Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (789) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (789) (remove)
Keywords
- Taufliege (67)
- Drosophila (43)
- Genexpression (36)
- Maus (28)
- Signaltransduktion (28)
- Molekularbiologie (25)
- Biene (23)
- Molekulargenetik (22)
- Drosophila melanogaster (21)
- Melanom (21)
- Evolution (20)
- Listeria monocytogenes (20)
- Apoptose (19)
- Genregulation (19)
- Apoptosis (18)
- Bioinformatik (18)
- Ameisen (14)
- Kernhülle (14)
- Mensch (14)
- Verhalten (14)
- Lernen (13)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (13)
- Trypanosoma brucei (13)
- Vaccinia-Virus (13)
- Meiose (12)
- Microarray (12)
- Myc (12)
- T-Lymphozyt (12)
- apoptosis (12)
- dSTORM (12)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (11)
- Gedächtnis (11)
- Gehirn (11)
- Krebs <Medizin> (11)
- Virulenz (11)
- Zellzyklus (11)
- cancer (11)
- Biodiversität (10)
- Mikroskopie (10)
- Rezeptor (10)
- Synapse (10)
- melanoma (10)
- Antikörper (9)
- Embryonalentwicklung (9)
- Epigenetik (9)
- Genmutation (9)
- Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine (9)
- Mitose (9)
- Systembiologie (9)
- Entwicklung (8)
- Geruchswahrnehmung (8)
- Insekten (8)
- Nahrungserwerb (8)
- Stammzelle (8)
- ants (8)
- evolution (8)
- gene expression (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- Ökologie (8)
- Bioinformatics (7)
- Bruchpilot (7)
- Chromatin (7)
- DNS-Reparatur (7)
- DNS-Schädigung (7)
- Honigbiene (7)
- Japankärpfling (7)
- Knockout <Molekulargenetik> (7)
- MAP-Kinase (7)
- Meiosis (7)
- Pilzkörper (7)
- Proteine (7)
- Staphylococcus aureus (7)
- Stoffwechsel (7)
- Therapie (7)
- Tumor (7)
- Zelldifferenzierung (7)
- honeybee (7)
- social insects (7)
- vaccinia virus (7)
- Apis mellifera (6)
- BMP (6)
- Blattschneiderameisen (6)
- Bordetella (6)
- Camponotus floridanus (6)
- Einzelmolekülmikroskopie (6)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (6)
- Fanconi-Anämie (6)
- Genanalyse (6)
- Neuroanatomie (6)
- Neurodegeneration (6)
- Neuroethologie (6)
- Ontogenie (6)
- Pheromon (6)
- Plasmozytom (6)
- Schwertkärpfling (6)
- Säugetiere (6)
- Thrombozyt (6)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta (6)
- Transkription (6)
- Trypanosomen (6)
- Xiphophorus (6)
- Zellmigration (6)
- learning (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- Actin (5)
- Allergie (5)
- Assoziatives Gedächtnis (5)
- Ausbreitung (5)
- Bildverarbeitung (5)
- Biologische Uhr (5)
- Camponotus (5)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (5)
- Chronobiologie (5)
- Demökologie (5)
- Dendritische Zelle (5)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (5)
- Escherichia coli (5)
- Geschlechtsbestimmung (5)
- Glatter Krallenfrosch (5)
- Honeybee (5)
- Immunsystem (5)
- Klimaänderung (5)
- Landnutzung (5)
- Malaria (5)
- Mausmodell (5)
- Membranproteine (5)
- Memory (5)
- Mitochondrien (5)
- Motilität (5)
- Motoneuron (5)
- Multiples Myelom (5)
- Mutualismus (5)
- Nervendegeneration (5)
- Neurobiologie (5)
- Olfaction (5)
- Oxidativer Stress (5)
- Phosphorylierung (5)
- Phylogenie (5)
- PrfA (5)
- Soziale Insekten (5)
- Symbiose (5)
- Synapsin (5)
- Tagesrhythmus (5)
- Thermoregulation (5)
- Transkription <Genetik> (5)
- Westafrika (5)
- biodiversity (5)
- climate change (5)
- differentiation (5)
- division of labor (5)
- ecology (5)
- foraging (5)
- insects (5)
- land use (5)
- leaf-cutting ants (5)
- memory (5)
- mitochondria (5)
- mushroom body (5)
- oncolytic virotherapy (5)
- soziale Insekten (5)
- synapse (5)
- transcription (5)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (4)
- Angiogenese (4)
- Arbeitsteilung (4)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (4)
- Aurora-A (4)
- Autoimmunität (4)
- Bakterien (4)
- Biomechanik (4)
- Calcium (4)
- Cancer (4)
- Cataglyphis (4)
- DNS (4)
- Differenzierung (4)
- EGFR (4)
- Endothelzelle (4)
- Erbkrankheit (4)
- Fluoreszenz (4)
- Fortpflanzung (4)
- Fortpflanzungsverhalten (4)
- GPCR (4)
- Genom (4)
- Geruchssinn (4)
- HMG-Proteine (4)
- Helicobacter pylori (4)
- Herz (4)
- Hymenoptera (4)
- Höhengradient (4)
- Immunologie (4)
- Immunreaktion (4)
- Infektion (4)
- Interaktion (4)
- Invasion (4)
- Lamina (4)
- Learning (4)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (4)
- Listeria (4)
- Messenger-RNS (4)
- Metabolismus (4)
- Microscopy (4)
- Mitochondrium (4)
- Modellierung (4)
- Multiple Sklerose (4)
- Mutagenese (4)
- Mutation (4)
- N-Myc (4)
- Naturschutz (4)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (4)
- Nervenzelle (4)
- Nestbau (4)
- Netzwerkanalyse (4)
- Neuroblastom (4)
- Neurogenese (4)
- Onkogen (4)
- Onkolyse (4)
- Orientierung (4)
- Parasit (4)
- Phänologie (4)
- Porin (4)
- Proteinkinasen (4)
- RNS (4)
- Regulation (4)
- Spermatogenese (4)
- Synaptonemal complex (4)
- Synaptonemalkomplex (4)
- Tissue Engineering (4)
- Tumorimmunologie (4)
- Tumorzelle (4)
- Ubiquitinierung (4)
- Xenopus laevis (4)
- Zelle (4)
- Zelltod (4)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (4)
- dispersal (4)
- diversity (4)
- ecosystem services (4)
- honey bee (4)
- meiosis (4)
- microarray (4)
- phosphorylation (4)
- receptor (4)
- symbiosis (4)
- AMPK (3)
- Adhäsion (3)
- Allergy (3)
- Altern (3)
- Ameisenstaat (3)
- Angiotensin II (3)
- Antennallobus (3)
- Antioxidantien (3)
- Asthma (3)
- Atta vollenweideri (3)
- B-MYB (3)
- B-Zell-Lymphom (3)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (3)
- Bestäubung (3)
- Bewegungssehen (3)
- Biene <Gattung> (3)
- Bienen <Familie> (3)
- Biologie (3)
- Blochmannia (3)
- Boden (3)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica (3)
- Bordetella pertussis (3)
- Borneo (3)
- Brustkrebs (3)
- Chemische Kommunikation (3)
- Chlamydia (3)
- DNA repair (3)
- DNS-Sequenz (3)
- Darmflora (3)
- Datenanalyse (3)
- Diversität (3)
- Domäne <Biochemie> (3)
- Dopamine (3)
- Eierstockkrebs (3)
- Elektrophysiologie (3)
- Emerin (3)
- Entwicklungsbiologie (3)
- Entzündung (3)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor (3)
- Epigenetics (3)
- Fanconi Anämie (3)
- Fanconi anemia (3)
- Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie (3)
- Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (3)
- Formicidae (3)
- Gen notch (3)
- Genetik (3)
- Genotoxizität (3)
- Geruch (3)
- Glioblastom (3)
- Glutamatrezeptor (3)
- Hey (3)
- Hochauflösendes Verfahren (3)
- Humangenetik (3)
- Hummel (3)
- Hummeln (3)
- Hämatopoese (3)
- Immuntherapie (3)
- In vitro (3)
- Inhibition (3)
- Innere Uhr (3)
- Insekt (3)
- Interleukin 4 (3)
- Kilimandscharo (3)
- Klassische Konditionierung (3)
- Klimawandel (3)
- Kommunikation (3)
- Krebs (3)
- Kristallstruktur (3)
- Lamine (3)
- Lernverhalten (3)
- Lungenkrebs (3)
- MAPK (3)
- MMB (3)
- MYC (3)
- Makrophage (3)
- Makuladegeneration (3)
- Medaka (3)
- Melanin (3)
- Mesenchymzelle (3)
- Metagenom (3)
- Metastase (3)
- Methylierung (3)
- Mikrobiologie (3)
- Miz1 (3)
- Myatrophische Lateralsklerose (3)
- Nephroblastom (3)
- Netzhaut (3)
- Neuroblast (3)
- Neurogenetik (3)
- Neuronale Plastizität (3)
- Non-coding RNA (3)
- Octopamin (3)
- Octopamine (3)
- Olfaktorik (3)
- Oozyte (3)
- PALM (3)
- Peptide (3)
- Pheromone (3)
- Photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer (3)
- Plasmodium falciparum (3)
- Plastizität (3)
- Platy (3)
- Pollen (3)
- Pollination (3)
- Polymorphismus (3)
- Populationsgenetik (3)
- Primaten (3)
- Protein (3)
- RNS-Interferenz (3)
- RNS-Spleißen (3)
- Reproduktion (3)
- Salmonella typhimurium (3)
- Sammeln (3)
- Savanne (3)
- Sex determination (3)
- Sinnesphysiologie (3)
- Smad (3)
- Stress (3)
- Super-resolution microscopy (3)
- Synapsine (3)
- T-Lymphozyten (3)
- T-Zellen (3)
- TRAIL (3)
- Toll-like-Rezeptoren (3)
- Transposon (3)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor (3)
- VMD2 (3)
- VSG (3)
- Vaccinia Virus (3)
- Virulenzfaktor (3)
- Visuelles System (3)
- Wahrnehmung (3)
- Wald (3)
- Wespen (3)
- Wirtszelle (3)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (3)
- Zebrabärbling (3)
- Zellwand (3)
- Zytotoxizität (3)
- antennal lobe (3)
- bacteria (3)
- bees (3)
- behaviour (3)
- bioinformatics (3)
- biomechanics (3)
- cardiac hypertrophy (3)
- chemical communication (3)
- chemische Kommunikation (3)
- classical conditioning (3)
- conservation (3)
- cytotoxicity (3)
- dendritic cells (3)
- developmental differentiation (3)
- emerin (3)
- fish (3)
- fluorescence (3)
- invasion (3)
- kutikuläre Kohlenwasserstoffe (3)
- lamina (3)
- localization microscopy (3)
- lung cancer (3)
- malaria (3)
- metabolism (3)
- metagenomics (3)
- motility (3)
- mouse model (3)
- nest climate (3)
- neurodegeneration (3)
- neuroethology (3)
- olfaction (3)
- onkolytische Virotherapie (3)
- operant conditioning (3)
- oxidative stress (3)
- p53 (3)
- reproduction (3)
- spermiogenesis (3)
- stem cells (3)
- synaptic proteins (3)
- transcriptome (3)
- virulence (3)
- visual system (3)
- Überexpression (3)
- AMD (2)
- ANCA (2)
- Ackerschmalwand (2)
- Actin-bindende Proteine (2)
- Aktin-Zytoskelett (2)
- Aktivierung <Physiologie> (2)
- Aldosteron (2)
- Algen (2)
- Alkaloide (2)
- Alzheimerkrankheit (2)
- Ameise (2)
- Analyse (2)
- Angewandte Mikrobiologie (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Anthropogener Einfluss (2)
- Antigen CD19 (2)
- Antigen CD8 (2)
- Ants (2)
- Arginin (2)
- Arten-Energy-Theory (2)
- Auge (2)
- Auswertung (2)
- Autoaggressionskrankheit (2)
- B chromosomes (2)
- B-Zelle (2)
- BMPR-IA (2)
- Bakterielle Infektion (2)
- Behavior (2)
- Behaviour (2)
- Bestäuber (2)
- Bestäubungsökologie (2)
- Bienenbrut (2)
- Bindeproteine (2)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Blut (2)
- Blut-Hirn-Schranke (2)
- Bordetella petrii (2)
- Brain (2)
- Bronchialasthma (2)
- Brownsche Bewegung (2)
- Brutbiologie (2)
- BvgAS-System (2)
- Bärtierchen (2)
- C. callunae (2)
- C. efficiens (2)
- C. glutamicum (2)
- CD83mRNA (2)
- CK2 (2)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (2)
- Carnica-Biene (2)
- Channelrhodopsin (2)
- Chromosomes (2)
- Circadian Rhythms (2)
- Circadian clock (2)
- Click-Chemie (2)
- Colonkrebs (2)
- Corynebacterium callunae (2)
- Corynebacterium efficiens (2)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (2)
- Cystein (2)
- Cysteinderivate (2)
- Cytokine (2)
- Cytotoxizität (2)
- DNA damage (2)
- DNA delivery (2)
- DNS-Doppelstrangbruch (2)
- DNS-Topoisomerasen (2)
- Datenbank (2)
- Degeneration (2)
- Diabetes mellitus (2)
- Diagnostik (2)
- Dickdarmkrebs (2)
- Differentielle Genexpression (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Dominanz (2)
- Domäne (2)
- Dopamin (2)
- Dynamik (2)
- ERK (2)
- Einzelmolekülspektroskopie (2)
- Electron Microscopy (2)
- Elektroporation (2)
- Elfenbeinküste (2)
- Embryo (2)
- Embryonale Stammzelle (2)
- Endocytose (2)
- Endophytische Pilze (2)
- Endothelial cells (2)
- Enzym (2)
- Epigenese (2)
- Epigenetic (2)
- Erythrozyt (2)
- Ethanol (2)
- Explorative Datenanalyse (2)
- Expressionsanalyse (2)
- Extremereignisse (2)
- FGF (2)
- Fertilität (2)
- Fibroblasten (2)
- Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor (2)
- Fibrose (2)
- Fisch (2)
- Fluoreszenzlöschung (2)
- Frucht (2)
- Funktion (2)
- GAS2L3 (2)
- Gamet (2)
- Gemeinschaftsökologie (2)
- Gen (2)
- Gentransfer (2)
- Geschlechtsdifferenzierung (2)
- Glomeruli (2)
- Glucocorticosteroide (2)
- Glykoproteine (2)
- Gram-negative Bakterien (2)
- HPLC-MS (2)
- Habitat (2)
- Haftung (2)
- Hautflügler (2)
- Hemibodies (2)
- Herbivory (2)
- Herzinsuffizienz (2)
- Herzmuskel (2)
- Herzmuskelzelle (2)
- Heterologe Genexpression (2)
- Heuschrecken (2)
- Hidden-Markov-Modell (2)
- High throughput screening (2)
- Hippocampus (2)
- Histon-Methyltransferase (2)
- Histone (2)
- Hitzeschock-Proteine (2)
- Hochaufgelöste Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- Hochauflösende Mikroskopie (2)
- Hochauflösung (2)
- Hohlfaserreaktor (2)
- Hsp90 (2)
- Humorale Immunität (2)
- Hyaluronsäure (2)
- Hydrogel (2)
- Hämodialyse (2)
- Hühnerembryo (2)
- Immunbiologie (2)
- Impfstoff (2)
- Impfstoffe (2)
- Inhibitor (2)
- Interaktionen (2)
- Interferon (2)
- Interleukin-4 (2)
- Interleukin-5 (2)
- Internalin (2)
- Internaline (2)
- Intrazelluläre Symbiose (2)
- JNK (2)
- Jungfernzeugung (2)
- Kanalbildner (2)
- Kernlamina (2)
- Kernporenkomplex (2)
- Kernproteine (2)
- Kilimanjaro (2)
- Kinasen (2)
- Kinematik (2)
- Knochenmark (2)
- Knorpelzelle (2)
- Kognition (2)
- Kohlendioxid (2)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- Kolonieerkennung (2)
- Konditionierung (2)
- Konfokale Mikroskopie (2)
- Kontrolle (2)
- Korrelative Mikroskopie (2)
- Krebsforschung (2)
- Krebstherapie (2)
- Käfer (2)
- LIN-9 (2)
- LIN9 (2)
- LINC (2)
- LINC complex (2)
- Landnutzungsgradient (2)
- Landouzy-Déjerine-Atrophie (2)
- Larve (2)
- Laufen (2)
- Lebensdauer (2)
- Lipid Bilayer Membran (2)
- Lokalisationsmikroskopie (2)
- Lurche (2)
- Lymphom (2)
- MAN1 (2)
- MRI (2)
- MRSA (2)
- Major Vault Protein (2)
- Malariamücke (2)
- Mathematische Modellierung (2)
- Mathematisches Modell (2)
- Merkel cell carcinoma (2)
- Merkel-Zellkarzinom (2)
- Metalloprotease (2)
- Methode (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Midkine (2)
- Mikroklima (2)
- Mismatch (2)
- Modell (2)
- Molekulare Erkennung (2)
- Monarchfalter (2)
- Morbus Best (2)
- Morphologie (2)
- Morphologie <Biologie> (2)
- Motorische Endplatte (2)
- Muskelzelle (2)
- Mutante (2)
- Mycolic acid (2)
- Mykolsäuren (2)
- NFAT (2)
- NFATc1 (2)
- NMR-Bildgebung (2)
- NMR-Tomographie (2)
- Nahrung (2)
- Natürliche Killerzelle (2)
- Navigation (2)
- Neisseria (2)
- Neuralleiste (2)
- Neurobiology (2)
- Neuropeptide (2)
- Neurophysiologie (2)
- Next Generation Sequencing (2)
- Next generation sequencing (2)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (2)
- Nisthilfe (2)
- Olfaktion (2)
- Oligomerisation (2)
- Omp85 (2)
- Operante Konditionierung (2)
- Organisation (2)
- Organoid (2)
- Parc National de la Comoé (2)
- Pathogenitätsinsel (2)
- Peroxisom (2)
- Pflanzen (2)
- Phagosom (2)
- Phagozytose (2)
- Phosphatidylinositolkinase <Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase> (2)
- Phosphoproteine (2)
- Photorezeptor (2)
- Plasmamembran (2)
- Polygynie (2)
- Ponerinae (2)
- Primates (2)
- Priming (2)
- Proepikard (2)
- Progeria adultorum (2)
- Protein p53 (2)
- Proteinase 3 (2)
- Proteinfaltung (2)
- Proteinkristallographie (2)
- Proteinsynthese (2)
- Proteom (2)
- Proteomanalyse (2)
- Prädation (2)
- Quantifizierung (2)
- Quantitative Mikroskopie (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RPE (2)
- RSK (2)
- Racemase (2)
- Raf-Kinasen (2)
- Ratte (2)
- Real time quantitative PCR (2)
- Regenwald (2)
- Renin-Angiotensin-System (2)
- Repression <Genetik> (2)
- Response-Regulator (2)
- Retinoesäure (2)
- Retinoic acid (2)
- Retroviren (2)
- Reversion (2)
- Rezeptortyrosinkinase (2)
- Rhodococcus (2)
- Rhodococcus equi (2)
- Ribosom (2)
- Rossameise (2)
- Räumliches Gedächtnis (2)
- SAP47 (2)
- SIM (2)
- SRPK (2)
- Sabah (2)
- Samenverbreitung (2)
- Sap47 (2)
- Schädlingsbekämpfung (2)
- Segmentierung (2)
- Senile Makuladegeneration (2)
- Serin (2)
- Serpin (2)
- Sexuelle Selektion (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (2)
- Software (2)
- Somitogenese (2)
- Spermiogenese (2)
- Spinnenseide (2)
- Stathmin (2)
- Stofftransport <Biologie> (2)
- Strahlentherapie (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Strukturaufklärung (2)
- Systems Biology (2)
- T Lymphocytes (2)
- T cell receptor (2)
- T cells (2)
- T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor (2)
- T-Zell-Rezeptor (2)
- TFIIIA (2)
- TNF (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Temperatur (2)
- Termiten (2)
- Theoretische Ökologie (2)
- Tiergesellschaft (2)
- Tiermodell (2)
- Tierökologie (2)
- Toxin (2)
- Transaktivierung (2)
- Transfektion (2)
- Transforming growth factor beta (2)
- Transgene Tiere (2)
- Transkriptom (2)
- Transkriptomanalyse (2)
- Transplantation (2)
- Trypanosoma (2)
- Trypanosomes (2)
- Tsetsefliege (2)
- Ubiquitin (2)
- Vakuole (2)
- Variant surface glycoprotein (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Venusfliegenfalle (2)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (2)
- Wachstumsfaktor (2)
- Wildbienen (2)
- Wilms Tumor (2)
- Wilms tumor (2)
- Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Bindung (2)
- Würzburg / Universität / Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik (2)
- Xmrk (2)
- Zellkern (2)
- Zellkultur (2)
- Zellskelett (2)
- Zellteilung (2)
- Zellüberleben (2)
- Zucker (2)
- Zweikomponenten-System (2)
- actin cytoskeleton (2)
- active zone (2)
- alkaloids (2)
- altitudinal gradient (2)
- angeborenes Immunsystem (2)
- antioxidants (2)
- associative learning (2)
- asthma (2)
- autoimmunity (2)
- axonaler Transport (2)
- bee (2)
- behavior (2)
- bioinformatic (2)
- biological pest control (2)
- biomarker (2)
- brood (2)
- cGMP (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- cell death (2)
- cell migration (2)
- chick embryo (2)
- circadian rhythms (2)
- classification (2)
- community ecology (2)
- cytogenetics (2)
- dendritic cell (2)
- development (2)
- diet (2)
- drosophila (2)
- early development (2)
- ecosystem service (2)
- electrophysiology (2)
- elevational gradient (2)
- endosome (2)
- endosymbiosis (2)
- essential genes (2)
- expression analysis (2)
- fertility (2)
- fibroblasts (2)
- fibrosis (2)
- genomics (2)
- glomeruli (2)
- gonad development (2)
- habitat (2)
- hangover (2)
- heart (2)
- hochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- individual-based simulation (2)
- insect (2)
- interaction (2)
- internalins (2)
- kardiale Hypertrophie (2)
- landscape ecology (2)
- learning and memory (2)
- life history strategy (2)
- local adaptation (2)
- mRNA (2)
- macular degeneration (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- medaka (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- metapopulation (2)
- miR-26 (2)
- miRNS (2)
- mitosis (2)
- modeling (2)
- monocyte (2)
- morphology (2)
- motoneuron (2)
- mutagenesis (2)
- mutation (2)
- mutualism (2)
- natural enemies (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- nephroblastoma (2)
- nest building (2)
- neurobiology (2)
- neuroblastoma (2)
- nuclear lamina (2)
- olfactory learning (2)
- olfaktorisches Lernen (2)
- oncolytic virus (2)
- organisation (2)
- orientation (2)
- p38 (2)
- p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (2)
- pathogenicity island (2)
- phage display (2)
- phagosome (2)
- pheromone (2)
- photoinduced electron transfer (2)
- phylogeny (2)
- platelets (2)
- pollen (2)
- pollen analysis (2)
- pollen foraging (2)
- pollination (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- population genetics (2)
- porin (2)
- proepicardium (2)
- protein crystallography (2)
- rainforest (2)
- retina (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- self-organization (2)
- sensory ecology (2)
- sex determination (2)
- siRNA (2)
- somitogenesis (2)
- species-energy-theory (2)
- spermatogenesis (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- stingless bees (2)
- super-resolution (2)
- super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (2)
- super-resolution microscopy (2)
- synapsin (2)
- termites (2)
- thermoregulation (2)
- tool (2)
- transcription factors (2)
- tropical ecology (2)
- tsetse fly (2)
- two-color microscopy (2)
- virulence factors (2)
- vision (2)
- waggle dance (2)
- wild bees (2)
- worker policing (2)
- "Balanced-lethal" Plasmid-System (1)
- 1 (1)
- 13C-isotopologue profiling (1)
- 16q22 (1)
- 18S rRNA (1)
- 2"-> (1)
- 2':6' (1)
- 2-APB (1)
- 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1)
- 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1)
- 2D gel analysis (1)
- 2D-Gel-Analyse (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D Ko-kulture (1)
- 3D cell culture (1)
- 3D microscopy (1)
- 3D-Sehen (1)
- 3D-Zellkultur (1)
- 3D-Zellkulturen (Krebstherapie) (1)
- 3d-vision (1)
- 41BBL (1)
- 4Pi (1)
- ADP (1)
- ADSCs (1)
- AICD (1)
- AKR-2B (1)
- AKR-2B Fibroblasten (1)
- AKR-2B fibroblasts (1)
- ALBA Proteine (1)
- ALBA proteins (1)
- AMACR (1)
- AMP (1)
- ANP (1)
- AP-1 (1)
- API-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- APP (1)
- ARHI (1)
- ATP (1)
- Aberration (1)
- Abscisinsäure (1)
- Abundance (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Abwehrreaktion (1)
- Acid Sphingomyelinase (1)
- Ackerrandstreifen (1)
- Acromyrmex (1)
- ActA (1)
- ActR-IIB (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton (1)
- Actin nucleation (1)
- Actin-Polymerisation (1)
- Acute bee paralysis virus (1)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (1)
- Adapter-Protein (1)
- Adaptive Optics (1)
- Adaptive Optik (1)
- Adenosin (1)
- Adhesion (1)
- Adhesion-GPCR (1)
- Adhäsine (1)
- Adhäsionsmoleküle (1)
- Adipogenesis (1)
- Adipozytäre mesenchymale Stammzelle (1)
- Adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
- Adultschlupfes (1)
- Advanced Glycation Endproducts (1)
- Advanced glycation endproducts (1)
- Affinitätsreinigung (1)
- Afipia (1)
- Afipia felis (1)
- African trypanosomes (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Afro- Neotropen (1)
- Afro- Neotropics (1)
- Agalia duperreana (1)
- Age-related macular degeneration (1)
- Agentenbasierte Modellierung (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Aglaia (1)
- Aglaia dasyclada (1)
- Aglaia duperreana (1)
- Agrarumweltmaßnahmen (1)
- Agriculture intensification (1)
- Agrobacterium vitis (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Aktinnukleation (1)
- Aktive Zone (1)
- Akute Paralyse <Bienenkrankheit> (1)
- Akutes Bienen Paralyse Virus (1)
- Alburnus alburnus (1)
- Aldosteronantagonist (1)
- Algorithmus (1)
- Alignment <Biochemie> (1)
- Alkohol (1)
- Alkylantien (1)
- Allerg (1)
- Alpen (1)
- Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (1)
- Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase (1)
- Alter (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Alzheimer (1)
- Alzheimer Dementia (1)
- Alzheimer Erkrankung (1)
- Alzheimer Krankheit (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- AmGr1, AmGr2, AmGr3 (1)
- Amazon Molly (1)
- Ameisengäste (1)
- Ameisenoogenese (1)
- Amelogenese (1)
- Amine (1)
- Aminerge Nervenzelle (1)
- Amphibiengemeinschaften (1)
- Amplicon Sequencing (1)
- Amyloid <beta-> (1)
- Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (1)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1)
- Aneugene (1)
- Aneuploidie (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Angiotensin II Typ 1a-Rezeptor (1)
- Angiotensin-II-Blocker (1)
- Anionenkanal (1)
- Anionentranslokator (1)
- Anisomycin (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anoikis (1)
- Anopheles gambiae (1)
- Anoplolepis gracilipes (1)
- Ant (1)
- Antagonismus (1)
- Anthrax toxin (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Antibody clearance (1)
- Antigen CD40 (1)
- Antigen CD44 (1)
- Antigenpräsentation (1)
- Antigensuche (1)
- Antigentherapie (1)
- Antikörper-Mikroarray (1)
- Antimikrobielle Peptide (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Antioxidans (1)
- Antralfollikel (1)
- Antwortschwellen (1)
- Anubispavian (1)
- Anämie (1)
- Apis mellifera carnica (1)
- Aplysina (1)
- Aplysina caulifromis (1)
- Aplysina insularis (1)
- Apoptose-Resistenz (1)
- Apsi mellifera (1)
- Aquaculture (1)
- Aquakultur (1)
- Aquaplaning (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arachidonsäure (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Arbeiterinnen Fortpflanzung (1)
- Arbeitsketten (1)
- Areal (1)
- Array-Technologie (1)
- ArsRS (1)
- Art (1)
- Artenreichtum (1)
- Artensterben (1)
- Artenvielfalt (1)
- Arteriogenese (1)
- Arthropoda (1)
- Arthropoden (1)
- Arthropodengemeinschaft (1)
- Artunterschiede (1)
- Arylphorin AFP (1)
- Arylphorine (1)
- Asisted Reproduction (1)
- Assoziation (1)
- AstA (1)
- Astrozyten (1)
- Atopic Dermatitis (1)
- Atopische Dermatitis (1)
- Atriales natriuretisches Hormon (1)
- Atriales natriuretisches Peptid (1)
- Atta (1)
- Atta sexdens (1)
- Attenuierung (1)
- Attraction (1)
- Attraktion (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom (1)
- Aufnahme (1)
- Aureobasidium pullulans (1)
- Ausbreitungsdistanz (1)
- Ausbreitungsstrategie (1)
- Auswanderwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Autoantikörper (1)
- Autoimmunerkrankungen (1)
- Autoimmunity (1)
- Autoimmunkrankheit (1)
- Automated Image Analysis (1)
- Automatisierung (1)
- Automatisierung der Analyse (1)
- Autophagie (1)
- Axon (1)
- B Chromosomen (1)
- B cell differentiation (1)
- B cell lymphoma (1)
- B cells (1)
- B-2 (1)
- B-Chromosom (1)
- B-Chromosomen (1)
- B-Lymphozyt (1)
- B-Lymphozyten (1)
- B-Zell-Leukämie (1)
- B-Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- B-cell lymphoma (1)
- B-lymphocytes (1)
- B-zellen (1)
- B. petrii-Isolate (1)
- B. petrii-Varianten (1)
- BABLB/c (1)
- BAY 43-9006 (1)
- BB0142 (1)
- BBL (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BIAcore (1)
- BMD (1)
- BMP Rezeptoren (1)
- BMP receptos (1)
- BMP signaling pathway (1)
- BMP-2 (1)
- BMP-2/6 (1)
- BMP-2/7 (1)
- BMP-Signaltransduktionsweg (1)
- BMPR-IB (1)
- BMPs (1)
- BRAF (1)
- BRAF inhibition (1)
- BRP (1)
- BSD (1)
- BYL-719 (1)
- Bacillus anthracis (1)
- Background DNA damage (1)
- Bacterial (1)
- Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (1)
- Bacterial community analysis (1)
- Bakteriophage Lambda (1)
- Bandscheibenerkrankung (1)
- Bandscheibenkrankheit (1)
- Basal Ganglia (1)
- Basalganglien (1)
- Bauchfellentzündung (1)
- Baumhöhle (1)
- Baumkrone (1)
- Bauverhalten (1)
- Bayerische Alpen <Motiv> (1)
- Bcl-2 Familie (1)
- Bcl-2 family (1)
- Bcl-2-Proteinfamilie (1)
- Bcl-X (1)
- Becker (1)
- Bee abundance (1)
- Bee assemblages (1)
- Bee species richness (1)
- Behandlungsoption (1)
- Behavioural Ecology (1)
- Beinentwicklung (1)
- Benfotiamin (1)
- Benin (1)
- Best Disease (1)
- Best's Disease (1)
- Best-Krankheit (1)
- Beta-Rezeptor (1)
- Bewegungsdetektion (1)
- Bewegungsverhalten (1)
- Bienen (1)
- Bienen <Überfamilie> (1)
- Bienenkrankheit (1)
- Bienenkrankheiten (1)
- Bienenschwarm (1)
- Bienensprache (1)
- Bienenstaat (1)
- Bienenwolf (1)
- Bienenzelle (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bildauflösung (1)
- Bilderkennnung (1)
- Bilderkennung (1)
- Bilharziose (1)
- Bimolekulare Lipidschicht (1)
- Bindeprotein (1)
- Bio-artifizieller Tubulus (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biochemische Evolution (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (1)
- Biodiversity assessment (1)
- Biodiversity conservation (1)
- Biodiversitätsexploratorien (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogene Amine (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Bioinformatic (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biological Invasions (1)
- Biological cascades (1)
- Biologische Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Biologische Kaskaden (1)
- Biologische Oxidation (1)
- Biopharmazeutika (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (1)
- Bispecific T-cell engager (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Black lipid bilayer (1)
- Blatthornkäfer <Familie> (1)
- Blattkäfer (1)
- Blaue Fleischfliege (1)
- Blimp-1 (1)
- Blochmannia floridanus (1)
- Blutbildendes Gewebe (1)
- Blutplättchen (1)
- Blutserum (1)
- Blutviskosität (1)
- Blühphänologie (1)
- Blüte (1)
- Bodeneigenschaften (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenplatte (1)
- Bodenökologie (1)
- Bolus (1)
- Bombina variegata (1)
- Bombus (1)
- Bombus terrestris (1)
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein (1)
- Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) (1)
- Boolesches Netz (1)
- Bordetella holmesii (1)
- Bordetellae (1)
- Borkenkäfer (1)
- Borrelia (1)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (1)
- Bortezomib (1)
- Bos taurus (1)
- Botanischer Garten (1)
- Bradikardia (1)
- Bradycardia (1)
- Brain-Computer Interface (1)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1)
- Bre (1)
- Bre-knockout (1)
- Breeding effort (1)
- Bromoisoxazolinalkaloide (1)
- Bromorganische Verbindungen (1)
- Bromotyrosinalkaloide (1)
- BronchipretTP (1)
- Brut (1)
- Brutaufwand (1)
- Brutfürsorge (1)
- Brutpflege (1)
- Bt-Mais (1)
- Bt-maize (1)
- Buckelzirpen (1)
- Building behaviour (1)
- Bumblebees (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- Butterfly (1)
- BvgAS (1)
- BvgAS system (1)
- C-Typ natriuretisches Peptid (1)
- C. diphtheriae (1)
- C. jeikeium (1)
- C1 Inhibitor (1)
- C1-Inhibitor (1)
- C1INH (1)
- C2C12 cells (1)
- C2C12-Zellen (1)
- C57/BL6 (1)
- CD27L (1)
- CD28 (1)
- CD39 (1)
- CD4+ (1)
- CD73 (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CD83mRNS (1)
- CHO cell culture (1)
- CHO cells (1)
- CHO-Zelle (1)
- CHO-Zellen (1)
- CK2ß (1)
- CNGA3 (1)
- CNS (1)
- CNTF (1)
- CO2 (1)
- COPD (1)
- CRE (1)
- CREB (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CSP (1)
- CTCL (1)
- CTGF (1)
- CTL function (1)
- CXCR4 (1)
- CaCo-2 cell (1)
- CaMKII (1)
- Cadherin-13 (1)
- Calcineurin (1)
- Calcium Imaging (1)
- Calcium imaging (1)
- Calcium-bindende Proteine (1)
- Calciumfreisetzung (1)
- Calciumion (1)
- Calciumkanal (1)
- Calciumkonzentration (1)
- Calcyon (1)
- Cameleon (1)
- Campontous floridanus (1)
- Cancer Metabolism (1)
- Carabid beetles (1)
- Carausius morosus (1)
- Carcinogenese (1)
- Cardiomyocyte (1)
- Carfilzomib (1)
- Casapse (1)
- Caspase (1)
- Caspasen (1)
- Caspases (1)
- Cassidinae (1)
- Catecholamine (1)
- Cathepsin (1)
- Caveolae (1)
- Ccl2 (1)
- Cdu1 (1)
- Cell adhesion (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Cell cyle (1)
- Cell wall channel (1)
- Centromer (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- ChIP-sequencing (1)
- Channel-Tunnel (1)
- Chaperone (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Checkpoint adaptation (1)
- Checkpoint recovery (1)
- Chemische Ökologie (1)
- Chemokine (1)
- Chemosensitivity (1)
- Chemosensitivität (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chimpanzee (1)
- ChlaDUB1 (1)
- Chlamydia-trachomatis-Infektion (1)
- Cholesterin (1)
- Cholesterol (1)
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Chromatinimmunpräzipitation (1)
- Chromatinremodeling (1)
- Chromatinremodelling (1)
- Chromatophor (1)
- Chromosom (1)
- Chromosom 11 (1)
- Chromosom 11p13 (1)
- Chromosomal Passenger Complex (1)
- Chromosomen (1)
- Chromosomeninstabilitätssyndrome (1)
- Chronologisches Altern (1)
- Chrysididae (1)
- Chrysomelidae (1)
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor (1)
- Circadian Clock (1)
- Circadiane Rhythmen (1)
- Circadiane Rhythmik (1)
- Circadiane Uhr (1)
- Circadianer Rhythmus (1)
- Cirl (1)
- Clarias gariepinus (1)
- Clearance (1)
- Click Chemie (1)
- Clonality analysis (1)
- Cluster-Analyse (1)
- ClyA (1)
- Co-occurrence matrix (1)
- CoQ10 (1)
- Cofilin (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cohesin complex (1)
- Colon (1)
- Color Vision (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Comet Assay (1)
- Comet assay (1)
- Comoé National Park (1)
- Comparative genomics (1)
- Complexes (1)
- Complexin (1)
- Compressed Sensing (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Containment <Gentechnologie> (1)
- Corazonin (1)
- Cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (1)
- Correlative microscopy (1)
- Cortico-striatal projection neurons (1)
- Corticosteroide (1)
- Cortison (1)
- Corynebacterium (1)
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (1)
- Corynebacterium jeikeium (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Counting (1)
- Coxiella burnetii (1)
- Crematogaster (1)
- Cristaestruktur (1)
- Cryptosporidium (1)
- Cryptosporidium parvum (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- CxxM-Motiv (1)
- CxxM-motif (1)
- Cyaninfarbstoff (1)
- Cyclo-AMP (1)
- Cyclo-GMP (1)
- Cysteine String Protein (1)
- Cytochrom C (1)
- Cytochrom c (1)
- Cytochrome C (1)
- Cytogenetik (1)
- Cytokeratin (1)
- Cytokeratine (1)
- Cytologie (1)
- Cytomatrix der aktiven Zone (1)
- Cytomegalie-Virus (1)
- Cytoskeleton Chromosomal Passenger Complex Interaction GAR Domain (1)
- Cytostatikum (1)
- Cytotoxischer Antikörper (1)
- DEVDase (1)
- DExD/H box protein (1)
- DNA Barcoding (1)
- DNA Mismatch repair (1)
- DNA Reparatur (1)
- DNA adducts (1)
- DNA damage response (1)
- DNA fingerprinting (1)
- DNA microarray (1)
- DNA sequence analysis (1)
- DNA-Addukte (1)
- DNA-Extraktion (1)
- DNA-Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA-Methylierung (1)
- DNA-Polymorphismen (1)
- DNA-Reparatur (1)
- DNA-Schaden (1)
- DNA-Schadensantwort (1)
- DNA-Sequenz (1)
- DNA-Sequenzanalyse (1)
- DNA-extraction (1)
- DNA-polymporhisms (1)
- DNER (1)
- DNS-Bindung (1)
- DNS-Gyrase (1)
- DNS-Methyltransferase (1)
- DNS-Strangbruch (1)
- DOT1 (1)
- DOT1 methyltransferase (1)
- DREAM (1)
- DREAM complex (1)
- DSI (1)
- Danaus plexippus (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenbanksystem (1)
- Daughter of Sevenless (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Deformable models (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Delayed Stereopsis Illusion (1)
- Delta (1)
- Demethylierung (1)
- Deregulierung (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Deubiquitination (1)
- Deubiquitinierung (1)
- Deutsches Weidelgras (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Deutschland / Stammzellgesetz (1)
- Di (1)
- DiRas3 (1)
- Dielektrophorese (1)
- Differential Display PCR (1)
- Differentialgleichung (1)
- Differentiation (1)
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (1)
- Diffuses großzelliges B-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- Diffusion coefficient (1)
- Diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung (1)
- Diffusionskoeffizient (1)
- Dimension 3 (1)
- Dimerisierung (1)
- Diphenylharnstoff (1)
- Dipol-Dipol Wechselwirkung (1)
- Dipole potential (1)
- Dipole-dipole interaction (1)
- Dipolpotential (1)
- Distribution (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Division of Labor (1)
- Division of labor (1)
- Dnaschaden (1)
- Domain (1)
- Dominanzhierarchien (1)
- Dopaminerge Nervenzelle (1)
- Doppelhelix (1)
- Dorso-ventral Patterning (1)
- Dorylus (1)
- Dose response relationships (1)
- Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (1)
- Dreidimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Drogen (1)
- Drohne (1)
- Drohnen (1)
- Dropsophila (1)
- Drosophila Larva (1)
- Drosophila Larve (1)
- Drosophila synapse (1)
- Drosophila-Synapse (1)
- Druckmessung (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Drugtargets (1)
- Duchenne (1)
- Duchflußzytophotometrie (1)
- Duftintensität (1)
- Dufverarbeitung (1)
- Dungkkäfer (1)
- Dunkler Laubsänger (1)
- Duplikation (1)
- Durchflusscytometrie (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dysplasie (1)
- Dytiscidae (1)
- E2F (1)
- EAE (1)
- EB1 (1)
- EDMD (1)
- EGF (1)
- EGF Rezeptor (1)
- EGFP (1)
- EGFR Transactivation (1)
- EHEC (1)
- EIEC (1)
- EL-4 (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EPC (1)
- ERK signaling (1)
- ERK-Kaskade (1)
- ERK-cascade (1)
- ERK5 (1)
- Echinococcus (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- EdgeDetection (1)
- Education (1)
- Egr-1 (1)
- Eiablage (1)
- Eierstocktumor (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Lokalisationsmikroskopie (1)
- Einzelzell-PCR (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisenoxidnanopartikel (1)
- Electrofusion (1)
- Electropermeabilization (1)
- Electroporation (1)
- Elektrische Eigenschaft (1)
- Elektroencephalographie (1)
- Elektrofusion (1)
- Elongation (Transkription) (1)
- Elongation factor 1A (1)
- Elongationsfaktor 1A (1)
- Embryonale Stammzellen (1)
- Emulsion (1)
- Endobrachyösophagus (1)
- Endocytosis (1)
- Endogene Rhythmik (1)
- Endogenous Glucocorticoids (1)
- Endogenous clock (1)
- Endosom (1)
- Endosome (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Endosymbiont (1)
- Endosymbionten (1)
- Endosymbiosen (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Endothelzellen (1)
- Endozytose (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Entscheidung (1)
- Entscheidungen (1)
- Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Environmental Risk Assessment (1)
- Enzymaktivität (1)
- Ep45 (1)
- Ephebomyrmex pima (1)
- Epichloe (1)
- Epichloe endophytes (1)
- Epigenetische Uhr (1)
- Epigenotypus (1)
- Epikard (1)
- Epimutation (1)
- Epimutationen (1)
- Epipremnum aureum (1)
- Epithelial lineage (1)
- Epitop (1)
- Epitop-Tag (1)
- Ereignisdatenanalyse (1)
- Erfahrung (1)
- Erfahrungsorientiertes Lernen (1)
- Erfolgskontrolle (1)
- Erkennung (1)
- Erythropoietin (1)
- Erythrozytenadhärenz (1)
- Esophageal adenocarcinoma (1)
- Esophageal disease (1)
- Ethanoltolerance (1)
- Etherisches Öl (1)
- European beech (1)
- Evidenz (1)
- Evolution von Pathogenen (1)
- Evolution von Virulenz (1)
- Evolutionsbiologie (1)
- Evolutionsstabile Strategie (1)
- Exacerbation (1)
- Exazerbation (1)
- Expansion Microscopy (1)
- Expansionsmikroskopie (1)
- Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1)
- Experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis (1)
- Export (1)
- Exposure Risk (1)
- Expression (1)
- Expressionskartierung (1)
- Expressionsmuster (1)
- Expressionssysteme (1)
- Extensivtierhaltung (1)
- Extrakorporale Befruchtung (1)
- Extrakorporale Dialyse (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- Extrazellulärraum (1)
- FA (1)
- FAAP100 (1)
- FADS1 (1)
- FADS2 (1)
- FADS3 (1)
- FANCO (1)
- FAP (1)
- FGF Signalweg (1)
- FGF pathway (1)
- FLAMM (1)
- FOSL1 (1)
- FSHD (1)
- Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (1)
- Fadenbakterien (1)
- Fallbeispiele (1)
- Fanconi Anemia (1)
- Farbsehen (1)
- Fas (1)
- Fas-Ligand (1)
- Fazialisläsion (1)
- Fbw7 (1)
- Feature-Selection (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Fertilitätssignal (1)
- Festphasenmikroextraktion (1)
- Fettgewebsstammzellen (1)
- Fettsäuredesaturasen (1)
- Fettzelle (1)
- Feuerökologie (1)
- Fibrin (1)
- Fibroblast (1)
- Fibroblast activator protein I (1)
- Filamentöses Hämagglutinin (1)
- Fisch-Modell-System (1)
- Fische (1)
- Fish Sex determination (1)
- Fisher-Score (1)
- Fitness (1)
- Flabarin (1)
- Flagella (1)
- Flagellen (1)
- Flagellensynthese (1)
- Fleischfressende Pflanzen (1)
- Flexibilität (1)
- Fliege (1)
- Flight muscle (1)
- Flower (1)
- Flugsimulator (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (1)
- Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikrosopie (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Flügeldimorphismus (1)
- Flüssigkeitsreibung (1)
- Foamyvirus (1)
- Foldamere (1)
- Foldamers (1)
- Food Competition (1)
- Foraging (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Fouragieren (1)
- Foxp3 (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fragmentgröße (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Französische Feldwespe (1)
- Freies Molekül (1)
- Frosch (1)
- Fruchtansatz (1)
- Fruchtentnahme (1)
- Fruchtgehalt (1)
- Fruchtmerkmale (1)
- Fruchtproduktion (1)
- Fruchtqualität (1)
- Fructosebisphosphat-Aldolase (1)
- Fuchsbandwurm (1)
- Functional Sites (1)
- Functional Studies (1)
- Functional interaction (1)
- Functional module search (1)
- Funktionelle Modulsuche (1)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (1)
- Funktionelle Positionen (1)
- Funktionsmorphologie (1)
- Furagierverhalten (1)
- Fusion (1)
- Futterentzug (1)
- Futtersammeln (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (1)
- G2/M genes (1)
- G2/M transition (1)
- G2/M Übergang (1)
- G2/M-transition (1)
- G2/M-Übergang (1)
- GAP (1)
- GATA4 (1)
- GC-A (1)
- GDF-5 (1)
- GEF (1)
- GFP (1)
- GI-101A (1)
- GITRL (1)
- GM-CSF (1)
- GO-Annotationen (1)
- GO-annotations (1)
- GPI-anchored protein (1)
- GPI-verankerte Proteine (1)
- GPJ (1)
- GST fusion protein (1)
- GST-Fusionsprotein (1)
- GWAS (1)
- Gabelstreifiger Katzenmaki (1)
- Galactosidase <beta-> (1)
- Galektine (1)
- Gallium-68 Pentixafor (1)
- Gap-gen (1)
- Gastroesophageal reflux (1)
- Gastrointestinaler Tumor (1)
- Gastrointestinaltrakt (1)
- Gastrulation (1)
- Gedaechtnis (1)
- Gefäße (1)
- Gefäßkrankheit (1)
- Gefäßpflanzen (1)
- Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle (1)
- Gehirnanatomie (1)
- Gehirnentwicklung (1)
- Geißel <Biologie> (1)
- Gelatine (1)
- Gelenkrheumatismus (1)
- Gelernte Hilflosigkeit (1)
- Gen-/Genomverdoppelung (1)
- Gen-Knockout (1)
- Gendefekt (1)
- Genduplikation (1)
- Gene Regulation (1)
- Gene duplication (1)
- Gene regulation (1)
- Gene-prediction (1)
- Generalisierte Lineare Modelle (1)
- Generalisierung (1)
- Genetic engineering (1)
- Genetische Variabilität (1)
- Genexpression <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Genidentifizierung (1)
- Genkartierung (1)
- Genome Sequencing (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genomik (1)
- Genomschaden (1)
- Genomsequenzierung (1)
- Genort (1)
- Genotoxicitiy (1)
- Genotyp-Phänotyp Korrelation (1)
- Genotype-phenotype relationship (1)
- Genotyping (1)
- Genpanel (1)
- Gentechnologie (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentoxikologie (1)
- Geomagnetic Field (1)
- Gerridae (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Geschlechterverhältnis (1)
- Geschlechtschromosom (1)
- Geschlechtschromosomen (1)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (1)
- Geschmack (1)
- Geschmackssinn (1)
- Geschützte Natur (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheitswesen (1)
- Gewebe (1)
- Gezeilte Mutagenese (1)
- Glaukom (1)
- Gliazelle (1)
- Gliederfüßer (1)
- Gliom (1)
- Glioma (1)
- Glucosaminoglykane (1)
- Glucosetransporter Typ3 (1)
- Glucuronidase <beta-> (1)
- Glukokortikoid-Rezeptor Modulator (1)
- Glutamat-Decarboxylase (1)
- Glutamin (1)
- Glutathion (1)
- Glutathion-Reductase (1)
- Glutathionreduktase (1)
- Glykane (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Gonade (1)
- Gonadenentwicklung (1)
- Governance (1)
- Grabeverhalten (1)
- Granuloma gangraenescens (1)
- Granulozyt (1)
- Grasschneiderameise (1)
- Grenzflächenpotenzial (1)
- Growth (1)
- Große Wachsmotte (1)
- Grundsubstanz (1)
- Gruppengröße (1)
- Gräser (1)
- Größenvariation (1)
- Grün fluoreszierendes Protein (1)
- Guanosintriphosphatasen (1)
- Guanylat bindende Proteine (1)
- Guanylatcyclase (1)
- Guanylatzyklase (1)
- Guanylylcyclase (1)
- Guanylylcyclase B Rezeptor (1)
- Gynogenese (1)
- H-Dimerbildung (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- HAE (1)
- HBMEC (1)
- HIF-1α (1)
- HIV (1)
- HIV-1 (1)
- HLA-G (1)
- HMG (1)
- HMG proteins (1)
- HMGA1 (1)
- HMGN Proteine (1)
- HMGN proteins (1)
- HNPCC (1)
- HP1021 (1)
- HP1043 (1)
- HPA Axis (1)
- HPF (1)
- HPK1 (1)
- HT-29 (1)
- HUVEC (1)
- Habitateignungsmodelle (1)
- Habitatmodel (1)
- Haftflüssigkeit (1)
- Haftmechanismen (1)
- Haftorgane (1)
- Halictidae (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Harnstoff-Natrium- Clearance Verhältnis (1)
- Harnstoffverteilungsvolumen (1)
- Harze (1)
- Has2 (1)
- Hauptbindungsdeterminante (1)
- Haut (1)
- Hautkrebs (1)
- Hautlymphom (1)
- Hauttumor (1)
- Hb-Jet (1)
- Hearing loss (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heart development (1)
- Heat Shock Proteins (1)
- Hebbian plasticity (1)
- Hebbsche Lernregel (1)
- Hefe (1)
- Hefeartige Pilze (1)
- Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion (1)
- Hematopoietic stem cell ex-vivo expansion (1)
- Hemibody (1)
- Herbivor-Parasitoid Interaktion (1)
- Herbivore (1)
- Hereditary Angioedem (1)
- Hereditäres Angioödem (1)
- Herzentwicklung (1)
- Herzhypertrophie (1)
- Herzrhythmusstörung (1)
- Heterochromatin (1)
- Heterodimer (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heuschrecken <Überfamilie> (1)
- Hexamerin (1)
- Hexamerine (1)
- Hey Proteine (1)
- Hey proteins (1)
- Hey1 (1)
- Hey2 (1)
- Hfq (1)
- Hill numbers (1)
- Hintergrund-DNA-Schaden (1)
- Hippo pathway (1)
- Hirnforschung (1)
- Histon-Demethylase UTX (1)
- Histones (1)
- Hitzekammer (1)
- Hitzeschockproteine (1)
- Hoatzins (1)
- Hochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Hochgeschwindigkeitsmikroskopie (1)
- Hohlfaserbioreaktor (1)
- Holobiont (1)
- Holstein <Rind> (1)
- Holzeinschlag (1)
- Holznutzung (1)
- Homeobox Gene (1)
- Homeobox genes (1)
- Homocystein (1)
- Homöobox (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honigbienen (1)
- Host cell death (1)
- Host-endosymbiont interactions (1)
- Host-pathogen interactions (1)
- Huhn (1)
- Human Host (1)
- Human land use (1)
- Humanisierung (1)
- Huwe1 (1)
- Hybrid (1)
- Hydra <Polyp> (1)
- Hydrogele (1)
- Hymenopteren (1)
- Hyperolius (1)
- Hyperoxide (1)
- Hypersensibilität (1)
- Hypertrophie (1)
- Hypophysen-Zwischenhirn-System (1)
- Hypothalamisch-hypophysäre Achse (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Häm (1)
- Hämodiafiltration (1)
- Hämolymphe (1)
- Hämolymphzucker Homeostase (1)
- Hämolysin (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Höhenstufe (1)
- Hörstörungen (1)
- Hörverlust (1)
- Hüllprotein (1)
- Hüllproteine (1)
- IAP (1)
- ICEP (1)
- IGF1R (1)
- IL-4 (1)
- IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor (1)
- INM (1)
- ITS2 (1)
- Identifikation (1)
- Identifizierung (1)
- Identifizierungspipeline (1)
- Il 4 (1)
- Illusion (1)
- Image Processing (1)
- Image-Scanning Microscope (1)
- ImageProcessing (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imidacloprid (1)
- Imkerei (1)
- Immun-Transkriptom (1)
- Immunantwort (1)
- Immuncytochemie (1)
- Immundefizienz (1)
- Immune (1)
- Immune Escape (1)
- Immungene (1)
- Immunglobulin M (1)
- Immunisierung (1)
- Immunization (1)
- Immunmodulation (1)
- Immunoconjugate (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Immunsierung (1)
- Immunsuppression (1)
- Implantat (1)
- Implantatmatrices (1)
- Import (1)
- Imprinting (1)
- In situ Hybridisierung (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-paralogs (1)
- In-silico Modell (1)
- Individuum (1)
- Induzierte Mutation (1)
- Infertilität (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Information (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Infrared radiation (1)
- Innate immunity (1)
- Inparanoid (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insecta (1)
- Insekten-Pflanzen-Interaktion (1)
- Insektenlarve (1)
- Insektenstaat (1)
- Insektenstaaten (1)
- Insektensterben (1)
- Insertions-Duplikations-Mutagenese IDM (1)
- Insertionsmutagenese (1)
- Instrumentelle Konditionierung (1)
- Insulin (1)
- Insulinrezeptor (1)
- Insulinsignalweg (1)
- Integrase (1)
- Integrated Knowledgebase (1)
- Integrated network analysis (1)
- Integrierte Datenbank (1)
- Intensität (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interactome (1)
- Interaktionsnetzwerke (1)
- Interferon Regulator Faktor 1 (1)
- Interkasten (1)
- Interleukin 13 (1)
- Interleukin 5 (1)
- Interspezifische Assoziation (1)
- Intervallzeitmessung (1)
- Intestinal metaplasia (1)
- Intracellular Pathogens (1)
- Intracellular replication (1)
- Intracellular virulence (1)
- Intrazelluläre Pathogene (1)
- Intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- Intrazellulärraum (1)
- Introgression (1)
- Invasionsbiologie (1)
- Invasive Art (1)
- Invertebrate herbivory (1)
- Ionenstärke (1)
- Ionic strength (1)
- Ionisierende Strahlung (1)
- Ionotrope Glutamatrezeptoren (1)
- Iron Responsive Elements (1)
- IronChip (1)
- Ischemia (1)
- Ischemie (1)
- Isoform (1)
- Isoformen (1)
- Isolierung (1)
- Isomer (1)
- Ivory Coast (1)
- J774 (1)
- J774-Makrophagen (1)
- Jak/ STAT (1)
- Jugendentwicklung (1)
- K-RAS (1)
- K-Ras (1)
- KO Mäuse (1)
- KO mice (1)
- KSR1 (1)
- Kakao (1)
- Kaliumkanal (1)
- Kaliumkanäle (1)
- Kalyx (1)
- Kannenpflanze (1)
- Kantenerkennung (1)
- Kardiogenese (1)
- Kardiomyopathie (1)
- Kardiovaskuläres System (1)
- Kartierung (1)
- Karzinomzellen (1)
- Kater <Medizin> (1)
- Kathepsin (1)
- Kathepsin B (1)
- Kathepsin L (1)
- Kaulquappen (1)
- Kaulquappenentwicklung (1)
- Kehlkopf (1)
- Keimzell- und Embryonalentwicklung (1)
- Keimzellmosaik (1)
- Kern-Zytosoltranslokation (1)
- Kernaktin (1)
- Kernexport (1)
- Kernhüllenbildung (1)
- Kernmembran (1)
- Kernmyosin (1)
- Kernpore (1)
- Kernporen-Komplex (1)
- Kernspindel (1)
- Kerntransport (1)
- Killerzelle (1)
- Kinabalu National Park (1)
- Kinase (1)
- Kinase Inhibitor (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Kinetochor (1)
- Kinetoplastida (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Klassifizierung (1)
- Klastogene (1)
- Kleine GTP-bindende Proteine (1)
- Klettern (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimaerwärmung (1)
- Klonalitaetsanalysen (1)
- Klonierung (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Knochenbildung (1)
- Knochenregeneration (1)
- Knock-Out (1)
- Knockout (1)
- Knockout mouse (1)
- Knockout-Maus (1)
- Knockout-Mäuse (1)
- Knopfkopf (1)
- Ko-Kultur (1)
- Koexistenz (1)
- Kognitives Lernen (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoffkatabolitrepression (1)
- Kohlenstoffstoffwechsel (1)
- Kollagen (1)
- Kollagenasen (1)
- Kolloid (1)
- Koloniebildung (1)
- Koloniegröße (1)
- Koloniegründung (1)
- Koloniestruktur (1)
- Kolonkarzinom (1)
- Kolorektales Karzinom (1)
- Kombinationstherapie (1)
- Kompass (1)
- Kondensation (1)
- Konfokalmikroskopie (1)
- Konstruktive Didaktik (1)
- Kontrolle der Genexpression (1)
- Kontrollmechanismen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Korrespondenzanalyse (1)
- Kostimulatorisches Molekül (1)
- Krebsbildgebung (1)
- Krebserkrankungen (1)
- Kreideriedfrosch (1)
- Kreuzvalidierung (1)
- Kristallstrukturanalyse (1)
- Kt/V (1)
- Kutikula (1)
- Kutikulare Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Kutikularwachs (1)
- Kälteschock (1)
- Kälteschock-Proteine (1)
- Körpergrösse (1)
- Körpergröße (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- L5178Y cells (1)
- L5178Y-Zellen (1)
- LAP2 alpha (1)
- LASP-1 (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LCK (1)
- LEM Domäne (1)
- LEM domain (1)
- LEM domaine (1)
- LEM-Domänen (1)
- LIFR (1)
- LIN-54 (1)
- LIPI-2 (1)
- LOH 11q (1)
- LOH 16q (1)
- LTP (1)
- LaXp180 (1)
- Lachsartige <Familie> (1)
- Lactamase <beta-> (1)
- LamB (1)
- Lamin B (1)
- Lamin B3 (1)
- Lamin C2 (1)
- Lamina-associated polypeptides (1)
- Lamina-assoziierte Polypeptide (1)
- Laminopathie (1)
- LampB (1)
- Land use (1)
- Landsat ETM+ (1)
- Landscape composition (1)
- Landscape configuration (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landschaftskomposition (1)
- Landschaftskonfiguration (1)
- Landschaftspflege (1)
- Landschaftsstruktur (1)
- Landschaftsökologie (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Langmuir Adsorptionsisotherme (1)
- Langmuir adsorption isotherm (1)
- Langzeitgedächtnis (1)
- Langzeitpotenzierung (1)
- Laser-Mikrodissektion (1)
- Laser-Rastermikroskopie (1)
- Laterale Dichte (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Lattice (1)
- Laubsänger (1)
- Laufkäfer (1)
- Leaf traits (1)
- Learning & Memory (1)
- Learning Walk (1)
- Learning walk (1)
- Lebenslauf-Strategien (1)
- Lebenslaufstrategie (1)
- Lebenslaufstrategien (1)
- Lebensraum (1)
- Leber (1)
- Leica-Mikroskopie und -Systeme GmbH (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Lemuren (1)
- Lemurs (1)
- Lenalidomid (1)
- Leptothorax (1)
- Lernort (1)
- Lernregeln (1)
- Leucin-reiche repeat protein (1)
- Leukozyt (1)
- Leukozyten (1)
- Leukozytenelastase (1)
- Leukämie (1)
- Lifetime Imaging (1)
- Ligand-Rezeptor Komplex (1)
- Ligandenbindedomäne (1)
- Light-activation (1)
- Lin9 (1)
- Lipid Bilayer Membrane (1)
- Lipid Mikrodomänen (1)
- Lipid Raft (1)
- Lipid bilayer membrane (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Lipidtransport (1)
- Liposomen (1)
- Liposomes (1)
- Listeria ivanovii (1)
- Listeria monocytogenens (1)
- Litoria caerulea (1)
- Livestock grazing (1)
- Lobula Platte (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- Lsc/p115 Rho GEF (1)
- Luftfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Lumineszenzlöschung (1)
- Lung squamous cancer cells (1)
- Lymphoma (1)
- Lymphomagenese (1)
- Lymphome (1)
- Lymphozyt (1)
- Lymphozyten (1)
- Lymphozyten mediierter Angriff auf Neurone (1)
- Lymphozytentransformation (1)
- LysR-type (1)
- Lysosom (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- M cells (1)
- M-Zelle (1)
- M-Zellen (1)
- M. tuberculosis (1)
- MALT (1)
- MAP (1)
- MAP Kinase Signaling (1)
- MAP3K4 (1)
- MCP-1 (1)
- MEF2C (1)
- MEK5 (1)
- MHC (1)
- MICA (1)
- MICB (1)
- MIPs (1)
- MLH1 (1)
- MMR-Reparatur (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MPZ (P0) (1)
- MRT (1)
- MSC (1)
- MSH2 (1)
- MSOT (1)
- MYCN (1)
- MYCN-amplified (1)
- Macaranga (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Madagaskar <West> (1)
- Magadan <Region> (1)
- Magerrasen (1)
- Maillard-Reaktion (1)
- Makuladystrophie (1)
- Mal3p (1)
- Malaria tropica (1)
- Malat1 (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Maltoporin (1)
- Management (1)
- Management System (1)
- Management-Systeme (1)
- Mantelzell-Lymphom (1)
- Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (1)
- Marker (1)
- Markierungen synaptischer Proteine (1)
- Masern (1)
- Mass Isotopomers Distribution Analysis (1)
- Massen-Isotopomer Verteilungs-Analyse (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Massentrachten (1)
- Mathematical modeling (1)
- Matrixproteasen (1)
- Mauerbiene (1)
- Maus Modell (1)
- Maus-Modell (1)
- Mbm (1)
- Mc4r (1)
- Medium spiny neurons (1)
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (1)
- Meerkatzenartige (1)
- Mehrfachpaarung (1)
- Melanoma (1)
- Melanoma Maintenance (1)
- Melanomzellen (1)
- Meliaceae (1)
- Meliponini (1)
- Melphalan (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membran-Adressierungs-Signal (1)
- Membranbarriere (1)
- Membrane receptor (1)
- Membranrezeptor (1)
- Membrantransport (1)
- Merkelzellkarzinom (1)
- Mesencephalon (1)
- Mesenchym (1)
- Mesenchymale Stammzelldifferenzierung (1)
- Mesenchymale Stammzelle (1)
- Messenger-RNP (1)
- Messung (1)
- Meta-barcoding (1)
- Metabolic Flux Analysis (1)
- Metabolic Modelling (1)
- Metabolische Flux-Analyse (1)
- Metabolische Stoffwechselmodellierung (1)
- Metabolischen Modellierung (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metabolomik (1)
- Metabonomik (1)
- Metaphaseplatte (1)
- Metapopulation (1)
- Metastasen (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylenblau (1)
- Methylene blue (1)
- Metochondriale DNS (1)
- Mevalonate Pathway (1)
- Microarray Analyse (1)
- Microfluidic Chip (1)
- Micronuclei (1)
- Microsatellite (1)
- Microthrix parvicella (1)
- Midbody (1)
- Mikroben (1)
- Mikrobiom <Genetik> (1)
- Mikrobiota (1)
- Mikroevolution (1)
- Mikrofliess-System (1)
- Mikrofluidik (1)
- Mikroglia (1)
- Mikroglomeruli (1)
- Mikroglomerulus (1)
- Mikrohabitat (1)
- Mikrokerne (1)
- Mikroorganismus (1)
- Mikrosatellit (1)
- Mikrosatelliten (1)
- Mikrosatelliten Instabilität (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrostrukturen (1)
- Mikrotubule (1)
- Mikrotubuli (1)
- Mikrotubulus (1)
- Mikroumwelt (1)
- Mimetika (1)
- Mimics (1)
- Mineralocorticoidrezeptor (1)
- Mismatch Reparatur System (1)
- Mismatchrepair (1)
- Mismatchreparatur (1)
- Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase (1)
- Mitteldarm (1)
- Mittelhirn (1)
- Mlh1 (1)
- Mobilitet (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modifizierung (1)
- Modul (1)
- Module search (1)
- Modulsuche (1)
- Molecular approaches (1)
- Molekulare Biophysik (1)
- Molekulare Evolution (1)
- Molekulare Hybridisierung (1)
- Molekülsystem (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (1)
- Monoklonaler bispezifischer Antikörper (1)
- Monozyten (1)
- Monozytendifferenzierung (1)
- Morphing (1)
- Morphogenese (1)
- Morpholino (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Mosaik (1)
- Mosaizismus (1)
- Motiliät (1)
- Motion detection (1)
- Motoneuronenerkrankung (1)
- Motor learning (1)
- Motorisches Lernen (1)
- Mouse (1)
- Mouse model (1)
- Mouse model of allergic airway inflammation (1)
- MppA (1)
- Mrap2 (1)
- Multi-Adaptor-Protein (1)
- Multi-Unit Aufnahmen (1)
- Multidrug Efflux (1)
- Multidrug Efflux Pumpen (1)
- Multiple Myeloma (1)
- Multiple Sclerosis (1)
- Mundgliedmassen (1)
- Mundwerkzeuge (1)
- Muskeldifferenzierung (1)
- Muskeldystrophie (1)
- Muskelentwicklung (1)
- Muskelfasertypen (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- Musterlernen (1)
- Mustervergleich (1)
- Mutagenitätstest (1)
- Mutanten (1)
- Mutationen (1)
- Mutationsanalyse (1)
- Mutationsrate (1)
- Myb (1)
- Myb-MuvB complex (1)
- Mycobacterium (1)
- Mycolata (1)
- Myelin (1)
- Myelinopathie (1)
- Myelinopathy (1)
- Myelom (1)
- Mykose (1)
- MyoD (1)
- Myoblast (1)
- Myoblasten (1)
- Myokard (1)
- Myotonische Dystrophie (1)
- Myristylierung (1)
- Myrmecia gulosa (1)
- Myrothamnus flabellifolia (1)
- Mäuse (1)
- N-Glykosylierung (1)
- N-MYC (1)
- NADPH oxidase (1)
- NADPH-Oxidase (1)
- NF-AT (1)
- NFAT in EAE (1)
- NFATc1 sumoylation (1)
- NFkappaB (1)
- NGF (1)
- NK cell (1)
- NK cells (1)
- NKG2D (1)
- NMD (1)
- NMDA (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR-imaging (1)
- NRAGE (1)
- NRF2 (1)
- NTA Lipide (1)
- NTA lipids (1)
- NTHi (1)
- NVP-BEZ235 (1)
- NXF (1)
- Na/H-Austauscher (1)
- Na/H-exchanger (1)
- Nahrungsaufnahme (1)
- Nahrungskonkurrenz (1)
- Nahrungsqualität (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanoröhre (1)
- Narrow escape problem (1)
- Nasonia (1)
- Nationalpark (1)
- Nationalparks (1)
- Natriumchlorid (1)
- Natural pest control (1)
- Naturschutzgebiet Hohe Wann (1)
- Nebennierenrindenkrebs (1)
- Nebennierentumor (1)
- Nebenniererindenkarzinom (1)
- Nectar Foraging (1)
- Neisseria meningitidis (1)
- Nektar (1)
- Nepenthes (1)
- Nephroblastoma (1)
- Nervenfaser (1)
- Nervengift (1)
- Nervennetz (1)
- Nervensystem (1)
- Nervenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Nestgröße (1)
- Nestklima (1)
- Nestklimas (1)
- Network Analysis (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Netzwerkalgorithmen (1)
- Netzwerkrekonstruktion (1)
- Netzwerksimulation (1)
- Neurale Stammzellen (1)
- Neuralrohr (1)
- Neuroanatomy (1)
- Neuroblastenproliferation (1)
- Neuroblastoma (1)
- Neuroethology (1)
- Neurogenetics (1)
- Neuroinflammation (1)
- Neurologie (1)
- Neuromelanin (1)
- Neuromuskuläre Synapse (1)
- Neuronal Proliferation (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neuronale Ceroid Lipofuszinose (1)
- Neuropathie (1)
- Neuropeptid (1)
- Neurotransmitter (1)
- Neurotropher Faktor (1)
- Neurovaskuläre Einheit (1)
- Neutrophiler Granulozyt (1)
- Nexavar (1)
- Next-Generation Sequencing (1)
- Next-Generation Sequenzierung (1)
- Nibrin (1)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (NSCLC) (1)
- Nichtzielorganismen (1)
- Nicotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptor (1)
- Niere (1)
- Nijmegen Breakage Syndrom (1)
- Nijmegen breakage syndrome (1)
- Nistgelegenheit (1)
- Nisthöhle (1)
- Nitratatmung (1)
- Noey2 (1)
- Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom (1)
- Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- Non-target effects (1)
- Nosema (1)
- Nosema apis (1)
- Notch Signalweg (1)
- Notch signalling (1)
- Notch/Delta Signalweg (1)
- Notch/Delta pathway (1)
- Noteridae (1)
- Nuage (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear envelope assembly (1)
- Nuclear export control (1)
- Nuclear periphery granules (1)
- Nuclear pore complex (1)
- Nucleinsäure-Sensoren (1)
- Nucleinsäuren (1)
- Nucleolus (1)
- Nukleolus (1)
- Nuleic Acids Sensors (1)
- Nährboden (1)
- ODE (1)
- OX40L (1)
- Oberflächenchemie (1)
- Oberflächendruck (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonresonanz (SPR) (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Obstruktive Ventilationsstörung (1)
- Octopaminergic signaling (1)
- Odour Intensity (1)
- Oecophylla smaragdina (1)
- Oilseed Rape (1)
- Okadasäure (1)
- Oktopamin (1)
- Olfactory (1)
- Olive baboons (1)
- OmoMYC (1)
- Oncogenes (1)
- Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy (1)
- Oncoprotein (1)
- Onkolytische Vaccinia Virustherapie (1)
- Onkoprotein (1)
- Oogenese (1)
- Oozyten (1)
- Opsin (1)
- Optogenetic (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Organentwicklung (1)
- Organisationsform (1)
- Organogenese (1)
- Osmolarität (1)
- Osmoregulation (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Osteoporose (1)
- Out-of-school learning settings (1)
- Ovarialkarzinom (1)
- Ovarian Cancer (1)
- Ovarielle Alterung (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxidative Thiol Modifikationen (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P60 (1)
- PAC contig (1)
- PAC-Contig (1)
- PAK (1)
- PALM stoichiometry (1)
- PCP signaling (1)
- PCP-Signalweg (1)
- PD-1 (1)
- PDF neurons (1)
- PEDF (1)
- PEG chemical modification (1)
- PEP:PTS (1)
- PER (1)
- PH-Domäne (1)
- PH-domain (1)
- PI3-Kinase (1)
- PI3-kinase (1)
- PI3K (1)
- PI3K/Akt Signalweg (1)
- PI3K/Akt pathway (1)
- PI3K/mTOR inhibierung (1)
- PKA (1)
- PKG (1)
- PLGA (1)
- PPD (1)
- PRC2 (1)
- PROTACs (1)
- Paarungshäufigkeit (1)
- Paarungssystem (1)
- Paarungsverhalten (1)
- Pachycondyla (1)
- Pachytänspermatozyten (1)
- Pan-Raf-Inhibition (1)
- Pangenom (1)
- Parabiose (1)
- Paraffin (1)
- Parameterextraktion (1)
- Parasitismus (1)
- Parasitoid (1)
- Parc National de (1)
- Parc National de la Como´e (1)
- Parental care (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Parkinson Krankheit (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (1)
- Parkinsons Disease (1)
- Participation (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Partnerwahl (1)
- Patch-clamp (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pattern Matching (1)
- Patterns and drivers of invertebrate herbivory (1)
- Patterns and drivers of species diversity of phytophagous beetles (1)
- Patterns and drivers of species richness and community biomass of large mammals (1)
- Pause Release (1)
- Pax3 (1)
- Pax7 (1)
- Peptid (1)
- Perception (1)
- Perforine (1)
- Period (1)
- Peroxiredoxin (1)
- Peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- Peroxisomale Biogenese Defekte (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Persistenz (1)
- Pest management (1)
- Peyer's Patches (1)
- Peyer'sche Plaques (1)
- Pflanzen-Bestäuber-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzen-Bienen-Netzwerke (1)
- Pflanzeninhaltsstoff (1)
- Pflanzenökologie (1)
- Pflanzliches Insektizid (1)
- Phage Lamda (1)
- Phage-Display (1)
- Phagen-Display (1)
- Phagosomal escape (1)
- Phagosome (1)
- Pharmacokinetics (1)
- Pharmakogenetik (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Pharmazeutische Industrie (1)
- Phenotypic switch (1)
- Pheromon Kommunikation (1)
- Pheromon communication (1)
- Philanthus (1)
- Philantus (1)
- Phloretin (1)
- Phosphatase (1)
- Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (1)
- Phospho-Akt (1)
- Phosphoproteomic analysis (1)
- Phosphotransfer reactions (1)
- Phosphotransferasesystem (1)
- Phosphotransferreaktionen (1)
- Photochemie (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Photoreceptor (1)
- Photorezeption (1)
- Photorezeptordegeneration (1)
- Photoschädigung (1)
- Phylogenic (1)
- Phylogenie von Listeria (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physiologie (1)
- Physiologische Chemie (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytanoyl-CoA-Hydroxylase (1)
- Phytansäure (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Phänotypische Heterogenität (1)
- Pichia pastoris (1)
- Pigmentdispergierender Faktor (1)
- Pigmentepithel (1)
- Pigmentierung (1)
- Pipecolinsäurederivate (1)
- Pipeline-Rechner (1)
- Piping Signal (1)
- Plant (1)
- Plant-animal interactions (1)
- Plant-insect interactions (1)
- Plant-pollinator interactions (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma membrane repair (1)
- Plasmalemma (1)
- Plasmamembranorganisation (1)
- Plasmodium (1)
- Plastizität <Physiologie> (1)
- Platelets (1)
- Pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Pluripotenz (1)
- Plättchennetzwerk (1)
- Plättchenphosphoproteom (1)
- Pogonomyrmex (1)
- Pogonomyrmex badius (1)
- Pogonomyrmex rugosus (1)
- Polistes (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollennahrung (1)
- Pollensammelzeiten (1)
- Pollination services (1)
- Pollinator (1)
- Polo-like kinase 1 (1)
- Polyethism (1)
- Polylactid-co-Glycolid (1)
- Polymerkomplexe (1)
- Polymyositis (1)
- Polyomaviren (1)
- Polyomavirus JC (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polyploidie (1)
- Polysaccharide (1)
- Pomalidomid (1)
- Popdc Genfamilie (1)
- Popdc1 (1)
- Popdc2 (1)
- Population structure (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Pore (1)
- Porenbildung (1)
- Porine (1)
- Porins (1)
- Positionsklonierung (1)
- Postovulatorische Alterung (1)
- Posttranslational (1)
- PrP (1)
- Preclinical (1)
- Predation (1)
- Presomitic meoderm (1)
- Primäre Polygynie (1)
- Primärkultur (1)
- Prion (1)
- Prionprotein (1)
- Produktivität (1)
- Promotor <Genetik> (1)
- Prostaglandin E2 (1)
- Prostaglandine (1)
- Prostatakrebs (1)
- Proteaseinhibitoren (1)
- Proteasen (1)
- Proteasomaler Abbau (1)
- Protected Area (1)
- Protein Lipidierungen (1)
- Protein-Kristallisierung (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Protein-Serin-Threonin-Ki (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteinbiochemie (1)
- Proteindomänen (1)
- Proteindomänenklassifikation (1)
- Proteindynamiken (1)
- Proteinidentifizierung (1)
- Proteinkinase C (1)
- Proteinkinase CK2 (1)
- Proteinmodifikationen (1)
- Proteinsekretion (1)
- Proteinstoffwechsel (1)
- Proteintransport (1)
- Proteintyrosinphosphatase (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proteomics Analysis of Complexes (1)
- Proteotype (1)
- Proventriculus (1)
- Proventrikel (1)
- Prozessierung (1)
- Präsomitisches Mesoderm (1)
- Präsynapse (1)
- Psychosoziale Beratung (1)
- Psychosoziale Situation (1)
- Pteromalidae (1)
- Puberty (1)
- Pubertät (1)
- PyMOL (1)
- Pyrgauchenia (1)
- Pyrgauchenia tristaniopsis (1)
- QDTI (1)
- QTL Analyse (1)
- QTL analysis (1)
- QUAC1 (1)
- Qinghaosu (1)
- R-Typ (1)
- RAD50-Defizienz (1)
- RAD51C (1)
- RAF (1)
- RAGE (1)
- RAL (1)
- RAf (1)
- RFID (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA Motivsuche (1)
- RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) (1)
- RNA binding proteins (1)
- RNA delivery (1)
- RNA granules (1)
- RNA motiv serach (1)
- RNA-Polymerase I (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RNS-Polymerase I (1)
- RNS-Polymerase II (1)
- ROS (1)
- RPE specific genes (1)
- RSK2 (1)
- Rab14 (1)
- Rab23 (1)
- Raf (1)
- Raf <Biochemie> (1)
- Raf-Kinase (1)
- Random-walk simulations (1)
- Raps (1)
- Rapsanbau (1)
- Rbm8a (1)
- Re-Annotation (1)
- Re-annotation (1)
- Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (1)
- Real-time PCR (1)
- Receptor-Tyrosine Kinases (1)
- Rechtsmedizin (1)
- Redoxsystem (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Registrierung <Bildverarbeitung> (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (1)
- Regulatory Volume Decrease (1)
- Regulon (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifung (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Reinigung (1)
- Reiz (1)
- Rekombinantes Protein (1)
- Rekrutierung (1)
- Remission (1)
- Renaturierung <Biochemie> (1)
- Renaturierung <Ökologie> (1)
- Renin Angiotensin System (1)
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (1)
- Repetitive Exposition (1)
- Repression (1)
- Reproductive Strategies (1)
- Reproductive potential (1)
- Reproduktionserfolg (1)
- Reproduktionsmedizin (1)
- Reproduktiver Konflikt (1)
- Reproduktives Potential (1)
- Reprogramming (1)
- Resistenz (1)
- Resource Managment (1)
- Resource Use (1)
- Ressourcenmanagement (1)
- Ressourcenteilung (1)
- Retina (1)
- Retinoesaeure (1)
- Retinoschisis (1)
- Retroviraler Gentransfer (1)
- Rev-NES (1)
- Reversibel (1)
- Rezeptor-Liganden-Interaktion (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosin-Kinase (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinasen (1)
- Rezeptoren (1)
- Rezeptormobilität (1)
- Rhabdomyosarkom (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rho (1)
- Rho GTPasen (1)
- Rho GTPases (1)
- Rhodopsin (1)
- Ribonuclease H2 (1)
- Ribonucleoproteine (1)
- Ribosomale RNS (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Ribosomenproteine (1)
- Richter's syndrome (1)
- Richter-Syndrom (1)
- Rind (1)
- Risikoberechnung (1)
- Risikostreuung (1)
- Risk estimation (1)
- Rituximab (1)
- Rnsstoffwechsel (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Rocaglamid (1)
- Rollstuhl (1)
- Rotbuche (1)
- Rotstirnmaki (1)
- Räuber-Beute Interaktionen (1)
- Räuberdruck (1)
- Räumliches Sehen (1)
- Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse (1)
- Rückkopplung (1)
- Rüsselkäfer (1)
- S6KII (1)
- SH-SY5Y (1)
- SH2-Domänen Bindungsstelle (1)
- SH2-domain binding site (1)
- SH3-Domäne (1)
- SLAC/SLAH (1)
- SMN-Komplex (1)
- SMN-complex (1)
- SNP (1)
- SPR-Spektroskopie (1)
- SPRED2 (1)
- SR protein kinase (1)
- SR-Protein Kinase (1)
- SRF (1)
- SRPK79D (1)
- SSR42 (1)
- STAT (1)
- STAT3 (1)
- STAT6 (1)
- STED (1)
- STED-Mikroskopie (1)
- STR (1)
- SUN domain proteins (1)
- SWI/SNF (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella enterica (1)
- Salmonellose (1)
- Samenkeimung (1)
- Samenpflanzen (1)
- Samenprädation (1)
- Sammeldistanzen (1)
- Sammelverhalten (1)
- Sandminen (1)
- Saproxylic beetles (1)
- Saproxylophage (1)
- Sauerstoffradikal (1)
- Savannah ecosystems (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scarabaeidae (1)
- Scherspannung (1)
- Schildkäfer (1)
- Schimpanse (1)
- Schistosomiasis (1)
- Schlaf (1)
- Schlaganfall (1)
- Schließzelle (1)
- Schmalbienen (1)
- Schmalwa (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schubspannung (1)
- Schwebfliegen (1)
- Schwimmkäfer (1)
- Schwänzeltanz (1)
- Schälen (1)
- SdY (1)
- Seam (1)
- Sehen (1)
- Sekundärmetabolit (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Sekundärwald (1)
- Selbstorgansation (1)
- Selektive Wahrnehmung (1)
- Selenit (1)
- Selenoprotein (1)
- Semelparitie (1)
- Senescence (1)
- Seneszenz (1)
- Senile Makuladegeneration / Pigmentepithel / Genexpression (1)
- Sensillum ampullaceum (1)
- Sensoren (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sensory (1)
- Sensory Exploitation (1)
- Sensory exploitation (1)
- Sensory trap (1)
- Sequence Analysis (1)
- Sequence-Structure (1)
- Sequenzanalyse (1)
- Sequenzdaten (1)
- Sequenzierung (1)
- Serin-Arginin Proteinkinase (1)
- Serin-Threonin-Kinase (1)
- Serin/Arginin Proteinkinase (1)
- Serinprotease (1)
- Serotonin (1)
- Serotonintransporter (1)
- Serumentzug (1)
- Sexual development (1)
- Sexual selection (1)
- Sexualdimorphismus (1)
- Shaggy (1)
- Shh (1)
- Shigella (1)
- Shigella flexneri (1)
- Shikimatsynthese (1)
- Shikimisäure (1)
- Signal Transduktion (1)
- Signaling complex (1)
- Signalkette (1)
- Signalkomplex (1)
- Signaltransduction (1)
- Similarity (1)
- Simkania (1)
- Simkania Negevensis (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Sinapis arvensis (1)
- Single-molecule tracking (1)
- Sinne (1)
- Sinusknoten (1)
- Sinusknotenbradykardie (1)
- Ska complex (1)
- Ska-Komplex (1)
- Skleroproteine (1)
- Small RNA (1)
- Social Organisation (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Solid-phase microextraction (1)
- Somatische Mutation (1)
- Somit (1)
- Somiten (1)
- Somites (1)
- Sonnenblumen (1)
- Sorafinib (1)
- Soziale Organisation (1)
- Sozialität (1)
- Sozio-endokrinologie (1)
- Soziobiologie (1)
- Spaltung (1)
- Spechte (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral Data Analysis (1)
- Speicher (1)
- Spermatogenesis (1)
- Spermatozyt (1)
- Spermienbildung (1)
- Spezialisierung (1)
- Spezifikation (1)
- Spezifität (1)
- Sphecidae (1)
- Sphingosinanaloga (1)
- Sphingosinkinase (1)
- Spider Silk (1)
- Spinale Muskelatrophie (1)
- Spindelkontrollpunkt (1)
- Spinnen (1)
- Spir (1)
- Spitzwegerich (1)
- Spleißen (1)
- Split-Ubiquitin-System (1)
- Spred Protein (1)
- Spred-Proteine (1)
- Spumaviren (1)
- Spurenkunde (1)
- Spurpheromone (1)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- Src (1)
- Src-Proteine (1)
- Stabilisierung (1)
- Stachellose Biene (1)
- Stammvielfalt (1)
- Stammzelltransplantation (1)
- Standardgehirn (1)
- Staphylococcus (1)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (1)
- Stat3 (1)
- Stat5 (1)
- Stat6 (1)
- Statin (1)
- Stationenarbeit (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Statistische Analyse (1)
- Sterilität (1)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (1)
- Stickstoffoxid (1)
- Stoffwechselweg (1)
- Strahlensensibilisator (1)
- Strahlensensitivität (1)
- Streifgebiet (1)
- Stressresistenz (1)
- Striatum (1)
- Stridulation (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Structural proteins (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Strukturauklärung (1)
- Strukturbiologie (1)
- Strukturplastizität (1)
- Strukturproteine (1)
- Störung (1)
- Subitizing (1)
- Sumo (1)
- Sumoylierung (1)
- Superagonist (1)
- Superresolution microscopy (1)
- Support-Vektor-Maschine (1)
- Surface potential (1)
- Surface pressure (1)
- Survival analysis (1)
- Symbionten (1)
- Synaptic plasticity (1)
- Synaptinemal-Komplex (1)
- Synaptische Plastizität (1)
- Synaptische Proteine (1)
- Synaptische Vesikel (1)
- Synaptonemaler Komplex (1)
- Synchronisation (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- Synökologie (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Systembiologische Analysen (1)
- Säugerzellen (1)
- Säure (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T cell (1)
- T cell activation (1)
- T lymphocytes (1)
- T- Lymphozyt (1)
- T-Zell-Aktivierung (1)
- T-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- T-Zelle (1)
- T-cell (1)
- T-cell engager (1)
- T-cell epitope (1)
- T-cell repertoire (1)
- T-cells (1)
- T-lymphocyte (1)
- T-lymphocytes (1)
- T-zell epitope (1)
- T-zell repertoir (1)
- T3SS (1)
- TAMs (1)
- TCSPC (1)
- TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN (1)
- TEVC (1)
- TFIIIC (1)
- TGF (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-ß (1)
- TGF-ß Rezeptoren (1)
- TGF-ß receptors (1)
- TGFß (1)
- TLR4 (1)
- TLR7 (1)
- TLR8 (1)
- TNF-R1 (1)
- TNF-R2 (1)
- TRAF1 (1)
- TWEAK (1)
- Tabak (1)
- Tachyphylaxie (1)
- Tageslänge (1)
- Tagesrhythmik (1)
- Tamarin (1)
- Tansania (1)
- Tardigraden (1)
- Tardigrades (1)
- Taste (1)
- Taxonomie (1)
- TbH (1)
- Telomer (1)
- Telomer <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Temperaturabhängigkeit (1)
- Temperaturregulierung (1)
- Terminal domains (1)
- Terminale Domaine (1)
- Ternärer Komplex (1)
- Ternärkomplex (1)
- Terpene (1)
- Terpyridinderivate <2 (1)
- Test-Strip (1)
- Teststreifen (1)
- Tetanus Neurotoxin (1)
- Tetrazin (1)
- Thelytokie (1)
- Theoretical ecology (1)
- Theranostik (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermogenesis (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Thermoregultion (1)
- Thiol:Disulfid-Redox-Metabolismus (1)
- Thiole (1)
- Thiolgruppe (1)
- Thrombozyten (1)
- Thyme (1)
- Thymian (1)
- Thymol (1)
- Tier-Pflanze-Interaktion (1)
- Tier-Pflanze-Interaktionen (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Timing (1)
- Tiotropium (1)
- Tobacco (1)
- Toll-like Receptor (1)
- Toll-like Rezeptor (1)
- Toll-like receptor (1)
- Tonoplast (1)
- Topoisomerase I (1)
- Topoisomerase II (1)
- Topoisomerase II alpha (1)
- Topoisomerases I (1)
- Totenkopfäffchen (1)
- Transcription Regulation (1)
- Transcriptional Stress Response (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (1)
- Transgene Mäuse (1)
- Transkriptionelle Regulierung (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- Transkriptionsregulation (1)
- Translokation (1)
- Transmembranprotein (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transporter SLC5A3 (1)
- Transporter SLC6A6 (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Trehalose (1)
- Trematoden (1)
- Trimerisation (1)
- TrkB (1)
- Tropen (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Trophische Interaktionen (1)
- Tropischer Regenwald (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei (1)
- Trypanosomiasis (1)
- Tsetse Fliege (1)
- Tuberkelbakterium (1)
- Tubulin (1)
- Tumor Immunology (1)
- Tumor cell migration (1)
- Tumor detection (1)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor <alpha> (1)
- Tumorantigen (1)
- Tumordetektion (1)
- Tumorerkrankungen (1)
- Tumorgenese (1)
- Tumorimmunity (1)
- Tumorimmunität (1)
- Tumorinstability (1)
- Tumorinstabilität (1)
- Tumorklassifikation (1)
- Tumorregression (1)
- Tumorsuppressorgen (1)
- Tumorzellmigration (1)
- Turgordruck (1)
- Typ I Sekretion (1)
- Typ III Sekretionssystem (1)
- Tyramin (1)
- Tyrosin (1)
- Tyrosinase (1)
- TßRII-B (1)
- USA300 (1)
- USP28 (1)
- UV (1)
- Ubiquitin Specific Protease 11 (1)
- Ubiquitination (1)
- Ukelei (1)
- Ultrastruktur (1)
- Umweltfaktor (1)
- Umwelttoxikologie (1)
- Universität Würzburg. Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik (1)
- Universitätsforst Würzburg (1)
- Unterholz (1)
- Uptake (1)
- Urea distribution volume (1)
- Urin (1)
- Urine (1)
- Urogenitalsystem (1)
- Urämie (1)
- Urämietoxine (1)
- Urämische Toxine (1)
- Usp28 (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- VIB (1)
- VKORC1L1 (1)
- Vaccinia (1)
- Vaccinia Virus Replikation (1)
- Vaccinia virus (1)
- Vaccinia-virus (1)
- Vakzinierung (1)
- Valonia utricularis (1)
- Variables Oberflächen Glycoprotein (1)
- Variant Surface Glycoprotein (1)
- Variantcalling (1)
- Variants (1)
- Vascular endothelial Growth Factor (1)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (1)
- Vault (1)
- Vav (1)
- Venlafaxin (1)
- Ventricaria ventricosa (1)
- Verbreitung (1)
- Verbreitungsgrenzen (1)
- Verhaltenplastizität (1)
- Verhaltens-Ökologie (1)
- Verhaltensanalyse (1)
- Verhaltensanpassung (1)
- Verhaltensforschung (1)
- Verhaltensphysiologie (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Vermehrung (1)
- Vernachlässigte Tropenkrankheiten (1)
- Verrechnungszeit (1)
- Verschmelzung (1)
- Vertebrat (1)
- Vertebraten (1)
- Vertebrates (1)
- Verwandtschaft (1)
- Vesikeltransport (1)
- Viabilität (1)
- Virulenzfaktoren (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Visuelle Orientierung (1)
- Visueller Reiz (1)
- Visuelles Gedächtnis (1)
- Vitamin B6 (1)
- Vitamin D3 (1)
- Vitamin K (1)
- Vitamin-K-Epoxid-Reduktase (1)
- Voltage-Clamp-Methode (1)
- Voltinismus (1)
- Volumenregulation (1)
- Vorhersagbarkeitsmuster (1)
- Vorläuferzelle (1)
- Vorläuferzellen (1)
- Vögel (1)
- W Arly Pendjari WAP (1)
- WISP1/CCN4 (1)
- WTX (1)
- Wabe (1)
- Wachslaufen (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wachstumsfaktoren (1)
- Waldstruktur (1)
- Wanzen (1)
- Wasserstoffbrückenbindung (1)
- Wasserstoffperoxid (1)
- Wassertransport (1)
- Wassertransport in Pflanzen (1)
- Waterbear (1)
- Web services (1)
- WebLogo (1)
- Weberameisen (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Wegener's granulomatosis (1)
- Wegener'sche Granulomatose (1)
- Wegeners granulomatosis (1)
- Wegenersche Granulomatose (1)
- Weidegräser (1)
- Weinbau (1)
- Weinrebe (1)
- Werk (1)
- Wernicke's perpendicular fasciculus (1)
- Wernickes Assoziationsbündel (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West African savanna (1)
- Wet adhesion model (1)
- Whedos (1)
- Wheelchair Navigation (1)
- Wilde Honigbienen (1)
- Windengewächse (1)
- Wirbeltiere (1)
- Wirkmechanismus (1)
- Wirkstoff (1)
- Wirt (1)
- Wirtspflanzen (1)
- Wirtspflanzenfindung (1)
- Wirtszellen (1)
- Wnt (1)
- Wundheilung (1)
- Wurzelhalsgalle (1)
- Würzburg University Forest (1)
- X-gebundene juvenile Retinoschisis (1)
- X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Xenobiotikum (1)
- Xiphophorus maculatus (1)
- Xylemdruck (1)
- Xylemdruckmeßsonde (1)
- Y Chromosome (1)
- Y chromosome (1)
- Y-Chromosom (1)
- YAP (1)
- YaeT (1)
- Yeast-Two-Hybrid-System (1)
- Yellow Cameleon 2.1 (1)
- Yellow Crazy Ant (1)
- YtfM (1)
- ZO-2 (1)
- Zahnentwicklung (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zebrafisch LBR (1)
- Zeit (1)
- Zeitdifferenzierung (1)
- Zelladhäsion (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zellkonjugation (1)
- Zelllinie (1)
- Zellmarker (1)
- Zellmarkierung (1)
- Zelloberfläche (1)
- Zelluläre Immunität (1)
- Zellvolumen (1)
- Zellwandkanal (1)
- Zellwandkanäle (1)
- Zellzykluskontrolle (1)
- Zentrales Nervensystem (1)
- Zentriolen (1)
- Zersetzer (1)
- Zersetzungsprozess (1)
- Zestode (1)
- Zittertanz (1)
- Zutokin (1)
- Zwei-Komponentensystem (1)
- Zwei-Poren Domänen Kaliumkanäle (1)
- Zweidimensionale Elektrophorese (1)
- Zweikomponentensystem (1)
- Zweikomponentensystem <Molekularbiologie> (1)
- Zytogenetik (1)
- Zytokinese (1)
- Zytokinine (Pflanzenpathogene) (1)
- Zytolsin (1)
- Zytoskelett (1)
- Zytostatikatestung (1)
- Zählen (1)
- aberration (1)
- accessory medulla (1)
- adaptive traits (1)
- adaptor protein (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adhesion molecules (1)
- adhesive fluid (1)
- adipocytes (1)
- advanced glycation end products (1)
- affinity (1)
- affinity purification (1)
- aggression (1)
- aggressive behavior (1)
- agriculture (1)
- agroecology (1)
- airflow (1)
- aktive Zone (1)
- aldosterone (1)
- algorithm (1)
- alkaloid concentrations (1)
- alkylating agent (1)
- allergy (1)
- alpha-Methylacyl-CoA (1)
- alpha-Myosinschwerkette (1)
- alpha-Oxidation (1)
- alpha-myosin heavy chain (1)
- alpha-oxidation (1)
- alpine ecosystems (1)
- alternative splicing (1)
- alternatives Spleißen (1)
- aluminium (1)
- amacr (1)
- amh (1)
- aminergic neurons (1)
- amphibian communities (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- analysis (1)
- anemia (1)
- aneugens (1)
- aneuploidy (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- angiotensin II type 1a receptor (1)
- animal-plant interactions (1)
- anisomycin (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- anoikis (1)
- ant oogenesis (1)
- anthropogene Störungen (1)
- anthropogenic disturbance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody (1)
- antibody engineering (1)
- antibody microarray (1)
- antigen delivery (1)
- antigen presentation (1)
- antigen therapy (1)
- antigenic variation (1)
- antigensearch (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- appendage development (1)
- arachidonic acid (1)
- arf (1)
- arthropod community (1)
- arthropods (1)
- artifacts (1)
- artificial chromosomes (1)
- artificial diet (1)
- artificial human skin (1)
- arylphorin AFP (1)
- assistierte Reproduktion (1)
- association (1)
- associative (1)
- assoziativ (1)
- attachment devices (1)
- attachment structure (1)
- autoimmune disease (1)
- autoimmune diseases (1)
- autoimmunität (1)
- automatisierte Bildanalyse (1)
- autophagy (1)
- außerpaarliche Vaterschaft (1)
- axonal damage (1)
- axonaler Schaden (1)
- bHLH (1)
- bacterial (1)
- bacterial cancer therapy (1)
- bacterial pathogenesis (1)
- bacterial tumor targeting (1)
- bakterielle Flora (1)
- bakterielle Pathogenese (1)
- balanced-lethal plasmid system (1)
- bcl-X (1)
- bee diseases (1)
- bee-lining (1)
- beetles (1)
- beewolf (1)
- begrenzte Ressource (1)
- behavioral change (1)
- behavioral maturation (1)
- behavioral physiology (1)
- behavioral rhythms (1)
- behavioural analyses (1)
- bestrophin (1)
- bestäuberfreundliche Pflanzen (1)
- beta A4 (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-Fassproteine (1)
- beta-adrenerge Rezeptoren (1)
- beta-barrel-proteins (1)
- beta-glucuronidase (1)
- beta-lactamase (1)
- biased dispersal (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biodiversity response (1)
- biogenic amine (1)
- biology (1)
- bioorthogonal labeling (1)
- biopharmaceuticals (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- biotic interactions (1)
- birds (1)
- bispecific antibodies (1)
- bispecific antibody (1)
- bispezifische Antikörper (1)
- bispezifische antikörper (1)
- bisphenol a (1)
- bitter taste (1)
- black lipid bilayer (1)
- blood (1)
- blood-brain-barrier (1)
- body size (1)
- bone (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- boolean (1)
- botanical gardens (1)
- brain (1)
- brain anatomy (1)
- brain development (1)
- bromoisoxazoline alkaloids (1)
- bromotyrosine alkaloids (1)
- brood development (1)
- brood rearing (1)
- bucket brigades (1)
- building behavior (1)
- bumble bees (1)
- bumblebee*s (1)
- burn severity (1)
- buttonhead (1)
- bvgAS system (1)
- c-myc (1)
- c-type natriuretic peptide (1)
- cAMP (1)
- cAMP binding (1)
- cAMP-Bindung (1)
- cDNA library (1)
- cDNA-Arrays (1)
- cDNA-arrays (1)
- cDNS (1)
- calcareous grassland (1)
- calpain (1)
- calyx (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- cancer stem cells (1)
- capture mechanism (1)
- capture-mark-recapture (1)
- carbon catabolite repression (1)
- carcinoma cells (1)
- cardiogenesis (1)
- cardiomyocytes (1)
- cardiovascular remodeling (1)
- case reports (1)
- caspase (1)
- catecholamines (1)
- caveolae (1)
- cell adhesion (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell cycle control (1)
- cell growth (1)
- cell wall channel (1)
- cellcycle (1)
- central complex (1)
- centrosomal protein (1)
- cestode (1)
- channel forming proteins (1)
- channel-tunnel (1)
- chaperones (1)
- characterisation (1)
- chemical ecology (1)
- chemische Modifizierung (1)
- chimeric (1)
- chimär (1)
- chlamydia (1)
- chondrocytes (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromatin accessibility (1)
- chromatin remodeling (1)
- chromosomal instability (1)
- chromosomal instability disorder (1)
- chromosomale Instabilität (1)
- chromosome 11p13 (1)
- chromosome congression (1)
- chromosomes telomere-led movement (1)
- chronic lymphocytic Leukemia (1)
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- chronische B-Zell Leukaemie (1)
- chronische lymphatische Leukämie (1)
- chronological aging (1)
- circadian clock (1)
- circadian clocks (1)
- classification of protein domains (1)
- clastogens (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- climate (1)
- climate control (1)
- climbing (1)
- cloning (1)
- closing of chromatin (1)
- clothianidin (1)
- clustering (1)
- co-expression coefficient (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cofilin (1)
- cognition (1)
- cohesin (1)
- cold-shock (1)
- collagenases (1)
- colony founding (1)
- colony recognition (1)
- colony size (1)
- colony structur (1)
- colorectal cancer (1)
- comb (1)
- combination therapy (1)
- community composition (1)
- comparative metagenomics (1)
- computational analysis (1)
- concept maps (1)
- conceptual change (1)
- condensation (1)
- conditional knockout mouse (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- conformational epitopes (1)
- connectomics (1)
- controll mechanism (1)
- cool-season grass species (1)
- corazonin (1)
- correlative methods (1)
- correspondence analysis (1)
- costimulatory molecule (1)
- coumaphos (1)
- courtship behaviour (1)
- crickets (1)
- cristae (1)
- crop harvest (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- crosstalk (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- crystal structure analysis (1)
- cul3 ring ligase (1)
- cytokeratin (1)
- cytokinesis (1)
- cytolysin (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- cytostatic drug testing (1)
- dSTORM-Mikroskopie (1)
- dachsous (1)
- das Promotor (1)
- das in vitro Transkriptionssystem (1)
- data analysis (1)
- dead organic material (1)
- deadwood enrichment (1)
- decapentaplegic (1)
- decision-making (1)
- decomposition (1)
- defective Mitosis (1)
- defense (1)
- deformable models (1)
- dendritische Zellen (1)
- deubiquitination (1)
- developing country (1)
- developmental time (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- diagnostic Microarray (1)
- diagnostischer Microarray (1)
- dialysis (1)
- dielectrophoresis (1)
- differential display PCR (1)
- differential geneexpression (1)
- differenzielle Genexpression (1)
- differenzielle Methylierung (1)
- diffusion tractography (1)
- digging behavior (1)
- diphenyl urea (1)
- disc deseases (1)
- disease control (1)
- disease modelling (1)
- dispersal distance (1)
- dispersal propensity (1)
- dispersal strategy (1)
- dispersal timing (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance (1)
- domain (1)
- dominance (1)
- dominance hierarchies (1)
- doppelsträngige RNA (1)
- double-stranded RNA (1)
- drivers and patterns of diversity and herbivory (1)
- drones (1)
- drosophila larva (1)
- drosophila melanogster (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- dual targeting (1)
- dunce (1)
- dung beetles (1)
- dvision of labor (1)
- dynamic (1)
- dynamics (1)
- e1071 (1)
- eIF-5A (1)
- eIF5A (1)
- eco-tourism (1)
- ecological intensification (1)
- ecological process (1)
- electrical measurements (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- elektrische Messungen (1)
- elektrophysiologie (1)
- elementary motion detector (1)
- elevation (1)
- elevational gradients (1)
- embryo (1)
- embryonale Stammzelle (1)
- embryonic stem cells (1)
- emulsion (1)
- endocytosis (1)
- endophyte (1)
- endophytische Pilze (1)
- endosymbionts (1)
- enhancers (1)
- enteroinvasive (1)
- entomology (1)
- envelope protein (1)
- environmental cues (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- enzymatic defense mechanism (1)
- enzymatische Abwehrreaktion (1)
- enzyme (1)
- epidermidis (1)
- epitope tagging (1)
- erleichterungslernen (1)
- erythrocyte adherence (1)
- erythropoietin (1)
- essential (1)
- essentiell (1)
- essentielle Gene (1)
- estrogen (1)
- estrogen receptor (1)
- eukaryotic gene expression (1)
- evolution of pathogens (1)
- evolution of virulence (1)
- exon trapping (1)
- exotische Pflanzen (1)
- experience (1)
- explorative data analysis (1)
- expression (1)
- expression mapping (1)
- expression pattern (1)
- expression systems (1)
- extensive Fischerei-Systeme (1)
- extensive fishery (1)
- external stimuli (1)
- extra-pair paternity (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extreme events (1)
- face morphing (1)
- facial age (1)
- facial gender (1)
- facial nerve lesion (1)
- familiärer Brustkrebs (1)
- fanconi anemia (1)
- fat (1)
- fatty acid desaturases (1)
- feedback (1)
- fehlerhafte Mitose (1)
- feral bees (1)
- fertility signal (1)
- fibrin (1)
- filamentous hemagglutinin (1)
- fire ecology (1)
- fire mapping (1)
- fish model (1)
- fish model system (1)
- fitness (1)
- fjx (1)
- fjx1 (1)
- flagella (1)
- flagellar sensing proteins (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flight simulator (1)
- floor plate (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow-cytometry (1)
- flowering phenology (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence quenching (1)
- flux (1)
- fluxosome (1)
- fly (1)
- flytrap (1)
- foamy virus (1)
- focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (1)
- fokale Adhäsionskinase (FAK) (1)
- food deprivation (1)
- forager (1)
- foraging behavior (1)
- foraging distances (1)
- foraging trip durations (1)
- forensic genetics (1)
- forest conservation (1)
- forest landscape (1)
- four-jointed (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- friction (1)
- frugivory (1)
- fruit crop size (1)
- fruit removal (1)
- fullerene (1)
- functional MRI (1)
- functional interpretation (1)
- functional modules (1)
- functional morphology (1)
- fungal endophytes (1)
- fungal endophytes of grasses (1)
- fungal infection (1)
- funktionale Bildgebung (1)
- funktionelle Analyse (1)
- funktionelle Module (1)
- fusion (1)
- fusion protein (1)
- futsch (1)
- galectins (1)
- gamergate (1)
- gamete (1)
- gamma-delta T-Lymphozyten (1)
- gamma-delta T-lymphocytes (1)
- gastrointestinal cancer (1)
- gene defect (1)
- gene duplication (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene expression networks (1)
- gene identification (1)
- gene ontology (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- gene targeting (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- gene/genome duplication (1)
- geneexpression (1)
- generalization (1)
- genetic heterogeneity (1)
- genetic screen (1)
- genetischer Fingerabdruck (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genomic (1)
- genomic damage (1)
- genomic island (1)
- genomic sequencing (1)
- genomic stability (1)
- genomische Inseln (1)
- genomische Sequenzierung (1)
- genotoxicity (1)
- genotype-phenotype correlation (1)
- genregulatorisches Netzwerk (1)
- geprägte Gene (1)
- germline mosaicism (1)
- glaukoma (1)
- glia cells (1)
- glucocorticoid-receptor modulator (1)
- glucosaminoglycans (1)
- glutamic acid decarboxylase (1)
- glutathione reductase (1)
- glycoproteins (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- gonococcal (1)
- gonococcal infection (1)
- gram-negative Bacteria (1)
- gram-negative Bakterien (1)
- gras-cutting ants (1)
- grass (1)
- growth factor (1)
- guanylate binding proteins (1)
- guanylyl cyclase B receptor (1)
- guanylyl cylcase A (1)
- gynogenesis (1)
- h-dimerization (1)
- habitat model (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- haemolymph sugar homeostasis (1)
- halbnatürliche Habitate (1)
- heart development (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat-box (1)
- heme (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- herbivore-parasitoid interaction (1)
- hereditary melanoma (1)
- heterochromatin (1)
- heterodimer (1)
- heterozygosity (1)
- hexamerin (1)
- hibernation (1)
- high throughput (1)
- hippocampus (1)
- hollow-fiber bioreactor (1)
- homocysteine (1)
- homology modeling (1)
- honey bee density (1)
- honey bees (1)
- honeybee*s (1)
- honeybees (1)
- host cell (1)
- host plant finding (1)
- human (1)
- human IgG1 (1)
- human brain microvascular endothelial cells (1)
- human breast cancer (1)
- human cytomegalovirus (1)
- human gut microbiome (1)
- human impact (1)
- human skin (1)
- humane Keimzellen (1)
- humane mesenchymale Stammzellen (1)
- humane mikrovaskuläre Hirnendothelzellen (1)
- humanized mice (1)
- humoral and cellular Immune reactions (1)
- humorales und zelluläres Immunsystem (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrogen bonds (1)
- hymenoptera (1)
- hämatopoetisches Mosaik (1)
- iNOS (1)
- iPS Reprogrammierung (1)
- imaging (1)
- imidacloprid (1)
- immune deficiency (1)
- immune escape (1)
- immune genes (1)
- immunocompetent skin (1)
- immunoconjugate (1)
- immunology (1)
- in situ hybridization (1)
- in vitro (1)
- in vitro Modell (1)
- in vitro transcription (1)
- in vivo (1)
- in-silico model (1)
- in-vivo Calcium-Imaging (1)
- induziert pluripotente Stammzelle (1)
- infection (1)
- infection rates (1)
- inflammation (1)
- information (1)
- inlGHE (1)
- innate immune system (1)
- innate immunity (1)
- innere Kernmembran (1)
- innocua (1)
- insect identification (1)
- insect immunity (1)
- insect-plant interactions (1)
- insertion duplication mutagenesis IDM (1)
- insertion-site deep sequencing (1)
- insulin (1)
- insulin pathway (1)
- insulin receptor (1)
- integrase (1)
- integrierte Versorgung (1)
- intensity (1)
- interacting species (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interactions (1)
- interaktive Arten (1)
- intercastes (1)
- interleukin-13 (1)
- interleukin-4 (1)
- internalin (1)
- interspecific association (1)
- interstitielle Zellen von Cajal (1)
- intervention point analyzing (1)
- intoxication risk (1)
- intracellular (1)
- intracellular replication (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- ionotropic glutamate receptors (1)
- iron (1)
- iron responsive elements (1)
- isolates of B. petrii (1)
- isolation (1)
- jasmonate (1)
- juvenile hormone (1)
- kardiovaskuläres Remodeling (1)
- kidney (1)
- kinase (1)
- kinase inhibitor (1)
- kinetic mechanism (1)
- kinetics (1)
- kinetochore (1)
- klassische Konditionierung (1)
- klassisches Konditionieren (1)
- knock-out (1)
- knock-out mouse (1)
- knockout mouse (1)
- kollektive Muster (1)
- konditionale Knockout-Maus (1)
- konditioneller Knockout (1)
- konformationelle Epitope (1)
- künstliche Chromosomen (1)
- lamin B3 (1)
- laminopathy (1)
- lamins (1)
- landscape (1)
- landscape management (1)
- landscape structure (1)
- landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb (1)
- laser microdissection (1)
- leaf beetle (1)
- leaf-cutting ant (1)
- learned helplessness (1)
- learning and behaviour (1)
- learning at workstations (1)
- learning rules (1)
- lebendgebärende Zahnkarpfen (1)
- left-right asymmetry (1)
- lentiviral transduction (1)
- lentivirale Transduktion (1)
- leucine-rich repeat protein (1)
- leukozytes (1)
- life history strategies (1)
- life history traits (1)
- ligand (1)
- ligand binding domain (1)
- ligand-receptor complex (1)
- lineare Regression (1)
- links-rechts Asymmetrie (1)
- lipid microdomains (1)
- lipid raft (1)
- listeria (1)
- live-cell (1)
- livebearing poeciliid (1)
- load size (1)
- lobula plate (1)
- local farm management (1)
- localisation (1)
- logging (1)
- longevity (1)
- low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (1)
- lymphomagenesis (1)
- lysosome (1)
- lösliche Guanylylcyclase (1)
- mRNA metabolism (1)
- mRNA processing (1)
- mRNA-Amplifikation (1)
- mRNA-amplification (1)
- macrophage (1)
- macrophages (1)
- macula dystrophy (1)
- main binding determinant (1)
- major vault protein (1)
- malignant melanoma (1)
- malnourishment (1)
- mammalian cells (1)
- mass-flowering crops (1)
- mate choice (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- mathematische Modellierung (1)
- mating frequency (1)
- mating system (1)
- matrix proteases (1)
- maturation (1)
- mean first passage time (1)
- mechanosensing (1)
- media design (1)
- meiosis . nuclear envelope (1)
- melanoma cells (1)
- melanoma dedifferentiation (1)
- membrane barrier (1)
- memory enhancement (1)
- menschliche Hirnevolution (1)
- menschlicher Einfluss (1)
- mesenchymal stem cell differentiation (1)
- mesenchymale Stammzellen (1)
- mesenchyme (1)
- metabolic (1)
- metabolic adaptation (1)
- metabolic fluxanalysis (1)
- metabolic pathway modeling (1)
- metabolische Fluxanalyse (1)
- metabolite profiling (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metabonomics (1)
- metagenomic (1)
- metalloprotease (1)
- metatsases (1)
- methods (1)
- methylene blue (1)
- miRNA (1)
- miRNA-Detektion (1)
- mice (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microarray data analysis (1)
- microarrays (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial ecology and evolution (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microclimate (1)
- microenvironment (1)
- microfluidics (1)
- microglomeruli (1)
- microglomerulus (1)
- microhabitat (1)
- microinjection (1)
- microphthalmia associated transcription factor (1)
- microsatellite instability (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microswimming (1)
- mikrobielle Ökologie und Evolution (1)
- mineralocorticoid receptor (1)
- mismatch repair (1)
- mismatch repair system (1)
- mitochondrial DNA (1)
- mitochondriale DNA (1)
- mitotic gene expression (1)
- mitotic progression (1)
- module search (1)
- molecular characterization (1)
- molecular diagnostics (1)
- molecular phylogeny (1)
- molecular recognition (1)
- molekulare Charakterisierung (1)
- molekulare Phylogenie (1)
- molekulargenetische Charakterisierung (1)
- monarch butterfly (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoallelic expression (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- monocyte differentiation (1)
- monoklonale Antikörper (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- mosaicism (1)
- motion (1)
- motion vision (1)
- mouse (1)
- mousemodell (1)
- mouthparts (1)
- multi-adaptor-protein (1)
- multi-modal stimuli (1)
- multi-unit recording (1)
- multidrug efflux pumps (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multiple sclerosis (1)
- multipotente Stammzelle (1)
- muscle differentiation (1)
- muscle fiber types (1)
- mushroom body miniature (1)
- mushroombody (1)
- mutants (1)
- mutation analysis (1)
- mutation rate (1)
- mutations (1)
- mutualistische Netzwerke (1)
- mycolata (1)
- myoblast (1)
- myocardium (1)
- myogenesis (1)
- myristoylation (1)
- nanobiocomposites (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- nanotoxicology (1)
- national park (1)
- national parks (1)
- natural IgM antibodies (1)
- natural disturbance (1)
- naturnahe Habitate (1)
- natürliche Feinde (1)
- natürliche IgM-Antikörper (1)
- ncRNA genes (1)
- nest size (1)
- nesting behaviour (1)
- nesting resources (1)
- nestmate recognition (1)
- network (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- network simulation (1)
- networkanalysis (1)
- neural crest (1)
- neural patterning (1)
- neural tube (1)
- neuroblast (1)
- neuroblast proliferation (1)
- neuroenhancement (1)
- neurogenesis (1)
- neurogenetic analyses (1)
- neuroinflammation (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuromuscular junction (1)
- neuromuskuläre Synapse (1)
- neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1)
- neuronal differentiation (1)
- neuronal filter (1)
- neuronale Differenzierung (1)
- neuronale Musterbildung (1)
- neuronale Plastizität (1)
- neuronales Filter (1)
- neurone (1)
- neuropathy (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- neurotrophe Faktoren (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- nibrin (1)
- nicht-genotrope Steroidwirkungen (1)
- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (1)
- niedermolekulare Protein-Tyrosin-Phosphatasen (1)
- non-Disjunktion (1)
- non-disjunction (1)
- non-sense mutations (1)
- nongenotropic steroid effects (1)
- norA (1)
- nuclear antigen (1)
- nuclear cytosolic translocation (1)
- nuclear envelope assembly (1)
- nuclear export (1)
- nuclear lamins (1)
- nuclear myosin (1)
- nuclear pore complexes (1)
- nuclear transport (1)
- nucleolus (1)
- nucleus (1)
- nukleäre Antigene (1)
- nukleäre Lamine (1)
- nurse bee (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nutrition (1)
- octopamine (1)
- odor processing (1)
- oil palm (1)
- oilseed rape (1)
- okadaic acid (1)
- olfactory coding (1)
- olfactory memory (1)
- olfactory pathway (1)
- olfaktorik (1)
- olfaktorische Bahn (1)
- olfaktorische Codierung (1)
- olfaktorische Rezeptorneurone (1)
- olfaktorisches Gedächtnis (1)
- oligomerization (1)
- oncogene (1)
- oncolytic therapy (1)
- oncolytic viral therapy (1)
- oncolytic virus therapy (1)
- onkolytische Virustherapie (1)
- onkolytische Virustherapy (1)
- oocyte (1)
- opening of chromatin (1)
- operante Konditionierung (1)
- operantes Konditionieren (1)
- optical Imaging (1)
- optimal drug combination (1)
- optisches Imaging (1)
- optomotor response (1)
- organogenesis (1)
- orphan (1)
- orthoptera (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian carcinoma (1)
- oviposition (1)
- oxidative thiol modification (1)
- oxidativer Stress (1)
- p110alpha (1)
- p15Ink4b (1)
- p21 activated kinase (1)
- p21-aktivierten Kinase (1)
- p60 (1)
- p90 ribosomale S6 kinase (1)
- p90RSK (1)
- pacbio correction (1)
- pachytene spermatocytes (1)
- pancreatic beta-cells (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- pangenome (1)
- parabiosis (1)
- paraffin (1)
- paramagnetische Beads (1)
- parameter extraction (1)
- parasite cycle (1)
- parasitärer Entwicklungszyklus (1)
- patch connectivity (1)
- patch-clamp (1)
- pathway (1)
- pattern conditioning (1)
- pea aphid (1)
- peeling (1)
- perception (1)
- peripheral pathways (1)
- peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- peroxisomal biogenesis disease (1)
- peroxisome (1)
- persistierende Infektion (1)
- personalisierte Medizin (1)
- pest control (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phenology (1)
- phenotype (1)
- phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- pheromones (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photoreceptor degeneration (1)
- phylogenetic inertia (1)
- phylogenetische Arrays (1)
- phylogenetische Trägheit (1)
- phylogeny evolution (1)
- phylogeny of listeria (1)
- phytanic acid (1)
- phytanoyl-CoA Hydroxylase (1)
- phänotypsche Plastizität (1)
- pi3kinase (1)
- pigment cell (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant animal interaction (1)
- plant defense (1)
- plant quality (1)
- plant-bee visitation networks (1)
- plant-herbivore-interactions (1)
- plasma membrane organization (1)
- plasmalemma (1)
- pms2 (1)
- point-of-care (1)
- pollinator friendly plants (1)
- pollinators (1)
- polyandry (1)
- polyethism (1)
- polygyny (1)
- polymorphonuclear neutrophil (1)
- polymyositis (1)
- polyploidy (1)
- ponerinae (1)
- popdc gene family (1)
- population engineering (1)
- populations genetics (1)
- pore formation and translocation (1)
- porenformende Proteine (1)
- positional cloning (1)
- post-disturbance logging (1)
- potassium channels (1)
- predation pressure (1)
- predator-prey interactions (1)
- predictabilitiy patterns (1)
- predictive features (1)
- presynapse (1)
- primary cell culture (1)
- primary cells (1)
- primary polygyny (1)
- primate (1)
- priming (1)
- primäre Zellen (1)
- prion (1)
- prion protein (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- product qualitymodulation (1)
- product specificity (1)
- proliferation (1)
- promoter (1)
- promoter invasion (1)
- prostaglandin (1)
- prostaglandin E2 (1)
- protease inhibitors (1)
- protein (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein crystallization (1)
- protein dynamics (1)
- protein interaction (1)
- protein lipidations (1)
- protein modifications (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- proteinkinase C (1)
- proteome (1)
- proteome analysis (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proventriculus (1)
- prädiktive Eigenschaften (1)
- pseudotetraploidisierung (1)
- pseudotetraploidization (1)
- psychosocial aspects (1)
- psychosoziale Aspekte (1)
- public outreach (1)
- purification (1)
- quantitative RT-PCR (1)
- quiescence (1)
- rRNA (1)
- rRNA processing (1)
- racemase (1)
- radiofrequency identification (1)
- radiosensitivity (1)
- range formation (1)
- rat (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- reception (1)
- receptor mobility (1)
- receptor tyrosin kinase (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (1)
- receptor-ligand-interaction (1)
- receptors (1)
- recombinant protein expression (1)
- recombinant vaccines (1)
- recreation (1)
- recruitment (1)
- reed frog (1)
- regulation (1)
- regulation of gene expression (1)
- regulatorische T Zelle (1)
- regulatory T cell (1)
- regulon (1)
- rekombinant expression (1)
- rekombinante Antikörper (1)
- rekombinante Expression (1)
- rekombinante Proteinexpression (1)
- relatedness (1)
- relief (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- repeats (1)
- replicative stress (1)
- reporter screen (1)
- reproduction success (1)
- reproductive competition (1)
- reproductive conflict (1)
- reproductive skew (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- reproduktive Konkurrenz (1)
- reproduktive Strategien (1)
- reproduktiver Erfolg (1)
- research software (1)
- resin (1)
- resistance to apoptosis (1)
- resource limitation (1)
- resource partitioning (1)
- response regulator (1)
- response threshold models (1)
- response-regulator (1)
- responsiveness (1)
- retinoic acid (1)
- retro virus (1)
- retroviral gene transfer (1)
- retroviral proteins (1)
- reversion (1)
- rfid (1)
- rho0 (1)
- rhodopsin (1)
- ribosomal S6 kinase II (1)
- ribosomal proteins (1)
- ribosomale Proteine (1)
- ribwort plantain (1)
- risk spreading (1)
- rnaH (1)
- robotics (1)
- rocaglamide (1)
- räumliche Skala (1)
- sFLIM (1)
- sFas (1)
- salmonids (1)
- sand dynamics (1)
- sand mine (1)
- saproxylic (1)
- saproxylic Coleoptera (1)
- savannah (1)
- schwimmende Ameisen (1)
- scientific computing (1)
- secondary rainforest fragments (1)
- secondary site infection (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- secreted effector protein (1)
- secretion (1)
- seed dispersal (1)
- seed predation (1)
- segmentation (1)
- sehen (1)
- sekundäre Samenausbreitung (1)
- selenite (1)
- selenoprotein (1)
- semelparity (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- semi-natural habitats (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensillum ampullaceum (1)
- sensorische Ökologie (1)
- sequence (1)
- serine protease (1)
- serine-arginine protein kinase (1)
- serine/arginine protein kinase (1)
- serum (1)
- serum deprivation (1)
- serum response element (1)
- serumresponsive Elemente (1)
- sex chromosomes (1)
- sex ratio (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual dimorphism (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexuelle Selektion (1)
- sexueller Konflikt (1)
- shear stress (1)
- shikimate pathway (1)
- sifA (1)
- signaling (1)
- signaling pathway (1)
- signalling (1)
- signaltransduction (1)
- single cell PCR (1)
- single cell anatomy (1)
- single chain (1)
- single molecule microscopy (1)
- single particle tracking (1)
- single-cell RNA sequencing (1)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (1)
- sinus bradycardia (1)
- size-matching (1)
- skin equivalent (1)
- skin model (1)
- sleep (1)
- small organic osmolytes (1)
- smallholder agriculture (1)
- social organisation (1)
- social organization (1)
- socio-endocrinology (1)
- socioeconomic (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soluble guanylyl cyclase (1)
- somatic mutations (1)
- somatische Mutationen (1)
- sox9 (1)
- soziale Oranisation (1)
- spatial scale (1)
- specialization (1)
- species differences (1)
- species richness (1)
- specificity (1)
- spectral karyotyping (1)
- spektrale karyotypisierung (1)
- sperm head formation (1)
- sperm-dependent parthenogenesis (1)
- spermienabhängige Parthenogenese (1)
- sphingosine (1)
- spiders (1)
- spillover (1)
- spinal muscular atrophy (1)
- spindle assembly checkpoint (1)
- splicing (1)
- spodoptera littoralis (1)
- sprouting (1)
- sptPALM (1)
- squirrel monkeys (1)
- stachellose Biene (1)
- stachellose Bienen (1)
- stage specific regulation (1)
- standardization (1)
- starvation (1)
- stathmin (1)
- statistical analysis (1)
- statistical evaluation (1)
- statistics (1)
- statistische Auswertung (1)
- steady-state (1)
- stem cell transplantation (1)
- strain diversity (1)
- stress (1)
- stress resistance (1)
- stridulation (1)
- structural biology (1)
- structural plasticity (1)
- structure analysis (1)
- structure elucidation (1)
- stumpy development (1)
- sugar (1)
- sugar perception (fructose, sucrose) (1)
- sugar receptor (1)
- sugar-conditioned behaviour (1)
- sumo (1)
- sumoylation (1)
- sunflowers (1)
- super-resolution array tomography (1)
- superagonist (1)
- surface chemistry (1)
- sustainable farming (1)
- swarming (1)
- swimming ants (1)
- swiss-cheese (1)
- symbionts (1)
- symbiotic fungus (1)
- synapses (1)
- synaptic active zone cytomatrix (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synaptic vesicle tethering (1)
- synaptisch protein (1)
- synaptische Funktion (1)
- synaptische Proteine (1)
- synaptonemal complex (1)
- synergistische Effekte (1)
- synthetic biology (1)
- synthetic lethality (1)
- synthetische Letalität (1)
- systematic drug targeting (1)
- systems biologie (1)
- systems biology (1)
- tadpole development (1)
- tadpoles (1)
- tamarins (1)
- task-partitioning (1)
- telomere-associated protein (1)
- telomere-binding protein (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperate zones (1)
- temperature regulation (1)
- temperature sensitive (1)
- temperatursensitiv (1)
- temporal development (1)
- temporal organization (1)
- temporal spillover (1)
- temporary waters (1)
- temporäre Gewässer (1)
- ternary complex (1)
- terpenes (1)
- tertiary lymphoid tissue (1)
- tertiäres lymphatisches Gewebe (1)
- tex (1)
- thelytoky (1)
- therapeutic antibody (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal energy (1)
- thermal orientation (1)
- thermale Energie (1)
- thermography (1)
- thioredoxin reductase (1)
- timing (1)
- tissue (1)
- tissue engineering (1)
- tissue-specific destruction (1)
- tolerance (1)
- toleranz (1)
- tonoplast (1)
- tool-use (1)
- topoisomerase II alpha (1)
- trachomatis (1)
- trail pheromone (1)
- trail-sharing (1)
- transactivation (1)
- transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 1 (TCEAL1) (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription regulation (1)
- transcriptional control (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transfer (1)
- transgenic mice (1)
- transkriptionelle Regulation (1)
- transmembrane protein (1)
- transplantation (1)
- transport (1)
- transposon mutagenesis (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- tree species (1)
- treehoppers (1)
- trehalose (1)
- tremble dance (1)
- trispecific (1)
- tropics (1)
- tropische Ökologie (1)
- trypanosome (1)
- trypanosomes (1)
- tubulin binding chaperone E-like (1)
- tumor immunology (1)
- tumor vascularization (1)
- tumorigenesis (1)
- turgor pressure (1)
- two component system (1)
- two-component system (1)
- two-componentsystems (1)
- two-cpmponent-system (1)
- two-pore domain potassium channels (1)
- type 1 diabetes mellitus (1)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (1)
- type I secretion (1)
- tyramine (1)
- tyrosine phosphorylation (1)
- ubiquitination (1)
- ultrastructure (1)
- understorey tree (1)
- urea- sodium- clearance relation (1)
- uremic toxin (1)
- uremic toxins (1)
- urogenital system (1)
- vaccine (1)
- vaccines (1)
- vaccinia virus replication (1)
- vakuoläre Perfusion (1)
- variants of B. petrii (1)
- variations in genome (1)
- varroa (1)
- vascular plants (1)
- vasculitis (1)
- vector-parasite interaction (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venus (1)
- vertebrate (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vessel wall resident stem cells (1)
- vessels (1)
- viniculture (1)
- virale Proteine (1)
- virotherapy (1)
- virus (1)
- visiual pattern recognition (1)
- visual cue (1)
- visual perception (1)
- visuell (1)
- visuelle Mustererkennung (1)
- vitamin B6 synthesis (1)
- vitamin K (1)
- voltinism (1)
- waggle dance decoding (1)
- walking (1)
- wasps (1)
- water quality (1)
- water transport in plants (1)
- waxrunning (1)
- weaver ants (1)
- werner syndrom (1)
- werner syndrome (1)
- westafrikanische Savanne (1)
- wet adhesion (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- wild-living honey bees (1)
- wildlife-friendly farming (1)
- wing dimorphism (1)
- woodinhabiting-fungi (1)
- worker piping (1)
- worker reproduction (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wt1 (1)
- xiphophorus (1)
- xmrk (1)
- xylem pressure (1)
- xylem pressure probe (1)
- yH2AX-Foci (1)
- ydeI (1)
- yeast (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zebrafish LBR (1)
- zeitgeber (1)
- zeitliche Organisation (1)
- zeitlicher Spillover (1)
- zentrosomales Protein (1)
- zinc oxid (1)
- zuckerkonditioniertes Verhalten (1)
- zweigeteilte trivalente T-Zell-aktivierende Antikörperderivate (1)
- zytogenetik (1)
- Ähnlichkeit (1)
- Ödem (1)
- Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (1)
- Öko-Ethologie (1)
- Öko-Toxikologie (1)
- Ökologische Intensivierung (1)
- Ökologische Prozesse (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistung (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistungen (1)
- Ökotourismis (1)
- Ölpalme (1)
- Östrogene (1)
- Östrogenrezeptor (1)
- ß-Galaktosidase (1)
- ß-galactosidase (1)
- ΔNp63 (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (789) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Institut für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (2)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG (1)
- Boston Children's Hospital (1)
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), Universität Würzburg (1)
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institue, Frederick (USA) (1)
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (1)
- ESPCI Paris (1)
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
- Fachgebiet für Populationsgenomik bei Nutztieren, Universität Hohenheim (1)
- Fraunhofer IGB - Institutsteil Würzburg Translationszentrum Regenerative Therapien für Krebs- und Muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen (1)
ResearcherID
- J-8841-2015 (1)
- N-2030-2015 (1)
EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 311781 (1)
Biodiversity is in rapid decline worldwide. These declines are more pronounced in areas that are currently biodiversity rich, but economically poor – essentially describing many tropical regions in the Global South where landscapes are dominated by smallholder agriculture. Agriculture is an important driver of biodiversity decline, through habitat destruction and unsustainable practices. Ironically, agriculture itself is dependent on a range of ecosystem services, such as pollination and pest control, provided by biodiversity. Biodiversity on fields and the delivery of ecosystem services to crops is often closely tied to the composition of the surrounding landscape – complex landscapes with a higher proportion of (semi-)natural habitats tend to support a high abundances and biodiversity of pollinators and natural enemies that are beneficial to crop production. However, past landscape scale studies have focused primarily on industrialized agricultural landscapes in the Global North, and context dependent differences between regions and agricultural systems are understudied. Smallholder agriculture supports 2 billion people worldwide and contributes to over half the world’s food supply. Yet smallholders, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are underrepresented in research investigating the consequences of landscape change and agricultural practices. Where research in smallholder agriculture is conducted, the focus is often on commodity crops, such as cacao, and less on crops that are directly consumed by smallholder households, though the loss of services to these crops could potentially impact the most vulnerable farmers the hardest. Agroecology – a holistic and nature-based approach to agriculture, provides an alternative to unsustainable input-intensive agriculture. Agroecology has been found to benefit smallholders through improved agronomical and food-security outcomes. Co-benefits of agroecological practices with biodiversity and ecosystem services are assumed, but not often empirically tested. In addition, the local and landscape effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services are more commonly studied in isolation, but their potentially interactive effects are so far little explored. Our study region in northern Malawi exemplifies many challenges experienced by smallholder farmers throughout sub-Saharan Africa and more generally in the Global South. Malawi is located in a global biodiversity hotspot, but biodiversity is threatened by rapid habitat loss and a push for input-intensive agriculture by government and other stakeholders. In contrast, agroecology has been effectively promoted and implemented in the study region. We investigated how land-use differences and the agroecological practices affects biodiversity and ecosystem services of multiple taxa in a maize-bean intercropping system (Chapter 2), and pollination of pumpkin (Chapter 3) and pigeon pea (Chapter 4). Additionally, the effects of local and landscape scale shrub- to farmland habitat conversion was investigated on butterfly communities, as well as the potential for agroecology to mitigate these effects (Chapter 5).
Understanding the causal relationship between genotype and phenotype is a major objective in biology. The main interest is in understanding trait architecture and identifying loci contributing to the respective traits. Genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) is one tool to elucidate these relationships and has been successfully used in many different species. However, most studies concentrate on marginal marker effects and ignore epistatic and gene-environment interactions. These interactions are problematic to account for, but are likely to make major contributions to many phenotypes that are not regulated by independent genetic effects, but by more sophisticated gene-regulatory networks. Further complication arises from the fact that these networks vary in different natural accessions. However, understanding the differences of gene regulatory networks and gene-gene interactions is crucial to conceive trait architecture and predict phenotypes.
The basic subject of this study – using data from the Arabidopsis 1001 Genomes Project – is the analysis of pre-mature stop codons. These have been incurred in nearly one-third of the ~ 30k genes. A gene-gene interaction network of the co-occurrence of stop codons has been built and the over and under representation of different pairs has been statistically analyzed. To further classify the significant over and under- represented gene-gene interactions in terms of molecular function of the encoded proteins, gene ontology terms (GO-SLIM) have been applied. Furthermore, co- expression analysis specifies gene clusters that co-occur over different genetic and phenotypic backgrounds. To link these patterns to evolutionary constrains, spatial location of the respective alleles have been analyzed as well. The latter shows clear patterns for certain gene pairs that indicate differential selection.
Over the past centuries, anthropogenic utilization has fundamentally changed the appearance of European forest ecosystems. Constantly growing and changing demands have led to an enormous decline in ecological key elements and a structural homogenization of most forests. These changes have been accompanied by widespread declines of many forest-dwelling and especially saproxylic, i.e. species depending on deadwood. In order to counteract this development, various conservation strategies have been developed, but they primarily focus on a quantitative deadwood enrichment. However, the diversity of saproxylic species is furthermore driven by a variety of abiotic and biotic determinants as well as interactions between organisms. A detailed understanding of these processes has so far been largely lacking. The aim of the present thesis was therefore to improve the existing ecological knowledge of determinants influencing saproxylic species and species communities in order to provide the basis for evidence-based and adapted conservation measures.
In chapter II of this thesis, I first investigated the impact of sun exposure, tree species, and their combination on saproxylic beetles, wood-inhabiting fungi, and spiders. Therefore, logs and branches of six tree species were set up under different sun exposures in an experimental approach. The impact of sun exposure and tree species strongly differed among single saproxylic taxa as well as diameters of deadwood. All investigated taxa were affected by sun exposure, whereby sun exposure resulted in a higher alpha-diversity of taxa recorded in logs and a lower alpha-diversity of saproxylic beetles reared from branches compared to shading by canopy. Saproxylic beetles and wood-inhabiting fungi as obligate saproxylic species were additionally affected by tree species. In logs, the respective impact of both determinants also resulted in divergent community compositions. Finally, a rarefaction/extrapolation method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different combinations of tree species and sun exposure for the conservation of saproxylic species diversity. Based on this procedure, a combination of broadleaved and coniferous as well as hard- and softwood tree species was identified to support preferably high levels of saproxylic species diversity.
The aim of chapter III was to evaluate the individual conservational importance of tree species for the protection of saproxylic beetles. For this, the list of tree species sampled for saproxylic beetles was increased to 42 different tree species. The considered tree species represented large parts of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity native to Central Europe as well as the most important non-native tree species of silvicultural interest. Freshly cut branches were set up for one year and saproxylic beetles were reared afterwards for two subsequent years.
The study revealed that some tree species, in particular Quercus sp., host a particular high diversity of saproxylic beetles, but tree species with a comparatively medium or low overall diversity were likewise important for red-listed saproxylic beetle species. Compared to native tree species, non-native tree species hosted a similar overall species diversity of saproxylic beetles but differed in community composition.
In chapter IV, I finally analysed the interactions of host beetle diversity and the diversity of associated parasitoids by using experimentally manipulated communities of saproxylic beetles and parasitoid Hymenoptera as a model system. Classical approaches of species identification for saproxylic beetles were combined with DNA-barcoding for parasitoid Hymenoptera. The diversity of the host communities was inferred from their phylogenetic composition as well as differences in seven functional traits. Abundance, species richness, and Shannon-diversity of parasitoid Hymenoptera increased with increasing host abundance. However, the phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity of host communities showed no influence on the species communities of parasitoid Hymenoptera. The results clearly indicate an abundance-driven system in which the general availability, not necessarily the diversity of potential hosts, is decisive.
In summary, the present thesis corroborates the general importance of deadwood heterogeneity for the diversity of saproxylic species by combining different experimental approaches. In order to increase their efficiency, conservation strategies for saproxylic species should generally promote deadwood from different tree species under different conditions of sun exposure on landscape-level in addition to the present enrichment of a certain deadwood amount. The most effective combinations of tree species should consider broadleaved and coniferous as well as hard- and softwood tree species. Furthermore, in addition to dominant tree species, special attention should be given to native, subdominant, silviculturally unimportant, and rare tree species.
Despite belonging to the best described patterns in ecology, the mechanisms driving biodiversity along broad-scale climatic gradients, like the latitudinal gradient in diversity, remain poorly understood. Because of their high biodiversity, restricted spatial ranges, the continuous change in abiotic factors with altitude and their worldwide occurrence, mountains constitute ideal study systems to elucidate the predictors of global biodiversity patterns. However, mountain ecosystems are increasingly threatened by human land use and climate change. Since the consequences of such alterations on mountainous biodiversity and related ecosystem services are hardly known, research along elevational gradients is also of utmost importance from a conservation point of view. In addition to classical biodiversity research focusing on taxonomy, the significance of studying functional traits and their prominence in biodiversity ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships is increasingly acknowledged. In this dissertation, I explore the patterns and drivers of mammal and dung beetle diversity along elevational and land use gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Furthermore, I investigate the predictors of dung decomposition by dung beetles under different extinction scenarios.
Mammals are not only charismatic, they also fulfil important roles in ecosystems. They provide important ecosystem services such as seed dispersal and nutrient cycling by turning over high amounts of biomass. In chapter II, I show that mammal diversity and community biomass both exhibited a unimodal distribution with elevation on Mt.Kilimanjaro and were mainly impacted by primary productivity, a measure of the total food abundance, and the protection status of study plots. Due to their large size and endothermy, mammals, in contrast to most arthopods, are theoretically predicted to be limited by food availability. My results are in concordance with this prediction. The significantly higher diversity and biomass in the Kilimanjaro National Park and in other conservation areas underscore the important role of habitat protection is vital for the conservation of large mammal biodiversity on tropical mountains.
Dung beetles are dependent on mammals since they rely upon mammalian dung as a food and nesting resource. Dung beetles are also important ecosystem service providers: they play an important role in nutrient cycling, bioturbation, secondary seed dispersal and parasite suppression. In chapter III, I show that dung beetle diversity declined with elevation while dung beetle abundance followed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradient. In contrast to mammals, dung beetle diversity was primarily predicted by temperature. Despite my attempt to accurately quantifiy mammalian dung resources by calculating mammalian defecation rates, I did not find an influence of dung resource availability on dung beetle richness. Instead, higher temperature translated into higher dung beetle diversity.
Apart from being important ecosystem service providers, dung beetles are also model organisms for BEF studies since they rely on a resource which can be quantified easily. In chapter IV, I explore dung decomposition by dung beetles along the elevational gradient by means of an exclosure experiment in the presence of the whole dung beetle community, in the absence of large dung beetles and without any dung beetles. I show that dung decomposition was the highest when the dung could be decomposed by the whole dung beetle community, while dung decomposition was significantly reduced in the sole presence of small dung beetles and the lowest in the absence of dung beetles. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the drivers of dung decomposition were depend on the intactness of the dung beetle community. While body size was the most important driver in the presence of the whole dung beetle community, species richness gained in importance when large dung beetles were excluded. In the most perturbed state of the system with no dung beetles present, temperature was the sole driver of dung decomposition. In conclusion, abiotic drivers become more important predictors of ecosystem services the more the study system is disturbed.
In this dissertation, I exemplify that the drivers of diversity along broad-scale climatic gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro depend on the thermoregulatory strategy of organisms. While mammal diversity was mainly impacted by food/energy resources, dung beetle diversity was mainly limited by temperature. I also demonstrate the importance of protected areas for the preservation of large mammal biodiversity. Furthermore, I show that large dung beetles were disproportionately important for dung decomposition as dung decomposition significantly decreased when large dung beetles were excluded. As regards land use, I did not detect an overall effect on dung beetle and mammal diversity nor on dung beetle-mediated dung decomposition. However, for the most specialised mammal trophic guilds and dung beetle functional groups, negative land use effects were already visible. Even though the current moderate levels of land use on Mt. Kilimanjaro can sustain high levels of biodiversity, the pressure of the human population on Mt. Kilimanjaro is increasing and further land use intensification poses a great threat to biodiversity. In synergy wih land use, climate change is jeopardizing current patterns and levels of biodiversity with the potential to displace communities, which may have unpredictable consequences for ecosystem service provisioning in the future.
Chapter 1 – General introduction
Anthropogenic land-use and climate change are the major drivers of the global biodiversity loss. Yet, biodiversity is essential for human well-being, as we depend on the availability of potable water, sufficient food and further benefits obtained from nature. Each species makes a somewhat unique contribution to these ecosystem services. Furthermore, species tolerate environmental stressors, such as climate change, differently. Thus, biodiversity is both the "engine" and the "insurance" for human well-being in a changing climate. Here, I investigate the effects of temperature and land use on herbivory (Chapter 2), predation (Chapter 3) and pest control (Chapter 4), and at the same time identify features of habitats (e.g. plant richness, proximity to different habitat types) and landscapes (e.g. landscape diversity, proportion of oilseed rape area) as potential management targets in an adaptation strategy to climate change. Finally, I discuss the similarities and differences between factors influencing herbivory, predation and pest control, while placing the observations in the context of climate change as a multifaceted phenomenon, and highlighting starting points for sustainable insect pest management (Chapter 5).
Chapter 2 – Plant richness, land use and temperature differently shape invertebrate leaf-chewing herbivory on major plant functional groups
Invertebrate herbivores are temperature-sensitive. Rising temperatures increase their metabolic rates and thus their demand for carbon-rich relative to protein-rich resources, which can lead to changes in the diets of generalist herbivores. Here, we quantified leaf-area loss to chewing invertebrates among three plant functional groups (legumes, non-leguminous forbs and grasses), which largely differ in C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratio. This reseach was conducted along spatial temperature and land-use gradients in open herbaceous vegetation adjacent to different habitat types (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement). Herbivory largely differed among plant functional groups and was higher on legumes than forbs and grasses, except in open areas in forests. There, herbivory was similar among plant functional groups and on legumes lower than in grasslands. Also the presence of many plant families lowered herbivory on legumes. This suggests that open areas in forests and diverse vegetation provide certain protection against leaf damage to some plant families (e.g. legumes). This could be used as part of a conservation strategy for protected species. Overall, the effects of the dominant habitat type in the vicinity and diverse vegetation outweighed those of temperature and large-scale land use (e.g. grassland proportion, landscape diversity) on herbivory of legumes, forbs and grasses at the present time.
Chapter 3 – Landscape diversity and local temperature, but not climate, affect arthropod predation among habitat types
Herbivorous insects underlie top-down regulation by arthropod predators. Thereby, predation rates depend on predator community composition and behaviour, which is shaped by temperature, plant richness and land use. How the interaction of these factors affects the regulatory performance of predators was unknown. Therefore, we assessed arthropod predation rates on artificial caterpillars along temperature, and land-use gradients. On plots with low local mean temperature (≤ 7°C) often not a single caterpillar was attacked, which may be due to the temperature-dependent inactivity of arthropods. However, multi-annual mean temperature, plant richness and the dominant habitat type in the vicinity did not substantially affect arthropod predation rates. Highest arthropod predation rates were observed in diverse landscapes (2-km scale) independently of the locally dominanting habitat type. As landscape diversity, but not multi-annual mean temperature, affected arthropod predation rates, the diversification of landscapes may also support top-down regulation of herbivores independent of moderate increases of multi-annual mean temperature in the near future.
Chapter 4 – Pest control and yield of winter oilseed rape depend on spatiotemporal crop-cover dynamics and flowering onset: implications for global warming
Winter oilseed rape is an important oilseed crop in Europe, yet its seed yield is diminished through pests such as the pollen beetle and stem weevils. Damage from pollen beetles depends on pest abundances, but also on the timing of infestation relative to crop development as the bud stage is particularly vulnerable. The development of both oilseed rape and pollen beetles is temperature-dependent, while temperature effects on pest abundances are yet unknown, which brings opportunities and dangers to oilseed rape cropping under increased temperatures. We obtained measures of winter oilseed rape (flowering time, seed yield) and two of its major pests (pollen beetle, stem weevils) for the first time along both land-use and temperature gradients. Infestation with stem weevils was not influenced by any temperature or land-use aspect considered, and natural pest regulation of pollen beetles in terms of parasitism rates of pollen beetle larvae was low (< 30%), except on three out of 29 plots. Nonetheless, we could identify conditions favouring low pollen beetle abundances per plant and high seed yields. Low pollen beetle densities were favoured by a constant oilseed rape area relative to the preceding year (5-km scale), whereas a strong reduction in area (> 40%) caused high pest densities (concentration effect). This occurred more frequently in warmer regions, due to drought around sowing, which contributed to increased pollen beetle numbers in those regions. Yet, in warmer regions, oilseed rape flowered early, which possibly led to partial escape from pollen beetle infestation in the most vulnerable bud stage. This is also suggested by higher seed yields of early flowering oilseed rape fields, but not per se at higher temperatures. Thus, early flowering (e.g. cultivar selection) and the interannual coordination of oilseed rape area offer opportunities for environmental-friendly pollen beetle management.
Chapter 5 – General discussion
Anthropogenic land-use and climate change are major threats to biodiversity, and consequently to ecosystem functions, although I could show that ecosystem functions such as herbivory and predation barely responded to temperature along a spatial gradient at present time. Yet, it is important to keep several points in mind: (i) The high rate of climate warming likely reduces the time that species will have to adapt to temperature in the future; (ii) Beyond mean temperatures, many aspects of climate will change; (iii) The compensation of biodiversity loss through functional redundancy in arthropod communities may be depleted at some point; (iv) Measures of ecosystem functions are limited by methodological filters, so that changes may be captured incompletely. Although much uncertainty of the effects of climate and land-use change on ecosystem functions remains, actions to halt biodiversity loss and to interfere with natural processes in an environmentally friendly way, e.g. reduction of herbivory on crops, are urgently needed. With this thesis, I contribute options to the environment-friendly regulation of herbivory, which are at least to some extent climate resilient, and at the same time make a contribution to halt biodiversity loss. Yet, more research and a transformation process is needed to make human action more sustainable. In terms of crop protection, this means that the most common method of treating pests with fast-acting pesticides is not necessarily the most sustainable. To realize sustainable strategies, collective efforts will be needed targeted at crop damage prevention through reducing pest populations and densities in the medium to long term. The sooner we transform human action from environmentally damaging to biodiversity promoting, the higher is our insurance asset that secures human well-being under a changing climate.
Im ersten Teil dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die kurz nach Elektroporation eintretende hämolytische Zellbewegung von humanen Erythrozyten erstmals quantitativ untersucht, um den zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismus aufzuklären. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Bewegung aus dem Ausstoß von unter Druck stehendem Zytosol resultierte. Durch weitere Experimente wurde die Beteiligung des Nicht-Muskel-Myosins NMIIA am Aufbau des zytosolischen Überdrucks nachgewiesen. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen wurde ein molekular-mechanischer bisher unbekannter NMII-basierter Mechanismus der rapiden Ghostbildung beschrieben. Diese Erkenntnis könnte biomedizinische Relevanz besitzen, da der Abbau von Erythrozyten in der Milz die Transformation zu Hb-armen Ghosts voraussetzt.
Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit dem Hirntumor Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), dessen Rezidiv hauptsächlich auf Strahlenresistenz und Zellinvasion zurückzuführen ist. Deshalb wurde mittels hochauflösender Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (dSTORM) die Nanostruktur des DSB-Markers Histon γH2AX und des DNA-Reparaturfaktors DNA-PKcs in bestrahlten GBM-Zellen analysiert. Anhand von dSTORM-Rekonstruktionen wurde erstmals gezeigt, dass die beiden Proteine kaum Kolokalisation im Nanometerbereich aufweisen.
Zunehmend wird die anomale Expression von Membrantransportern aus der SLC-Familie mit der Migration von Krebszellen in Verbindung gebracht. Der finale Abschnitt befasste sich daher mit der subzellulären Lokalisierung der Transporterproteine SLC5A1 und SLC5A3 in GBM-Zellen, um ihre Beteiligung an der Zellmigration nachzuweisen. Dabei wurde erstmals gezeigt, dass der Leitsaum der untersuchten GBM-Zellen deutliches SLC5A1- und SLC5A3-Signal aufwies. Basierend auf diesen Befunden wurden den Transportern unterschiedliche Aufgaben bei der zellmigrativen lokalen Volumenregulation zugeschrieben. Somit ergänzen SLC5A1 und SLC5A3 das migrationsassoziierte Krebszell-Transportom.
Anthropogenic activities are causing air pollution. Amongst air pollutants, tropospheric ozone is a major threat to human health and ecosystem functioning. In this dissertation, I present three studies that aimed at increasing our knowledge on how plant exposure to ozone affects its reproduction and its interactions with insect herbivores and pollinators.
For this purpose, a new fumigation system was built and placed in a greenhouse. The annual plant Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) was used as the model plant.
Plants were exposed to either 0 ppb (control) or 120 ppb of ozone, for variable amounts of time and at different points of their life cycle. After fumigation, plants were exposed to herbivores or pollinators in the greenhouse, or to both groups of insects in the field.
My research shows that ozone affected reproductive performance differently, depending on the timing of exposure: plants exposed at earlier ages had their reproductive fitness increased, while plants exposed later in their life cycle showed a tendency for reduced reproductive fitness. Plant phenology was a key factor influencing reproductive fitness: ozone accelerated flowering and increased the number of flowers produced by plants exposed at early ages, while plants exposed to ozone at later ages tended to have fewer flowers. On the other hand, the ozone-mediated changes in plant-insect interactions had little impact on plant reproductive success.
The strongest effect of ozone on plant-pollinator interactions was the change in the number of flower visits received per plant, which was strongly linked to the number of open flowers. This means that, as a rule, exposure of plants to ozone early in the life cycle resulted in a higher number of pollinator visits, while exposure later in the life cycle resulted in fewer flower visits by potential pollinators. An exception was observed: the higher number of visits performed by large syrphid flies to young ozone-exposed plants than to the respective control plants went beyond the increase in the number of open flowers in those plants. Also, honeybees spent more time per flower in plants exposed to ozone than on control plants, while other pollinators spent similar amounts of time in control and ozone-exposed plants. This guild-dependent preference for ozone-exposed plants may be due to species-specific preferences related to changes in the quality and quantity of floral rewards.
In the field, ozone-exposed plants showed only a tendency for increased colonization by sucking herbivores and slightly more damage by chewing herbivores than control plants. On the other hand, in the greenhouse experiment, Pieris brassicae butterflies preferred control plants over ozone-exposed plants as oviposition sites. Eggs laid on ozone-exposed plants took longer to hatch, but the chances of survival were higher. Caterpillars performed better in control plants than in ozone-exposed plants, particularly when the temperature was high.
Most of the described effects were dependent on the duration and timing of the ozone exposure and the observed temperature, with the strongest effects being observed for longer exposures and higher temperatures. Furthermore, the timing of exposure altered the direction of the effects.
The expected climate change provides ideal conditions for further increases in tropospheric ozone concentrations, therefore for stronger effects on plants and plant-insect interactions. Acceleration of flowering caused by plant exposure to ozone may put plant-pollinator interactions at risk by promoting desynchronization between plant and pollinator activities. Reduced performance of caterpillars feeding on ozone-exposed plants may weaken herbivore populations. On the other hand, the increased plant reproduction that results from exposing young plants to ozone may be a source of good news in the field of horticulture, when similar results would be achieved in high-value crops. However, plant response to ozone is highly species-specific. In fact, Sinapis arvensis is considered a weed and the advantage conferred by ozone exposure may increase its competitiveness, with negative consequences for crops or plant communities in general. Overall, plant exposure to ozone might constitute a threat for the balance of natural and agro-ecosystems.
Zinkoxid-Nanopartikel (ZnO-NP) finden in vielen Produkten des täglichen Verbrauchs Verwendung. Daten über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von ZnO-NP werden kontrovers diskutiert. Die menschliche Haut ist in Bezug auf die ZnO-NP Exposition das wichtigste Kontakt-Organ. Intakte Haut stellt eine suffiziente Barriere gegenüber NP dar. Bei defekter Haut ist ein Kontakt zu den proliferierenden Stammzellen möglich, sodass diese als wichtiges toxikologische Ziel für NP darstellen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Bewertung der genotoxischen und zytotoxischen Effekte an humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSC) durch niedrig dosierte ZnO-NP nach 24 stündiger Exposition, repetitiven Expositionen und im Langzeitversuch bis zu 6 Wochen. Zytotoxische Wirkungen von ZnO-NP wurden mit 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid-Test (MTT) gemessen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genotoxizität durch den Comet-Assay bewertet. Zur Langzeitbeobachtung bis zu 6 Wochen wurde die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) verwendet. Zytotoxizität nach 24-stündiger ZnO-NP-Exposition war ab einer Konzentration von 50 µg/ml nachweisbar. Genotoxizität konnten bereits bei Konzentrationen von 1 und 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP beschrieben werden. Wiederholte Exposition verstärkte die Zyto-, aber nicht die Genotoxizität. Eine intrazelluläre NP-Akkumulation mit Penetration der Zellorganelle wurde bei einer Exposition bis zu 6 Wochen beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf zytotoxische und genotoxisches Effekte von ZnO-NP hin. Bereits geringe Dosen von ZnO-NP können bei wiederholter Exposition toxische Wirkungen hervorrufen sowie eine langfristige Zellakkumulation. Diese Daten sollten bei der Verwendung von ZnO-NP an geschädigter Haut berücksichtigt werden.
Summary
Chapters I & II: General Introduction & General Methods
Agriculture is confronted with a rampant loss of biodiversity potentially eroding ecosystem service potentials and adding up to other stressors like climate change or the consequences of land-use change and intensive management. To counter this ‘biodiversity crisis’, agri-environment schemes (AES) have been introduced as part of ecological intensification efforts. These AES combine special management regimes with the establishment of tailored habitats to create refuges for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and thus ensure biodiversity mediated ecosystem services such as pest control. However, little is known about how well different AES habitats fulfil this purpose and whether they benefit ecosystem services in adjacent crop fields. Here I investigated how effective different AES habitats are for restoring biodiversity in different agricultural landscapes (Chapter V) and whether they benefit natural pest control in adjacent oilseed rape (Chapter VI) and winter cereal fields (Chapter VII). I recorded biodiversity and pest control potentials using a variety of different methods (Chapters II, V, VI & VII). Moreover, I validated the methodology I used to assess predator assemblages and predation rates (Chapters III & IV).
Chapter III: How to record ground dwelling predators?
Testing methodology is critical as it ensures scientific standards and trustworthy results. Pitfall traps are widely used to record ground dwelling predators, but little is known about how different trap types affect catches. I compared different types of pitfall traps that had been used in previous studies in respect to resulting carabid beetle assemblages. While barrier traps collected more species and deliver more complete species inventories, conventional simple pitfall traps provide reliable results with comparatively little handling effort. Placing several simple pitfall traps in the field can compensate the difference while still saving handling effort.
Chapter IV: How to record predation rates?
A plethora of methods has been proposed and used for recording predation rates, but these have rarely been validated before use. I assessed whether a novel approach to record predation, the use of sentinel prey cards with glued on aphids, delivers realistic results. I compared different sampling efforts and showed that obtained predation rates were similar and could be linked to predator (carabid beetle) densities and body-sizes (a proxy often used for food intake rates). Thus, the method delivers reliable and meaningful predation rates.
Chapter V: Do AES habitats benefit multi-taxa biodiversity?
The main goal of AES is the conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. I investigated how effectively AES habitats with different temporal continuity fulfil this goal in differently structured landscapes. The different AES habitats investigated had variable effects on local biodiversity. Temporal continuity of AES habitats was the most important predictor with older, more temporally continuous habitats harbouring higher overall biodiversity and different species assemblages in most taxonomic groups than younger AES habitats. Results however varied among taxonomic groups and natural enemies were equally supported by younger habitats. Semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape and AES habitat size were of minor importance for local biodiversity and had limited effects. This stresses that newly established AES habitats alone cannot restore farmland biodiversity. Both AES habitats as well as more continuous semi-natural habitats synergistically increase overall biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
Chapter VI: The effects of AES habitats on predators in adjacent oilseed rape fields
Apart from biodiversity conservation, ensuring ecosystem service delivery in agricultural landscapes is a crucial goal of AES. I therefore investigated the effects of adjacent AES habitats on ground dwelling predator assemblages in oilseed rape fields. I found clear distance decay effects from the field edges into the field centres on both richness and densities of ground dwelling predators. Direct effects of adjacent AES habitats on assemblages in oilseed rape fields however were limited and only visible in functional traits of carabid beetle assemblages. Adjacent AES habitats doubled the proportion of predatory carabid beetles indicating a beneficial role for pest control. My results show that pest control potentials are largest close to the field edges and beneficial effects are comparably short ranged.
Chapter VII: The effects of AES habitats on pest control in adjacent cereal fields
Whether distance functions and potential effects of AES habitats are universal across crops is unknown. Therefore, I assessed distance functions of predators, pests, predation rates and yields after crop rotation in winter cereals using the same study design as in the previous year. Resulting distance functions were not uniform and differed from those found in oilseed rape in the previous year, indicating that the interactions between certain adjacent habitats vary with habitat and crop types. Distance functions of cereal-leaf beetles (important cereal pests) and parasitoid wasps were moreover modulated by semi-natural habitat proportion in the surrounding landscapes. Field edges buffered assemblage changes in carabid beetle assemblages over crop rotation confirming their important function as refuges for natural enemies. My results emphasize the beneficial role of field edges for pest control potentials. These findings back the calls for smaller field sizes and more diverse, more heterogeneously structured agricultural landscapes.
Chapter VIII: General Discussion
Countering biodiversity loss and ensuring ecosystem service provision in agricultural landscapes is intricate and requires strategic planning and restructuring of these landscapes. I showed that agricultural landscapes could benefit maximally from (i) a mixture of AES habitats and semi-natural habitats to support high levels of overall biodiversity and from (ii) smaller continuously managed agricultural areas (i.e. smaller field sizes or the insertion of AES elements within large fields) to maximize natural pest control potentials in crop fields. I propose a mosaic of younger AES habitats and semi-natural habitats to support ecosystem service providers and increase edge density for ecosystem service spillover into adjacent crops. The optimal extent and density of this network as well as the location in which AES and semi-natural habitats interact most beneficially with adjacent crops need further investigation. My results provide a further step towards more sustainable agricultural landscapes that simultaneously allow biodiversity to persist and maintain agricultural production under the framework of ecological intensification.
Forests are multi-functional system, which have to fulfil different objectives at the same time. The main functions include the production of wood, storage of carbon, the promotion of biological diversity and the provision of recreational space. Yet, global forests are affected by large and intense natural disturbances, like bark beetle infestations. While natural disturbances threaten wood production and are perceived as ‘catastrophe’ diminishing recreational value, biodiversity can benefit from the disturbance-induced changes in forest structures. This trade-off poses a dilemma to managers of bark beetle affected stands, particularly in protected areas designated to both nature conservation and recreation. Forest landscapes need a sustainable management concept aligning these different objectives. In order to support this goal with scientific knowledge, the aim of this work is to analyse ecological and social effects along a gradient of different disturbance severities. In this context, I studied the effects of a disturbance severity gradient on the diversity of different taxonomic groups including vascular plants, mosses, lichens, fungi, arthropods and birds in five national parks in Central Europe. To analyse the recreational value of the landscape I conducted visitor surveys in the same study areas in which the biodiversity surveys were performed. To analyse possible psychological or demographic effects on preferences for certain disturbance intensities, an additional online survey was carried out.
Die Fanconi-Anämie (FA) ist eine seltene, heterogene Erbkrankheit. Sie weist ein sehr variables klinisches Erscheinungsbild auf, das sich aus angeborenen Fehlbildungen, hämatologischen Funktionsstörungen, einem erhöhten Risiko für Tumorentwicklung und endokrinen Pathologien zusammensetzt. Die Erkrankung zählt zu den genomischen Instabilitätssyndromen, welche durch eine fehlerhafte DNA-Schadensreparatur gekennzeichnet sind. Bei der FA zeigt sich dies vor allem in einer charakteristischen Hypersensitivität gegenüber DNA-quervernetzenden Substanzen (z. B. Mitomycin C, Cisplatin). Der zelluläre FA-Phänotyp zeichnet sich durch eine erhöhte Chromosomenbrüchigkeit und einen Zellzyklusarrest in der G2-Phase aus. Diese Charakteristika sind bereits spontan vorhanden und werden durch Induktion mit DNA-quervernetzenden Substanzen verstärkt. Der Gendefekt ist dabei in einem der 22 bekannten FA-Gene (FANCA, -B, -C, -D1, -D2, -E, -F, -G, -I, -J, -L, -M, -N, -O, -P, -Q, -R, -S, -T, -U, -V, -W) oder in noch unbekannten FA-Genen zu finden. Die FA-Gendefekte werden mit Ausnahme von FANCR (dominant-negative de novo Mutationen) und FANCB (X-chromosomal) autosomal rezessiv vererbt. Die FA-Genprodukte bilden zusammen mit weiteren Proteinen den FA/BRCA-Signalweg. Das Schlüsselereignis dieses Signalwegs stellt die Monoubiquitinierung von FANCD2 und FANCI (ID2-Komplex) dar. Ausgehend davon lässt sich zwischen upstream- und downstream-gelegenen FA-Proteinen unterscheiden. Letztere sind direkt an der DNA-Schadensreparatur beteiligt. Zu den upstream-gelegenen Proteinen zählt der FA-Kernkomplex, der sich aus bekannten FA-Proteinen und aus FA-assoziierten-Proteinen (FAAPs) zusammensetzt und für die Monoubiquitinierung des ID2-Komplexes verantwortlich ist. Für FAAPs wurden bisher keine pathogenen humanen Mutationen beschrieben. Zu diesen Proteinen gehört auch FAAP100, das mit FANCB und FANCL innerhalb des FA-Kernkomplexes den Subkomplex LBP100 bildet.
Durch die vorliegende Arbeit wurde eine nähere Charakterisierung dieses Proteins erreicht. In einer Amnion-Zelllinie konnte eine homozygote Missense-Mutation identifiziert werden. Der Fetus zeigte einen typischen FA-Phänotyp und auch seine Zellen wiesen charakteristische FA-Merkmale auf. Der zelluläre Phänotyp ließ sich durch FAAP100WT komplementieren, sodass die Pathogenität der Mutation bewiesen war. Unterstützend dazu wurden mithilfe des CRISPR/Cas9-Systems weitere FAAP100-defiziente Zelllinien generiert. Diese zeigten ebenfalls einen typischen FA-Phänotyp, welcher sich durch FAAP100WT komplementieren ließ. Die in vitro-Modelle dienten als Grundlage dafür, die Funktion des FA-Kernkomplexes im Allgemeinen und die des Subkomplexes LBP100 im Besonderen besser zu verstehen. Dabei kann nur durch intaktes FAAP100 das LBP100-Modul gebildet und dieses an die DNA-Schadensstelle transportiert werden. Dort leistet FAAP100 einen essentiellen Beitrag für den FANCD2-Monoubiquitinierungsprozess und somit für die Aktivierung der FA-abhängigen DNA-Schadensreparatur. Um die Funktion von FAAP100 auch in vivo zu untersuchen, wurde ein Faap100-/--Mausmodell generiert, das einen mit anderen FA-Mausmodellen vergleichbaren, relativ schweren FA-Phänotyp aufwies. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse lässt sich FAAP100 als neues FA-Gen klassifizieren. Zudem wurde die Rolle des Subkomplexes LBP100 innerhalb des FA-Kernkomplexes weiter aufgeklärt. Beides trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis des FA/BRCA-Signalweges bei. Ein weiterer Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von FAAP100138, einer bisher nicht validierten Isoform von FAAP100. Durch dieses Protein konnte der zelluläre FA-Phänotyp von FAAP100-defizienten Zelllinien nicht komplementiert werden, jedoch wurden Hinweise auf einen dominant-negativen Effekt von FAAP100138 auf den FA/BRCA-Signalweg gefunden. Dies könnte zu der Erklärung beitragen, warum und wie der Signalweg, beispielsweise in bestimmtem Gewebearten, herunterreguliert wird. Zudem wäre eine Verwendung in der Krebstherapie denkbar.
Puberty is an important period of life with physiological changes to enable animals to reproduce. Xiphophorus fish exhibit polymorphism in body size, puberty timing, and reproductive tactics. These phenotypical polymorphisms are controlled by the Puberty (P) locus. In X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, the P locus encodes the melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) with high genetic polymorphisms.
Mc4r is a member of the melanocortin receptors, belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors. The Mc4r signaling system consists of Mc4r, the agonist Pomc (precursor of various MSH and of ACTH), the antagonist Agrp and accessory protein Mrap2. In humans, MC4R has a role in energy homeostasis. MC4R and MRAP2 mutations are linked to human obesity but not to puberty.
Mc4rs in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus are present in three allele classes, A, B1 and B2, of which the X-linked A alleles express functional receptors and the male-specific Y-linked B alleles encode defective receptors. Male body sizes are correlated with B allele type and B allele copy numbers. Late-maturing large males carry B alleles in high copy number while early-maturing small males carry B alleles in low copy number or only A alleles. Cell culture co-expression experiments indicated that B alleles may act as dominant negative receptor mutants on A alleles.
In this study, the main aim was to biochemically characterize the mechanism of puberty regulation by Mc4r in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, whether it is by Mc4r dimerization and/or Mrap2 interaction with Mc4r or other mechanisms. Furthermore, Mc4r in X. hellerii (another swordtail species) and medaka (a model organism phylogenetically close to Xiphophorus) were investigated to understand if the investigated mechanisms are conserved in other species.
In medaka, the Mc4r signaling system genes (mc4r, mrap2, pomc, agrp1) are expressed before hatching, with agrp1 being highly upregulated during hatching and first feeding. These genes are mainly expressed in adult brain, and the transcripts of mrap2 co-localize with mc4r indicating a function in modulating Mc4r signaling. Functional comparison between wild-type and mc4r knockout medaka showed that Mc4r knockout does not affect puberty timing but significantly delays hatching due to the retarded embryonic development of knockout medaka. Hence, the Mc4r system in medaka is involved in regulation of growth rather than puberty.
In Xiphophorus, expression co-localization of mc4r and mrap2 in X. nigrensis and X. hellerii fish adult brains was characterized by in situ hybridization. In both species, large males exhibit strikingly high expression of mc4r while mrap2 shows similar expression level in the large and small male and female. Differently, X. hellerii has only A-type alleles indicating that the puberty regulation mechanisms evolved independently in Xiphophorus genus. Functional analysis of Mrap2 and Mc4r A/B1/B2 alleles of X. multilineatus showed that increased Mrap2 amounts induce higher cAMP response but EC50 values do not change much upon Mrap2 co-expression with Mc4r (expressing only A allele or A and B1 alleles). A and B1 alleles were expressed higher in large male brains, while B2 alleles were only barely expressed. Mc4r A-B1 cells have lower cAMP production than Mc4r A cells. Together, this indicates a role of Mc4r alleles, but not Mrap2, in puberty onset regulation signaling. Interaction studies by FRET approach evidenced that Mc4r A and B alleles can form heterodimers and homodimers in vitro, but only for a certain fraction of the expressed receptors. Single-molecule colocalization study using super-resolution microscope dSTORM confirmed that only few Mc4r A and B1 receptors co-localized on the membrane. Altogether, the species-specific puberty onset regulation in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus is linked to the presence of Mc4r B alleles and to some extent to its interaction with A allele gene products. This is reasoned to result in certain levels of cAMP signaling which reaches the dynamic or static threshold to permit late puberty in large males.
In summary, puberty onset regulation by dominant negative effect of Mc4r mutant alleles is a special mechanism that is found so far only in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus. Other Xiphophorus species obviously evolved the same function of the pathway by diverse mechanisms. Mc4r in other fish (medaka) has a role in regulation of growth, reminiscent of its role in energy homeostasis in humans. The results of this study will contribute to better understand the biochemical and physiological functions of the Mc4r system in vertebrates including human.
Microbial rhodopsins are abundant membrane proteins often capable of ion transport and are found in all three domains of life. Thus, many fungi, especially phyto-associated or phyto-pathogenic ones, contain these green-light-sensing photoreceptors. Proteins that perceive other wavelengths are often well characterized in terms of their impact on fungal biology whereas little is known about the function of fungal rhodopsins. In this work, five fungal rhodopsins, UmOps1 and UmOps2 from the corn smut Ustilago maydis as well as ApOps1, ApOps2 and ApOps3 from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans, were characterized electrophysiologically using mammalian expression systems and the patch-clamp technique to explore their ion transport properties. The latter three were modified using a membrane trafficking cassette, termed “2.0” that consists of the lucy rho motif, two Kir2.1 Golgi apparatus trafficking signals and a Kir2.1 endoplasmic reticulum export signal, what resulted in better plasma membrane localization. Rhodopsin mutants were created to identify amino acid residues that are key players in the ion transport process. Current enhancement in the presence of weak organic acids, that was already described before for the fungal rhodopsin CarO from Fusarium fujikuroi (García-Martínez et al., 2015; Adam et al., 2018), was investigated for the U. maydis rhodopsins as well as for ApOps2 by supplementing acetate in the patch-clamp electrolyte solutions. All five rhodopsins were found to be proton pumps unidirectionally transporting protons out of the cytosol upon green-light exposure with every rhodopsin exhibiting special features or unique characteristics in terms of the photocurrents. To name just a few, UmOps1, for example, showed a striking pH-dependency with massive enhancement of pump currents in the presence of extracellular acidic pH. Moreover, especially ApOps2 and ApOps3 showed very high current densities, however, the ones of ApOps3 were impaired when exchanging intracellular sodium to cesium. Concerning the mutations, it was found, that the electron releasing group in UmOps1 seems to be involved in the striking pH effect and that the mutation of the proton donor site resulted in almost unfunctional proteins. Moreover, a conserved arginine inside ApOps2 was mutated to turn the proton pump into a channel. Regarding the effect of weak organic acids, acetate was able to induce enhanced pump currents in UmOps1 and ApOps2, but not in UmOps2. Due to the capability of current production upon light illumination, microbial rhodopsins are used in the research field of optogenetics that aims to control neuronal activity by light. ApOps2 was used to test its functionality in differentiated NG108-15 cells addressing the question whether it is a promising candidate that can be used as an optogenetic tool. Indeed, this rhodopsin could be functionally expressed in this experimental system. Furthermore, microscopic studies were done to elucidate the localization of selected rhodopsins in fungal cells. Therefore, conventional (confocal laser scanning or structured illumination microscopy) as well as novel super-resolution techniques (expansion or correlated light and electron microscopy) were used. This was done on U. maydis sporidia, the yeast-like form of this fungus, via eGFP-tagged UmOps1 or UmOps2 expressing strains. Moreover, CarO-eYFP expressing F. fujikuroi was imaged microscopically to confirm the plasma membrane and tonoplast localization (García-Martínez et al., 2015) with the help of counterstaining experiments. UmOps1 was found to reside in the plasma membrane, UmOps2 localized to the tonoplast and CarO was indeed found in both of these localizations. This work gains further insight into rhodopsin functions and paves the way for further research in terms of the biological role of rhodopsins in fungal life cycles.
∆Np63 is a master regulator of squamous cell identity and regulates several signaling pathways that crucially
contribute to the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors. Its contribution to coordinating the
expression of genes involved in oncogenesis, epithelial identity, DNA repair, and genome stability has been
extensively studied and characterized. For SCC, the expression of ∆Np63 is an essential requirement to
maintain the malignant phenotype. Additionally, ∆Np63 functionally contributes to the development of cancer
resistance toward therapies inducing DNA damage.
SCC patients are currently treated with the same conventional Cisplatin therapy as they would have been
treated 30 years ago. In contrast to patients with other tumor entities, the survival of SCC patients is limited,
and the efficacy of the current therapies is rather low. Considering the rising incidences of these tumor entities,
the development of novel SCC therapies is urgently required. Targeting ∆Np63, the transcription factor, is a
potential alternative to improve the therapeutic response and clinical outcomes of SCC patients.
However, ∆Np63 is considered “undruggable.” As is commonly observed in transcription factors, ∆Np63 does
not provide any suitable domains for the binding of small molecule inhibitors. ∆Np63 regulates a plethora of
different pathways and cellular processes, making it difficult to counteract its function by targeting
downstream effectors. As ∆Np63 is strongly regulated by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), the
development of deubiquitinating enzyme inhibitors has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to target
∆Np63 in SCC treatment.
This work involved identifying the first deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates ∆Np63 protein stability. Stateof-the-art SCC models were used to prove that USP28 deubiquitinates ∆Np63, regulates its protein stability,
and affects squamous transcriptional profiles in vivo and ex vivo. Accordingly, SCC depends on USP28 to
maintain essential levels of ∆Np63 protein abundance in tumor formation and maintenance. For the first time,
∆Np63, the transcription factor, was targeted in vivo using a small molecule inhibitor targeting the activity of
USP28. The pharmacological inhibition of USP28 was sufficient to hinder the growth of SCC tumors in
preclinical mouse models.
Finally, this work demonstrated that the combination of Cisplatin with USP28 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic
alternative could expand the limited available portfolio of SCC therapeutics. Collectively, the data presented
within this dissertation demonstrates that the inhibition of USP28 in SCC decreases ∆Np63 protein abundance,
thus downregulating the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and recombinational DNA repair. Accordingly, USP28
inhibition reduces the DNA damage response, thereby sensitizing SCC tumors to DNA damage therapies, such
as Cisplatin.
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a major horticultural crop that relies on insect mediated pollination. In avocado production, a knowledge gap exists as to the importance of insect pollination, especially in East African smallholder farms. Although it is evident that pollination improves the yield of avocado fruits, it is still unclear if pollination has benefits on fruit quality and the nutritional profile, particularly oils. Prior studies have shown that honey bees increase avocado’s fruit set and yield. However, an avocado flower is being visited by various insect species. Therefore, determining pollination efficiency will allow a comparison of the relative importance of the different insect species to optimize crop pollination for increased fruit set and crop yield and pollinator conservation. This study was conducted in a leading smallholder avocado production region in Kenya, first I assessed the dependence of avocado fruit set on insect pollination and whether current smallholder production systems suffer from a deficit in pollination services. Furthermore, I assessed if supplementation with colonies of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) to farms mitigated potential pollination deficits. The results revealed a very high reliance of avocado on insect pollinators, with a significantly lower fruit set observed for self- and wind-pollinated (17.4%) or self-pollinated flowers (6.4%) in comparison with insect-pollinated flowers (89.5%). I found a significant pollination deficit across farms, with hand-pollinated flowers on average producing 20.7% more fruits than non-treated open flowers prior to fruit abortion. This pollination deficit could be compensated by the supplementation of farms with A. mellifera colonies. These findings suggest that pollination is limiting fruit set in avocado and that A. mellifera supplementation on farms is a potential option to increase fruit yield. Secondly, I investigated the contribution of insect pollination to fruit and seed weight, oil, protein, carbohydrate, and phytochemicals contents (flavonoids and phenolics), and whether supplementation with pollinators (honey bee) could improve these fruit parameters was assessed. This was through pollinator-manipulative pollination treatments: hand, open, pollinator exclusion experiments. The results showed that avocado fruit weight was significantly higher in open and hand-pollinated than pollinator exclusion treatments, indicating that flower visitors/pollinators contribute to avocado yields and enhance marketability. Furthermore, insect pollination resulted in heavier seeds and higher oil contents, indicating that insect pollination is beneficial for the fruit’s high seed yield and quantity of oil. Honey bee supplementation also enhanced the avocado fruit weight by 18% more than in control farms and slightly increased the avocado oil content (3.6%). Contrarily, insect pollination did not influence other assayed fruit quality parameters (protein, carbohydrates, and phytochemicals). These results indicate that insect pollinators are essential for optimizing avocado yields, nutritional quality (oils), and thus marketability, underscoring the value of beehive supplementation to achieve high-quality avocado fruits and improved food security. Thirdly, pollinator efficiency based on pollen deposition after single visits by different pollinator species in avocado flowers was tested, and their frequency was recorded. The estimated pollination efficiency was highest in honey bees (Apis mellifera), followed by the hoverfly species (Phytomia incisa). These two species had the highest pollen deposition and more pollen grains on their bodies. In addition, honey bees were the most frequent avocado flower visitors, followed by flies. The findings from this study highlight the higher pollination efficiency of honey bees and Phytomia incisa. Hence, management practices supporting these species will promote increased avocado fruit yield. Additionally, these results imply that managed honey bees can be maintained to improve avocado pollination, particularly in areas lacking sufficient wild pollinators.
One of the pronounced global challenges facing ecologists is how to feed the current growing human population while sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services. To shed light on this, I investigated the impact of human land use on bee diversity and plant-pollinator interactions in Tanzania Savannah ecosystems. The thesis comprises the following chapters:
Chapter I: General Introduction
This chapter provides the background information including the study objectives and hypotheses. It highlights the ecological importance of bees and the main threats facing bee pollinators with a focus on two land-use practices namely livestock grazing and agriculture. It also highlights the diversity and global distribution of bees. It further introduces the tropical savannah ecosystem, its climate, and vegetation characteristics and explains spectacular megafauna species of the system that form centers of wildlife tourism and inadequacy knowledge on pollinators diversity of the system. Finally, this chapter describes the study methodology including, the description of the study area, study design, and data collection.
Chapter II: Positive effects of low livestock grazing intensity on East African bee assemblages mediated by increases in floral resources
The impact of livestock grazing intensity on bee assemblage has been subjected to research over decades. Moreover, most of these studies have been conducted in temperate Europe and America leaving the huge tropical savannah of East Africa less studied. Using sweep netting and pan traps, a total of 183 species (from 2,691 individuals) representing 55 genera and five families were collected from 24 study sites representing three levels of livestock grazing intensity in savannah ecosystem of northern Tanzania. Results have shown that moderate livestock grazing slightly increased bee species richness. However, high livestock grazing intensity led to a strong decline. Besides, results revealed a unimodal distribution pattern of bee species richness and mean annual temperature. It was also found that the effect of livestock grazing and environmental temperature on bee species richness was mediated by a positive effect of moderate grazing on floral resource richness. The study, therefore, reveals that bee communities of the African savannah zone may benefit from low levels of livestock grazing as this favors the growth of flowering plant species. A high level of livestock grazing intensity will cause significant species losses, an effect that may increase with climatic warming.
Chapter III: Agricultural intensification with seasonal fallow land promotes high bee diversity in Afrotropical drylands
This study investigated the impact of local agriculture intensification on bee diversity in the Afro tropical drylands of northern Tanzania. Using sweep netting and pan traps, a total of 219 species (from 3,428 individuals) representing 58 genera and six families were collected from 24 study sites (distributed from 702 to 1708 m. asl) representing three levels of agriculture intensity spanning an extensive gradient of mean annual temperature. Results showed that bee species richness increased with agricultural intensity and with increasing temperature. However, the effects of agriculture intensity and temperature on bee species richness were mediated by the positive effects of agriculture and temperature on floral resource richness used by bee pollinators. Moreover, results showed that variation of bee body sizes increases with agricultural intensification, “that effect”, however, diminished in environments with higher temperatures. This study reveals that bee assemblages in Afrotropical drylands benefit from agriculture intensification in the way it is currently practiced. Further intensification, including year-round irrigated crop monocultures and extensive use of agrochemicals, is likely to exert a negative impact on bee diversity and pollination services, as reported in temperate regions. Moreover, several bee species were restricted to natural savannah habitats. Therefore, to conserve bee communities in Afro tropical drylands and guarantee pollination services, a mixture of savannah and agriculture, with long periods of fallow land should be maintained.
Chapter IV: Impact of land use intensification and local features on plants and pollinators in Sub-Saharan smallholder farms
For the first time in the region, this study explores the impact of land-use intensification on plants and pollinators in Sub-Saharan smallholder farms. The study complemented field surveys of bees with a modern DNA metabarcoding approach to characterize the foraged plants and thus built networks describing plant-pollinator interactions at the individual insect level. This information was coupled with quantitative traits of landscape composition and floral availability surrounding each farm. The study found that pollinator richness decreased with increasing impervious and agricultural cover in the landscape, whereas the flower density at each farm correlated with pollinator richness. The intensification of agricultural land use and urbanization correlated with a higher foraging niche overlap among pollinators due to the convergence of individuals' flower-visiting strategies. Furthermore, within farms, the higher availability of floral resources drove lower niche overlap among individuals, greater abundance of flower visitors shaped higher generalization at the networks level (H2I), possibly due to increased competition. These mechanistic understandings leading to individuals’ foraging niche overlap and generalism at the network level, could imply stability of interactions and the pollination ecosystem service. The integrative survey proved that plant-pollinator systems are largely affected by land use intensification and by local factors in smallholder farms of Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, policies promoting nature-based solutions, among which the introduction of more pollinator-friendly practices by smallholder farmers, could be effective in mitigating the intensification of both urban and rural landscapes in this region, as well as in similar Sub-Saharan contexts.
Chapter V: A synopsis of the Bee occurrence data of northern Tanzania
This study represents a synopsis of the bee occurrence data of northern Tanzania obtained from a survey in the Kilimanjaro, Arusha, and Manyara regions. Bees were sampled using two standardized methods, sweep netting and colored pan traps. The study summed up 953 species occurrences of 45 species belonging to 20 genera and four families (Halictidae, Apidae, Megachilidae, and andrenidae) A. This study serves as the baseline information in understanding the diversity and distribution of bees in the northern parts of the country. Understanding the richness and distribution of bees is a critical step in devising robust conservation and monitoring strategies for their populations since limited taxonomic information of the existing and unidentified bee species makes their conservation haphazard.
Chapter VI: General discussion
In general, findings obtained in these studies suggest that livestock grazing and agriculture intensification affects bee assemblages and floral resources used by bee pollinators. Results have shown that moderate livestock grazing intensity may be important in preserving bee diversity. However, high level of livestock grazing intensity may result in a strong decline in bee species richness and abundance. Moreover, findings indicate that agriculture intensification with seasonal fallow lands supports high floral resource richness promoting high bee diversity in Afrotropical drylands. Nonetheless, natural savannahs were found to contain unique bee species. Therefore, agriculture intensification with seasonal fallow should go in hand with conserving remnant savannah in the landscapes to increase bee diversity and ensure pollination services. Likewise, findings suggest that increasing urbanization and agriculture cover at the landscape level reduce plant and pollinator biodiversity with negative impacts on their complex interactions with plants. Conversely, local scale availability of floral resources has shown the positive effects in buffering pollinators decline and mitigating all detrimental effects induced by land-use intensification. Moreover, findings suggest that the impact of human land use (livestock grazing and agriculture) do not act in isolation but synergistically interacts with climatic factors such as mean annual temperature, MAT. The impact of MAT on bee species richness in grazing gradient showed to be more detrimental than in agriculture habitats. This could probably be explained by the remaining vegetation cover following anthropogenic disturbance. Meaning that the remaining vegetation cover in the agricultural gradient probably absorbs the solar radiations hence reducing detrimental effect of mean annual temperature on bee species richness. This one is not the case in grazing gradient since the impact of livestock grazing is severe, leaving the bare land with no vegetation cover. Finally, our findings conclude that understanding the interplay of multiple anthropogenic activities and their interaction with MAT as a consequence of ongoing climate change is necessary for mitigating their potential consequences on bee assemblages and the provision of ecosystem services. Morever, future increases in livestock grazing and agriculture intensification (including year-round crop irrigated monocultures and excessive use of agrochemicals) may lead to undesirable consequences such as species loss and impair provision of pollination services.
New insights into the histone variant H2A.Z incorporation pathway in \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\)
(2022)
The histone variant H2A.Z is a key player in transcription regulation in eukaryotes. Histone acetylations by the NuA4/TIP60 complex are required to enable proper incorporation of the histone variant and to promote the recruitment of other complexes and proteins required for transcription initiation. The second key player in H2A.Z-mediated transcription is the chromatin remodelling complex SWR1, which replaces the canonical histone H2A with its variant. By the time this project started little was known about H2A.Z in the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Like in other eukaryotes H2A.Z was exclusively found in the transcription start sites of the polycistronic transcription units where it keeps the chromatin in an open conformation to enable RNA-polymerase II-mediated transcription. Previous studies showed the variant colocalizing with an acetylation of lysine on histone H4 and a methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3. Data indicated that HAT2 is linked to H2A.Z since it is required for acetylation of lyinse 10 on histone H4. A SWR1-like complex and a complex homologous to the NuA4/TIP60 could not be identified yet. This study aimed at identifying a SWR1-like remodelling complex in T. brucei and at identifying a protein complex orthologous to NuA4/TIP60 as well as at answering the question whether HAT2 is part of this complex or not. To this end, I performed multiple mass spectrometry-coupled co-Immunoprecipitation assays with potential subunits of a SWR1 complex, HAT2 and a putative homolog of a NuA4/TIP60 subunit. In the course of these experiments, I was able to identify the TbSWR1 complex. Subsequent cell fractionation and chromatin immunoprecipitation-coupled sequencing analysis experiments confirmed, that this complex is responsible for the incorporation of the histone variant H2A.Z in T. brucei. In addition to this chromatin remodelling complex, I was also able to identify two histone acetyltransferase complexes assembled around HAT1 and HAT2. In the course of my study data were published by the research group of Nicolai Siegel that identified the histone acetyltransferase HAT2 as being responsible for histone H4 acetylation, in preparation to promote H2A.Z incorporation. The data also indicated that HAT1 is responsible for acetylation of H2A.Z. According to the literature, this acetylation is required for proper transcription initiation. Experimental data generated in this study indicated, that H2A.Z and therefore TbSWR1 is involved in the DNA double strand break response of T. brucei. The identification of the specific complex composition of all three complexes provided some hints about how they could interact with each other in the course of transcription regulation and the DNA double strand break response. A proximity labelling approach performed with one of the subunits of the TbSWR1 complex identified multiple transcription factors, PTM writers and proteins potentially involved in chromatin maintenance. Overall, this work will provide some interesting insights about the composition of the complexes involved in H2A.Z incorporation in T. brucei. Furthermore, it is providing valuable information to set up experiments that could shed some light on RNA-polymerase II-mediated transcription and chromatin remodelling in T. brucei in particular and Kinetoplastids in general.
Plasma membrane receptors are the most crucial and most commonly studied components of cells, since they not only ensure communication between the extracellular space and cells, but are also responsible for the regulation of cell cycle and cell division. The composition of the surface receptors, the so-called "Receptome", differs and is characteristic for certain cell types. Due to their significance, receptors have been important target structures for diagnostic and therapy in cancer medicine and often show aberrant expression patterns in various cancers compared to healthy cells. However, these aberrations can also be exploited and targeted by different medical approaches, as in the case of personalized immunotherapy. In addition, advances in modern fluorescence microscopy by so-called single molecule techniques allow for unprecedented sensitive visualization and quantification of molecules with an attainable spatial resolution of 10-20 nm, allowing for the detection of both stoichiometric and expression density differences.
In this work, the single molecule sensitive method dSTORM was applied to quantify the receptor composition of various cell lines as well as in primary samples obtained from patients with hematologic malignancies. The focus of this work lies on artefact free quantification, stoichiometric analyses of oligomerization states and co localization analyses of membrane receptors.
Basic requirements for the quantification of receptors are dyes with good photoswitching properties and labels that specifically mark the target structure without generating background through non-specific binding. To ensure this, antibodies with a predefined DOL (degree of labeling) were used, which are also standard in flow cytometry. First background reduction protocols were established on cell lines prior analyses in primary patient samples. Quantitative analyses showed clear expression differences between the cell lines and the patient cells, but also between individual patients.
An important component of this work is the ability to detect the oligomerization states of receptors, which enables a more accurate quantification of membrane receptor densities compared to standard flow cytometry. It also provides information about the activation of a certain receptor, for example of FLT3, a tyrosine kinase, dimerizing upon activation. For this purpose, different well-known monomers and dimers were compared to distinguish the typical localization statistics of single bound antibodies from two or more antibodies that are in proximity. Further experiments as well as co localization analyses proved that antibodies can bind to closely adjacent epitopes despite their size.
These analytical methods were subsequently applied for quantification and visualization of receptors in two clinically relevant examples. Firstly, various therapeutically relevant receptors such as CD38, BCMA and SLAMF7 for multiple myeloma, a malignant disease of plasma cells, were analyzed and quantified on patient cells. Furthermore, the influence of TP53 and KRAS mutations on receptor expression levels was investigated using the multiple myeloma cell lines OPM2 and AMO1, showing clear differences in certain receptor quantities.
Secondly, FLT3 which is a therapeutic target receptor for acute myeloid leukemia, was quantified and stoichiometrically analyzed on both cell lines and patient cells. In addition, cells that have developed resistance against midostaurin were compared with cells that still respond to this type I tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor for their FLT3 receptor expression and oligomerization state.
An adequate task allocation among colony members is of particular importance in large insect societies. Some species exhibit distinct polymorphic worker classes which are responsible for a specific range of tasks. However, much more often the behavior of the workers is related to the age of the individual. Ants of the genus Cataglyphis (Foerster 1850) undergo a marked age-related polyethism with three distinct behavioral stages. Newly emerged ants (callows) remain more or less motionless in the nest for the first day. The ants subsequently fulfill different tasks inside the darkness of the nest for up to four weeks (interior workers) before they finally leave the nest to collect food for the colony (foragers).
This thesis focuses on the neuronal substrate underlying the temporal polyethism in Cataglyphis nodus ants by addressing following major objectives:
(1) Investigating the structures and neuronal circuitries of the Cataglyphis brain to understand potential effects of neuromodulators in specific brain neuropils.
(2) Identification and localization of neuropeptides in the Cataglyphis brain.
(3) Examining the expression of suitable neuropeptide candidates during behavioral maturation of Cataglyphis workers.
The brain provides the fundament for the control of the behavioral output of an insect. Although the importance of the central nervous system is known beyond doubt, the functional significance of large areas of the insect brain are not completely understood. In Cataglyphis ants, previous studies focused almost exclusively on major neuropils while large proportions of the central protocerebrum have been often disregarded due to the lack of clear boundaries. Therefore, I reconstructed a three-dimensional Cataglyphis brain employing confocal laser scanning microscopy. To visualize synapsin-rich neuropils and fiber tracts, a combination of fluorescently labeled antibodies, phalloidin (a cyclic peptide binding to filamentous actin) and anterograde tracers was used. Based on the unified nomenclature for insect brains, I defined traceable criteria for the demarcation of individual neuropils. The resulting three-dimensional brain atlas provides information about 33 distinct synapse-rich neuropils and 30 fiber tracts, including a comprehensive description of the olfactory and visual tracts in the Cataglyphis brain. This three-dimensional brain atlas further allows to assign present neuromodulators to individual brain neuropils.
Neuropeptides represent the largest group of neuromodulators in the central nervous system of insects. They regulate important physiological and behavioral processes and have therefore recently been associated with the regulation of the temporal polyethism in social insects. To date, the knowledge of neuropeptides in Cataglyphis ants has been mainly derived from neuropeptidomic data of Camponotus floridanus ants and only a few neuropeptides have been characterized in Cataglyphis. Therefore, I performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis in Cataglyphis nodus ants and identified peptides by using Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. This resulted in the characterization of 71 peptides encoded on 49 prepropeptide genes, including a novel neuropeptide-like gene (fliktin). In addition, high-resolution MALDI-TOF MS imaging (MALDI-MSI) was applied for the first time in an ant brain to localize peptides on thin brain cryosections. Employing MALDI-MSI, I was able to visualize the spatial distribution of 35 peptides encoded on 16 genes.
To investigate the role of neuropeptides during behavioral maturation, I selected suitable neuropeptide candidates and analyzed their spatial distributions and expression levels following major behavioral transitions. Based on recent studies, I suggested the neuropeptides allatostatin-A (Ast-A), corazonin (Crz) and tachykinin (TK) as potential regulators of the temporal polyethism. The peptidergic neurons were visualized in the brain of C. nodus ants using immunohistochemistry. Independent of the behavioral stages, numerous Ast-A- and TK-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons innervate important high-order integration centers and sensory input regions with cell bodies dispersed all across the cell body rind. In contrast, only four corazonergic neurons per hemisphere were found in the Cataglyphis brain. Their somata are localized in the pars lateralis with axons projecting to the medial protocerebrum and the retrocerebral complex. Number and branching patterns of the Crz-ir neurons were similar across behavioral stages, however, the volume of the cell bodies was significantly larger in foragers than in the preceding behavioral stages. In addition, quantitative PCR analyses displayed increased Crz and Ast-A mRNA levels in foragers, suggesting a concomitant increase of the peptide levels. The task-specific expression of Crz and Ast-A along with the presence in important sensory input regions, high-order integration center, and the neurohormonal organs indicate a sustaining role of the neuropeptides during behavioral maturation of Cataglyphis workers.
The present thesis contains a comprehensive reference work for the brain anatomy and the neuropeptidome of Cataglyphis ants. I further demonstrated that neuropeptides are suitable modulators for the temporal polyethism of Cataglyphis workers. The complete dataset provides a solid framework for future neuroethological studies in Cataglyphis ants as well as for comparative studies on insects. This may help to improve our understanding of the functionality of individual brain neuropils and the role of neuropeptides, particularly during behavioral maturation in social insects.
Analysis of \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\) motility and the infection process in the tsetse fly vector
(2021)
African trypanosomes are protist pathogens that are infective for a wide spectrum of mammalian hosts. Motility has been shown to be essential for their survival and represents an important virulence factor. Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by the bite of the bloodsucking tsetse fly, the only vector for these parasites. The voyage through the fly is complex and requires several migration, proliferation and differentiation steps, which take place in a defined order and in specific fly tissues.
The first part of this doctoral thesis deals with the establishment of the trypanosome tsetse system as a new model for microswimmer analysis. There is an increasing interdisciplinary interest in microbial motility, but a lack of accessible model systems. Therefore, this work introduces the first enclosed in vivo host parasite system that is suitable for analysis of diverse microswimmer types in specific microenvironments. Several methods were used and adapted to gain unprecedented insights into trypanosome motion, the fly´s interior architecture and the physical interaction between host and parasite. This work provides a detailed overview on trypanosome motile behavior as a function of development in diverse host surroundings. In additional, the potential use of artificial environments is shown. This can be used to partly abstract the complex fly architecture and analyze trypanosome motion in defined nature inspired geometries.
In the second part of the thesis, the infection of the tsetse fly is under investigation. Two different trypanosome forms exist in the blood: proliferative slender cells and cell cycle arrested stumpy cells. Previous literature states that stumpy cells are pre adapted to survive inside the fly, whereas slender cells die shortly after ingestion. However, infection experiments in our laboratory showed that slender cells were also potentially infective. During this work, infections were set up so as to minimize the possibility of stumpy cells being ingested, corroborating the observation that slender cells are able to infect flies. Using live cell microscopy and fluorescent reporter cell lines, a comparative analysis of the early development following infection with either slender or stumpy cells was performed. The experiments showed, for the first time, the survival of slender trypanosomes and their direct differentiation to the procyclic midgut stage, contradicting the current view in the field of research. Therefore, we can shift perspectives in trypanosome biology by proposing a revised life cycle model of T. brucei, where both bloodstream stages are infective for the vector.