- Circadian Rhythms (2)
- Circadian clock (2)
- Click-Chemie (2)
- Colonkrebs (2)
- Corynebacterium callunae (2)
- Corynebacterium efficiens (2)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (2)
- Cystein (2)
- Cysteinderivate (2)
- Cytokine (2)
- Cytotoxizität (2)
- DNA damage (2)
- DNA delivery (2)
- DNS-Doppelstrangbruch (2)
- DNS-Topoisomerasen (2)
- Datenbank (2)
- Degeneration (2)
- Diabetes mellitus (2)
- Diagnostik (2)
- Dickdarmkrebs (2)
- Differentielle Genexpression (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Dominanz (2)
- Domäne (2)
- Dopamin (2)
- Dynamik (2)
- ERK (2)
- Einzelmolekülspektroskopie (2)
- Electron Microscopy (2)
- Elektroporation (2)
- Elfenbeinküste (2)
- Embryo (2)
- Embryonale Stammzelle (2)
- Endocytose (2)
- Endophytische Pilze (2)
- Endothelial cells (2)
- Enzym (2)
- Epigenese (2)
- Epigenetic (2)
- Erythrozyt (2)
- Ethanol (2)
- Explorative Datenanalyse (2)
- Expressionsanalyse (2)
- Extremereignisse (2)
- FGF (2)
- Fertilität (2)
- Fibroblasten (2)
- Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor (2)
- Fibrose (2)
- Fisch (2)
- Fluoreszenzlöschung (2)
- Frucht (2)
- Funktion (2)
- GAS2L3 (2)
- Gamet (2)
- Gemeinschaftsökologie (2)
- Gen (2)
- Gentransfer (2)
- Geschlechtsdifferenzierung (2)
- Glomeruli (2)
- Glucocorticosteroide (2)
- Glykoproteine (2)
- Gram-negative Bakterien (2)
- HPLC-MS (2)
- Habitat (2)
- Haftung (2)
- Hautflügler (2)
- Hearing loss (2)
- Hemibodies (2)
- Herbivory (2)
- Herzinsuffizienz (2)
- Herzmuskel (2)
- Herzmuskelzelle (2)
- Heterologe Genexpression (2)
- Heuschrecken (2)
- Hidden-Markov-Modell (2)
- High throughput screening (2)
- Hippocampus (2)
- Histon-Methyltransferase (2)
- Histone (2)
- Hitzeschock-Proteine (2)
- Hochaufgelöste Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- Hochauflösende Mikroskopie (2)
- Hochauflösung (2)
- Hohlfaserreaktor (2)
- Hsp90 (2)
- Humorale Immunität (2)
- Hyaluronsäure (2)
- Hydrogel (2)
- Hämodialyse (2)
- Hörverlust (2)
- Hühnerembryo (2)
- Immunbiologie (2)
- Impfstoff (2)
- Impfstoffe (2)
- Inhibitor (2)
- Interaktionen (2)
- Interferon (2)
- Interleukin-4 (2)
- Interleukin-5 (2)
- Internalin (2)
- Internaline (2)
- Intrazelluläre Symbiose (2)
- JNK (2)
- Jungfernzeugung (2)
- Kanalbildner (2)
- Kernlamina (2)
- Kernporenkomplex (2)
- Kernproteine (2)
- Kilimanjaro (2)
- Kinasen (2)
- Kinematik (2)
- Knochenmark (2)
- Knorpelzelle (2)
- Kognition (2)
- Kohlendioxid (2)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- Kolonieerkennung (2)
- Konditionierung (2)
- Konfokale Mikroskopie (2)
- Kontrolle (2)
- Korrelative Mikroskopie (2)
- Krebsforschung (2)
- Krebstherapie (2)
- Käfer (2)
- LIN-9 (2)
- LIN9 (2)
- LINC (2)
- LINC complex (2)
- Landnutzungsgradient (2)
- Landouzy-Déjerine-Atrophie (2)
- Larve (2)
- Laufen (2)
- Lebensdauer (2)
- Lipid Bilayer Membran (2)
- Lokalisationsmikroskopie (2)
- Lurche (2)
- Lymphom (2)
- MAN1 (2)
- MRI (2)
- MRSA (2)
- Major Vault Protein (2)
- Malariamücke (2)
- Mathematische Modellierung (2)
- Mathematisches Modell (2)
- Merkel cell carcinoma (2)
- Merkel-Zellkarzinom (2)
- Metalloprotease (2)
- Methode (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Midkine (2)
- Mikroklima (2)
- Mismatch (2)
- Modell (2)
- Molekulare Erkennung (2)
- Monarchfalter (2)
- Morbus Best (2)
- Morphologie (2)
- Morphologie <Biologie> (2)
- Motorische Endplatte (2)
- Muskelzelle (2)
- Mutante (2)
- Mycolic acid (2)
- Mykolsäuren (2)
- NFAT (2)
- NFATc1 (2)
- NMR-Bildgebung (2)
- NMR-Tomographie (2)
- Nahrung (2)
- Natürliche Killerzelle (2)
- Navigation (2)
- Neisseria (2)
- Neuralleiste (2)
- Neurobiology (2)
- Neuropeptide (2)
- Neurophysiologie (2)
- Next Generation Sequencing (2)
- Next generation sequencing (2)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (2)
- Nisthilfe (2)
- Olfaktion (2)
- Oligomerisation (2)
- Omp85 (2)
- Operante Konditionierung (2)
- Organisation (2)
- Organoid (2)
- Parc National de la Comoé (2)
- Pathogenitätsinsel (2)
- Peroxisom (2)
- Pflanzen (2)
- Phagosom (2)
- Phagozytose (2)
- Phosphatidylinositolkinase <Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase> (2)
- Phosphoproteine (2)
- Photorezeptor (2)
- Plasmamembran (2)
- Polygynie (2)
- Ponerinae (2)
- Primates (2)
- Priming (2)
- Proepikard (2)
- Progeria adultorum (2)
- Protein p53 (2)
- Proteinase 3 (2)
- Proteinfaltung (2)
- Proteinkristallographie (2)
- Proteinsynthese (2)
- Proteom (2)
- Proteomanalyse (2)
- Prädation (2)
- Quantifizierung (2)
- Quantitative Mikroskopie (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RPE (2)
- RSK (2)
- Racemase (2)
- Raf-Kinasen (2)
- Ratte (2)
- Real time quantitative PCR (2)
- Regenwald (2)
- Renin-Angiotensin-System (2)
- Repression <Genetik> (2)
- Response-Regulator (2)
- Retinoesäure (2)
- Retinoic acid (2)
- Retroviren (2)
- Reversion (2)
- Rezeptortyrosinkinase (2)
- Rhodococcus (2)
- Rhodococcus equi (2)
- Ribosom (2)
- Rossameise (2)
- Räumliches Gedächtnis (2)
- SAP47 (2)
- SIM (2)
- SRPK (2)
- Sabah (2)
- Samenverbreitung (2)
- Sap47 (2)
- Schädlingsbekämpfung (2)
- Segmentierung (2)
- Senile Makuladegeneration (2)
- Serin (2)
- Serpin (2)
- Sexuelle Selektion (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Software (2)
- Somitogenese (2)
- Spermiogenese (2)
- Spinnenseide (2)
- Stathmin (2)
- Stofftransport <Biologie> (2)
- Strahlentherapie (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Strukturaufklärung (2)
- Systems Biology (2)
- T Lymphocytes (2)
- T cell receptor (2)
- T cells (2)
- T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor (2)
- T-Zell-Rezeptor (2)
- TFIIIA (2)
- TNF (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Temperatur (2)
- Termiten (2)
- Theoretische Ökologie (2)
- Tiergesellschaft (2)
- Tiermodell (2)
- Tierökologie (2)
- Toxin (2)
- Transaktivierung (2)
- Transfektion (2)
- Transforming growth factor beta (2)
- Transgene Tiere (2)
- Transkriptom (2)
- Transkriptomanalyse (2)
- Transplantation (2)
- Trypanosoma (2)
- Trypanosomes (2)
- Tsetsefliege (2)
- Ubiquitin (2)
- Vakuole (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Venusfliegenfalle (2)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (2)
- Wachstumsfaktor (2)
- Wildbienen (2)
- Wilms Tumor (2)
- Wilms tumor (2)
- Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Bindung (2)
- Würzburg / Universität / Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik (2)
- Xmrk (2)
- Zellkern (2)
- Zellkultur (2)
- Zellteilung (2)
- Zellüberleben (2)
- Zucker (2)
- Zweikomponenten-System (2)
- actin cytoskeleton (2)
- active zone (2)
- alkaloids (2)
- altitudinal gradient (2)
- angeborenes Immunsystem (2)
- antioxidants (2)
- associative learning (2)
- asthma (2)
- autoimmunity (2)
- axonaler Transport (2)
- bee (2)
- behavior (2)
- bioinformatic (2)
- biological pest control (2)
- biomarker (2)
- brood (2)
- cGMP (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- cell death (2)
- cell migration (2)
- chick embryo (2)
- circadian rhythms (2)
- classification (2)
- community ecology (2)
- cytogenetics (2)
- dendritic cell (2)
- development (2)
- diet (2)
- drosophila (2)
- early development (2)
- ecosystem service (2)
- electrophysiology (2)
- elevational gradient (2)
- endosome (2)
- endosymbiosis (2)
- essential genes (2)
- expression analysis (2)
- fertility (2)
- fibroblasts (2)
- fibrosis (2)
- genomics (2)
- glomeruli (2)
- gonad development (2)
- habitat (2)
- hangover (2)
- heart (2)
- hochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- individual-based simulation (2)
- insect (2)
- interaction (2)
- internalins (2)
- kardiale Hypertrophie (2)
- landscape ecology (2)
- learning and memory (2)
- life history strategy (2)
- local adaptation (2)
- mRNA (2)
- macular degeneration (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- medaka (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- metapopulation (2)
- miR-26 (2)
- miRNS (2)
- mitosis (2)
- modeling (2)
- monocyte (2)
- morphology (2)
- motoneuron (2)
- mutagenesis (2)
- mutation (2)
- mutualism (2)
- natural enemies (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- nephroblastoma (2)
- nest building (2)
- neurobiology (2)
- neuroblastoma (2)
- nuclear lamina (2)
- olfactory learning (2)
- olfaktorisches Lernen (2)
- oncolytic virus (2)
- organisation (2)
- orientation (2)
- p38 (2)
- p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (2)
- pathogenicity island (2)
- phage display (2)
- phagosome (2)
- pheromone (2)
- photoinduced electron transfer (2)
- phylogeny (2)
- platelets (2)
- pollen (2)
- pollen analysis (2)
- pollen foraging (2)
- pollination (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- population genetics (2)
- porin (2)
- proepicardium (2)
- protein crystallography (2)
- rainforest (2)
- retina (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- self-organization (2)
- sensory ecology (2)
- sex determination (2)
- siRNA (2)
- somitogenesis (2)
- species-energy-theory (2)
- spermatogenesis (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- stingless bees (2)
- super-resolution (2)
- super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (2)
- super-resolution microscopy (2)
- synapsin (2)
- termites (2)
- thermoregulation (2)
- tool (2)
- transcription factors (2)
- tropical ecology (2)
- tsetse fly (2)
- two-color microscopy (2)
- virulence factors (2)
- vision (2)
- waggle dance (2)
- wild bees (2)
- worker policing (2)
- "Balanced-lethal" Plasmid-System (1)
- 1 (1)
- 13C-isotopologue profiling (1)
- 16q22 (1)
- 18S rRNA (1)
- 2"-> (1)
- 2':6' (1)
- 2-APB (1)
- 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1)
- 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1)
- 2D gel analysis (1)
- 2D-Gel-Analyse (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D Ko-kulture (1)
- 3D cell culture (1)
- 3D microscopy (1)
- 3D-Sehen (1)
- 3D-Zellkultur (1)
- 3D-Zellkulturen (Krebstherapie) (1)
- 3d-vision (1)
- 41BBL (1)
- 4Pi (1)
- ADP (1)
- ADSCs (1)
- AICD (1)
- AKR-2B (1)
- AKR-2B Fibroblasten (1)
- AKR-2B fibroblasts (1)
- ALBA Proteine (1)
- ALBA proteins (1)
- AMACR (1)
- AMP (1)
- ANP (1)
- AP-1 (1)
- API-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- APP (1)
- ARHI (1)
- ATP (1)
- Aberration (1)
- Abscisinsäure (1)
- Abundance (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Abwehrreaktion (1)
- Acid Sphingomyelinase (1)
- Ackerrandstreifen (1)
- Acromyrmex (1)
- ActA (1)
- ActR-IIB (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton (1)
- Actin nucleation (1)
- Actin-Polymerisation (1)
- Acute bee paralysis virus (1)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (1)
- Adapter-Protein (1)
- Adaptive Optics (1)
- Adaptive Optik (1)
- Adenosin (1)
- Adhesion (1)
- Adhesion-GPCR (1)
- Adhäsine (1)
- Adhäsionsmoleküle (1)
- Adipogenesis (1)
- Adipozytäre mesenchymale Stammzelle (1)
- Adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
- Adultschlupfes (1)
- Advanced Glycation Endproducts (1)
- Advanced glycation endproducts (1)
- Affinitätsreinigung (1)
- Afipia (1)
- Afipia felis (1)
- African trypanosomes (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Afro- Neotropen (1)
- Afro- Neotropics (1)
- Agalia duperreana (1)
- Age-related macular degeneration (1)
- Agentenbasierte Modellierung (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Aglaia (1)
- Aglaia dasyclada (1)
- Aglaia duperreana (1)
- Agrarumweltmaßnahmen (1)
- Agriculture intensification (1)
- Agrobacterium vitis (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Aktinnukleation (1)
- Aktive Zone (1)
- Akute Paralyse <Bienenkrankheit> (1)
- Akutes Bienen Paralyse Virus (1)
- Alburnus alburnus (1)
- Aldosteronantagonist (1)
- Algorithmus (1)
- Alignment <Biochemie> (1)
- Alkohol (1)
- Alkylantien (1)
- Allerg (1)
- Alpen (1)
- Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (1)
- Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase (1)
- Alter (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Alzheimer (1)
- Alzheimer Dementia (1)
- Alzheimer Erkrankung (1)
- Alzheimer Krankheit (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- AmGr1, AmGr2, AmGr3 (1)
- Amazon Molly (1)
- Ameisengäste (1)
- Ameisenoogenese (1)
- Amelogenese (1)
- Amine (1)
- Aminerge Nervenzelle (1)
- Amphibiengemeinschaften (1)
- Amplicon Sequencing (1)
- Amyloid <beta-> (1)
- Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (1)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1)
- Aneugene (1)
- Aneuploidie (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Angiotensin II Typ 1a-Rezeptor (1)
- Angiotensin-II-Blocker (1)
- Anionenkanal (1)
- Anionentranslokator (1)
- Anisomycin (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anoikis (1)
- Anopheles gambiae (1)
- Anoplolepis gracilipes (1)
- Ant (1)
- Antagonismus (1)
- Anthrax toxin (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Antibody clearance (1)
- Antigen CD40 (1)
- Antigen CD44 (1)
- Antigenpräsentation (1)
- Antigensuche (1)
- Antigentherapie (1)
- Antikörper-Mikroarray (1)
- Antimikrobielle Peptide (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Antioxidans (1)
- Antralfollikel (1)
- Antwortschwellen (1)
- Anubispavian (1)
- Anämie (1)
- Apis mellifera carnica (1)
- Aplysina (1)
- Aplysina caulifromis (1)
- Aplysina insularis (1)
- Apoptose-Resistenz (1)
- Apsi mellifera (1)
- Aquaculture (1)
- Aquakultur (1)
- Aquaplaning (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arachidonsäure (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Arbeiterinnen Fortpflanzung (1)
- Arbeitsketten (1)
- Areal (1)
- Array-Technologie (1)
- ArsRS (1)
- Art (1)
- Artenreichtum (1)
- Artensterben (1)
- Artenvielfalt (1)
- Arteriogenese (1)
- Arthropoda (1)
- Arthropoden (1)
- Arthropodengemeinschaft (1)
- Artunterschiede (1)
- Arylphorin AFP (1)
- Arylphorine (1)
- Asisted Reproduction (1)
- Assoziation (1)
- AstA (1)
- Astrozyten (1)
- Atopic Dermatitis (1)
- Atopische Dermatitis (1)
- Atriales natriuretisches Hormon (1)
- Atriales natriuretisches Peptid (1)
- Atta (1)
- Atta sexdens (1)
- Attenuierung (1)
- Attraction (1)
- Attraktion (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom (1)
- Aufnahme (1)
- Aureobasidium pullulans (1)
- Ausbreitungsdistanz (1)
- Ausbreitungsstrategie (1)
- Auswanderwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Autoantikörper (1)
- Autoimmunerkrankungen (1)
- Autoimmunity (1)
- Autoimmunkrankheit (1)
- Automated Image Analysis (1)
- Automatisierung (1)
- Automatisierung der Analyse (1)
- Autophagie (1)
- Axon (1)
- B Chromosomen (1)
- B cell differentiation (1)
- B cell lymphoma (1)
- B cells (1)
- B-2 (1)
- B-Chromosom (1)
- B-Chromosomen (1)
- B-Lymphozyt (1)
- B-Lymphozyten (1)
- B-Zell-Leukämie (1)
- B-Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- B-cell lymphoma (1)
- B-lymphocytes (1)
- B-zellen (1)
- B. petrii-Isolate (1)
- B. petrii-Varianten (1)
- BABLB/c (1)
- BAY 43-9006 (1)
- BB0142 (1)
- BBL (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BIAcore (1)
- BMD (1)
- BMP Rezeptoren (1)
- BMP receptos (1)
- BMP signaling pathway (1)
- BMP-2 (1)
- BMP-2/6 (1)
- BMP-2/7 (1)
- BMP-Signaltransduktionsweg (1)
- BMPR-IB (1)
- BMPs (1)
- BRAF (1)
- BRAF inhibition (1)
- BRP (1)
- BSD (1)
- BYL-719 (1)
- Bacillus anthracis (1)
- Background DNA damage (1)
- Bacterial (1)
- Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (1)
- Bacterial community analysis (1)
- Bakteriophage Lambda (1)
- Bandscheibenerkrankung (1)
- Bandscheibenkrankheit (1)
- Basal Ganglia (1)
- Basalganglien (1)
- Bauchfellentzündung (1)
- Baumhöhle (1)
- Baumkrone (1)
- Bauverhalten (1)
- Bayerische Alpen <Motiv> (1)
- Bcl-2 Familie (1)
- Bcl-2 family (1)
- Bcl-2-Proteinfamilie (1)
- Bcl-X (1)
- Becker (1)
- Bee abundance (1)
- Bee assemblages (1)
- Bee species richness (1)
- Behandlungsoption (1)
- Behavioural Ecology (1)
- Beinentwicklung (1)
- Benfotiamin (1)
- Benin (1)
- Best Disease (1)
- Best's Disease (1)
- Best-Krankheit (1)
- Beta-Rezeptor (1)
- Bewegungsdetektion (1)
- Bewegungsverhalten (1)
- Bienen (1)
- Bienen <Überfamilie> (1)
- Bienenkrankheit (1)
- Bienenkrankheiten (1)
- Bienenschwarm (1)
- Bienensprache (1)
- Bienenstaat (1)
- Bienenwolf (1)
- Bienenzelle (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bildauflösung (1)
- Bilderkennnung (1)
- Bilderkennung (1)
- Bilharziose (1)
- Bimolekulare Lipidschicht (1)
- Bindeprotein (1)
- Bio-artifizieller Tubulus (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biochemische Evolution (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (1)
- Biodiversity assessment (1)
- Biodiversity conservation (1)
- Biodiversitätsexploratorien (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogene Amine (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Bioinformatic (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biological Invasions (1)
- Biological cascades (1)
- Biologische Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Biologische Kaskaden (1)
- Biologische Oxidation (1)
- Biopharmazeutika (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (1)
- Bispecific T-cell engager (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Black lipid bilayer (1)
- Blatthornkäfer <Familie> (1)
- Blattkäfer (1)
- Blaue Fleischfliege (1)
- Blimp-1 (1)
- Blochmannia floridanus (1)
- Blutbildendes Gewebe (1)
- Blutplättchen (1)
- Blutserum (1)
- Blutviskosität (1)
- Blühphänologie (1)
- Blüte (1)
- Bodeneigenschaften (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenplatte (1)
- Bodenökologie (1)
- Bolus (1)
- Bombina variegata (1)
- Bombus (1)
- Bombus terrestris (1)
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein (1)
- Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) (1)
- Boolesches Netz (1)
- Bordetella holmesii (1)
- Bordetellae (1)
- Borkenkäfer (1)
- Borrelia (1)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (1)
- Bortezomib (1)
- Bos taurus (1)
- Botanischer Garten (1)
- Bradikardia (1)
- Bradycardia (1)
- Brain-Computer Interface (1)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1)
- Bre (1)
- Bre-knockout (1)
- Breeding effort (1)
- Bromoisoxazolinalkaloide (1)
- Bromorganische Verbindungen (1)
- Bromotyrosinalkaloide (1)
- BronchipretTP (1)
- Brut (1)
- Brutaufwand (1)
- Brutfürsorge (1)
- Brutpflege (1)
- Bt-Mais (1)
- Bt-maize (1)
- Buckelzirpen (1)
- Building behaviour (1)
- Bumblebees (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- Butterfly (1)
- BvgAS (1)
- BvgAS system (1)
- C-Typ natriuretisches Peptid (1)
- C. diphtheriae (1)
- C. jeikeium (1)
- C1 Inhibitor (1)
- C1-Inhibitor (1)
- C1INH (1)
- C2C12 cells (1)
- C2C12-Zellen (1)
- C57/BL6 (1)
- CD27L (1)
- CD28 (1)
- CD39 (1)
- CD4+ (1)
- CD73 (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CD83mRNS (1)
- CHO cell culture (1)
- CHO cells (1)
- CHO-Zelle (1)
- CHO-Zellen (1)
- CK2ß (1)
- CNGA3 (1)
- CNS (1)
- CNTF (1)
- CO2 (1)
- COPD (1)
- CRE (1)
- CREB (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CSP (1)
- CTCL (1)
- CTGF (1)
- CTL function (1)
- CXCR4 (1)
- CaCo-2 cell (1)
- CaMKII (1)
- Cadherin-13 (1)
- Calcineurin (1)
- Calcium Imaging (1)
- Calcium imaging (1)
- Calcium-bindende Proteine (1)
- Calciumfreisetzung (1)
- Calciumion (1)
- Calciumkanal (1)
- Calciumkonzentration (1)
- Calcyon (1)
- Cameleon (1)
- Campontous floridanus (1)
- Cancer Metabolism (1)
- Carabid beetles (1)
- Carausius morosus (1)
- Carcinogenese (1)
- Cardiomyocyte (1)
- Carfilzomib (1)
- Casapse (1)
- Caspase (1)
- Caspasen (1)
- Caspases (1)
- Cassidinae (1)
- Catecholamine (1)
- Cathepsin (1)
- Caveolae (1)
- Ccl2 (1)
- Cdu1 (1)
- Cell adhesion (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Cell cyle (1)
- Cell wall channel (1)
- Centromer (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- ChIP-sequencing (1)
- Channel-Tunnel (1)
- Chaperone (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Checkpoint adaptation (1)
- Checkpoint recovery (1)
- Chemische Ökologie (1)
- Chemokine (1)
- Chemosensitivity (1)
- Chemosensitivität (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chimpanzee (1)
- ChlaDUB1 (1)
- Chlamydia-trachomatis-Infektion (1)
- Cholesterin (1)
- Cholesterol (1)
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Chromatinimmunpräzipitation (1)
- Chromatinremodeling (1)
- Chromatinremodelling (1)
- Chromatophor (1)
- Chromosom (1)
- Chromosom 11 (1)
- Chromosom 11p13 (1)
- Chromosomal Passenger Complex (1)
- Chromosomen (1)
- Chromosomeninstabilitätssyndrome (1)
- Chronologisches Altern (1)
- Chrysididae (1)
- Chrysomelidae (1)
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor (1)
- Circadian Clock (1)
- Circadiane Rhythmen (1)
- Circadiane Rhythmik (1)
- Circadiane Uhr (1)
- Circadianer Rhythmus (1)
- Cirl (1)
- Clarias gariepinus (1)
- Clearance (1)
- Click Chemie (1)
- Clonality analysis (1)
- Cluster-Analyse (1)
- ClyA (1)
- Co-occurrence matrix (1)
- CoQ10 (1)
- Cofilin (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cohesin complex (1)
- Colon (1)
- Color Vision (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Comet Assay (1)
- Comet assay (1)
- Comoé National Park (1)
- Comparative genomics (1)
- Complexes (1)
- Complexin (1)
- Compressed Sensing (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Containment <Gentechnologie> (1)
- Corazonin (1)
- Cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (1)
- Correlative microscopy (1)
- Cortico-striatal projection neurons (1)
- Corticosteroide (1)
- Cortison (1)
- Corynebacterium (1)
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (1)
- Corynebacterium jeikeium (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Counting (1)
- Coxiella burnetii (1)
- Crematogaster (1)
- Cristaestruktur (1)
- Cryptosporidium (1)
- Cryptosporidium parvum (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- CxxM-Motiv (1)
- CxxM-motif (1)
- Cyaninfarbstoff (1)
- Cyclo-AMP (1)
- Cyclo-GMP (1)
- Cysteine String Protein (1)
- Cytochrom C (1)
- Cytochrom c (1)
- Cytochrome C (1)
- Cytogenetik (1)
- Cytokeratin (1)
- Cytokeratine (1)
- Cytologie (1)
- Cytomatrix der aktiven Zone (1)
- Cytomegalie-Virus (1)
- Cytoskeleton Chromosomal Passenger Complex Interaction GAR Domain (1)
- Cytostatikum (1)
- Cytotoxischer Antikörper (1)
- DEVDase (1)
- DExD/H box protein (1)
- DNA Barcoding (1)
- DNA Mismatch repair (1)
- DNA Reparatur (1)
- DNA adducts (1)
- DNA damage response (1)
- DNA fingerprinting (1)
- DNA microarray (1)
- DNA sequence analysis (1)
- DNA-Addukte (1)
- DNA-Extraktion (1)
- DNA-Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA-Methylierung (1)
- DNA-Polymorphismen (1)
- DNA-Reparatur (1)
- DNA-Schaden (1)
- DNA-Schadensantwort (1)
- DNA-Sequenz (1)
- DNA-Sequenzanalyse (1)
- DNA-extraction (1)
- DNA-polymporhisms (1)
- DNER (1)
- DNS-Bindung (1)
- DNS-Gyrase (1)
- DNS-Methyltransferase (1)
- DNS-Strangbruch (1)
- DOT1 (1)
- DOT1 methyltransferase (1)
- DREAM (1)
- DREAM complex (1)
- DSI (1)
- Danaus plexippus (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenbanksystem (1)
- Daughter of Sevenless (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Deformable models (1)
- Delayed Stereopsis Illusion (1)
- Delta (1)
- Demethylierung (1)
- Deregulierung (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Deubiquitination (1)
- Deubiquitinierung (1)
- Deutsches Weidelgras (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Deutschland / Stammzellgesetz (1)
- Di (1)
- DiRas3 (1)
- Dielektrophorese (1)
- Differential Display PCR (1)
- Differentialgleichung (1)
- Differentiation (1)
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (1)
- Diffuses großzelliges B-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- Diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung (1)
- Dimension 3 (1)
- Dimerisierung (1)
- Diphenylharnstoff (1)
- Dipol-Dipol Wechselwirkung (1)
- Dipole potential (1)
- Dipole-dipole interaction (1)
- Dipolpotential (1)
- Distribution (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Division of Labor (1)
- Division of labor (1)
- Dnaschaden (1)
- Domain (1)
- Dominanzhierarchien (1)
- Dopaminerge Nervenzelle (1)
- Doppelhelix (1)
- Dorso-ventral Patterning (1)
- Dorylus (1)
- Dose response relationships (1)
- Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (1)
- Dreidimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Drogen (1)
- Drohne (1)
- Drohnen (1)
- Dropsophila (1)
- Drosophila Larva (1)
- Drosophila Larve (1)
- Drosophila synapse (1)
- Drosophila-Synapse (1)
- Druckmessung (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Drugtargets (1)
- Duchenne (1)
- Duchflußzytophotometrie (1)
- Duftintensität (1)
- Dufverarbeitung (1)
- Dungkkäfer (1)
- Dunkler Laubsänger (1)
- Duplikation (1)
- Durchflusscytometrie (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dysplasie (1)
- Dytiscidae (1)
- E2F (1)
- EAE (1)
- EB1 (1)
- EDMD (1)
- EGF (1)
- EGF Rezeptor (1)
- EGFP (1)
- EGFR Transactivation (1)
- EHEC (1)
- EIEC (1)
- EL-4 (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EPC (1)
- ERK signaling (1)
- ERK-Kaskade (1)
- ERK-cascade (1)
- ERK5 (1)
- Echinococcus (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- EdgeDetection (1)
- Education (1)
- Egr-1 (1)
- Eiablage (1)
- Eierstocktumor (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Lokalisationsmikroskopie (1)
- Einzelzell-PCR (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisenoxidnanopartikel (1)
- Electrofusion (1)
- Electropermeabilization (1)
- Electroporation (1)
- Elektrische Eigenschaft (1)
- Elektroencephalographie (1)
- Elektrofusion (1)
- Elongation (Transkription) (1)
- Elongation factor 1A (1)
- Elongationsfaktor 1A (1)
- Embryonale Stammzellen (1)
- Emulsion (1)
- Endobrachyösophagus (1)
- Endocytosis (1)
- Endogene Rhythmik (1)
- Endogenous Glucocorticoids (1)
- Endogenous clock (1)
- Endosom (1)
- Endosome (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Endosymbiont (1)
- Endosymbionten (1)
- Endosymbiosen (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Endothelzellen (1)
- Endozytose (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Entscheidung (1)
- Entscheidungen (1)
- Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Environmental Risk Assessment (1)
- Enzymaktivität (1)
- Ep45 (1)
- Ephebomyrmex pima (1)
- Epichloe (1)
- Epichloe endophytes (1)
- Epigenetische Uhr (1)
- Epigenotypus (1)
- Epikard (1)
- Epimutation (1)
- Epimutationen (1)
- Epipremnum aureum (1)
- Epithelial lineage (1)
- Epitop (1)
- Epitop-Tag (1)
- Ereignisdatenanalyse (1)
- Erfahrung (1)
- Erfahrungsorientiertes Lernen (1)
- Erfolgskontrolle (1)
- Erkennung (1)
- Erythropoietin (1)
- Erythrozytenadhärenz (1)
- Esophageal adenocarcinoma (1)
- Esophageal disease (1)
- Ethanoltolerance (1)
- Etherisches Öl (1)
- European beech (1)
- Evidenz (1)
- Evolution von Pathogenen (1)
- Evolution von Virulenz (1)
- Evolutionsbiologie (1)
- Evolutionsstabile Strategie (1)
- Exacerbation (1)
- Exazerbation (1)
- Expansion Microscopy (1)
- Expansionsmikroskopie (1)
- Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1)
- Experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis (1)
- Export (1)
- Exposure Risk (1)
- Expression (1)
- Expressionskartierung (1)
- Expressionsmuster (1)
- Expressionssysteme (1)
- Extensivtierhaltung (1)
- Extrakorporale Befruchtung (1)
- Extrakorporale Dialyse (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- Extrazellulärraum (1)
- FA (1)
- FAAP100 (1)
- FADS1 (1)
- FADS2 (1)
- FADS3 (1)
- FANCO (1)
- FAP (1)
- FGF Signalweg (1)
- FGF pathway (1)
- FLAMM (1)
- FOSL1 (1)
- FSHD (1)
- Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (1)
- Fadenbakterien (1)
- Fallbeispiele (1)
- Fanconi Anemia (1)
- Farbsehen (1)
- Fas (1)
- Fas-Ligand (1)
- Fazialisläsion (1)
- Fbw7 (1)
- Feature-Selection (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Fertilitätssignal (1)
- Festphasenmikroextraktion (1)
- Fettgewebsstammzellen (1)
- Fettsäuredesaturasen (1)
- Fettzelle (1)
- Feuerökologie (1)
- Fibrin (1)
- Fibroblast (1)
- Fibroblast activator protein I (1)
- Filamentöses Hämagglutinin (1)
- Fisch-Modell-System (1)
- Fische (1)
- Fish Sex determination (1)
- Fisher-Score (1)
- Fitness (1)
- Flabarin (1)
- Flagella (1)
- Flagellen (1)
- Flagellensynthese (1)
- Fleischfressende Pflanzen (1)
- Flexibilität (1)
- Fliege (1)
- Flight muscle (1)
- Flower (1)
- Flugsimulator (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (1)
- Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikrosopie (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Flügeldimorphismus (1)
- Flüssigkeitsreibung (1)
- Foamyvirus (1)
- Foldamere (1)
- Foldamers (1)
- Food Competition (1)
- Foraging (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Fouragieren (1)
- Foxp3 (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fragmentgröße (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Französische Feldwespe (1)
- Freies Molekül (1)
- Frosch (1)
- Fruchtansatz (1)
- Fruchtentnahme (1)
- Fruchtgehalt (1)
- Fruchtmerkmale (1)
- Fruchtproduktion (1)
- Fruchtqualität (1)
- Fructosebisphosphat-Aldolase (1)
- Fuchsbandwurm (1)
- Functional Sites (1)
- Functional Studies (1)
- Functional interaction (1)
- Functional module search (1)
- Funktionelle Modulsuche (1)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (1)
- Funktionelle Positionen (1)
- Funktionsmorphologie (1)
- Furagierverhalten (1)
- Fusion (1)
- Futterentzug (1)
- Futtersammeln (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (1)
- G2/M genes (1)
- G2/M transition (1)
- G2/M Übergang (1)
- G2/M-transition (1)
- G2/M-Übergang (1)
- GAP (1)
- GATA4 (1)
- GC-A (1)
- GDF-5 (1)
- GEF (1)
- GFP (1)
- GI-101A (1)
- GITRL (1)
- GM-CSF (1)
- GO-Annotationen (1)
- GO-annotations (1)
- GPI-verankerte Proteine (1)
- GPJ (1)
- GST fusion protein (1)
- GST-Fusionsprotein (1)
- GWAS (1)
- Gabelstreifiger Katzenmaki (1)
- Galactosidase <beta-> (1)
- Galektine (1)
- Gallium-68 Pentixafor (1)
- Gap-gen (1)
- Gastroesophageal reflux (1)
- Gastrointestinaler Tumor (1)
- Gastrointestinaltrakt (1)
- Gastrulation (1)
- Gedaechtnis (1)
- Gefäße (1)
- Gefäßkrankheit (1)
- Gefäßpflanzen (1)
- Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle (1)
- Gehirnanatomie (1)
- Gehirnentwicklung (1)
- Geißel <Biologie> (1)
- Gelatine (1)
- Gelenkrheumatismus (1)
- Gelernte Hilflosigkeit (1)
- Gen-/Genomverdoppelung (1)
- Gen-Knockout (1)
- Gendefekt (1)
- Genduplikation (1)
- Gene Regulation (1)
- Gene duplication (1)
- Gene regulation (1)
- Gene-prediction (1)
- Generalisierte Lineare Modelle (1)
- Generalisierung (1)
- Genetic engineering (1)
- Genetische Variabilität (1)
- Genexpression <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Genidentifizierung (1)
- Genkartierung (1)
- Genome Sequencing (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genomik (1)
- Genomschaden (1)
- Genomsequenzierung (1)
- Genort (1)
- Genotoxicitiy (1)
- Genotyp-Phänotyp Korrelation (1)
- Genotype-phenotype relationship (1)
- Genotyping (1)
- Genpanel (1)
- Gentechnologie (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentoxikologie (1)
- Geomagnetic Field (1)
- Gerridae (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Geschlechterverhältnis (1)
- Geschlechtschromosom (1)
- Geschlechtschromosomen (1)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (1)
- Geschmack (1)
- Geschmackssinn (1)
- Geschützte Natur (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheitswesen (1)
- Gewebe (1)
- Gezeilte Mutagenese (1)
- Glaukom (1)
- Gliazelle (1)
- Gliederfüßer (1)
- Gliom (1)
- Glioma (1)
- Glucosaminoglykane (1)
- Glucosetransporter Typ3 (1)
- Glucuronidase <beta-> (1)
- Glukokortikoid-Rezeptor Modulator (1)
- Glutamat-Decarboxylase (1)
- Glutamin (1)
- Glutathion (1)
- Glutathion-Reductase (1)
- Glutathionreduktase (1)
- Glykane (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Gonade (1)
- Gonadenentwicklung (1)
- Governance (1)
- Grabeverhalten (1)
- Granuloma gangraenescens (1)
- Granulozyt (1)
- Grasschneiderameise (1)
- Grenzflächenpotenzial (1)
- Growth (1)
- Große Wachsmotte (1)
- Grundsubstanz (1)
- Gruppengröße (1)
- Gräser (1)
- Größenvariation (1)
- Grün fluoreszierendes Protein (1)
- Guanosintriphosphatasen (1)
- Guanylat bindende Proteine (1)
- Guanylatcyclase (1)
- Guanylatzyklase (1)
- Guanylylcyclase (1)
- Guanylylcyclase B Rezeptor (1)
- Gynogenese (1)
- H-Dimerbildung (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- HAE (1)
- HBMEC (1)
- HIF-1α (1)
- HIV (1)
- HIV-1 (1)
- HLA-G (1)
- HMG (1)
- HMG proteins (1)
- HMGA1 (1)
- HMGN Proteine (1)
- HMGN proteins (1)
- HNPCC (1)
- HP1021 (1)
- HP1043 (1)
- HPA Axis (1)
- HPF (1)
- HPK1 (1)
- HT-29 (1)
- HUVEC (1)
- Habitateignungsmodelle (1)
- Habitatmodel (1)
- Haftflüssigkeit (1)
- Haftmechanismen (1)
- Haftorgane (1)
- Halictidae (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Harnstoff-Natrium- Clearance Verhältnis (1)
- Harnstoffverteilungsvolumen (1)
- Harze (1)
- Has2 (1)
- Hauptbindungsdeterminante (1)
- Haut (1)
- Hautkrebs (1)
- Hautlymphom (1)
- Hauttumor (1)
- Hb-Jet (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heart development (1)
- Heat Shock Proteins (1)
- Hebbian plasticity (1)
- Hebbsche Lernregel (1)
- Hefe (1)
- Hefeartige Pilze (1)
- Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion (1)
- Hematopoietic stem cell ex-vivo expansion (1)
- Hemibody (1)
- Herbivor-Parasitoid Interaktion (1)
- Herbivore (1)
- Hereditary Angioedem (1)
- Hereditäres Angioödem (1)
- Herzentwicklung (1)
- Herzhypertrophie (1)
- Herzrhythmusstörung (1)
- Heterochromatin (1)
- Heterodimer (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heuschrecken <Überfamilie> (1)
- Hexamerin (1)
- Hexamerine (1)
- Hey Proteine (1)
- Hey proteins (1)
- Hey1 (1)
- Hey2 (1)
- Hfq (1)
- Hill numbers (1)
- Hintergrund-DNA-Schaden (1)
- Hippo pathway (1)
- Hirnforschung (1)
- Histon-Demethylase UTX (1)
- Histones (1)
- Hitzekammer (1)
- Hitzeschockproteine (1)
- Hoatzins (1)
- Hochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Hochgeschwindigkeitsmikroskopie (1)
- Hohlfaserbioreaktor (1)
- Holobiont (1)
- Holstein <Rind> (1)
- Holzeinschlag (1)
- Holznutzung (1)
- Homeobox Gene (1)
- Homeobox genes (1)
- Homocystein (1)
- Homöobox (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honigbienen (1)
- Host cell death (1)
- Host-endosymbiont interactions (1)
- Host-pathogen interactions (1)
- Huhn (1)
- Human Host (1)
- Human land use (1)
- Humanisierung (1)
- Huwe1 (1)
- Hybrid (1)
- Hydra <Polyp> (1)
- Hydrogele (1)
- Hymenopteren (1)
- Hyperolius (1)
- Hyperoxide (1)
- Hypersensibilität (1)
- Hypertrophie (1)
- Hypophysen-Zwischenhirn-System (1)
- Hypothalamisch-hypophysäre Achse (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Häm (1)
- Hämodiafiltration (1)
- Hämolymphe (1)
- Hämolymphzucker Homeostase (1)
- Hämolysin (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Höhenstufe (1)
- Hörstörungen (1)
- Hüllprotein (1)
- Hüllproteine (1)
- IAP (1)
- ICEP (1)
- IGF1R (1)
- IL-4 (1)
- IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor (1)
- INM (1)
- ITS2 (1)
- Identifikation (1)
- Identifizierung (1)
- Identifizierungspipeline (1)
- Il 4 (1)
- Illusion (1)
- Image Processing (1)
- Image-Scanning Microscope (1)
- ImageProcessing (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imidacloprid (1)
- Imkerei (1)
- Immun-Transkriptom (1)
- Immunantwort (1)
- Immuncytochemie (1)
- Immundefizienz (1)
- Immune (1)
- Immune Escape (1)
- Immungene (1)
- Immunglobulin M (1)
- Immunisierung (1)
- Immunization (1)
- Immunmodulation (1)
- Immunoconjugate (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Immunsierung (1)
- Immunsuppression (1)
- Implantat (1)
- Implantatmatrices (1)
- Import (1)
- Imprinting (1)
- In situ Hybridisierung (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-paralogs (1)
- In-silico Modell (1)
- Individuum (1)
- Induzierte Mutation (1)
- Infertilität (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Information (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Infrared radiation (1)
- Innate immunity (1)
- Inparanoid (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insecta (1)
- Insekten-Pflanzen-Interaktion (1)
- Insektenlarve (1)
- Insektenstaat (1)
- Insektenstaaten (1)
- Insektensterben (1)
- Insertions-Duplikations-Mutagenese IDM (1)
- Insertionsmutagenese (1)
- Instrumentelle Konditionierung (1)
- Insulin (1)
- Insulinrezeptor (1)
- Insulinsignalweg (1)
- Integrase (1)
- Integrated Knowledgebase (1)
- Integrated network analysis (1)
- Integrierte Datenbank (1)
- Intensität (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interactome (1)
- Interaktionsnetzwerke (1)
- Interferon Regulator Faktor 1 (1)
- Interkasten (1)
- Interleukin 13 (1)
- Interleukin 5 (1)
- Interspezifische Assoziation (1)
- Intervallzeitmessung (1)
- Intestinal metaplasia (1)
- Intracellular Pathogens (1)
- Intracellular replication (1)
- Intracellular virulence (1)
- Intrazelluläre Pathogene (1)
- Intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- Intrazellulärraum (1)
- Introgression (1)
- Invasionsbiologie (1)
- Invasive Art (1)
- Invertebrate herbivory (1)
- Ionenstärke (1)
- Ionic strength (1)
- Ionisierende Strahlung (1)
- Ionotrope Glutamatrezeptoren (1)
- Iron Responsive Elements (1)
- IronChip (1)
- Ischemia (1)
- Ischemie (1)
- Isoform (1)
- Isoformen (1)
- Isolierung (1)
- Isomer (1)
- Ivory Coast (1)
- J774 (1)
- J774-Makrophagen (1)
- Jak/ STAT (1)
- Jugendentwicklung (1)
- K-RAS (1)
- K-Ras (1)
- KO Mäuse (1)
- KO mice (1)
- KSR1 (1)
- Kakao (1)
- Kaliumkanal (1)
- Kaliumkanäle (1)
- Kalyx (1)
- Kannenpflanze (1)
- Kantenerkennung (1)
- Kardiogenese (1)
- Kardiomyopathie (1)
- Kardiovaskuläres System (1)
- Kartierung (1)
- Karzinomzellen (1)
- Kater <Medizin> (1)
- Kathepsin (1)
- Kathepsin B (1)
- Kathepsin L (1)
- Kaulquappen (1)
- Kaulquappenentwicklung (1)
- Kehlkopf (1)
- Keimzell- und Embryonalentwicklung (1)
- Keimzellmosaik (1)
- Kern-Zytosoltranslokation (1)
- Kernaktin (1)
- Kernexport (1)
- Kernhüllenbildung (1)
- Kernmembran (1)
- Kernmyosin (1)
- Kernpore (1)
- Kernporen-Komplex (1)
- Kernspindel (1)
- Kerntransport (1)
- Killerzelle (1)
- Kinabalu National Park (1)
- Kinase (1)
- Kinase Inhibitor (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Kinetochor (1)
- Kinetoplastida (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Klassifizierung (1)
- Klastogene (1)
- Kleine GTP-bindende Proteine (1)
- Klettern (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimaerwärmung (1)
- Klonalitaetsanalysen (1)
- Klonierung (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Knochenbildung (1)
- Knochenregeneration (1)
- Knock-Out (1)
- Knockout (1)
- Knockout mouse (1)
- Knockout-Maus (1)
- Knockout-Mäuse (1)
- Knopfkopf (1)
- Ko-Kultur (1)
- Koexistenz (1)
- Kognitives Lernen (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoffkatabolitrepression (1)
- Kohlenstoffstoffwechsel (1)
- Kollagen (1)
- Kollagenasen (1)
- Kolloid (1)
- Koloniebildung (1)
- Koloniegröße (1)
- Koloniegründung (1)
- Koloniestruktur (1)
- Kolonkarzinom (1)
- Kolorektales Karzinom (1)
- Kombinationstherapie (1)
- Kompass (1)
- Kondensation (1)
- Konfokalmikroskopie (1)
- Konstruktive Didaktik (1)
- Kontrolle der Genexpression (1)
- Kontrollmechanismen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Korrespondenzanalyse (1)
- Kostimulatorisches Molekül (1)
- Krebsbildgebung (1)
- Krebserkrankungen (1)
- Kreideriedfrosch (1)
- Kreuzvalidierung (1)
- Kristallstrukturanalyse (1)
- Kt/V (1)
- Kutikula (1)
- Kutikulare Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Kutikularwachs (1)
- Kälteschock (1)
- Kälteschock-Proteine (1)
- Körpergrösse (1)
- Körpergröße (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- L5178Y cells (1)
- L5178Y-Zellen (1)
- LAP2 alpha (1)
- LASP-1 (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LCK (1)
- LEM Domäne (1)
- LEM domain (1)
- LEM domaine (1)
- LEM-Domänen (1)
- LIFR (1)
- LIN-54 (1)
- LIPI-2 (1)
- LOH 11q (1)
- LOH 16q (1)
- LTP (1)
- LaXp180 (1)
- Lachsartige <Familie> (1)
- Lactamase <beta-> (1)
- LamB (1)
- Lamin B (1)
- Lamin B3 (1)
- Lamin C2 (1)
- Lamina-associated polypeptides (1)
- Lamina-assoziierte Polypeptide (1)
- Laminopathie (1)
- LampB (1)
- Land use (1)
- Landsat ETM+ (1)
- Landscape composition (1)
- Landscape configuration (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landschaftskomposition (1)
- Landschaftskonfiguration (1)
- Landschaftspflege (1)
- Landschaftsstruktur (1)
- Landschaftsökologie (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Langmuir Adsorptionsisotherme (1)
- Langmuir adsorption isotherm (1)
- Langzeitgedächtnis (1)
- Langzeitpotenzierung (1)
- Laser-Mikrodissektion (1)
- Laser-Rastermikroskopie (1)
- Laterale Dichte (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Lattice (1)
- Laubsänger (1)
- Laufkäfer (1)
- Leaf traits (1)
- Learning & Memory (1)
- Learning Walk (1)
- Learning walk (1)
- Lebenslauf-Strategien (1)
- Lebenslaufstrategie (1)
- Lebenslaufstrategien (1)
- Lebensraum (1)
- Leber (1)
- Leica-Mikroskopie und -Systeme GmbH (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Lemuren (1)
- Lemurs (1)
- Lenalidomid (1)
- Leptothorax (1)
- Lernort (1)
- Lernregeln (1)
- Leucin-reiche repeat protein (1)
- Leukozyt (1)
- Leukozyten (1)
- Leukozytenelastase (1)
- Leukämie (1)
- Lifetime Imaging (1)
- Ligand-Rezeptor Komplex (1)
- Ligandenbindedomäne (1)
- Light-activation (1)
- Lin9 (1)
- Lipid Bilayer Membrane (1)
- Lipid Mikrodomänen (1)
- Lipid Raft (1)
- Lipid bilayer membrane (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Lipidtransport (1)
- Liposomen (1)
- Liposomes (1)
- Listeria ivanovii (1)
- Listeria monocytogenens (1)
- Litoria caerulea (1)
- Livestock grazing (1)
- Lobula Platte (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- Lsc/p115 Rho GEF (1)
- Luftfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Lumineszenzlöschung (1)
- Lung squamous cancer cells (1)
- Lymphoma (1)
- Lymphomagenese (1)
- Lymphome (1)
- Lymphozyt (1)
- Lymphozyten (1)
- Lymphozyten mediierter Angriff auf Neurone (1)
- Lymphozytentransformation (1)
- LysR-type (1)
- Lysosom (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- M cells (1)
- M-Zelle (1)
- M-Zellen (1)
- M. tuberculosis (1)
- MALT (1)
- MAP (1)
- MAP Kinase Signaling (1)
- MAP3K4 (1)
- MCP-1 (1)
- MEF2C (1)
- MEK5 (1)
- MHC (1)
- MICA (1)
- MICB (1)
- MIPs (1)
- MLH1 (1)
- MMR-Reparatur (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MPZ (P0) (1)
- MRT (1)
- MSC (1)
- MSH2 (1)
- MSOT (1)
- MYCN (1)
- MYCN-amplified (1)
- Macaranga (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Madagaskar <West> (1)
- Magadan <Region> (1)
- Magerrasen (1)
- Maillard-Reaktion (1)
- Makuladystrophie (1)
- Mal3p (1)
- Malaria tropica (1)
- Malat1 (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Maltoporin (1)
- Management (1)
- Management System (1)
- Management-Systeme (1)
- Mantelzell-Lymphom (1)
- Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (1)
- Marker (1)
- Markierungen synaptischer Proteine (1)
- Masern (1)
- Mass Isotopomers Distribution Analysis (1)
- Massen-Isotopomer Verteilungs-Analyse (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Massentrachten (1)
- Mathematical modeling (1)
- Matrixproteasen (1)
- Mauerbiene (1)
- Maus Modell (1)
- Maus-Modell (1)
- Mbm (1)
- Mc4r (1)
- Medium spiny neurons (1)
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (1)
- Meerkatzenartige (1)
- Mehrfachpaarung (1)
- Melanoma (1)
- Melanoma Maintenance (1)
- Melanomzellen (1)
- Meliaceae (1)
- Meliponini (1)
- Melphalan (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membran-Adressierungs-Signal (1)
- Membranbarriere (1)
- Membrane receptor (1)
- Membranrezeptor (1)
- Membrantransport (1)
- Merkelzellkarzinom (1)
- Mesencephalon (1)
- Mesenchym (1)
- Mesenchymale Stammzelldifferenzierung (1)
- Mesenchymale Stammzelle (1)
- Messenger-RNP (1)
- Messung (1)
- Meta-barcoding (1)
- Metabolic Flux Analysis (1)
- Metabolic Modelling (1)
- Metabolische Flux-Analyse (1)
- Metabolische Stoffwechselmodellierung (1)
- Metabolischen Modellierung (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metabolomik (1)
- Metabonomik (1)
- Metaphaseplatte (1)
- Metapopulation (1)
- Metastasen (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylenblau (1)
- Methylene blue (1)
- Metochondriale DNS (1)
- Mevalonate Pathway (1)
- Microarray Analyse (1)
- Microfluidic Chip (1)
- Micronuclei (1)
- Microsatellite (1)
- Microthrix parvicella (1)
- Midbody (1)
- Mikrobiom <Genetik> (1)
- Mikrobiota (1)
- Mikroevolution (1)
- Mikrofliess-System (1)
- Mikrofluidik (1)
- Mikroglia (1)
- Mikroglomeruli (1)
- Mikroglomerulus (1)
- Mikrohabitat (1)
- Mikrokerne (1)
- Mikrosatellit (1)
- Mikrosatelliten (1)
- Mikrosatelliten Instabilität (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrostrukturen (1)
- Mikrotubule (1)
- Mikrotubuli (1)
- Mikrotubulus (1)
- Mikroumwelt (1)
- Mimetika (1)
- Mimics (1)
- Mineralocorticoidrezeptor (1)
- Mismatch Reparatur System (1)
- Mismatchrepair (1)
- Mismatchreparatur (1)
- Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase (1)
- Mitteldarm (1)
- Mittelhirn (1)
- Mlh1 (1)
- Mobilitet (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modifizierung (1)
- Modul (1)
- Module search (1)
- Modulsuche (1)
- Molecular approaches (1)
- Molekulare Biophysik (1)
- Molekulare Evolution (1)
- Molekulare Hybridisierung (1)
- Molekülsystem (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (1)
- Monoklonaler bispezifischer Antikörper (1)
- Monozyten (1)
- Monozytendifferenzierung (1)
- Morphing (1)
- Morphogenese (1)
- Morpholino (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Mosaik (1)
- Mosaizismus (1)
- Motiliät (1)
- Motion detection (1)
- Motoneuronenerkrankung (1)
- Motor learning (1)
- Motorisches Lernen (1)
- Mouse (1)
- Mouse model (1)
- Mouse model of allergic airway inflammation (1)
- MppA (1)
- Mrap2 (1)
- Multi-Adaptor-Protein (1)
- Multi-Unit Aufnahmen (1)
- Multidrug Efflux (1)
- Multidrug Efflux Pumpen (1)
- Multiple Myeloma (1)
- Multiple Sclerosis (1)
- Mundgliedmassen (1)
- Mundwerkzeuge (1)
- Muskeldifferenzierung (1)
- Muskeldystrophie (1)
- Muskelentwicklung (1)
- Muskelfasertypen (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- Musterlernen (1)
- Mustervergleich (1)
- Mutagenitätstest (1)
- Mutanten (1)
- Mutationen (1)
- Mutationsanalyse (1)
- Mutationsrate (1)
- Myb (1)
- Myb-MuvB complex (1)
- Mycobacterium (1)
- Mycolata (1)
- Myelin (1)
- Myelinopathie (1)
- Myelinopathy (1)
- Myelom (1)
- Mykose (1)
- MyoD (1)
- Myoblast (1)
- Myoblasten (1)
- Myokard (1)
- Myotonische Dystrophie (1)
- Myristylierung (1)
- Myrmecia gulosa (1)
- Myrothamnus flabellifolia (1)
- Mäuse (1)
- N-Glykosylierung (1)
- N-MYC (1)
- NADPH oxidase (1)
- NADPH-Oxidase (1)
- NF-AT (1)
- NFAT in EAE (1)
- NFATc1 sumoylation (1)
- NFkappaB (1)
- NGF (1)
- NK cell (1)
- NK cells (1)
- NKG2D (1)
- NMD (1)
- NMDA (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR-imaging (1)
- NRAGE (1)
- NRF2 (1)
- NTA Lipide (1)
- NTA lipids (1)
- NTHi (1)
- NVP-BEZ235 (1)
- NXF (1)
- Na/H-Austauscher (1)
- Na/H-exchanger (1)
- Nahrungsaufnahme (1)
- Nahrungskonkurrenz (1)
- Nahrungsqualität (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanoröhre (1)
- Narrow escape problem (1)
- Nasonia (1)
- Nationalpark (1)
- Nationalparks (1)
- Natriumchlorid (1)
- Natural pest control (1)
- Naturschutzgebiet Hohe Wann (1)
- Nebennierenrindenkrebs (1)
- Nebennierentumor (1)
- Nebenniererindenkarzinom (1)
- Nectar Foraging (1)
- Neisseria meningitidis (1)
- Nektar (1)
- Nepenthes (1)
- Nephroblastoma (1)
- Nervenfaser (1)
- Nervengift (1)
- Nervennetz (1)
- Nervensystem (1)
- Nervenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Nestgröße (1)
- Nestklima (1)
- Nestklimas (1)
- Network Analysis (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Netzwerkalgorithmen (1)
- Netzwerkrekonstruktion (1)
- Netzwerksimulation (1)
- Neurale Stammzellen (1)
- Neuralrohr (1)
- Neuroanatomy (1)
- Neuroblastenproliferation (1)
- Neuroblastoma (1)
- Neuroethology (1)
- Neurogenetics (1)
- Neuroinflammation (1)
- Neurologie (1)
- Neuromelanin (1)
- Neuromuskuläre Synapse (1)
- Neuronal Proliferation (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neuronale Ceroid Lipofuszinose (1)
- Neuropathie (1)
- Neuropeptid (1)
- Neurotransmitter (1)
- Neurotropher Faktor (1)
- Neurovaskuläre Einheit (1)
- Neutrophiler Granulozyt (1)
- Nexavar (1)
- Next-Generation Sequencing (1)
- Next-Generation Sequenzierung (1)
- Nibrin (1)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (NSCLC) (1)
- Nichtzielorganismen (1)
- Nicotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptor (1)
- Niere (1)
- Nijmegen Breakage Syndrom (1)
- Nijmegen breakage syndrome (1)
- Nistgelegenheit (1)
- Nisthöhle (1)
- Nitratatmung (1)
- Noey2 (1)
- Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom (1)
- Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- Non-target effects (1)
- Nosema (1)
- Nosema apis (1)
- Notch Signalweg (1)
- Notch signalling (1)
- Notch/Delta Signalweg (1)
- Notch/Delta pathway (1)
- Noteridae (1)
- Nuage (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear envelope assembly (1)
- Nuclear export control (1)
- Nuclear periphery granules (1)
- Nuclear pore complex (1)
- Nucleinsäure-Sensoren (1)
- Nucleinsäuren (1)
- Nucleolus (1)
- Nukleolus (1)
- Nuleic Acids Sensors (1)
- Nährboden (1)
- ODE (1)
- OX40L (1)
- Oberflächenchemie (1)
- Oberflächendruck (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonresonanz (SPR) (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Obstruktive Ventilationsstörung (1)
- Octopaminergic signaling (1)
- Odour Intensity (1)
- Oecophylla smaragdina (1)
- Oilseed Rape (1)
- Okadasäure (1)
- Oktopamin (1)
- Olfactory (1)
- Olive baboons (1)
- OmoMYC (1)
- Oncogenes (1)
- Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy (1)
- Onkolytische Vaccinia Virustherapie (1)
- Oogenese (1)
- Oozyten (1)
- Opsin (1)
- Optogenetic (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Organentwicklung (1)
- Organisationsform (1)
- Organogenese (1)
- Osmolarität (1)
- Osmoregulation (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Osteoporose (1)
- Out-of-school learning settings (1)
- Ovarialkarzinom (1)
- Ovarian Cancer (1)
- Ovarielle Alterung (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxidative Thiol Modifikationen (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P60 (1)
- PAC contig (1)
- PAC-Contig (1)
- PAK (1)
- PALM stoichiometry (1)
- PCP signaling (1)
- PCP-Signalweg (1)
- PD-1 (1)
- PDF neurons (1)
- PEDF (1)
- PEG chemical modification (1)
- PEP:PTS (1)
- PER (1)
- PH-Domäne (1)
- PH-domain (1)
- PI3-Kinase (1)
- PI3-kinase (1)
- PI3K (1)
- PI3K/Akt Signalweg (1)
- PI3K/Akt pathway (1)
- PI3K/mTOR inhibierung (1)
- PKA (1)
- PKG (1)
- PLGA (1)
- PPD (1)
- PRC2 (1)
- Paarungshäufigkeit (1)
- Paarungssystem (1)
- Paarungsverhalten (1)
- Pachycondyla (1)
- Pachytänspermatozyten (1)
- Pan-Raf-Inhibition (1)
- Pangenom (1)
- Parabiose (1)
- Paraffin (1)
- Parameterextraktion (1)
- Parasitismus (1)
- Parasitoid (1)
- Parc National de (1)
- Parc National de la Como´e (1)
- Parental care (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Parkinson Krankheit (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (1)
- Parkinsons Disease (1)
- Participation (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Partnerwahl (1)
- Patch-clamp (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pattern Matching (1)
- Patterns and drivers of invertebrate herbivory (1)
- Patterns and drivers of species diversity of phytophagous beetles (1)
- Patterns and drivers of species richness and community biomass of large mammals (1)
- Pax3 (1)
- Pax7 (1)
- Peptid (1)
- Perception (1)
- Perforine (1)
- Period (1)
- Peroxiredoxin (1)
- Peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- Peroxisomale Biogenese Defekte (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Persistenz (1)
- Pest management (1)
- Peyer's Patches (1)
- Peyer'sche Plaques (1)
- Pflanzen-Bestäuber-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzen-Bienen-Netzwerke (1)
- Pflanzeninhaltsstoff (1)
- Pflanzenökologie (1)
- Pflanzliches Insektizid (1)
- Phage Lamda (1)
- Phage-Display (1)
- Phagen-Display (1)
- Phagosomal escape (1)
- Phagosome (1)
- Pharmacokinetics (1)
- Pharmakogenetik (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Pharmazeutische Industrie (1)
- Phenotypic switch (1)
- Pheromon Kommunikation (1)
- Pheromon communication (1)
- Philanthus (1)
- Philantus (1)
- Phloretin (1)
- Phosphatase (1)
- Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (1)
- Phospho-Akt (1)
- Phosphoproteomic analysis (1)
- Phosphotransfer reactions (1)
- Phosphotransferasesystem (1)
- Phosphotransferreaktionen (1)
- Photochemie (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Photoreceptor (1)
- Photorezeption (1)
- Photorezeptordegeneration (1)
- Photoschädigung (1)
- Phylogenic (1)
- Phylogenie von Listeria (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physiologie (1)
- Physiologische Chemie (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytanoyl-CoA-Hydroxylase (1)
- Phytansäure (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Phänotypische Heterogenität (1)
- Pichia pastoris (1)
- Pigmentdispergierender Faktor (1)
- Pigmentepithel (1)
- Pigmentierung (1)
- Pipecolinsäurederivate (1)
- Pipeline-Rechner (1)
- Piping Signal (1)
- Plant (1)
- Plant-animal interactions (1)
- Plant-insect interactions (1)
- Plant-pollinator interactions (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma membrane repair (1)
- Plasmalemma (1)
- Plasmamembranorganisation (1)
- Plasmodium (1)
- Plastizität <Physiologie> (1)
- Platelets (1)
- Pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Pluripotenz (1)
- Plättchennetzwerk (1)
- Plättchenphosphoproteom (1)
- Pogonomyrmex (1)
- Pogonomyrmex badius (1)
- Pogonomyrmex rugosus (1)
- Polistes (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollennahrung (1)
- Pollensammelzeiten (1)
- Pollination services (1)
- Pollinator (1)
- Polo-like kinase 1 (1)
- Polyethism (1)
- Polylactid-co-Glycolid (1)
- Polymerkomplexe (1)
- Polymyositis (1)
- Polyomaviren (1)
- Polyomavirus JC (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polyploidie (1)
- Polysaccharide (1)
- Pomalidomid (1)
- Popdc Genfamilie (1)
- Popdc1 (1)
- Popdc2 (1)
- Population structure (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Pore (1)
- Porenbildung (1)
- Porine (1)
- Porins (1)
- Positionsklonierung (1)
- Postovulatorische Alterung (1)
- Posttranslational (1)
- PrP (1)
- Preclinical (1)
- Predation (1)
- Presomitic meoderm (1)
- Primäre Polygynie (1)
- Primärkultur (1)
- Prion (1)
- Prionprotein (1)
- Produktivität (1)
- Promotor <Genetik> (1)
- Prostaglandin E2 (1)
- Prostaglandine (1)
- Prostatakrebs (1)
- Proteaseinhibitoren (1)
- Proteasen (1)
- Proteasomaler Abbau (1)
- Protected Area (1)
- Protein Lipidierungen (1)
- Protein-Kristallisierung (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Protein-Serin-Threonin-Ki (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteinbiochemie (1)
- Proteindomänen (1)
- Proteindomänenklassifikation (1)
- Proteindynamiken (1)
- Proteinidentifizierung (1)
- Proteinkinase C (1)
- Proteinkinase CK2 (1)
- Proteinmodifikationen (1)
- Proteinsekretion (1)
- Proteinstoffwechsel (1)
- Proteintransport (1)
- Proteintyrosinphosphatase (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proteomics Analysis of Complexes (1)
- Proteotype (1)
- Proventriculus (1)
- Proventrikel (1)
- Prozessierung (1)
- Präsomitisches Mesoderm (1)
- Präsynapse (1)
- Psychosoziale Beratung (1)
- Psychosoziale Situation (1)
- Pteromalidae (1)
- Puberty (1)
- Pubertät (1)
- PyMOL (1)
- Pyrgauchenia (1)
- Pyrgauchenia tristaniopsis (1)
- QDTI (1)
- QTL Analyse (1)
- QTL analysis (1)
- QUAC1 (1)
- Qinghaosu (1)
- R-Typ (1)
- RAD50-Defizienz (1)
- RAD51C (1)
- RAF (1)
- RAGE (1)
- RAL (1)
- RAf (1)
- RFID (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA Motivsuche (1)
- RNA binding proteins (1)
- RNA delivery (1)
- RNA granules (1)
- RNA motiv serach (1)
- RNA-Polymerase I (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RNS-Polymerase I (1)
- RNS-Polymerase II (1)
- ROS (1)
- RPE specific genes (1)
- RSK2 (1)
- Rab14 (1)
- Rab23 (1)
- Raf (1)
- Raf <Biochemie> (1)
- Raf-Kinase (1)
- Random-walk simulations (1)
- Raps (1)
- Rapsanbau (1)
- Rbm8a (1)
- Re-Annotation (1)
- Re-annotation (1)
- Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (1)
- Real-time PCR (1)
- Receptor-Tyrosine Kinases (1)
- Rechtsmedizin (1)
- Redoxsystem (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Registrierung <Bildverarbeitung> (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (1)
- Regulatory Volume Decrease (1)
- Regulon (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifung (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Reinigung (1)
- Reiz (1)
- Rekombinantes Protein (1)
- Rekrutierung (1)
- Remission (1)
- Renaturierung <Biochemie> (1)
- Renaturierung <Ökologie> (1)
- Renin Angiotensin System (1)
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (1)
- Repetitive Exposition (1)
- Repression (1)
- Reproductive Strategies (1)
- Reproductive potential (1)
- Reproduktionserfolg (1)
- Reproduktionsmedizin (1)
- Reproduktiver Konflikt (1)
- Reproduktives Potential (1)
- Reprogramming (1)
- Resistenz (1)
- Resource Managment (1)
- Resource Use (1)
- Ressourcenmanagement (1)
- Ressourcenteilung (1)
- Retina (1)
- Retinoesaeure (1)
- Retinoschisis (1)
- Retroviraler Gentransfer (1)
- Rev-NES (1)
- Reversibel (1)
- Rezeptor-Liganden-Interaktion (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosin-Kinase (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinasen (1)
- Rezeptoren (1)
- Rezeptormobilität (1)
- Rhabdomyosarkom (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rho (1)
- Rho GTPasen (1)
- Rho GTPases (1)
- Rhodopsin (1)
- Ribonuclease H2 (1)
- Ribonucleoproteine (1)
- Ribosomale RNS (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Ribosomenproteine (1)
- Richter's syndrome (1)
- Richter-Syndrom (1)
- Rind (1)
- Risikoberechnung (1)
- Risikostreuung (1)
- Risk estimation (1)
- Rituximab (1)
- Rnsstoffwechsel (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Rocaglamid (1)
- Rollstuhl (1)
- Rotbuche (1)
- Rotstirnmaki (1)
- Räuber-Beute Interaktionen (1)
- Räuberdruck (1)
- Räumliches Sehen (1)
- Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse (1)
- Rückkopplung (1)
- Rüsselkäfer (1)
- S6KII (1)
- SH-SY5Y (1)
- SH2-Domänen Bindungsstelle (1)
- SH2-domain binding site (1)
- SH3-Domäne (1)
- SLAC/SLAH (1)
- SMN-Komplex (1)
- SMN-complex (1)
- SNP (1)
- SPR-Spektroskopie (1)
- SPRED2 (1)
- SR protein kinase (1)
- SR-Protein Kinase (1)
- SRF (1)
- SRPK79D (1)
- SSR42 (1)
- STAT (1)
- STAT3 (1)
- STAT6 (1)
- STED (1)
- STED-Mikroskopie (1)
- STR (1)
- SUN domain proteins (1)
- SWI/SNF (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella enterica (1)
- Salmonellose (1)
- Samenkeimung (1)
- Samenpflanzen (1)
- Samenprädation (1)
- Sammeldistanzen (1)
- Sammelverhalten (1)
- Sandminen (1)
- Saproxylic beetles (1)
- Saproxylophage (1)
- Sauerstoffradikal (1)
- Savannah ecosystems (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scarabaeidae (1)
- Scherspannung (1)
- Schildkäfer (1)
- Schimpanse (1)
- Schistosomiasis (1)
- Schlaf (1)
- Schlaganfall (1)
- Schließzelle (1)
- Schmalbienen (1)
- Schmalwa (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schubspannung (1)
- Schwebfliegen (1)
- Schwimmkäfer (1)
- Schwänzeltanz (1)
- Schälen (1)
- SdY (1)
- Seam (1)
- Sehen (1)
- Sekundärmetabolit (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Sekundärwald (1)
- Selbstorgansation (1)
- Selektive Wahrnehmung (1)
- Selenit (1)
- Selenoprotein (1)
- Semelparitie (1)
- Senescence (1)
- Seneszenz (1)
- Senile Makuladegeneration / Pigmentepithel / Genexpression (1)
- Sensillum ampullaceum (1)
- Sensoren (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sensory (1)
- Sensory Exploitation (1)
- Sensory exploitation (1)
- Sensory trap (1)
- Sequence Analysis (1)
- Sequence-Structure (1)
- Sequenzanalyse (1)
- Sequenzdaten (1)
- Sequenzierung (1)
- Serin-Arginin Proteinkinase (1)
- Serin-Threonin-Kinase (1)
- Serin/Arginin Proteinkinase (1)
- Serinprotease (1)
- Serotonin (1)
- Serotonintransporter (1)
- Serumentzug (1)
- Sexual development (1)
- Sexual selection (1)
- Sexualdimorphismus (1)
- Shaggy (1)
- Shh (1)
- Shigella (1)
- Shigella flexneri (1)
- Shikimatsynthese (1)
- Shikimisäure (1)
- Signal Transduktion (1)
- Signaling complex (1)
- Signalkette (1)
- Signalkomplex (1)
- Signaltransduction (1)
- Similarity (1)
- Simkania (1)
- Simkania Negevensis (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Sinapis arvensis (1)
- Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Sinne (1)
- Sinusknoten (1)
- Sinusknotenbradykardie (1)
- Ska complex (1)
- Ska-Komplex (1)
- Skleroproteine (1)
- Small RNA (1)
- Social Organisation (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Solid-phase microextraction (1)
- Somatische Mutation (1)
- Somit (1)
- Somiten (1)
- Somites (1)
- Sonnenblumen (1)
- Sorafinib (1)
- Soziale Organisation (1)
- Sozialität (1)
- Sozio-endokrinologie (1)
- Soziobiologie (1)
- Spaltung (1)
- Spechte (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral Data Analysis (1)
- Speicher (1)
- Spermatogenesis (1)
- Spermatozyt (1)
- Spermienbildung (1)
- Spezialisierung (1)
- Spezifikation (1)
- Spezifität (1)
- Sphecidae (1)
- Sphingosinanaloga (1)
- Sphingosinkinase (1)
- Spider Silk (1)
- Spinale Muskelatrophie (1)
- Spindelkontrollpunkt (1)
- Spinnen (1)
- Spir (1)
- Spitzwegerich (1)
- Spleißen (1)
- Split-Ubiquitin-System (1)
- Spred Protein (1)
- Spred-Proteine (1)
- Spumaviren (1)
- Spurenkunde (1)
- Spurpheromone (1)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- Src (1)
- Src-Proteine (1)
- Stabilisierung (1)
- Stachellose Biene (1)
- Stammvielfalt (1)
- Stammzelltransplantation (1)
- Standardgehirn (1)
- Staphylococcus (1)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (1)
- Stat3 (1)
- Stat5 (1)
- Stat6 (1)
- Statin (1)
- Stationenarbeit (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Statistische Analyse (1)
- Sterilität (1)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (1)
- Stickstoffoxid (1)
- Stoffwechselweg (1)
- Strahlensensibilisator (1)
- Strahlensensitivität (1)
- Streifgebiet (1)
- Stressresistenz (1)
- Striatum (1)
- Stridulation (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Structural proteins (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Strukturauklärung (1)
- Strukturbiologie (1)
- Strukturplastizität (1)
- Strukturproteine (1)
- Störung (1)
- Subitizing (1)
- Sumo (1)
- Sumoylierung (1)
- Superagonist (1)
- Superresolution microscopy (1)
- Support-Vektor-Maschine (1)
- Surface potential (1)
- Surface pressure (1)
- Survival analysis (1)
- Symbionten (1)
- Synaptic plasticity (1)
- Synaptinemal-Komplex (1)
- Synaptische Plastizität (1)
- Synaptische Proteine (1)
- Synaptische Vesikel (1)
- Synaptonemaler Komplex (1)
- Synchronisation (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- Synökologie (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Systembiologische Analysen (1)
- Säugerzellen (1)
- Säure (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T cell (1)
- T cell activation (1)
- T lymphocytes (1)
- T- Lymphozyt (1)
- T-Zell-Aktivierung (1)
- T-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- T-Zelle (1)
- T-cell (1)
- T-cell engager (1)
- T-cell epitope (1)
- T-cell repertoire (1)
- T-cells (1)
- T-lymphocyte (1)
- T-lymphocytes (1)
- T-zell epitope (1)
- T-zell repertoir (1)
- T3SS (1)
- TAMs (1)
- TCSPC (1)
- TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN (1)
- TEVC (1)
- TFIIIC (1)
- TGF (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-ß (1)
- TGF-ß Rezeptoren (1)
- TGF-ß receptors (1)
- TGFß (1)
- TLR4 (1)
- TLR7 (1)
- TLR8 (1)
- TNF-R1 (1)
- TNF-R2 (1)
- TRAF1 (1)
- TWEAK (1)
- Tabak (1)
- Tachyphylaxie (1)
- Tageslänge (1)
- Tagesrhythmik (1)
- Tamarin (1)
- Tansania (1)
- Tardigraden (1)
- Tardigrades (1)
- Taste (1)
- Taxonomie (1)
- TbH (1)
- Telomer (1)
- Telomer <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Temperaturabhängigkeit (1)
- Temperaturregulierung (1)
- Terminal domains (1)
- Terminale Domaine (1)
- Ternärer Komplex (1)
- Ternärkomplex (1)
- Terpene (1)
- Terpyridinderivate <2 (1)
- Test-Strip (1)
- Teststreifen (1)
- Tetanus Neurotoxin (1)
- Tetrazin (1)
- Thelytokie (1)
- Theoretical ecology (1)
- Theranostik (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermogenesis (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Thermoregultion (1)
- Thiol:Disulfid-Redox-Metabolismus (1)
- Thiole (1)
- Thiolgruppe (1)
- Thrombozyten (1)
- Thyme (1)
- Thymian (1)
- Thymol (1)
- Tier-Pflanze-Interaktion (1)
- Tier-Pflanze-Interaktionen (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Timing (1)
- Tiotropium (1)
- Tobacco (1)
- Toll-like Receptor (1)
- Toll-like Rezeptor (1)
- Toll-like receptor (1)
- Tonoplast (1)
- Topoisomerase I (1)
- Topoisomerase II (1)
- Topoisomerase II alpha (1)
- Topoisomerases I (1)
- Totenkopfäffchen (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (1)
- Transgene Mäuse (1)
- Transkriptionelle Regulierung (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- Transkriptionsregulation (1)
- Translokation (1)
- Transmembranprotein (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transporter SLC5A3 (1)
- Transporter SLC6A6 (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Trehalose (1)
- Trematoden (1)
- Trimerisation (1)
- TrkB (1)
- Tropen (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Trophische Interaktionen (1)
- Tropischer Regenwald (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei (1)
- Trypanosomiasis (1)
- Tsetse Fliege (1)
- Tuberkelbakterium (1)
- Tubulin (1)
- Tumor Immunology (1)
- Tumor cell migration (1)
- Tumor detection (1)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor <alpha> (1)
- Tumorantigen (1)
- Tumordetektion (1)
- Tumorerkrankungen (1)
- Tumorgenese (1)
- Tumorimmunity (1)
- Tumorimmunität (1)
- Tumorinstability (1)
- Tumorinstabilität (1)
- Tumorklassifikation (1)
- Tumorregression (1)
- Tumorsuppressorgen (1)
- Tumorzellmigration (1)
- Turgordruck (1)
- Typ I Sekretion (1)
- Typ III Sekretionssystem (1)
- Tyramin (1)
- Tyrosin (1)
- Tyrosinase (1)
- TßRII-B (1)
- USA300 (1)
- USP28 (1)
- UV (1)
- Ubiquitination (1)
- Ukelei (1)
- Ultrastruktur (1)
- Umweltfaktor (1)
- Umwelttoxikologie (1)
- Universität Würzburg. Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik (1)
- Universitätsforst Würzburg (1)
- Unterholz (1)
- Uptake (1)
- Urea distribution volume (1)
- Urin (1)
- Urine (1)
- Urogenitalsystem (1)
- Urämie (1)
- Urämietoxine (1)
- Urämische Toxine (1)
- Usp28 (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- VIB (1)
- VKORC1L1 (1)
- Vaccinia (1)
- Vaccinia Virus Replikation (1)
- Vaccinia virus (1)
- Vaccinia-virus (1)
- Vakzinierung (1)
- Valonia utricularis (1)
- Variables Oberflächen Glycoprotein (1)
- Variant Surface Glycoprotein (1)
- Variant surface glycoprotein (1)
- Variantcalling (1)
- Variants (1)
- Vascular endothelial Growth Factor (1)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (1)
- Vault (1)
- Vav (1)
- Venlafaxin (1)
- Ventricaria ventricosa (1)
- Verbreitung (1)
- Verbreitungsgrenzen (1)
- Verhaltenplastizität (1)
- Verhaltens-Ökologie (1)
- Verhaltensanalyse (1)
- Verhaltensanpassung (1)
- Verhaltensforschung (1)
- Verhaltensphysiologie (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Vermehrung (1)
- Vernachlässigte Tropenkrankheiten (1)
- Verrechnungszeit (1)
- Verschmelzung (1)
- Vertebrat (1)
- Vertebraten (1)
- Vertebrates (1)
- Verwandtschaft (1)
- Vesikeltransport (1)
- Viabilität (1)
- Virulenzfaktoren (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Visuelle Orientierung (1)
- Visueller Reiz (1)
- Visuelles Gedächtnis (1)
- Vitamin B6 (1)
- Vitamin D3 (1)
- Vitamin K (1)
- Vitamin-K-Epoxid-Reduktase (1)
- Voltage-Clamp-Methode (1)
- Voltinismus (1)
- Volumenregulation (1)
- Vorhersagbarkeitsmuster (1)
- Vorläuferzelle (1)
- Vorläuferzellen (1)
- Vögel (1)
- W Arly Pendjari WAP (1)
- WISP1/CCN4 (1)
- WTX (1)
- Wabe (1)
- Wachslaufen (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wachstumsfaktoren (1)
- Waldstruktur (1)
- Wanzen (1)
- Wasserstoffbrückenbindung (1)
- Wasserstoffperoxid (1)
- Wassertransport (1)
- Wassertransport in Pflanzen (1)
- Waterbear (1)
- Web services (1)
- WebLogo (1)
- Weberameisen (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Wegener's granulomatosis (1)
- Wegener'sche Granulomatose (1)
- Wegeners granulomatosis (1)
- Wegenersche Granulomatose (1)
- Weidegräser (1)
- Weinbau (1)
- Weinrebe (1)
- Werk (1)
- Wernicke's perpendicular fasciculus (1)
- Wernickes Assoziationsbündel (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West African savanna (1)
- Wet adhesion model (1)
- Whedos (1)
- Wheelchair Navigation (1)
- Wilde Honigbienen (1)
- Windengewächse (1)
- Wirbeltiere (1)
- Wirkmechanismus (1)
- Wirkstoff (1)
- Wirt (1)
- Wirtspflanzen (1)
- Wirtspflanzenfindung (1)
- Wirtszellen (1)
- Wnt (1)
- Wundheilung (1)
- Wurzelhalsgalle (1)
- Würzburg University Forest (1)
- X-gebundene juvenile Retinoschisis (1)
- X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Xenobiotikum (1)
- Xiphophorus maculatus (1)
- Xylemdruck (1)
- Xylemdruckmeßsonde (1)
- Y Chromosome (1)
- Y chromosome (1)
- Y-Chromosom (1)
- YAP (1)
- YaeT (1)
- Yeast-Two-Hybrid-System (1)
- Yellow Cameleon 2.1 (1)
- Yellow Crazy Ant (1)
- YtfM (1)
- ZO-2 (1)
- Zahnentwicklung (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zebrafisch LBR (1)
- Zeit (1)
- Zeitdifferenzierung (1)
- Zelladhäsion (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zellkonjugation (1)
- Zelllinie (1)
- Zellmarker (1)
- Zellmarkierung (1)
- Zelloberfläche (1)
- Zellskelett (1)
- Zelluläre Immunität (1)
- Zellvolumen (1)
- Zellwandkanal (1)
- Zellwandkanäle (1)
- Zellzykluskontrolle (1)
- Zentrales Nervensystem (1)
- Zentriolen (1)
- Zersetzer (1)
- Zestode (1)
- Zittertanz (1)
- Zutokin (1)
- Zwei-Komponentensystem (1)
- Zwei-Poren Domänen Kaliumkanäle (1)
- Zweidimensionale Elektrophorese (1)
- Zweikomponentensystem (1)
- Zweikomponentensystem <Molekularbiologie> (1)
- Zytogenetik (1)
- Zytokinese (1)
- Zytokinine (Pflanzenpathogene) (1)
- Zytolsin (1)
- Zytostatikatestung (1)
- Zählen (1)
- aberration (1)
- accessory medulla (1)
- adaptive traits (1)
- adaptor protein (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adhesion molecules (1)
- adhesive fluid (1)
- adipocytes (1)
- advanced glycation end products (1)
- affinity (1)
- affinity purification (1)
- aggression (1)
- aggressive behavior (1)
- agriculture (1)
- agroecology (1)
- airflow (1)
- aktive Zone (1)
- aldosterone (1)
- algorithm (1)
- alkaloid concentrations (1)
- alkylating agent (1)
- allergy (1)
- alpha-Methylacyl-CoA (1)
- alpha-Myosinschwerkette (1)
- alpha-Oxidation (1)
- alpha-myosin heavy chain (1)
- alpha-oxidation (1)
- alpine ecosystems (1)
- alternative splicing (1)
- alternatives Spleißen (1)
- aluminium (1)
- amacr (1)
- amh (1)
- aminergic neurons (1)
- amphibian communities (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- analysis (1)
- anemia (1)
- aneugens (1)
- aneuploidy (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- angiotensin II type 1a receptor (1)
- animal-plant interactions (1)
- anisomycin (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- anoikis (1)
- ant oogenesis (1)
- anthropogene Störungen (1)
- anthropogenic disturbance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody (1)
- antibody engineering (1)
- antibody microarray (1)
- antigen delivery (1)
- antigen presentation (1)
- antigen therapy (1)
- antigenic variation (1)
- antigensearch (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- appendage development (1)
- arachidonic acid (1)
- arf (1)
- arthropod community (1)
- arthropods (1)
- artifacts (1)
- artificial chromosomes (1)
- artificial diet (1)
- artificial human skin (1)
- arylphorin AFP (1)
- assistierte Reproduktion (1)
- association (1)
- associative (1)
- assoziativ (1)
- attachment devices (1)
- attachment structure (1)
- autoimmune disease (1)
- autoimmune diseases (1)
- autoimmunität (1)
- automatisierte Bildanalyse (1)
- autophagy (1)
- außerpaarliche Vaterschaft (1)
- axonal damage (1)
- axonaler Schaden (1)
- bHLH (1)
- bacterial (1)
- bacterial cancer therapy (1)
- bacterial pathogenesis (1)
- bacterial tumor targeting (1)
- bakterielle Flora (1)
- bakterielle Pathogenese (1)
- balanced-lethal plasmid system (1)
- bcl-X (1)
- bee diseases (1)
- bee-lining (1)
- beetles (1)
- beewolf (1)
- begrenzte Ressource (1)
- behavioral change (1)
- behavioral maturation (1)
- behavioral physiology (1)
- behavioral rhythms (1)
- behavioural analyses (1)
- bestrophin (1)
- bestäuberfreundliche Pflanzen (1)
- beta A4 (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-Fassproteine (1)
- beta-adrenerge Rezeptoren (1)
- beta-barrel-proteins (1)
- beta-glucuronidase (1)
- beta-lactamase (1)
- biased dispersal (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biodiversity response (1)
- biogenic amine (1)
- biology (1)
- bioorthogonal labeling (1)
- biopharmaceuticals (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- biotic interactions (1)
- birds (1)
- bispecific antibodies (1)
- bispecific antibody (1)
- bispezifische Antikörper (1)
- bispezifische antikörper (1)
- bisphenol a (1)
- bitter taste (1)
- black lipid bilayer (1)
- blood (1)
- blood-brain-barrier (1)
- body size (1)
- bone (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- boolean (1)
- botanical gardens (1)
- brain (1)
- brain anatomy (1)
- brain development (1)
- bromoisoxazoline alkaloids (1)
- bromotyrosine alkaloids (1)
- brood development (1)
- brood rearing (1)
- bucket brigades (1)
- building behavior (1)
- bumble bees (1)
- bumblebee*s (1)
- burn severity (1)
- buttonhead (1)
- bvgAS system (1)
- c-myc (1)
- c-type natriuretic peptide (1)
- cAMP (1)
- cAMP binding (1)
- cAMP-Bindung (1)
- cDNA library (1)
- cDNA-Arrays (1)
- cDNA-arrays (1)
- cDNS (1)
- calcareous grassland (1)
- calpain (1)
- calyx (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- cancer stem cells (1)
- capture mechanism (1)
- capture-mark-recapture (1)
- carbon catabolite repression (1)
- carcinoma cells (1)
- cardiogenesis (1)
- cardiomyocytes (1)
- cardiovascular remodeling (1)
- case reports (1)
- caspase (1)
- catecholamines (1)
- caveolae (1)
- cell adhesion (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell cycle control (1)
- cell growth (1)
- cell wall channel (1)
- cellcycle (1)
- central complex (1)
- centrosomal protein (1)
- cestode (1)
- channel forming proteins (1)
- channel-tunnel (1)
- chaperones (1)
- characterisation (1)
- chemical ecology (1)
- chemische Modifizierung (1)
- chimeric (1)
- chimär (1)
- chlamydia (1)
- chondrocytes (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromatin accessibility (1)
- chromatin remodeling (1)
- chromosomal instability (1)
- chromosomal instability disorder (1)
- chromosomale Instabilität (1)
- chromosome 11p13 (1)
- chromosome congression (1)
- chromosomes telomere-led movement (1)
- chronic lymphocytic Leukemia (1)
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- chronische B-Zell Leukaemie (1)
- chronische lymphatische Leukämie (1)
- chronological aging (1)
- circadian clock (1)
- circadian clocks (1)
- classification of protein domains (1)
- clastogens (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- climate (1)
- climate control (1)
- climbing (1)
- cloning (1)
- closing of chromatin (1)
- clothianidin (1)
- clustering (1)
- co-expression coefficient (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cofilin (1)
- cognition (1)
- cohesin (1)
- cold-shock (1)
- collagenases (1)
- colony founding (1)
- colony recognition (1)
- colony size (1)
- colony structur (1)
- colorectal cancer (1)
- comb (1)
- combination therapy (1)
- community composition (1)
- comparative metagenomics (1)
- computational analysis (1)
- concept maps (1)
- conceptual change (1)
- condensation (1)
- conditional knockout mouse (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- conformational epitopes (1)
- connectomics (1)
- controll mechanism (1)
- cool-season grass species (1)
- corazonin (1)
- correlative methods (1)
- correspondence analysis (1)
- costimulatory molecule (1)
- coumaphos (1)
- courtship behaviour (1)
- crickets (1)
- cristae (1)
- crop harvest (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- crosstalk (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- crystal structure analysis (1)
- cul3 ring ligase (1)
- cytokeratin (1)
- cytokinesis (1)
- cytolysin (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- cytostatic drug testing (1)
- dSTORM-Mikroskopie (1)
- dachsous (1)
- das Promotor (1)
- das in vitro Transkriptionssystem (1)
- data analysis (1)
- deadwood enrichment (1)
- decapentaplegic (1)
- decision-making (1)
- defective Mitosis (1)
- defense (1)
- deformable models (1)
- dendritische Zellen (1)
- deubiquitination (1)
- developing country (1)
- developmental time (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- diagnostic Microarray (1)
- diagnostischer Microarray (1)
- dialysis (1)
- dielectrophoresis (1)
- differential display PCR (1)
- differential geneexpression (1)
- differenzielle Genexpression (1)
- differenzielle Methylierung (1)
- diffusion tractography (1)
- digging behavior (1)
- diphenyl urea (1)
- disc deseases (1)
- disease control (1)
- disease modelling (1)
- dispersal distance (1)
- dispersal propensity (1)
- dispersal strategy (1)
- dispersal timing (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance (1)
- domain (1)
- dominance (1)
- dominance hierarchies (1)
- doppelsträngige RNA (1)
- double-stranded RNA (1)
- drivers and patterns of diversity and herbivory (1)
- drones (1)
- drosophila larva (1)
- drosophila melanogster (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- dual targeting (1)
- dunce (1)
- dung beetles (1)
- dvision of labor (1)
- dynamic (1)
- dynamics (1)
- e1071 (1)
- eIF-5A (1)
- eIF5A (1)
- eco-tourism (1)
- ecological intensification (1)
- ecological process (1)
- electrical measurements (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- elektrische Messungen (1)
- elektrophysiologie (1)
- elementary motion detector (1)
- elevation (1)
- elevational gradients (1)
- embryo (1)
- embryonale Stammzelle (1)
- embryonic stem cells (1)
- emulsion (1)
- endocytosis (1)
- endophyte (1)
- endophytische Pilze (1)
- endosymbionts (1)
- enhancers (1)
- enteroinvasive (1)
- entomology (1)
- envelope protein (1)
- environmental cues (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- enzymatic defense mechanism (1)
- enzymatische Abwehrreaktion (1)
- enzyme (1)
- epidermidis (1)
- epitope tagging (1)
- erleichterungslernen (1)
- erythrocyte adherence (1)
- erythropoietin (1)
- essential (1)
- essentiell (1)
- essentielle Gene (1)
- estrogen (1)
- estrogen receptor (1)
- eukaryotic gene expression (1)
- evolution of pathogens (1)
- evolution of virulence (1)
- exon trapping (1)
- exotische Pflanzen (1)
- experience (1)
- explorative data analysis (1)
- expression (1)
- expression mapping (1)
- expression pattern (1)
- expression systems (1)
- extensive Fischerei-Systeme (1)
- extensive fishery (1)
- external stimuli (1)
- extra-pair paternity (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extreme events (1)
- face morphing (1)
- facial age (1)
- facial gender (1)
- facial nerve lesion (1)
- familiärer Brustkrebs (1)
- fanconi anemia (1)
- fat (1)
- fatty acid desaturases (1)
- feedback (1)
- fehlerhafte Mitose (1)
- feral bees (1)
- fertility signal (1)
- fibrin (1)
- filamentous hemagglutinin (1)
- fire ecology (1)
- fire mapping (1)
- fish model (1)
- fish model system (1)
- fitness (1)
- fjx (1)
- fjx1 (1)
- flagella (1)
- flagellar sensing proteins (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flight simulator (1)
- floor plate (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow-cytometry (1)
- flowering phenology (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence quenching (1)
- flux (1)
- fluxosome (1)
- fly (1)
- flytrap (1)
- foamy virus (1)
- focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (1)
- fokale Adhäsionskinase (FAK) (1)
- food deprivation (1)
- forager (1)
- foraging behavior (1)
- foraging distances (1)
- foraging trip durations (1)
- forensic genetics (1)
- forest conservation (1)
- forest landscape (1)
- four-jointed (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- friction (1)
- frugivory (1)
- fruit crop size (1)
- fruit removal (1)
- fullerene (1)
- functional MRI (1)
- functional interpretation (1)
- functional modules (1)
- functional morphology (1)
- fungal endophytes (1)
- fungal endophytes of grasses (1)
- fungal infection (1)
- funktionale Bildgebung (1)
- funktionelle Analyse (1)
- funktionelle Module (1)
- fusion (1)
- fusion protein (1)
- futsch (1)
- galectins (1)
- gamergate (1)
- gamete (1)
- gamma-delta T-Lymphozyten (1)
- gamma-delta T-lymphocytes (1)
- gastrointestinal cancer (1)
- gene defect (1)
- gene duplication (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene expression networks (1)
- gene identification (1)
- gene ontology (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- gene targeting (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- gene/genome duplication (1)
- geneexpression (1)
- generalization (1)
- genetic heterogeneity (1)
- genetic screen (1)
- genetischer Fingerabdruck (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genomic (1)
- genomic damage (1)
- genomic island (1)
- genomic sequencing (1)
- genomic stability (1)
- genomische Inseln (1)
- genomische Sequenzierung (1)
- genotoxicity (1)
- genotype-phenotype correlation (1)
- genregulatorisches Netzwerk (1)
- geprägte Gene (1)
- germline mosaicism (1)
- glaukoma (1)
- glia cells (1)
- glucocorticoid-receptor modulator (1)
- glucosaminoglycans (1)
- glutamic acid decarboxylase (1)
- glutathione reductase (1)
- glycoproteins (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- gonococcal (1)
- gonococcal infection (1)
- gram-negative Bacteria (1)
- gram-negative Bakterien (1)
- gras-cutting ants (1)
- grass (1)
- growth factor (1)
- guanylate binding proteins (1)
- guanylyl cyclase B receptor (1)
- guanylyl cylcase A (1)
- gynogenesis (1)
- h-dimerization (1)
- habitat model (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- haemolymph sugar homeostasis (1)
- halbnatürliche Habitate (1)
- heart development (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat-box (1)
- heme (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- herbivore-parasitoid interaction (1)
- hereditary melanoma (1)
- heterochromatin (1)
- heterodimer (1)
- heterozygosity (1)
- hexamerin (1)
- hibernation (1)
- high throughput (1)
- hippocampus (1)
- hollow-fiber bioreactor (1)
- homocysteine (1)
- homology modeling (1)
- honey bee density (1)
- honey bees (1)
- honeybee*s (1)
- honeybees (1)
- host cell (1)
- host plant finding (1)
- human (1)
- human IgG1 (1)
- human brain microvascular endothelial cells (1)
- human breast cancer (1)
- human cytomegalovirus (1)
- human gut microbiome (1)
- human impact (1)
- human skin (1)
- humane Keimzellen (1)
- humane mesenchymale Stammzellen (1)
- humane mikrovaskuläre Hirnendothelzellen (1)
- humanized mice (1)
- humoral and cellular Immune reactions (1)
- humorales und zelluläres Immunsystem (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrogen bonds (1)
- hymenoptera (1)
- hämatopoetisches Mosaik (1)
- iNOS (1)
- iPS Reprogrammierung (1)
- imaging (1)
- imidacloprid (1)
- immune deficiency (1)
- immune escape (1)
- immune genes (1)
- immunocompetent skin (1)
- immunoconjugate (1)
- immunology (1)
- in situ hybridization (1)
- in vitro (1)
- in vitro Modell (1)
- in vitro transcription (1)
- in vivo (1)
- in-silico model (1)
- in-vivo Calcium-Imaging (1)
- induziert pluripotente Stammzelle (1)
- infection (1)
- infection rates (1)
- inflammation (1)
- information (1)
- inlGHE (1)
- innate immune system (1)
- innate immunity (1)
- innere Kernmembran (1)
- innocua (1)
- insect identification (1)
- insect immunity (1)
- insect-plant interactions (1)
- insertion duplication mutagenesis IDM (1)
- insertion-site deep sequencing (1)
- insulin (1)
- insulin pathway (1)
- insulin receptor (1)
- integrase (1)
- integrierte Versorgung (1)
- intensity (1)
- interacting species (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interactions (1)
- interaktive Arten (1)
- intercastes (1)
- interleukin-13 (1)
- interleukin-4 (1)
- internalin (1)
- interspecific association (1)
- interstitielle Zellen von Cajal (1)
- intervention point analyzing (1)
- intoxication risk (1)
- intracellular (1)
- intracellular replication (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- ionotropic glutamate receptors (1)
- iron (1)
- iron responsive elements (1)
- isolates of B. petrii (1)
- isolation (1)
- jasmonate (1)
- juvenile hormone (1)
- kardiovaskuläres Remodeling (1)
- kidney (1)
- kinase (1)
- kinase inhibitor (1)
- kinetic mechanism (1)
- kinetics (1)
- kinetochore (1)
- klassische Konditionierung (1)
- klassisches Konditionieren (1)
- knock-out (1)
- knock-out mouse (1)
- knockout mouse (1)
- kollektive Muster (1)
- konditionale Knockout-Maus (1)
- konditioneller Knockout (1)
- konformationelle Epitope (1)
- künstliche Chromosomen (1)
- lamin B3 (1)
- laminopathy (1)
- lamins (1)
- landscape (1)
- landscape management (1)
- landscape structure (1)
- landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb (1)
- laser microdissection (1)
- leaf beetle (1)
- leaf-cutting ant (1)
- learned helplessness (1)
- learning and behaviour (1)
- learning at workstations (1)
- learning rules (1)
- lebendgebärende Zahnkarpfen (1)
- left-right asymmetry (1)
- lentiviral transduction (1)
- lentivirale Transduktion (1)
- leucine-rich repeat protein (1)
- leukozytes (1)
- life history strategies (1)
- life history traits (1)
- ligand (1)
- ligand binding domain (1)
- ligand-receptor complex (1)
- lineare Regression (1)
- links-rechts Asymmetrie (1)
- lipid microdomains (1)
- lipid raft (1)
- listeria (1)
- live-cell (1)
- livebearing poeciliid (1)
- load size (1)
- lobula plate (1)
- local farm management (1)
- localisation (1)
- logging (1)
- longevity (1)
- low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (1)
- lymphomagenesis (1)
- lysosome (1)
- lösliche Guanylylcyclase (1)
- mRNA metabolism (1)
- mRNA processing (1)
- mRNA-Amplifikation (1)
- mRNA-amplification (1)
- macrophage (1)
- macrophages (1)
- macula dystrophy (1)
- main binding determinant (1)
- major vault protein (1)
- malignant melanoma (1)
- malnourishment (1)
- mammalian cells (1)
- mass-flowering crops (1)
- mate choice (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- mathematische Modellierung (1)
- mating frequency (1)
- mating system (1)
- matrix proteases (1)
- maturation (1)
- mean first passage time (1)
- mechanosensing (1)
- media design (1)
- meiosis . nuclear envelope (1)
- melanoma cells (1)
- melanoma dedifferentiation (1)
- membrane barrier (1)
- memory enhancement (1)
- menschliche Hirnevolution (1)
- menschlicher Einfluss (1)
- mesenchymal stem cell differentiation (1)
- mesenchymale Stammzellen (1)
- mesenchyme (1)
- metabolic (1)
- metabolic adaptation (1)
- metabolic fluxanalysis (1)
- metabolic pathway modeling (1)
- metabolische Fluxanalyse (1)
- metabolite profiling (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metabonomics (1)
- metagenomic (1)
- metalloprotease (1)
- metatsases (1)
- methods (1)
- methylene blue (1)
- miRNA (1)
- miRNA-Detektion (1)
- mice (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microarray data analysis (1)
- microarrays (1)
- microbial ecology and evolution (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microclimate (1)
- microenvironment (1)
- microfluidics (1)
- microglomeruli (1)
- microglomerulus (1)
- microhabitat (1)
- microinjection (1)
- microphthalmia associated transcription factor (1)
- microsatellite instability (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microswimming (1)
- mikrobielle Ökologie und Evolution (1)
- mineralocorticoid receptor (1)
- mismatch repair (1)
- mismatch repair system (1)
- mitochondrial DNA (1)
- mitochondriale DNA (1)
- mitotic gene expression (1)
- mitotic progression (1)
- module search (1)
- molecular characterization (1)
- molecular diagnostics (1)
- molecular phylogeny (1)
- molecular recognition (1)
- molekulare Charakterisierung (1)
- molekulare Phylogenie (1)
- molekulargenetische Charakterisierung (1)
- monarch butterfly (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoallelic expression (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- monocyte differentiation (1)
- monoklonale Antikörper (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- mosaicism (1)
- motion (1)
- motion vision (1)
- mouse (1)
- mousemodell (1)
- mouthparts (1)
- multi-adaptor-protein (1)
- multi-modal stimuli (1)
- multi-unit recording (1)
- multidrug efflux pumps (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multiple sclerosis (1)
- multipotente Stammzelle (1)
- muscle differentiation (1)
- muscle fiber types (1)
- mushroom body miniature (1)
- mushroombody (1)
- mutants (1)
- mutation analysis (1)
- mutation rate (1)
- mutations (1)
- mutualistische Netzwerke (1)
- mycolata (1)
- myoblast (1)
- myocardium (1)
- myogenesis (1)
- myristoylation (1)
- nanobiocomposites (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- nanotoxicology (1)
- national park (1)
- national parks (1)
- natural IgM antibodies (1)
- natural disturbance (1)
- naturnahe Habitate (1)
- natürliche Feinde (1)
- natürliche IgM-Antikörper (1)
- ncRNA genes (1)
- nest size (1)
- nesting behaviour (1)
- nesting resources (1)
- nestmate recognition (1)
- network (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- network simulation (1)
- networkanalysis (1)
- neural crest (1)
- neural patterning (1)
- neural tube (1)
- neuroblast (1)
- neuroblast proliferation (1)
- neuroenhancement (1)
- neurogenesis (1)
- neurogenetic analyses (1)
- neuroinflammation (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuromuscular junction (1)
- neuromuskuläre Synapse (1)
- neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1)
- neuronal differentiation (1)
- neuronal filter (1)
- neuronale Differenzierung (1)
- neuronale Musterbildung (1)
- neuronale Plastizität (1)
- neuronales Filter (1)
- neurone (1)
- neuropathy (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- neurotrophe Faktoren (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- nibrin (1)
- nicht-genotrope Steroidwirkungen (1)
- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (1)
- niedermolekulare Protein-Tyrosin-Phosphatasen (1)
- non-Disjunktion (1)
- non-disjunction (1)
- non-sense mutations (1)
- nongenotropic steroid effects (1)
- norA (1)
- nuclear antigen (1)
- nuclear cytosolic translocation (1)
- nuclear envelope assembly (1)
- nuclear export (1)
- nuclear lamins (1)
- nuclear myosin (1)
- nuclear pore complexes (1)
- nuclear transport (1)
- nucleolus (1)
- nucleus (1)
- nukleäre Antigene (1)
- nukleäre Lamine (1)
- nurse bee (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nutrition (1)
- octopamine (1)
- odor processing (1)
- oil palm (1)
- oilseed rape (1)
- okadaic acid (1)
- olfactory coding (1)
- olfactory memory (1)
- olfactory pathway (1)
- olfaktorik (1)
- olfaktorische Bahn (1)
- olfaktorische Codierung (1)
- olfaktorische Rezeptorneurone (1)
- olfaktorisches Gedächtnis (1)
- oligomerization (1)
- oncogene (1)
- oncolytic therapy (1)
- oncolytic viral therapy (1)
- oncolytic virus therapy (1)
- onkolytische Virustherapie (1)
- onkolytische Virustherapy (1)
- oocyte (1)
- opening of chromatin (1)
- operante Konditionierung (1)
- operantes Konditionieren (1)
- optical Imaging (1)
- optimal drug combination (1)
- optisches Imaging (1)
- optomotor response (1)
- organogenesis (1)
- orphan (1)
- orthoptera (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian carcinoma (1)
- oviposition (1)
- oxidative thiol modification (1)
- oxidativer Stress (1)
- p110alpha (1)
- p15Ink4b (1)
- p21 activated kinase (1)
- p21-aktivierten Kinase (1)
- p60 (1)
- p90 ribosomale S6 kinase (1)
- p90RSK (1)
- pacbio correction (1)
- pachytene spermatocytes (1)
- pancreatic beta-cells (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- pangenome (1)
- parabiosis (1)
- paraffin (1)
- paramagnetische Beads (1)
- parameter extraction (1)
- parasite cycle (1)
- parasitärer Entwicklungszyklus (1)
- patch connectivity (1)
- patch-clamp (1)
- pathway (1)
- pattern conditioning (1)
- pea aphid (1)
- peeling (1)
- perception (1)
- peripheral pathways (1)
- peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- peroxisomal biogenesis disease (1)
- peroxisome (1)
- persistierende Infektion (1)
- personalisierte Medizin (1)
- pest control (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phenology (1)
- phenotype (1)
- phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- pheromones (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photoreceptor degeneration (1)
- phylogenetic inertia (1)
- phylogenetische Arrays (1)
- phylogenetische Trägheit (1)
- phylogeny evolution (1)
- phylogeny of listeria (1)
- phytanic acid (1)
- phytanoyl-CoA Hydroxylase (1)
- phänotypsche Plastizität (1)
- pi3kinase (1)
- pigment cell (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant animal interaction (1)
- plant defense (1)
- plant quality (1)
- plant-bee visitation networks (1)
- plant-herbivore-interactions (1)
- plasma membrane organization (1)
- plasmalemma (1)
- pms2 (1)
- point-of-care (1)
- pollinator friendly plants (1)
- pollinators (1)
- polyandry (1)
- polyethism (1)
- polygyny (1)
- polymorphonuclear neutrophil (1)
- polymyositis (1)
- polyploidy (1)
- ponerinae (1)
- popdc gene family (1)
- population engineering (1)
- populations genetics (1)
- pore formation and translocation (1)
- porenformende Proteine (1)
- positional cloning (1)
- post-disturbance logging (1)
- potassium channels (1)
- predation pressure (1)
- predator-prey interactions (1)
- predictabilitiy patterns (1)
- predictive features (1)
- presynapse (1)
- primary cell culture (1)
- primary cells (1)
- primary polygyny (1)
- primate (1)
- priming (1)
- primäre Zellen (1)
- prion (1)
- prion protein (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- product qualitymodulation (1)
- product specificity (1)
- proliferation (1)
- promoter (1)
- promoter invasion (1)
- prostaglandin (1)
- prostaglandin E2 (1)
- protease inhibitors (1)
- protein (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein crystallization (1)
- protein dynamics (1)
- protein interaction (1)
- protein lipidations (1)
- protein modifications (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- proteinkinase C (1)
- proteome (1)
- proteome analysis (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proventriculus (1)
- prädiktive Eigenschaften (1)
- pseudotetraploidisierung (1)
- pseudotetraploidization (1)
- psychosocial aspects (1)
- psychosoziale Aspekte (1)
- public outreach (1)
- purification (1)
- quantitative RT-PCR (1)
- quiescence (1)
- rRNA (1)
- rRNA processing (1)
- racemase (1)
- radiofrequency identification (1)
- radiosensitivity (1)
- range formation (1)
- rat (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- reception (1)
- receptor mobility (1)
- receptor tyrosin kinase (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (1)
- receptor-ligand-interaction (1)
- receptors (1)
- recombinant protein expression (1)
- recombinant vaccines (1)
- recreation (1)
- recruitment (1)
- reed frog (1)
- regulation (1)
- regulation of gene expression (1)
- regulatorische T Zelle (1)
- regulatory T cell (1)
- regulon (1)
- rekombinant expression (1)
- rekombinante Antikörper (1)
- rekombinante Expression (1)
- rekombinante Proteinexpression (1)
- relatedness (1)
- relief (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- repeats (1)
- replicative stress (1)
- reporter screen (1)
- reproduction success (1)
- reproductive competition (1)
- reproductive conflict (1)
- reproductive skew (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- reproduktive Konkurrenz (1)
- reproduktive Strategien (1)
- reproduktiver Erfolg (1)
- research software (1)
- resin (1)
- resistance to apoptosis (1)
- resource limitation (1)
- resource partitioning (1)
- response regulator (1)
- response threshold models (1)
- response-regulator (1)
- responsiveness (1)
- retinoic acid (1)
- retro virus (1)
- retroviral gene transfer (1)
- retroviral proteins (1)
- reversion (1)
- rfid (1)
- rho0 (1)
- rhodopsin (1)
- ribosomal S6 kinase II (1)
- ribosomal proteins (1)
- ribosomale Proteine (1)
- ribwort plantain (1)
- risk spreading (1)
- rnaH (1)
- robotics (1)
- rocaglamide (1)
- räumliche Skala (1)
- sFLIM (1)
- sFas (1)
- salmonids (1)
- sand dynamics (1)
- sand mine (1)
- saproxylic (1)
- saproxylic Coleoptera (1)
- savannah (1)
- schwimmende Ameisen (1)
- scientific computing (1)
- secondary rainforest fragments (1)
- secondary site infection (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- secreted effector protein (1)
- secretion (1)
- seed dispersal (1)
- seed predation (1)
- segmentation (1)
- sehen (1)
- sekundäre Samenausbreitung (1)
- selenite (1)
- selenoprotein (1)
- semelparity (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- semi-natural habitats (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensillum ampullaceum (1)
- sensorische Ökologie (1)
- sequence (1)
- serine protease (1)
- serine-arginine protein kinase (1)
- serine/arginine protein kinase (1)
- serum (1)
- serum deprivation (1)
- serum response element (1)
- serumresponsive Elemente (1)
- sex chromosomes (1)
- sex ratio (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual dimorphism (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexuelle Selektion (1)
- sexueller Konflikt (1)
- shear stress (1)
- shikimate pathway (1)
- sifA (1)
- signaling (1)
- signaling pathway (1)
- signalling (1)
- signaltransduction (1)
- single cell PCR (1)
- single cell anatomy (1)
- single chain (1)
- single molecule microscopy (1)
- single particle tracking (1)
- single-cell RNA sequencing (1)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (1)
- sinus bradycardia (1)
- size-matching (1)
- skin equivalent (1)
- skin model (1)
- sleep (1)
- small organic osmolytes (1)
- smallholder agriculture (1)
- social organisation (1)
- social organization (1)
- socio-endocrinology (1)
- socioeconomic (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soluble guanylyl cyclase (1)
- somatic mutations (1)
- somatische Mutationen (1)
- sox9 (1)
- soziale Oranisation (1)
- spatial scale (1)
- specialization (1)
- species differences (1)
- species richness (1)
- specificity (1)
- spectral karyotyping (1)
- spektrale karyotypisierung (1)
- sperm head formation (1)
- sperm-dependent parthenogenesis (1)
- spermienabhängige Parthenogenese (1)
- sphingosine (1)
- spiders (1)
- spillover (1)
- spinal muscular atrophy (1)
- spindle assembly checkpoint (1)
- splicing (1)
- spodoptera littoralis (1)
- sprouting (1)
- sptPALM (1)
- squirrel monkeys (1)
- stachellose Biene (1)
- stachellose Bienen (1)
- stage specific regulation (1)
- standardization (1)
- starvation (1)
- stathmin (1)
- statistical analysis (1)
- statistical evaluation (1)
- statistics (1)
- statistische Auswertung (1)
- steady-state (1)
- stem cell transplantation (1)
- strain diversity (1)
- stress (1)
- stress resistance (1)
- stridulation (1)
- structural biology (1)
- structural plasticity (1)
- structure analysis (1)
- structure elucidation (1)
- stumpy development (1)
- sugar (1)
- sugar perception (fructose, sucrose) (1)
- sugar receptor (1)
- sugar-conditioned behaviour (1)
- sumo (1)
- sumoylation (1)
- sunflowers (1)
- super-resolution array tomography (1)
- superagonist (1)
- surface chemistry (1)
- sustainable farming (1)
- swarming (1)
- swimming ants (1)
- swiss-cheese (1)
- symbionts (1)
- symbiotic fungus (1)
- synapses (1)
- synaptic active zone cytomatrix (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synaptic vesicle tethering (1)
- synaptisch protein (1)
- synaptische Funktion (1)
- synaptische Proteine (1)
- synaptonemal complex (1)
- synergistische Effekte (1)
- synthetic biology (1)
- synthetic lethality (1)
- synthetische Letalität (1)
- systematic drug targeting (1)
- systems biologie (1)
- systems biology (1)
- tadpole development (1)
- tadpoles (1)
- tamarins (1)
- task-partitioning (1)
- telomere-associated protein (1)
- telomere-binding protein (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperate zones (1)
- temperature regulation (1)
- temperature sensitive (1)
- temperatursensitiv (1)
- temporal development (1)
- temporal organization (1)
- temporal spillover (1)
- temporary waters (1)
- temporäre Gewässer (1)
- ternary complex (1)
- terpenes (1)
- tertiary lymphoid tissue (1)
- tertiäres lymphatisches Gewebe (1)
- tex (1)
- thelytoky (1)
- therapeutic antibody (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal energy (1)
- thermal orientation (1)
- thermale Energie (1)
- thermography (1)
- thioredoxin reductase (1)
- timing (1)
- tissue (1)
- tissue engineering (1)
- tissue-specific destruction (1)
- tolerance (1)
- toleranz (1)
- tonoplast (1)
- tool-use (1)
- topoisomerase II alpha (1)
- trachomatis (1)
- trail pheromone (1)
- trail-sharing (1)
- transactivation (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription regulation (1)
- transcriptional control (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transfer (1)
- transgenic mice (1)
- transkriptionelle Regulation (1)
- transmembrane protein (1)
- transplantation (1)
- transport (1)
- transposon mutagenesis (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- tree species (1)
- treehoppers (1)
- trehalose (1)
- tremble dance (1)
- trispecific (1)
- tropics (1)
- tropische Ökologie (1)
- trypanosome (1)
- trypanosomes (1)
- tubulin binding chaperone E-like (1)
- tumor immunology (1)
- tumor vascularization (1)
- tumorigenesis (1)
- turgor pressure (1)
- two component system (1)
- two-component system (1)
- two-componentsystems (1)
- two-cpmponent-system (1)
- two-pore domain potassium channels (1)
- type 1 diabetes mellitus (1)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (1)
- type I secretion (1)
- tyramine (1)
- tyrosine phosphorylation (1)
- ubiquitination (1)
- ultrastructure (1)
- understorey tree (1)
- urea- sodium- clearance relation (1)
- uremic toxin (1)
- uremic toxins (1)
- urogenital system (1)
- vaccine (1)
- vaccines (1)
- vaccinia virus replication (1)
- vakuoläre Perfusion (1)
- variants of B. petrii (1)
- variations in genome (1)
- varroa (1)
- vascular plants (1)
- vasculitis (1)
- vector-parasite interaction (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venus (1)
- vertebrate (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vessel wall resident stem cells (1)
- vessels (1)
- viniculture (1)
- virale Proteine (1)
- virotherapy (1)
- virus (1)
- visiual pattern recognition (1)
- visual cue (1)
- visual perception (1)
- visuell (1)
- visuelle Mustererkennung (1)
- vitamin B6 synthesis (1)
- vitamin K (1)
- voltinism (1)
- waggle dance decoding (1)
- walking (1)
- wasps (1)
- water quality (1)
- water transport in plants (1)
- waxrunning (1)
- weaver ants (1)
- werner syndrom (1)
- werner syndrome (1)
- westafrikanische Savanne (1)
- wet adhesion (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- wild-living honey bees (1)
- wildlife-friendly farming (1)
- wing dimorphism (1)
- woodinhabiting-fungi (1)
- worker piping (1)
- worker reproduction (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wt1 (1)
- xiphophorus (1)
- xmrk (1)
- xylem pressure (1)
- xylem pressure probe (1)
- yH2AX-Foci (1)
- ydeI (1)
- yeast (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zebrafish LBR (1)
- zeitgeber (1)
- zeitliche Organisation (1)
- zeitlicher Spillover (1)
- zentrosomales Protein (1)
- zinc oxid (1)
- zuckerkonditioniertes Verhalten (1)
- zweigeteilte trivalente T-Zell-aktivierende Antikörperderivate (1)
- zytogenetik (1)
- Ähnlichkeit (1)
- Ödem (1)
- Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (1)
- Öko-Ethologie (1)
- Öko-Toxikologie (1)
- Ökologische Intensivierung (1)
- Ökologische Prozesse (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistung (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistungen (1)
- Ökotourismis (1)
- Ölpalme (1)
- Östrogene (1)
- Östrogenrezeptor (1)
- ß-Galaktosidase (1)
- ß-galactosidase (1)
- ΔNp63 (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (786) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Institut für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (2)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG (1)
- Boston Children's Hospital (1)
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), Universität Würzburg (1)
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institue, Frederick (USA) (1)
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (1)
- ESPCI Paris (1)
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
- Fachgebiet für Populationsgenomik bei Nutztieren, Universität Hohenheim (1)
- Fraunhofer IGB - Institutsteil Würzburg Translationszentrum Regenerative Therapien für Krebs- und Muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen (1)
ResearcherID
- J-8841-2015 (1)
- N-2030-2015 (1)
EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 311781 (1)
Cancer cells frequently escape from immune surveillance by down-regulating two important components of the immune defence: antigen-presenting MHC and costimulatory molecules. Therefore several novel anti-tumour compounds that aim to assist the immune system in recognising and fighting cancer are currently under development. Recombinant bispecific antibodies represent one group of such novel therapeutics. They target two different antigens and recruit cytotoxic effector cells to tumour cells. For cancer immunotherapy, bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies are already well characterised. These antibodies target a tumour-associated antigen and CD3ε, the constant molecule of the T cell receptor complex.
On the one hand, this study presents the development of a bispecific antibody targeting CD3ε and the rhabdomyosarcoma-associated fetal acetylcholine receptor. On the other hand, it describes a novel two-part trispecific antibody format for the treatment of leukaemia and other haematological malignancies in the context of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
For HSCT, an HLA-identical donor is preferred, but very rarely available. In an HLA-mismatched setting, the HLA disparity could be exploited for targeted cancer treatment. In the present study, a two-part trispecific HLA-A2 × CD45 × CD3 antibody was developed for potential cases in which the patient is HLA-A2-positive, but the donor is not. This holds true for about half the cases in Germany, since HLA-A2 is the most common HLA molecule found here. Combinatorial targeting of HLA-A2 and the leucocyte-common antigen CD45 allows for highly specific dual-antigen restricted tumour targeting.
More precisely, two single-chain antibody constructs were developed: i) a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for HLA-A2, and ii) a scFv against CD45, both linked to the VL and the VH domain of a CD3ε-specific antibody, respectively. It turned out that, after the concomitant binding of these constructs to the same HLA-A2- and CD45-expressing cell, the unpaired variable domains of a CD3ε-specific antibody assembled to a functional scFv. In a therapeutic situation, this assembly should exclusively occur on the recipient’s blood cancer cells, leading to T cell-mediated cancer cell destruction. In this way, a relapse of disease might be prevented, and standard therapy (radiation and chemotherapy) might be omitted.
For both approaches, the antibody constructs were periplasmically expressed in E. coli, purified via His tag, and biochemically characterised. Their binding to the respective targets was proven by flow cytometry. The stimulatory properties of the antibodies were assayed by measuring IL-2 release after incubation with T cells and antigen-expressing target cells. Both the bispecific antibody against rhabdomyosarcoma and the assembled trispecific antibody against blood cancer mediated T-cell activation in a concentration-dependent manner at nanomolar concentrations. For the trispecific antibody, this effect indeed proved to be dual antigen-restricted, as it could be blocked by prior incubation of either HLA-A2- or CD45-specific scFv and did not occur on single-positive (CD45+) or double-negative (HLA-A2- CD45-) target cells. Furthermore, antibodies from both approaches recruited T cells for tumour cell destruction in vitro.
Characterization of motility and erythrocyte adherence as virulence factors in African trypanosomes
(2018)
Pathogens causing African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), the major livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, belong to the salivarian group of the African trypanosomes, which are transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina spec.). T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei brucei are major pathogens of cattle in particular, causing nagana, with dramatic socio-economic consequences for the affected regions. The parasites additionally have a huge reservoir of other livestock and wild animal hosts. T. brucei, the species which also includes the subspecies pathogenic to humans causing sleeping sickness, has been extensively studied as the cultivatable model trypanosome. But less is known about the other salivarian species, which are not routinely held in culture, if at all possible. A hallmark of trypanosomal lifestyle is the protozoan flagellates incessant motility, which enables them to populate an enormous range of habitats in very diverse hosts. We were now able to characterize, for the first time with high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy, the swimming behaviour and mechanism of the most relevant salivarian species isolated directly from blood. We show the influence of viscosity on the motility of bloodstream form (BSF) cells and simulate their movement between erythrocytes, giving a clear picture of how all analyzed species move under varying environmental conditions. We show that although the basic mechanism of flagellar motility applies to all analyzed species, there are clear morphological differences that produce different reactions to the physical environment. We could define specific conditions for highly increased swimming persistence and speed for compared to the behaviour in standard culture. These results have important implications for the parasites survival strategies in the host, e.g. regarding the capacity for antibody clearance. Although we show all species to effectively remove antibodies from the cell surface, T. congolense differed markedly in its motility behaviour, which gives rise to interesting questions about this species behaviour in the bloodstream. Most of the T. congolense parasites (and to a lesser extent T. vivax) adhere to sheep erythrocytes. Further in vitro studies showed that T. congolense and T. vivax adhered to rabbit, goat, pig and cattle erythrocytes- but binding behaviour was absent in murine blood. Notably, both T. brucei and T. evansi lacked adherence to all studied host erythrocytes. Generally, attachment to blood cells caused reduction of swimming velocities. Judging from its cell architecture, as well as the motility studies in higher media viscosity and in micropillar arrays, T. congolense is not adapted to swim at high speeds in the mammalian bloodstream. Low swimming speeds could allow these purely intravascular parasites to remain bound to the host erythrocytes.
Study of the properties of channel-forming proteins of the cell walls of different Corynebacteriae
(2008)
The genus Corynebacterium belongs, together with Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and further closely related genera, to the distinctive suprageneric taxon mycolata. Many species within this diverse group of mycolic acid containing actinomycetes are known either because of their medical or biotechnological relevance. For instance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Nocardia farcinica, causer of most dangerous bacterial infectious diseases world-wide, are among this exceptional group of Gram-positive bacteria. Likewise of importance are some harmless mycolata species which find use in industrial settings. Corynebacterium glutamicum and Corynebacterium efficiens are, e.g., potent producers of the flavour enhancer glutamate and the animal feed additive lysine, while several Rhodococcus species are applied in the production of acrylic acids. The cell wall of mycolata species, compared with that of Gram-positive bacteria, exhibits an unusual composition and organization. Besides an arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the cell walls of most actinomycetes contain large amounts of mycolic acids. Comparable to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, these long-chained branched fatty acids form a highly impermeable hydrophobic outer layer which provides the basis of the exceptional drug resistance of mycolata species. Like the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall of mycolata contains channel-forming proteins that allow the passage of hydrophilic solutes. By permitting and controlling the exchange and communication between the interior of the cell and the environment in which the bacterium lives, the channels play an important role for the function of the bacterial cell envelope. This thesis aimed to extend our knowledge about cell wall channels in corynebacteria. For this purpose, we examined PorA and PorH proteins that have been associated by previous studies with cell wall pores in C. glutamicum, C. efficiens and Corynebacterium callunae in order to resolve unanswered questions and to gain structural knowledge. We also investigated cell walls of pathogenic corynebacteria, in particular of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium jeikeium, to investigate if these species possessed channels as is the case with their harmless relatives. In this work we provided evidence for the existence of large and water-filled cell wall channels in C. diphtheriae and C. jeikeium. Moreover, we demonstrated that the major cell wall channels of C. glutamicum, C. efficiens and C. diphtheriae consist of two distinctive polypeptides; one of whom belongs to the class of PorH proteins and the other to the class of PorA proteins. This heteromeric structure of channels of corynebacteria represents a novelty for channels of the mycolata. In contrast, the C. jeikeium channel is solely constituted by a single protein, CjPorA, arranged as an oligomer. Although the molecular mass of this protein (4kDa) is comparable to those of PorH and PorA proteins (5-7 kDa), it shares no distinctive homology in its primary sequence with them. However, there is evidence for relationship between CjPorA and PorH/PorA proteins because the gene jk0268, coding for CjPorA, is localized in a chromosomal region of C. jeikeium that corresponds to the genomic region containing the porH/porA genes in the other corynebacteria. This suggests that jk0268 (coding for the homomeric cell wall channel in C. jeikeium) and the porH/porA genes of C. glutamicum, C. efficiens and C. diphtheriae (coding for heteromeric cell wall channels) are presumably descendants of a common ancestor gene. This assumption gets support from data on phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corynebacterium. Moreover, these data suggest that the here investigated cell wall channels are presumably widespread within this genus. A profound knowledge of cell wall channels, building the main passage of solutes through the outer mycolate membrane in corynebacteria and other members of the mycolata, can be of great economical and medical value.
The neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the cause of approximately 60% of the world's 35 million patients suffering from dementia. Current research focuses here are on association with other diseases such as diabetes type 2 (T2DM), possible genetic markers, specific signal transduction pathways within the brain and potential protein modification, because the pathogenesis and etiology of AD are still not fully understood. Specifically association of T2DM with AD came to the focus with the so-called "Rotterdam study" in 1999, indicating that T2DM doubles the risk of developing AD. In the meantime, it is known that the prevalence rate in patients with T2DM is 30%. Drugs commonly used in the treatment of T2DM such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) agonists show improvement of the cognitive abilities in patients with early stage of dementia, with potential therapeutically relevance. Therefore it is important not only to investigate a link between these diseases, but also to investigate the insulin signaling pathway in the brain of AD patients. In order to investigate this complex issue in more details and demonstrate additional links between T2DM and AD, the present study used several basic biological methods to clarify the question: "Is impaired insulin signaling pathway within the brain crucial for the development of AD?" from several points of view. The methods used in this work have been i) an analysis of single nucleotide (SNP) polymorphism of the insulin-degrading enzyme gene (IDE) in relation to risk of AD and / or of T2DM, ii) post-mortem histochemical studies of brain tissue of patients with only AD, with AD combined with T2DM and with only T2DM compared with an age-matched control group, and iii.) investigations of neurochemical pathways and gene/protein expression changes of a human cell culture as a consequences of amyloid β (Aβ) treatment. After analysis of the IDE SNP polymorphism in the selected VITA (Vienna Trans Danube Aging) cohort disease-specific effects were discovered. The upstream polymorphism (IDE2) was found to influence AD risk in a protective manner, while the downstream polymorphism (IDE7) modified the T2DM risk. Based on the SNP results, the presented study delineate the model that IDE promoter and 3‟ untranslated region/downstream variation can have different effects on IDE expression, maybe a relevant endophenotype with disorder-specific effects on AD and T2DM susceptibility. Furthermore, the human post-mortem studies could show that both AD as well as T2DM patients had a significantly lower density of the insulin receptor (IR) in the hippocampus, whereas a significantly increased density of inactive phosphorylated PPARγ has been found and this persisted even in patients with both diseases. Summarizing the histological study, it was possible to reveal common histological features of AD and T2DM, but no direct connection between the two diseases. Although AD is nowadays not only characterized by amyloid-containing plaque deposits and by the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, the excessive Aβ42 presence in the brains of AD patients is still playing a key role. Up to date it is still not entirely clear which physical form of Aβ42 is responsible for the development of AD. The present work investigated, what impact has the state of aggregation of Aβ42 on genes and proteins of the insulin signaling pathway and the amyloid cascade. It could be shown that the oligomeric variant enhanced specifically the gene and protein expression of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β and also the enzyme activity was significantly increased, but has in turn strongly inhibited the IR gene and protein expression. Additionally, the effect of Aβ42 on monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) was examined. An effect of both aggregated forms of Aβ42 had on enzyme activity was discovered. However, the fibrillar variants led to significantly increased activity of MAO-B while the oligomeric variants inhibited the enzyme activity. Several previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of increased MAO-B activity in AD, but the present work provides for the first time a direct link between the states of aggregation of Aβ42 to enzyme activity. Finally the results of the presented thesis can be summarized to following conclusion: Although AD and T2DM sharing some degrees of common features, still there is a lack of direct association, and therefore the diseases must be considered more independent rather than linked. But the impaired cerebral insulin signaling pathway seems to be another manifested hallmark of AD.
Trypanosoma brucei is an obligate parasite and causative agent of severe diseases affecting humans and livestock. The protist lives extracellularly in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, where it is prone to attacks by the host immune system. As a sophisticated means of defence against the immune response, the parasite’s surface is coated in a dense layer of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), that reduces identification of invariant epitopes on the cell surface by the immune system to levels that prevent host immunity. The VSG has to form a coat that is both dense and mobile, to shield invariant surface proteins from detection and to allow quick recycling of the protective coat during immune evasion. This coat effectively protects the parasite from the harsh environment that is the mammalian bloodstream and leads to a persistent parasitemia if the infection remains untreated. The available treatment against African Trypanosomiasis involves the use of drugs that are themselves severely toxic and that can lead to the death of the patient. Most of the drugs used as treatment were developed in the early-to-mid 20th century, and while developments continue, they still represent the best medical means to fight the parasite. The discovery of a fluorescent VSG gave rise to speculations about a potential interaction between the VSG coat and components of the surrounding medium, that could also lead to a new approach in the treatment of African Trypanosomiasis that involves the VSG coat. The initially observed fluorescence signal was specific for a combination of a VSG called VSG’Y’ and the triphenylmethane (TPM) dye phenol red. Exchanging this TPM to a bromo-derivative led to the observation of another fluorescence effect termed trypanicidal effect which killed the parasite independent of the expressed VSG and suggests a structurally conserved feature between VSGs that could function as a specific drug target against T. b. brucei. The work of this thesis aims to identify the mechanisms that govern the unique VSG’Y’ fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. Fluorescence experiments and protein mutagenesis of VSG’Y’ as well as crystallographic trials with a range of different VSGs were utilized in the endeavour to identify the binding mechanisms between TPM compounds and VSGs, to find potentially conserved structural features between VSGs and to identify the working mechanisms of VSG fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. These trials have the potential to lead to the formulation of highly specific drugs that
target the parasites VSG coat.
During the crystallographic trials of this thesis, the complete structure of a VSG was solved experimentally for the first time. This complete structure is a key component in furthering the understanding of the mechanisms governing VSG coat formation. X-ray scattering techniques, involving x-ray crystallography and small angle x-ray scattering were applied to elucidate the first complete VSG structures, which reveal high flexibility of the protein and supplies insight into the importance of this flexibility in the formation of a densely packed but highly mobile surface coat.
Like many other social insect societies, honeybees collectively share the resources they gather by feeding each other. These feeding contacts, known as trophallaxis, are regarded as the fundamental basis for social behavior in honeybees and other social insects for assuring the survival of the individual and the welfare of the group. In honeybees, where most of the trophallactic contacts are formed in the total darkness of the hive, the antennae play a decisive role in initiation and maintenance of the feeding contact, because they are sensitive to gustatory stimuli. The sequences of behaviors performed by the receiver bees at the beginning of a feeding contact includes the contact of one antenna with the mouthparts of a donor bee where the regurgitated food is located. The antennal motor action is characterized by behavioral asymmetry, which is novel among communicative motor actions in invertebrates. This preference of right over left antenna is without exception even after removal of the antennal flagellum. This case of laterality in basic social interaction might have its reason in the gustatory asymmetry in the antennae, because the right antenna turns out to be significantly more sensitive to stimulation with sugar water of various concentrations than the left one. Trophallactic contacts which guarantee a constant access to food for every individual in the hive are vitally important to the honeybee society, because honeybees are heterothermic insects which actively regulate their thoracic temperature. Even though the individual can regulate its body temperature, its heating performance is strictly limited by the amount of sugar ingested. The reason for this is that honeybees use mostly the glucose in their hemolymph as the energy substrate for muscular activity, and the heat producing flight muscles are among the metabolically most active tissues known. The fuel for their activity is honey; processed nectar with a sugar content of ~80% stored in the honeycomb. The results show that the sugar content of the ingested food correlates positively with the thoracic temperature of the honeybees even if they are caged and show no actual heating-related behavior as in brood warming or heating in the centre of the winter cluster. Honeybees actively regulate their brood temperature by heating to keep the temperature between 33 °C to 36 °C if ambient temperatures are lower. Heating rapidly depletes the worker’s internal energy; therefore the heating performance is limited by the honey that is ingested before the heating process. This study focused on the behavior and the thoracic temperature of the participants in trophallactic food exchanges on the brood comb. The brood area is the centre of heating activity in the hive, and therefore the region of highest energy demand. The results show that the recipients in a trophallactic food exchange have a higher thoracic temperature during feeding contacts than donors, and after the feeding contact the former engage in brood heating more often. The donor bees have lower thoracic temperature and shuttle constantly between honey stores and the brood comb, where they transfer the stored honey to heating bees. In addition, the results show a heat-triggered mechanism that enables donor and recipient to accomplish trophallactic contacts without delay in the total darkness of the hive in the brood area as the most energy consuming part of the hive. Providing heat-emitting workers with small doses of high performance fuel contributes to an economic distribution of resources consistent with the physiological conditions of the bees and the ecological requirements of the hive, resulting in a highly economical resource management system which might be one of the factors favouring the evolution of perennial bee colonies in temperate regions. The conclusion of these findings suggests a resource management strategy that has evolved from submissive placation behavior as it is seen in honeybees, bumblebees and other hymenopterans. The heat-triggered feedback mechanism behind the resource management of the honeybee´s thermoregulatory behavior reveals a new aspect of the division of labor and a new aspect of communication, and sheds new light on sociality in honeybees.
Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 comprises about 80-90 % of all human patient isolates in Germany and Europe and is responsible for sporadic cases worldwide. Even though this serobiotype is low pathogenic, Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 is involved in gastroenteritis, lymphadenitis and various extraintestinal sequelae as reactive arthritis. The main animal reservoir of this serobiotype are pigs, causing a high rate of O:3/4 contaminations of raw pork in butcher shops in Germany (e.g. Bavaria 25 %) and countries in north-east Europe. As Y. enterocolitica O:3/4 is geographically and phylogenetically distinct from the so far sequenced mouse-virulent O:8/1B strain, complete genome sequencing has been performed for the European serobiotype O:3/4 DSMZ reference strain Y11, which has been isolated from a patient stool. To gain greater insight into the Y. enterocolitica subspecies palearctica group, also draft genome sequences of two other human O:3/4 isolates (strains Y8265, patient isolate, and Y5307, patient isolate associated with reactive arthritis), a closely related Y. enterocolitica palearctica serobiotype O:5,27/3 (strain Y527P), and two biotype 1A strains (a nosocomial strain of serogroup O:5 and an environmental serogroup O:36 isolate) have been performed. Those strains were compared to the high-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica serobiotype O:8/1B strain 8081 to address the peculiarities of the strain Y11 and the Y. enterocolitica subspecies palearctica group. The main focus was to unravel the pathogenic potential of strain Y11 and thus to identify novel putative virulence genes and fitness factors, especially those that may constitute host specificity of serobiotype O:3/4. Y. enterocolitica subspecies palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 strains lack most of the mouse-virulence-associated determinants of Y. enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica serotype O:8, for example the HPI, Yts1 type 2 and Ysa type three secretion systems. In comparison, serobiotype O:3/4 strains obviously acquired a different set of genes and genomic islands for virulence and fitness such as the Ysp type three secretion system, an RtxA-like putative toxin, insecticidal toxins and a functional PTS system for N-acetyl-galactosamine uptake, named aga-operon. The aga-operon is able to support the growth of the Y. enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica O:8/1B on N-acetyl-galactosamine after transformation with the aga operon. Besides these genes, also two prophages, PhiYep-2 and PhiYep-3, and a asn tRNA-associated GIYep-01 genomic island might influence the Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 pathoadaptation. The PhiYep-3 prophage and the GIYep-01 island show recombination activity and PhiYep-3 was not found in all O:3/4 strains of a small strain collection tested. Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica serobiotype O:5,27/3 strain Y527P was found to be closely related to all serobiotype O:3/4 strains, whereas the biotype 1A isolates have more mosaic-segmented genomes and share putative virulence genes both with serobiotypes O:8/1B and O:3/4, which implies their common descent. Besides the pYV virulence plasmid, biotype 1A strains lack classical virulence markers as the Ail adhesin, the YstA enterotoxin, and the virulence-associated protein C. Interestingly, there are no notable differences between the known virulence factors present in nosocomial and environmental strains, except the presence of a truncated Rtx toxin-like gene cluster and remnants of a P2-like prophage in the hospital serogroup O:5 isolate.
Ein Weg, der von Rezeptor-Tyrosin-Kinasen benutzt wird um Signale auf "downstream" gelegene Effektormoleküle zu übertragen, erfolgt über Adaptorproteine, die Bindungsstellen für verschiedene Proteine zur Verfügung stellen. Das daughter of sevenless (dos) Gen wurde in einem Screen nach Downstream-Komponenten der Sevenless (Sev) Rezeptor-Tyrosin-Kinase gefunden. Dos besitzt eine N-terminale PH-Domäne und mehrere Tyrosinreste in Konsensussequenzen für SH2-Domänen Bindungsstellen von verschiedenen Proteinen. Die strukturellen Merkmale von Dos und Experimente, die zeigten, daß Tyrosine im Dos Protein nach der Aktivierung von Sev phosphoryliert werden, legen den Schluß nahe, daß Dos zur Familie der Multi-Adaptor-Proteine gehört. Zu dieser Familie werden die Insulin-Rezeptor-Substrat (IRS) Proteine, Gab1 und Gab2 gerechnet. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein monoklonaler Maus anti-Dos Antikörper etabliert. Das Epitop dieses Antikörpers liegt im Bereich der C-terminalen 416 Aminosäuren des Dos Proteins. Mittels Westernblot Analysen wurde für Dos ein Molekulargewicht von 115 kD ermittelt. Antikörperfärbungen von wildtypischen Augenimaginalscheiben dritter Larven zeigten, daß das Dos Protein in Zellen in und posterior der morphogenetischen Furche exprimiert wird und in diesen Zellen apikal lokalisiert ist. Zur Charakterisierung des homozygot letalen dosR31 Allels, wurde der genomische Bereich sequenziert und die erhaltenen Daten mit der cDNA Sequenz verglichen. Die so etablierte Aminosäuresequenz für das DosR31 Protein hat sechs Aminosäuresubstitutionen, die möglicherweise die Tertiärstruktur beeinflussen. Zusätzlich wurde ein Stopcodon in Position 463 der Aminosäuresequenz gefunden. Bei dosR31 handelt es sich um ein "loss of function" Allel, das nicht in der Lage ist, die normale Dos Funktion zu erfüllen. Um die funktionelle Rolle der potentiellen SH2-Domänen Bindungsstellen für die Dos Funktion in der Rezeptor-Tyrosin-Kinasen vermittelten Signaltransduktion zu untersuchen, wurden mutierte dos Transgene in Fliegen exprimiert. Die potentiellen Bindungsstellen für die SH2-Domänen des SH2/SH3 Adaptorproteins Shc, der PhospholipaseC-g (PLCg), der regulatorische Untereinheit der Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3Kinase) und der Corkscrew (Csw) Tyrosin Phosphatase wurden durch den Austausch des für die Bindung wichtigen Tyrosins gegen ein Phenylalanin mutiert. Die ektopische Expression der mutierten Konstrukte ohne Bindungsstellen für die Shc, PLCg und PI3Kinasen SH2-Domänen konnte in Abwesenheit von endogenem Dos die fehlende Dos Funktion während der Entwicklung vollständig ersetzen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Tyrosin 801 als nachgewiesene Bindungsstelle für Csw SH2-Domänen essentiell für die Funktion von Dos. Ektopische Expression von Transgene durch Hitzeschock kann zu phänotypischen Effekten führen, die nicht auf das Transgen zurückzuführen sind. Um dieses Problem zu umgehen wurde das endogene dos Enhancer/Promotor Element kloniert, damit die Funktion von mutierten Transgenen auch im endogenen Expressionsmuster untersucht werden konnte. Das klonierte genE-dos Minigen war in der Lage, den Verlust von endogenem Dos in dosR31 und dosP115 Tieren vollständig zu ersetzen und zeigte eine völlig wildtypische Expression in Augenimaginalscheiben. Zur Untersuchung, welche Rolle die mutierten SH2-Domänen Bindungsstellen bei der Dos Funktion in der Augenentwicklung spielen, wurde ein neues in vivo Testsystem basierend auf der Flp/FRT Flipase Rekombinase Technik etabliert. Dieses klonale Testsystem erlaubt die Expression mutierter Transgene unter der Kontrolle der dos Enhancer/Promotor Sequenzen in Klonen von Zellen, denen die endogene Dos Funktion fehlt. Die klonale Analyse der mutierten Konstrukte konnte zeigen, daß das Tyrosin 801, als Bindungsstelle für eine Csw SH2-Domäne, eine essentielle Rolle für die Dos Funktion spielt. Die Tyrosinreste in den potentiellen SH2-Domänen Bindungsstellen für Shc, PLCg und PI3Kinase spielen hingegen keine essentielle Rolle für die Dos Funktion bei der Augenentwicklung. Das etablierte klonale Testsystem kann allgemein zur Untersuchung der in vivo Funktion von potentiellen Protein-Protein Interaktionsregionen im Dos Protein bei der Augenentwicklung eingesetzt werden unabhängig von deren Erfordernis für andere Entwicklungsprozesse.
This study investigates the abundance and geographic distribution of the hawkmoth species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of Southeast-Asia and analyses the resulting patterns of biodiversity, biogeography and macroecology. Data on the distribution of species were retrieved from published and unpublished faunal lists and museum collections (in close cooperation with the Natural History Museum, London). Over 34,500 records of the global distribution of the 380 species that occur in Southeast-Asia (including New Guinea and the Solomon Islands) were used for a GIS-supported estimate of distributional ranges, which can be accessed at http://www.sphingidae-sea.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de, an Internet site that also provides pictures of the species and checklists for 114 islands of the Malesian region. The abundance of species in local assemblages was assessed from nightly collections at artificial light sources. Using a compilation of own samples as well as published and unpublished data from other sources, local abundance data on 93 sites were used for analysis, covering 159 species or 17,676 specimens.
Die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC) ist ein zentrales Enzym der NO/cGMP-Signalkaskade, das über die Aktivierung von NO zur Bildung des second messangers cGMP führt. Die NO-GC setzt sich aus zwei Untereinheiten zusammen, sodass zwei Isoformen des Enzyms gebildet werden können (α1β1 und α2β1). Da die genaue Verteilung der beiden Isoformen im Colon nicht bekannt ist, wurde diese im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit charakterisiert. Immunhistochemie und In-situ-Hybridisierung zeigten die Expression beider Isoformen sowohl in der glatten Muskelschicht als auch in der Submukosa und Lamina propria. Dabei war die α1β1-Isoform ubiquitär, die α2β1-Isoform dagegen hauptsächlich im Bereich des myenterischen Plexus vorzufinden.
In der glatten Muskelschicht des Colons ist die NO-GC in glatten Muskelzellen (SMC), interstitiellen Zellen von Cajal (ICC) sowie Fibroblasten-ähnliche Zellen (FLC) exprimiert und hauptsächlich in die Modulation der gastrointestinalen Motilität involviert. Zur spezifischen Charakterisierung der Funktion der NO-GC in den einzelnen Zelltypen wurden Knockout-Mäuse generiert, denen die NO-GC global (GCKO) oder spezifisch in SMC (SMC-GCKO), ICC (ICC-GCKO) oder beiden Zelltypen (SMC/ICC-GCKO) fehlt. Anhand dieser Mausmodelle sollten im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit die modulatorischen Effekte der NO-GC auf die spontanen Kontraktionen des Colons bestimmt werden. Zur Charakterisierung der spontanen Kontraktionen der zirkulären Muskelschicht wurden Myographiestudien mit 2,5 mm langen Colonringen durchgeführt. Hierbei konnten drei verschiedene Kontraktionen gemessen werden: Kleine, hochfrequente Ripples, mittlere Kontraktionen und große Kontraktionen. Die detaillierte Analyse der einzelnen Kontraktionen zeigte einerseits eine NO-unabhängige Regulation der Ripples, andererseits eine NO-abhängige Modulation der mittleren und großen Kontraktionen über die NO-GC in SMC und ICC. Die NO-GC in SMC beeinflusst die Kontraktionen vermutlich vor allem über die Regulation des Muskeltonus der zirkulären Muskelschicht. Die NO-GC in ICC dagegen modifiziert die spontanen Kontraktionen möglicherweise über eine Veränderung der Schrittmacheraktivität. Allerdings führt erst ein Funktionsverlust des NO/cGMP-Signalweges in beiden Zelltypen zu einem sichtbar veränderten Kontraktionsmuster, das dem von globalen Knockout-Tieren glich. Dies weist auf eine kompensatorische Wirkung der NO-GC im jeweils anderen Zelltyp hin.
Zur Analyse der propulsiven Kontraktionen entlang des gesamten Colons wurden Videoaufnahmen der Darmbewegungen in Kontraktionsmusterkarten transformiert. Zudem wurde der Darm durchspült und die Ausflusstropfen aufgezeichnet, um die Effektivität der Kontraktionen beurteilen zu können. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass eine Beeinträchtigung des NO/cGMP-Signalweges eine verminderte Effektivität der Kontraktionen zur Folge hat und vermutlich durch eine beeinträchtige Synchronisation der Kontraktionen erklärt werden kann. In diesem Regulationsmechanismus konnte vor allem der NO-GC in SMC eine übergeordnete Rolle zugewiesen werden.
Der dritte Teil der Arbeit thematisierte den Befund, dass SMC-GCKO-Tiere ca. 5 Monate nach Tamoxifen-Behandlung Entartungen der Mukosa entwickelten. Diese Entartung war lediglich in Tamoxifen-induzierten Knockout-Tieren vorzufinden. Histologische Analysen identifizierten die Entartungen als tubulovillöses Adenom. Die Genexpressionsanalyse von Mukosafalten von SMC-GCKO- und heterozygoten Kontrolltieren zeigte eine Vielzahl von Genen, welche spezifisch bei colorectalem Karzinom differenziell exprimiert sind. Einer dieser Faktoren war der BMP-Antagonist Gremlin1. Dieser Faktor erschien von besonderem Interesse, da er in Zellen der Lamina muscularis mucosae und kryptennahen Myofibroblasten exprimiert wird. Immunhistochemische Analysen ließen vermuten, dass diese Zellen sowohl die NO-GC als auch die Cre-Rekombinase unter dem SMMHC-Promotor exprimieren. Diese Arbeit liefert demnach Hinweise darauf, dass die NO-GC einen wichtigen Regulator innerhalb der Stammzellnische bildet. Die Deletion der NO-GC führt vermutlich zu einer verstärkten Bildung bzw. Sekretion von Gremlin1, was die Homöostase der mukosalen Erneuerung stört und somit zur Entwicklung von Adenomen führt.
In dieser Arbeit sollte die Funktion von RSK in Motoneuronen von Drosophila untersucht
werden. Mutationen im RSK2-Gen verursachen das Coffin-Lowry-Syndrom (CLS), das durch
mentale Retardierung charakterisiert ist. RSK2 ist hauptsächlich in Regionen des Gehirns
exprimiert, in denen Lernen und Gedächtnisbildung stattfinden. In Mäusen und Drosophila, die
als Modellorganismen für CLS dienen, konnten auf makroskopischer Ebene keine
Veränderungen in den Hirnstrukturen gefunden werden, dennoch wurden in verschiedenen
Verhaltensstudien Defekte im Lernen und der Gedächtnisbildung beobachtet.
Die synaptische Plastizität und die einhergehenden Veränderungen in den Eigenschaften der
Synapse sind fundamental für adaptives Verhalten. Zur Analyse der synaptischen Plastizität
eignet sich das neuromuskuläre System von Drosophila als Modell wegen des stereotypen
Innervierungsmusters und der Verwendung ionotroper Glutamatrezeptoren, deren
Untereinheiten homolog sind zu den Untereinheiten der Glutamatrezeptoren des AMPA-Typs
aus Säugern, die wesentlich für die Bildung von LTP im Hippocampus sind.
Zunächst konnte gezeigt werden, dass RSK in den Motoneuronen von Drosophila an der
präsynaptischen Seite lokalisiert ist, wodurch RSK eine Synapsen-spezifische Funktion
ausüben könnte. Morphologische Untersuchungen der Struktur der neuromuskulären Synapsen
konnten aufzeigen, dass durch den Verlust von RSK die Größe der neuromuskulären Synapse,
der Boutons sowie der Aktiven Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder reduziert ist. Obwohl mehr
Boutons gebildet werden, sind weniger Aktive Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder in der
neuromuskulären Synapse enthalten. RSK reguliert die synaptische Transmission, indem es die
postsynaptische Sensitivität, nicht aber die Freisetzung der Neurotransmitter an der
präsynaptischen Seite beeinflusst, obwohl in immunhistochemischen Analysen eine
postsynaptische Lokalisierung von RSK nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte. RSK ist demnach
an der Regulation der synaptischen Plastizität glutamaterger Synapsen beteiligt.
Durch immunhistochemische Untersuchungen konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass aktiviertes
ERK an der präsynaptischen Seite lokalisiert ist und diese synaptische Lokalisierung von RSK
reguliert wird. Darüber hinaus konnte in dieser Arbeit nachgewiesen werden, dass durch den
Verlust von RSK hyperaktiviertes ERK in den Zellkörpern der Motoneurone vorliegt. RSK
wird durch den ERK/MAPK-Signalweg aktiviert und übernimmt eine Funktion sowohl als
Effektorkinase als auch in der Negativregulation des Signalwegs. Demnach dient RSK in den
Zellkörpern der Motoneurone als Negativregulator des ERK/MAPK-Signalwegs. Darüber
hinaus könnte RSK die Verteilung von aktivem ERK in den Subkompartimenten der
Motoneurone regulieren.
Da in vorangegangenen Studien gezeigt werden konnte, dass ERK an der Regulation der
synaptischen Plastizität beteiligt ist, indem es die Insertion der AMPA-Rezeptoren zur Bildung
der LTP reguliert, sollte in dieser Arbeit aufgeklärt werden, ob der Einfluss von RSK auf die
synaptische Plastizität durch seine Funktion als Negativregulator von ERK zustande kommt.
Untersuchungen der genetischen Interaktion von rsk und rolled, dem Homolog von ERK in
Drosophila, zeigten, dass die durch den Verlust von RSK beobachtete reduzierte Gesamtzahl
der Aktiven Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder der neuromuskulären Synapse auf die Funktion
von RSK als Negativregulator von ERK zurückzuführen ist. Die Größe der neuromuskulären
Synapse sowie die Größe der Aktiven Zonen und Glutamatrezeptorfelder beeinflusst RSK
allerdings durch seine Funktion als Effektorkinase des ERK/MAPK-Signalwegs.
Studien des axonalen Transports von Mitochondrien zeigten, dass dieser in vielen
neuropathologischen Erkrankungen beeinträchtigt ist. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen des
axonalen Transports in Motoneuronen konnten eine neue Funktion von RSK in der Regulation
des axonalen Transports aufdecken. In den Axonen der Motoneurone von RSK-Nullmutanten
wurden BRP- und CSP-Agglomerate nachgewiesen. RSK könnte an der Regulation des
axonalen Transports von präsynaptischem Material beteiligt sein. Durch den Verlust von RSK
wurden weniger Mitochondrien in anterograder Richtung entlang dem Axon transportiert, dafür verweilten mehr Mitochondrien in stationären Phasen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass
auch der anterograde Transport von Mitochondrien durch den Verlust von RSK beeinträchtigt
ist.
The honeybee is a well studied and important organism in neuroethology. The possibility to train them with a classical conditioning paradigm and their miniature brain provide a perfect requisite to investigate the neuronal principles of learning and memory. Honeybees use visual and olfactory cues to detect flowers during their foraging trips. Hence, the reward association of a nectar source is a multi-modal construct, which has at least two major components - olfactory and visual cues. It is still an open question, how both sensory components are converged in the mushroom body, which represent the multi-modal integration centre of the honeybee brain. The main goal of this study, is to investigate the processing of multiple modalities and how a reward association is formed. This includes, how and wether both sensory modalities interfere during learning. Thus, in this study stimulation with UV, blue and green light was used to evoke distinct photoreceptor activities in the compound eye. Furthermore, three different odours (Geraniol, Citronellol and Farnesol) were used. These stimuli were tested in three different experimental series. The first experiment involved classical differential conditioning of the single modalities - odour and colour. Honeybees showed high learning performances in differentiating olfactory stimuli and also reliable responses for visual conditioning. Furthermore, a temporal discrepancy in the stimulus length for best learning in the olfatcoty and visual cues was found. In the second series, it was tested how multi-modal compounds are perceived. This includes, unique cues (configural processing) or the sum of the single components of a compound (elemen- tal processing). This was tested by combining single odour components with monochromatic light in a positive (PP) and negative patterning (NP) experiment. During PP, the olfactory- visual compound was rewarded, whereas the single components were unrewarded. In contrast, during NP the single components were reinforced, but the compound was not. In addition, the ability to distinguish between two different light stimuli presented as a part of an olfactory-visual compound with the same odour component during acquisition was tested. In a memory test, the light stimuli were presented again as a compound and in addition as the single components. The results revealed that bees used elemental processing with compounds containing green and blue light. In contrast, when UV light was presented the bees used configural processing. Finally, a third experiment was conducted at the neuronal level. Multi-unit recordings were established to provide a suitable method to analyse extrinsic neurons at the mushroom body output region, the so called ventral lobe of the pedunculus. Here, three different odours (Geran- iol, Farnesol and Citronellol), two colours (green and blue) and two combined stimuli (colour + odour) were chosen as stimuli, to search for possible variations in processing stimuli with different modalities. Two units could be detected that responded mainly to visual stimuli.
Summary
Bees, like many other organisms, evolved an endogenous circadian clock, which enables them to foresee daily environmental changes and exactly time foraging flights to periods of floral resource availability. The social lifestyle of a honey bee colony has been shown to influence circadian behavior in nurse bees, which do not exhibit rhythmic behavior when they are nursing. On the other hand, forager bees display strong circadian rhythms. Solitary bees, like the mason bee, do not nurse their offspring and do not live in hive communities, but face the same daily environmental changes as honey bees. Besides their lifestyle mason and honey bees differ in their development and life history, because mason bees overwinter after eclosion as adults in their cocoons until they emerge in spring. Honey bees do not undergo diapause and have a relatively short development of a few weeks until they emerge. In my thesis, I present a comparison of the circadian clock of social honey bees (Apis mellifera) and solitary mason bees (Osmia bicornis and Osmia cornuta) on the neuroanatomical level and behavioral output level.
I firstly characterized in detail the localization of the circadian clock in the bee brain via the expression pattern of two clock components, namely the clock protein PERIOD (PER) and the neuropeptide Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), in the brain of honey bee and mason bee. PER is localized in lateral neuron clusters (which we called lateral neurons 1 and 2: LN1 and LN2) and dorsal neuron clusters (we called dorsal lateral neurons and dorsal neurons: DLN, DN), many glia cells and photoreceptor cells. This expression pattern is similar to the one in other insect species and indicates a common ground plan of clock cells among insects. In the LN2 neuron cluster with cell bodies located in the lateral brain, PER is co-expressed with PDF. These cells build a complex arborization network throughout the brain and provide the perfect structure to convey time information to brain centers, where complex behavior, e.g. sun-compass orientation and time memory, is controlled. The PDF arborizations centralize in a dense network (we named it anterio-lobular PDF hub: ALO) which is located in front of the lobula. In other insects, this fiber center is associated with the medulla (accessory medulla: AME). Few PDF cells build the ALO already in very early larval development and the cell number and complexity of the network grows throughout honey bee development. Thereby, dorsal regions are innervated first by PDF fibers and, in late larval development, the fibers grow laterally to the optic lobe and central brain. The overall expression pattern of PER and PDF are similar in adult social and solitary bees, but I found a few differences in the PDF network density in the posterior protocerebrum and the lamina, which may be associated with evolution of sociality in bees.
Secondly, I monitored activity rhythms, for which I developed and established a device to monitor locomotor activity rhythms of individual honey bees with contact to a mini colony in the laboratory. This revealed new aspects of social synchronization and survival of young bees with indirect social contact to the mini colony (no trophalaxis was possible). For mason bees, I established a method to monitor emergence and locomotor activity rhythms and I could show that circadian emergence rhythms are entrainable by daily temperature cycles. Furthermore, I present the first locomotor activity rhythms of solitary bees, which show strong circadian rhythms in their behavior right after emergence. Honey bees needed several days to develop circadian locomotor rhythms in my experiments. I hypothesized that honey bees do not emerge with a fully matured circadian system in the hive, while solitary bees, without the protection of a colony, would need a fully matured circadian clock right away after emergence. Several indices in published work and preliminary studies support my hypothesis and future studies on PDF expression in different developmental stages in solitary bees may provide hard evidence.
In recent years high-throughput experiments provided a vast amount of data from all areas of molecular biology, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Its analysis using bioinformatics methods has developed accordingly, towards a systematic approach to understand how genes and their resulting proteins give rise to biological form and function. They interact with each other and with other molecules in highly complex structures, which are explored in network biology. The in-depth knowledge of genes and proteins obtained from high-throughput experiments can be complemented by the architecture of molecular networks to gain a deeper understanding of biological processes. This thesis provides methods and statistical analyses for the integration of molecular data into biological networks and the identification of functional modules, as well as its application to distinct biological data. The integrated network approach is implemented as a software package, termed BioNet, for the statistical language R. The package includes the statistics for the integration of transcriptomic and functional data with biological networks, the scoring of nodes and edges of these networks as well as methods for subnetwork search and visualisation. The exact algorithm is extensively tested in a simulation study and outperforms existing heuristic methods for the calculation of this NP-hard problem in accuracy and robustness. The variability of the resulting solutions is assessed on perturbed data, mimicking random or biased factors that obscure the biological signal, generated for the integrated data and the network. An optimal, robust module can be calculated using a consensus approach, based on a resampling method. It summarizes optimally an ensemble of solutions in a robust consensus module with the estimated variability indicated by confidence values for the nodes and edges. The approach is subsequently applied to two gene expression data sets. The first application analyses gene expression data for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and differences between the subgroups with and without an oncogenic BCR/ABL gene fusion. In a second application gene expression and survival data from diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are examined. The identified modules include and extend already existing gene lists and signatures by further significant genes and their interactions. The most important novelty is that these genes are determined and visualised in the context of their interactions as a functional module and not as a list of independent and unrelated transcripts. In a third application the integrative network approach is used to trace changes in tardigrade metabolism to identify pathways responsible for their extreme resistance to environmental changes and endurance in an inactive tun state. For the first time a metabolic network approach is proposed to detect shifts in metabolic pathways, integrating transcriptome and metabolite data. Concluding, the presented integrated network approach is an adequate technique to unite high-throughput experimental data for single molecules and their intermolecular dependencies. It is flexible to apply on diverse data, ranging from gene expression changes over metabolite abundances to protein modifications in a combination with a suitable molecular network. The exact algorithm is accurate and robust in comparison to heuristic approaches and delivers an optimal, robust solution in form of a consensus module with confidence values. By the integration of diverse sources of information and a simultaneous inspection of a molecular event from different points of view, new and exhaustive insights into biological processes can be acquired.
Der genetische Code beschreibt die Ver- und Entschlüsselung der Erb-information für das universelle Prinzip der Proteinbiosynthese aus einzelnen Aminosäuren. Durch Erweiterung des genetischen Codes lassen sich unna-türliche Aminosäuren (uAA) mit einzigartigen biophysikalischen Eigenschaf-ten ortsspezifisch in Proteine einführen und ermöglichen die spezifische Ma-nipulation von Proteinen.
Die Click-Reaktion zwischen der unnatürlichen Aminosäure TCO*-Lysin und Tetrazin besitzt eine außergewöhnliche Reaktionskinetik (≥800 M-1s-1) und ermöglicht eine spezifische und bioorthogonale Markierung von Bio-
¬molekülen unter physiologischen Bedingungen.
Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand zunächst die Markierung von Membran-
¬rezeptoren durch Click-Chemie in lebenden Zellen sowie die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung 22 bekannter und neuartiger Tetrazin-Farbstoff-
Konjugate. Darüber hinaus wurde die Anwendbarkeit von bioorthogonalen Click-Reaktionen für die hochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie untersucht. Durch Erweiterung des genetischen Codes in Proteine aus der Klasse der ionotropen Glutamatrezeptoren (iGluR), TNF-Rezeptoren oder Mikrotubu-li-assoziierten Proteinen (MAP) wurde ortspezifisch die unnatürliche Amino-säure TCO*-Lysin eingeführt und dadurch die Fluoreszenzmarkierung durch Tetrazin-Farbstoffe ermöglicht. Die direkte chemische Kopplung von TCO an Liganden wie Phalloidin und Docetaxel, welche spezifisch das Aktin-Zytoskelett bzw. Mikrotubuli-Filamente binden können, ermöglichte zudem die Click-Färbungen von fixierten und lebenden Zellen ohne genetische Ver-änderungen der Zielproteine.
Des Weiteren wurden die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften von 22 Tetrazin-Farbstoffen, verteilt über den gesamten sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich, untersucht. Ein charakteristisches Kennzeichen der Click-Reaktion mit Tet-razin-Farbstoffen ist dabei ihre Fluorogenität. Das Tetrazin fungiert nicht nur als reaktive Gruppe während der Click-Reaktion mit Alkenen, sondern führt in vielen Tetrazin-Farbstoff-Konjugaten zur Fluoreszenzlöschung. Während bei grün-absorbierenden Farbstoffe vor allem FRET-basierte Löschprozesse dominieren, konnte photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer (PET) vom angeregten Farbstoff zum Tetrazin als Hauptlöschmechanismus bei rot-absorbierenden Oxazin- und Rhodamin-Derivaten identifiziert
werden.
Die effiziente und spezifische Markierung aller untersuchten Tetrazin-
Farbstoffe ermöglichte die Visualisierung von Aktin-Filamenten, Mikrotubuli und Membranrezeptoren sowohl durch konventionelle Fluoreszenzmikrosko-pie als auch durch hochauflösende Verfahren, wie z.B. dSTORM, auf Ein-zelmolekülebene. Die unterschiedliche Zellpermeabilität von
Tetrazin-Farbstoffen kann dabei vorteilhaft für die spezifische intra- und extrazelluläre Markierung von Proteinen in fixierten und lebenden Zellen genutzt werden.
Genetic foundation of unrivaled survival strategies - Of water bears and carnivorous plants -
(2018)
All living organisms leverage mechanisms and response systems to optimize reproduction, defense, survival, and competitiveness within their natural habitat. Evolutionary theories such as the universal adaptive strategy theory (UAST) developed by John Philip Grime (1979) attempt to describe how these systems are limited by the trade-off between growth, maintenance and regeneration; known as the universal three-way trade-off. Grime introduced three adaptive strategies that enable organisms to coop with either high or low intensities of stress (e.g., nutrient deficiency) and environmental disturbance (e.g., seasons). The competitor is able to outcompete other organisms by efficiently tapping available resources in environments of low intensity stress and disturbance (e.g., rapid growers). A ruderal specism is able to rapidly complete the life cycle especially during high intensity disturbance and low intensity stress (e.g., annual colonizers). The stress tolerator is able to respond to high intensity stress with physiological variability but is limited to low intensity disturbance environments. Carnivorous plants like D. muscipula and tardigrades like M. tardigradum are two extreme examples for such stress tolerators. D. muscipula traps insects in its native habitat (green swamps in North and South Carolina) with specialized leaves and thereby is able to tolerate nutrient deficient soils. M. tardigradum on the other side, is able to escape desiccation of its terrestrial habitat like mosses and lichens which are usually covered by a water film but regularly fall completely dry. The stress tolerance of the two species is the central study object of this thesis. In both cases, high througput sequencing data and methods were used to test for transcriptomic (D. muscipula) or genomic adaptations (M. tardigradum) which underly the stress tolerance. A new hardware resource including computing cluster and high availability storage system was implemented in the first months of the thesis work to effectively analyze the vast amounts of data generated for both projects. Side-by-side, the data management resource TBro [14] was established together with students to intuitively approach complex biological questions and enhance collaboration between researchers of several different disciplines. Thereafter, the unique trapping abilities of D. muscipula were studied using a whole transcriptome approach. Prey-dependent changes of the transcriptional landscape as well as individual tissue-specific aspects of the whole plant were studied. The analysis revealed that non-stimulated traps of D. muscipula exhibit the expected hallmarks of any typical leaf but operates evolutionary conserved stress-related pathways including defense-associated responses when digesting prey. An integrative approach, combining proteome and transcriptome data further enabled the detailed description of the digestive cocktail and the potential nutrient uptake machinery of the plant. The published work [25] as well as a accompanying video material (https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ 2016-05/cshl-fgr042816.php; Video credit: Sönke Scherzer) gained global press coverage and successfully underlined the advantages of D. muscipula as experimental system to understand the carnivorous syndrome. The analysis of the peculiar stress tolerance of M. tardigradum during cryptobiosis was carried out using a genomic approach. First, the genome size of M. tardigradum was estimated, the genome sequenced, assembled and annotated. The first draft of M. tardigradum and the workflow used to established its genome draft helped scrutinizing the first ever released tardigrade genome (Hypsibius dujardini) and demonstrated how (bacterial) contamination can influence whole genome analysis efforts [27]. Finally, the
M. tardigradum genome was compared to two other tardigrades and all species present in the current release of the Ensembl Metazoa database. The analysis revealed that tardigrade genomes are not that different from those of other Ecdysozoa. The availability of the three genomes allowed the delineation of their phylogenetic position within the Ecdysozoa and placed them as sister taxa to the nematodes. Thereby, the comparative analysis helped to identify evolutionary trends within this metazoan lineage. Surprisingly, the analysis did not reveal general mechanisms (shared by all available tardigrade genomes) behind the arguably most peculiar feature of tardigrades; their enormous stress tolerance. The lack of molecular evidence for individual tardigrade species (e.g., gene expression data for M. tardigradum) and the non-existence of a universal experimental framework which enables hypothesis testing withing the whole phylum Tardigrada, made it nearly impossible to link footprints of genomic adaptations to the unusual physiological capabilities. Nevertheless, the (comparative) genomic framework established during this project will help to understand how evolution tinkered, rewired and modified existing molecular systems to shape the remarkable phenotypic features of tardigrades.
In this dissertation, I examine the relationship between specialisation and stability of plant-pollinator networks, with a focus on two issues: Diversity maintenance in animal-pollinated plant communities and robustness of plant-pollinator systems against disturbances such as those caused by anthropogenic climate change. Chapter 1 of this thesis provides a general introduction to the concepts of ecological stability and specialisation with a focus on plant-pollinator systems, and a brief outline of the following chapters. Chapters 2-5 each consist of a research article addressing a specific question. While chapters 2 and 3 deal with different aspects of diversity maintenance in animal-pollinated plant communities, chapters 4 and 5 are concerned with the consequences of climate change in the form of temporary disturbances caused by extreme climatic events (chapter 4) and shifts in phenology of plants and pollinators (chapter 5). From a methodological perspective, the first three articles (chapter 2-4) can be grouped together as they all employ mathematical models of plant-pollinator systems, whereas chapter 5 describes an empirical study of plant-pollinator interactions along an altitudinal gradient in the Alps. The final chapter (6) provides a review of current knowledge on each of the two main themes of this thesis and places the findings of the four research articles in the context of related studies.
1. Zusammenfassung Lösliche humane TRAIL-Varianten (hTRAIL), die nur die “TNF homology domain” (THD) beinhalten, binden sowohl den TRAILR1 aus auch den TRAILR2, stimulieren jedoch nur den TRAILR1. Nach sekundärem Quervernetzen des Liganden wird dann aber auch der TRAILR2 effektiv aktiviert. Entsprechende murine TRAIL-Varianten (mTRAIL) dagegen zeigen nur eine schwache Rezeptorbindung und sind selbst nach sekundärem Quervernetzen nur wenig aktiv. Interessanterweise kann ein Fusionsprotein aus der THD von mTRAIL und der Trimerisierungsdomäne von Tenascin-C (TNC), das wie mTRAIL selbst auch als Trimer vorligt, effizient an TRAIL-Rezeptoren binden und nach sekundärem Quervernetzen den TRAILR2 gut stimulieren. Weiterhin kann eine mTRAIL-Variante, die neben der THD auch die Stammregion des Moleküls enthält, die die THD von der Transmembrandomäne trennt, nach sekundärem Quervernetzen Apoptose induzieren, jedoch nicht so effektiv wie das TNC-mTRAILFusionsprotein. Die spezifische Bioaktivität der humanen TRAIL-Varianten wird gleichfalls, wenn auch weniger stark, durch Fusion mit der Tenascin-C-Trimerisierungsdomäne gesteigert. Die Fixierung des N-Terminus der THD, die hier durch die TNCDomäne sonst jedoch durch die Stamm- oder Transmembrandomäne gewährleistet wird, könnte demnach für mTRAIL für eine gute Rezeptorbindung und effektive Apoptoseinduktion nötig sein. Dies deutet auf eine bisher nicht erkannte Rolle der Stammregion für die Aktivität dieser Liganden hin und bietet die Möglichkeit, rekombinante lösliche Liganden der TNF-Familie mit erhöhter Aktivität zu generieren. Die TRAIL-induzierte Apoptose kann für die Behandlung von Tumorzellen nützlich sein. Es wurde jedoch kürzlich gezeigt, dass TRAIL neben Apoptose auch proinflammatorische, d. h. potentiell tumorfördernde Signalwege, insbesondere in apoptoseresistenten Zellen induzieren kann. Im Folgenden sollte untersucht werden, inwiefern TRAIL solche Signalwege in Myelomzellen stimuliert. Oligomerisiertes TRAIL kann bei allen analysierten Zelllinien Caspasen aktivieren und Apoptose induzieren. Werden die Zelllinien mit dem pan-Caspaseinhibitor ZVAD behandelt, kann die Caspase- Aktivierung bei allen Zellen blockiert werden, die Apoptoseinduktion jedoch nur bei zwei Zelllinien. Im Gegensatz dazu schützt ZVAD drei andere Myelomzelllinien nur partiell vor der TRAIL-induzierten Apoptose. Dies zeigt, dass TRAIL in Myelomzellen auch caspaseunabhängigen Zelltod induzieren kann. TRAIL induziert in den Myelomzellen auch proinflammatorische Signalwege wie den NFкB-, den JNK-, den p38- und den p42/44-Signalweg. Die Stimulation des JNK- und des p38-Signalwegs erwies sich hierbei in zelltypspezifischer Weise caspaseabhängig, die Aktivierung des NFкB- und p42/44-Signalwegs immer als caspaseunabhängig. Zusammenfassend geht aus diesen Ergebnissen hervor, dass zur Behandlung des multiplen Myeloms, TRAIL in Kombination mit anti-inflammatorisch wirkenden Mitteln eingesetzt werden sollte, insbesondere um mögliche proinflammatorische Nebenwirkungen durch TRAIL zu minimieren.
Originally renowned for their spectacular epigaeic raids, army ants have captured scientific attention for almost two centuries. They now belong to one of the best studied group of ants. However, most of our knowledge about army ants was derived from the study of the minority of specialized, epigaeicly active species. These species evolved probably rather recently from hypogaeic ancestors. The majority of army ant species still leads a hypogaeic life and is almost completely unknown in its entire sociobiology. It thus remained speculative, whether the assumed 'general' characteristics of army ants represent an adaptation to epigaeic activity or apply also to the majority of hypogaeic species. Based on the recent observation that the hypogaeic Asian army ant Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus recruits predictably to palm oil baits, I developed and tested an oil-baiting method for the study of hypogaeic (army)ants. Prior to my study, nothing was known about the sociobiology of the assumed rare D. laevigatus. Throughout my work, I showed D. laevigatus to be very common and abundant in a wide range of habitats in West-Malaysia and on Borneo. Investigating its foraging behavior, I revealed D. laevigatus to differ from epigaeicly active species in several ways. Never demonstrated for any of the epigaeic species, D. laevigatus established stable trunk trail systems. Such a trail system contradicted the perception of army ant foraging, which was believed to be characterized by raids with constantly alternating trail directions. The trunk trail system further enabled a near omnipresence of D. laevigatus within its foraging area, which was also believed to be atypical for an army ant. Raids differed in structure and composition of participating workers from those of epigaeic species. Also, bulky food sources could be exploited over long periods of time. The foraging system of D. laevigatus resembled in several ways that of e.g. leaf-cutter and harvester ants. Likewise contrary to the assumptions, D. laevigatus had a wide food spectrum and showed only little effect on local arthropod communities, even falling itself prey to other ants. Strong aggressive behavior was observed only towards ant species with similar lifestyles, enabling me to provide the first detailed documentation of interspecific fights between two sympatric Dorylus species. Similar to foraging habits or ecological impact, nothing was known about colony size and composition, nesting habits, or worker polymorphism for D. laevigatus or any other hypogaeic Dorylus species prior to my work. By observing and eventually excavating a colony, I showed D. laevigatus to have a much smaller colony size and to lack the large sized workers of epigaeic Dorylus species. Similar to epigaeic Dorylinae, I showed D. laevigatus to have a non-phasic brood production, to emigrate rarely, and to alter its nest form along with habitat conditions. Detailed morphological and geographical descriptions give an impression of the Asian Dorylus species and are expected to aid other researchers in the difficult species identification. The genetic analysis of a male collected at a light trap demonstrated its relation to D. laevigatus. Confirming the male and queen associations, D. laevigatus is now one of five Dorylus species (out of a total of 61), for which all castes are known. In cooperation with D. Kistner, I provide a morphological and taxonomical description of nine Coleopteran beetles associated with D. laevigatus. Behavioral observations indicated the degree of their integration into the colony. The taxonomic position of the beetles further indicated that D. laevigatus emigrated from Africa to Asia, and was accompanied by the majority of associated beetles. The diversity of D. laevigatus guests, which included a number of unidentified mites, was rather low compared to that of epigaeic species. Overall, I demonstrated the developed baiting containers to effectively enable the study of hypogaeic ants. I showed several other hypogaeic ant species to be undersampled by other methods. Furthermore, the method enabled me to documented a second hypogaeic Dorylus species on Borneo. A detailed description of this species' morphology, ecology, and interactions with D. laevigatus is provided. My study indicated D. laevigatus to be an ecologically important species, able to influence soil structure and organisms of tropical regions in many ways. Relating the observed traits of D. laevigatus to epigaeicly active species, I conclude that our assumption of 'general' army ant behavior is erroneous in several aspects and needs to be changed. The oil-baiting method finally provides a tool enabling the location and study of hypogaeic (army)ant species. This opens a broad field for future studies on this cryptic but nonetheless important group of ants.
Most of the studies in cell biology primarily focus on models from the opisthokont group of eukaryotes. However, opisthokonts do not encompass the full diversity of eukaryotes. Thus, it is necessary to broaden the research focus to other organisms to gain a comprehensive understanding of basic cellular processes shared across the tree of life. In this sense, Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular eukaryote, emerges as a viable alternative. The collaborative efforts in genome sequencing and protein tagging over the past two decades have significantly expanded our knowledge on this organism and have provided valuable tools to facilitate a more detailed analysis of this parasite. Nevertheless, numerous questions still remain.
The survival of T. brucei within the mammalian host is intricately linked to the endo-lysosomal system, which plays a critical role in surface glycoprotein recycling, antibody clearance, and plasma membrane homeostasis. However, the dynamics of the duplication of the endo-lysosomal system during T. brucei proliferation and its potential relationship with plasma membrane growth remain poorly understood. Thus, as the primary objective, this thesis explores the endo-lysosomal system of T. brucei in the context of the cell cycle, providing insights on cell surface growth, endosome duplication, and clathrin recruitment. In addition, the study revisits ferritin endocytosis to provide quantitative data on the involvement of TbRab proteins (TbRab5A, TbRab7, and TbRab11) and the different endosomal subpopulations (early, late, and recycling endosomes, respectively) in the transport of this fluid-phase marker. Notably, while these subpopulations function as distinct compartments, different TbRabs can be found within the same region or structure, suggesting a potential physical connection between the endosomal subpopulations. The potential physical connection of endosomes is further explored within the context of the cell cycle and, finally, the duplication and morphological plasticity of the lysosome are also investigated. Overall, these findings provide insights into the dynamics of plasma membrane growth and the coordinated duplication of the endo-lysosomal system during T. brucei proliferation. The early duplication of endosomes suggests their potential involvement in plasma membrane growth, while the late duplication of the lysosome indicates a reduced role in this process. The recruitment of clathrin and TbRab GTPases to the site of endosome formation supports the assumption that the newly formed endosomal system is active during cell division and, consequently, indicates its potential role in plasma membrane homeostasis.
Furthermore, considering the vast diversity within the Trypanosoma genus, which includes ~500 described species, the macroevolution of the group was investigated using the combined information of the 18S rRNA gene sequence and structure. The sequence-structure analysis of T. brucei and other 42 trypanosome species was conducted in the context of the diversity of Trypanosomatida, the order in which trypanosomes are placed. An additional analysis focused on Trypanosoma highlighted key aspects of the group’s macroevolution. To explore these aspects further, additional trypanosome species were included, and the changes in the Trypanosoma tree topology were analyzed. The sequence-structure phylogeny confirmed the independent evolutionary history of the human pathogens T. brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, while also providing insights into the evolution of the Aquatic clade, paraphyly of groups, and species classification into subgenera.