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Inspired by the proficiency of natural enzymes, mimicking of nanoenvironments for precise substrate preorganisation is a promising strategy in catalyst design. However, artificial examples of enzyme-like activation of H\(_2\)O molecules for the challenging oxidative water splitting reaction are hardly explored. Here, we introduce a mononuclear Ru(bda) complex (M1, bda: 2,2’-bipyridine-6,6’-dicarboxylate) equipped with a bipyridine-functionalized ligand to preorganize H\(_2\)O molecules in front of the metal center as in enzymatic clefts. The confined pocket of M1 accelerates chemically driven water oxidation at pH 1 by facilitating a water nucleophilic attack pathway with a remarkable turnover frequency of 140 s\(^{−1}\) that is comparable to the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Single crystal X-ray analysis of M1 under catalytic conditions allowed the observation of a 7th H\(_2\)O ligand directly coordinated to a RuIII center. Via a well-defined hydrogen-bonding network, another H\(_2\)O substrate is preorganized for the crucial O–O bond formation via nucleophilic attack.
Conspectus
Nature has established a sustainable way to maintain aerobic life on earth by inventing one of the most sophisticated biological processes, namely, natural photosynthesis, which delivers us with organic matter and molecular oxygen derived from the two abundant resources sunlight and water. The thermodynamically demanding photosynthetic water splitting is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (OEC-PSII), which comprises a distorted tetramanganese–calcium cluster (CaMn\(_4\)O\(_5\)) as catalytic core. As an ubiquitous concept for fine-tuning and regulating the reactivity of the active site of metalloenzymes, the surrounding protein domain creates a sophisticated environment that promotes substrate preorganization through secondary, noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. Based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of PSII, several water channels were identified near the active site, which are filled with extensive hydrogen-bonding networks of preorganized water molecules, connecting the OEC with the protein surface. As an integral part of the outer coordination sphere of natural metalloenzymes, these channels control the substrate and product delivery, carefully regulate the proton flow by promoting pivotal proton-coupled electron transfer processes, and simultaneously stabilize short-lived oxidized intermediates, thus highlighting the importance of an ordered water network for the remarkable efficiency of the natural OEC.
Transferring this concept from nature to the engineering of artificial metal catalysts for fuel production has fostered the fascinating field of metallosupramolecular chemistry by generating defined cavities that conceptually mimic enzymatic pockets. However, the application of supramolecular approaches to generate artificial water oxidation catalysts remained scarce prior to our initial reports, since such molecular design strategies for efficient activation of substrate water molecules in confined nanoenvironments were lacking. In this Account, we describe our research efforts on combining the state-of-the art Ru(bda) catalytic framework with structurally programmed ditopic ligands to guide the water oxidation process in defined metallosupramolecular assemblies in spatial proximity. We will elucidate the governing factors that control the quality of hydrogen-bonding water networks in multinuclear cavities of varying sizes and geometries to obtain high-performance, state-of-the-art water oxidation catalysts. Pushing the boundaries of artificial catalyst design, embedding a single catalytic Ru center into a well-defined molecular pocket enabled sophisticated water preorganization in front of the active site through an encoded basic recognition site, resulting in high catalytic rates comparable to those of the natural counterpart OEC-PSII.
To fully explore their potential for solar fuel devices, the suitability of our metallosupramolecular assemblies was demonstrated under (electro)chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation conditions. In addition, testing the limits of structural diversity allowed the fabrication of self-assembled linear coordination oligomers as novel photocatalytic materials and long-range ordered covalent organic framework (COF) materials as recyclable and long-term stable solid-state materials for future applications.
Polyketide stellen aufgrund ihrer großen strukturellen Vielfalt nach wie vor Leit- und Wirkstoffe für die Pharma- und Pflanzenschutzforschung in den Industrieländern dar und bilden außerdem eine der wichtigsten Klassen von Naturstoffen (Sekundärmetaboliten) überhaupt. Besonders die Biosynthese aromatischer Polyketide und die hierbei involvierten Enzyme, die Polyketidsynthasen (PKS), wurden von Biosyntheseforschern als hervorragendes Modellsystem zur Untersuchung von Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen von Multienzymkomplexen erkannt. Für annelierte aromatische Polyketide existiert seit dem Jahr 2001 eine biosynthetische Klassifizierung auf Metabolitebene, das sogenannte Modus-F/S-System, mit dessen Hilfe man zwischen pro- und eukaryotischen Produzenten unterscheiden kann. Die Erforschung der detaillierten Biosynthese von aromatischen Polyketiden ist somit in mehrfacher Hinsicht ein lohnendes Ziel. In der vorliegenden Dissertation sollten die Biosynthese und die Faltungsmodi ausgewählter aromatischer Polyketide einschließlich der Charakterisierung potentieller Vorstufen in verschiedensten biologischen Systemen untersucht werden. Die dabei gewonnenen Resultate sind das Ergebnis interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit.
In this study, a double-donor concept is used to improve the performance of thermally evaporated merocyanine(s)/C60 bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. It is shown that the co-evaporation of two merocyanine dyes with absorption bands at ~ 500 nm (SW dye) and ~ 650 nm (LW dye), respectively, together with C60 fullerene results in an improvement of open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (JSC) as well as total power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to the best single-donor cell. The enhancement of JSC is attributed to a higher photon harvesting efficiency of the mixed-donor devices due to a better spectral coverage.
Post-transcriptional RNA modification methods are in high demand for site-specific RNA labelling and analysis of RNA functions. In vitro-selected ribozymes are attractive tools for RNA research and have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of chemoenzymatic approaches with repurposed methyltransferases. Here we report an alkyltransferase ribozyme that uses a synthetic, stabilized S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) analogue and catalyses the transfer of a propargyl group to a specific adenosine in the target RNA. Almost quantitative conversion was achieved within 1 h under a wide range of reaction conditions in vitro, including physiological magnesium ion concentrations. A genetically encoded version of the SAM analogue-utilizing ribozyme (SAMURI) was expressed in HEK293T cells, and intracellular propargylation of the target adenosine was confirmed by specific fluorescent labelling. SAMURI is a general tool for the site-specific installation of the smallest tag for azide-alkyne click chemistry, which can be further functionalized with fluorophores, affinity tags or other functional probes.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Spindelokalisation im Propargylradikal im Vergleich zu den Heteropropargylradikalen untersucht, sowie die elektronischen Einflüsse, welche geminal gebundenen Substituenten auf die Spinverteilung in Allylradikalen verursachen bestimmt. Die Spindichte wurde mit Hilfe des D-Parameters von lokalisierten 1,3-Cyclopentandiyitriplettdiradikalen experimentell bestimmt (EPR-Spektroskopie).
Sialyltransferases (STs) are disulfide-containing, type II transmembrane glycoproteins that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid to proteins and lipids and participate in the synthesis of the core structure oligosaccharides of human milk. Sialic acids are found at the outermost position of glycostructures, playing a key role in health and disease. Sialylation is also essential for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). Despite their importance, availability of sialyltransferases is limited due to the low levels of stable, soluble and active protein produced in bacterial expression systems, which hampers biochemical and structural studies on these enzymes and restricts biotechnological applications. We report the successful expression of active human sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6Gal1 in commercial Escherichia coli strains designed for production of disulfide-containing proteins. Fusion of hST3Gal1 with different solubility enhancers and substitution of exposed hydrophobic amino acids by negatively charged residues (supercharging-like approach) were performed to promote solubility and folding. Co-expression of sialyltransferases with the chaperon/foldases sulfhydryl oxidase, protein disulfide isomerase and disulfide isomerase C was explored to improve the formation of native disulfide bonds. Active sialyltransferases fused with maltose binding protein (MBP) were obtained in sufficient amounts for biochemical and structural studies when expressed under oxidative conditions and co-expression of folding factors increased the yields of active and properly folded sialyltransferases by 20%. Mutation of exposed hydrophobic amino acids increased recovery of active enzyme by 2.5-fold, yielding about 7 mg of purified protein per liter culture. Functionality of recombinant enzymes was evaluated in the synthesis of sialosides from the β-d-galactoside substrates lactose, N-acetyllactosamine and benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-α-d-galactopyranoside.
The covalent linkage of the aryloxy-substituents through macrocyclisation was applied for the synthesis of perylene bisimide atropo-enantiomers. The synthesis of macrocyclic perylene bisimides was achieved by using a tetra(3-hydroxyphenoxy)-functionalized perylene bisimide with achiral 2,6-diisopropylphenyl as imide substituent through Williamson´s etherfication which could be realized for four different oligoethylene glycol bridging units. Two regioisomeric macrocycles, namely the diagonally bridged (1,7- and 6,12- linkage) and the laterally bridged (1,12- and 6,7-linkage) isomers, were obtained for each bridging unit. The structural assignment of the isolated regioisomeric macrocycles was unambiguously accomplished by X-ray analysis of two macrocycles and by 1H NMR spectroscopy for all isomers. The conformational influence of the aryloxy-substituents on the functional properties of this class of chromophores could be derived by comparison of the optical and electrochemical properties of all isolated macrocylces with those of an open-chained reference compound. It was shown that the aryloxy-substituents prefer a lateral conformation in solution. Furthermore, solvent dependent fluorescence studies indicated that a photoinduced electron transfer process is of importance for the fluorescence quenching of electron-rich aryloxy-substituted perylene bisimides. The resolution of the atropo-diastereomers of diagonally bridged macrocyclic perylene bisimides with chiral 2-(R)-octylamine as imide substituent and diethylene glycol bridging units could be accomplished by semi-preparative HPLC on a chiral column. The chiroptical properties of the isolated epimerically pure macrocycles were determined by CD spectroscopy. Based on the experimental CD spectra, the stereochemical assignment of the isolated epimers was accomplished by application of the excition chirality method and confirmed by quantum chemical calculation of the CD spectra. The synthetical concept was extended successfully to 1,7-diaryloxy-substituted perylene bisimides. The structure of the diagonally bridged macrocycle was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The atropo-enantiomers of this macrocycle could be resolved by semi-preparative HPLC on a chiral column and the assignment of the absolute configuration was achieved by comparison of the CD spectra of the resolved enantiomers with those of epimerically pure bis(macrocycles) reported before. By comparison of the X-ray structures obtained for the racemic mixture as well as one enantiomer important information could be extracted for the formation of p-dimers of perylene bisimides. The dependence of the interconversion barrier on the bulkiness of the bay-substituents was investigated for four halogen-substituted perylene bisimides. The dynamic properties were investigated by temperature-dependent NMR spectroscopy and kinectic measurements using CD spectroscopy. By applying the concept of the “apparent overlap” a convincing linear relationship between the size of the substituents and the free enthalpy of activation could be derived. Furthermore, the resolution of the atropo-diastereomers or enantiomers of the tetrachloro and tetrabromo-substituted derivates was accomplished, whereupon especially the 1,6,7,12-tetrabromosubstituted perylene bisimide provided at room temperature stable enantiomers. Additionally, the derived structure-property relationship allows the design of conformationally stable perylene bisimide enantiomers by proper choice of the bay substituents. In order to utilize the reversibility of self-assembly for the quantitative formation of macrocyclic perylene bisimides, a tetrazinc porphyrin-functionalized perylene bisimide was synthesized. The self-assembly of the zinc porphyrin perylene bisimide bichromophoric building block and diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]-undecane into the desired 1:2 sandwich complex was investigated by UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy and the macrocyclic structure was unequivocally proven by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY NMR). Furthermore, the controlled deposition of these well-defined macrocycles on highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) was demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations. The alignment of a linear amino functionalised p-conjugated polymers upon addition of the bichromphoric tetrazinc porphyrin-perylene bisimide was investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy and AFM measurement. The surface analysis by AFM investigations revealed that the bichromophoric system composed of perylene bisimide and zinc porphyrin is able to cross-link the linear p-conjugated polymer over a wide range of the graphite surface which provided a defined arrangement of three different functional p-systems.
Multichromophoric macrocycles and cyclophanes are important supramolecular architectures for the elucidation of interchromophoric interactions originating from precise spatial organization. Herein, by combining an axially chiral binaphthol bisimide (BBI) and a bay-substituted conformationally labile twisted perylene bisimide (PBI) within a cyclophane of well-defined geometry, we report a chiral PBI hetero-cyclophane (BBI-PBI) that shows intramolecular energy and solvent-regulated chirality transfer from the BBI to the PBI subunit. Excellent spectral overlap and spatial arrangement of BBI and PBI lead to efficient excitation energy transfer and subsequent PBI emission with high quantum yield (80–98 %) in various solvents. In contrast, chirality transfer is strongly dependent on the respective solvent as revealed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The combination of energy and chirality transfer affords a bright red circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from the PBI chromophore by excitation of BBI.
The SARS virus is the etiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, a deadly disease that caused more than 700 causalities in 2003. One of its viral proteins, the SARS coronavirus main protease, is considered as a potential drug target and represents an important model system for other coronaviruses. Despite extensive knowledge about this enzyme, it still lacks an effective anti-viral drug. Furthermore, it possesses some unusual features related to its active-site region. This work gives atomistic insights into the SARS coronavirus main protease and tries to reveal mechanistic aspects that control catalysis and inhibition. Thereby, it applies state-of-the-art computational methods to develop models for this enzyme that are capable to reproduce and interpreting the experimental observations. The theoretical investigations are elaborated over four main fields that assess the accuracy of the used methods, and employ them to understand the function of the active-site region, the inhibition mechanism, and the ligand binding. The testing of different quantum chemical methods reveals that their performance depends partly on the employed model. This can be a gas phase description, a continuum solvent model, or a hybrid QM/MM approach. The latter represents the preferred method for the atomistic modeling of biochemical reactions. A benchmarking uncovers some serious problems for semi-empirical methods when applied in proton transfer reactions. To understand substrate cleavage and inhibition of SARS coronavirus main protease, proton transfer reactions between the Cys/His catalytic dyad are calculated. Results show that the switching between neutral and zwitterionic state plays a central role for both mechanisms. It is demonstrated that this electrostatic trigger is remarkably influenced by substrate binding. Whereas the occupation of the active-site by the substrate leads to a fostered zwitterion formation, the inhibitor binding does not mimic this effect for the employed example. The underlying reason is related to the coverage of the active-site by the ligand, which gives new implications for rational improvements of inhibitors. More detailed insights into reversible and irreversible inhibition are derived from in silico screenings for the class of Michael acceptors that follow a conjugated addition reaction. From the comparison of several substitution patterns it becomes obvious that different inhibitor warheads follow different mechanisms. Nevertheless, the initial formation of a zwitterionic catalytic dyad is found as a common precondition for all inhibition reactions. Finally, non-covalent inhibitor binding is investigated for the case of SARS coranavirus main protease in complex with the inhibitor TS174. A novel workflow is developed that includes an interplay between theory and experiment in terms of molecular dynamic simulation, tabu search, and X-ray structure refinement. The results show that inhibitor binding is possible for multiple poses and stereoisomers of TS174.
Kaum ein Bereich der menschlichen Tätigkeit hat sich jemals so stürmisch entwickelt, wie die Mikro- und Nanoelektronik in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Der rasche Fortschritt dieser Gebiete war möglich, weil die Vorteile in der Anwendung der Mikroelektronik den gewaltigen Entwicklungs- und Forschungsaufwand rechtfertigten. Eine besondere Rolle spielt dabei die Herstellung von Halbleiterbauelementen durch Kristallzüchtungsmethoden. In dieser Arbeit wurden Prozesse untersucht, die sich auf der Kristalloberfläche abspielen und somit das Wachstum von hochgeordneten Kristallstrukturen bestimmen. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden mehrere Methoden zur Untersuchung dieser Prozesse entwickelt, deren Präzision sich von Jahr zu Jahr unablässig steigerte. In der Reihe der theoretischen Ansätze stehen quantenchemische Methoden im Vordergrund. Eine von diesen Methoden, die Dichtefunktionaltheorie, ist aufgrund ihrer Anschaulichkeit und des relativ niedrigen Rechenaufwands das Hauptwerkzeug der vorliegenden Arbeit. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die Wanderungsmöglichkeiten eines Adsorbatatoms (Cd oder Te) auf der (001) Oberfläche von CdTe (Substrat) auf DFT-Niveau im Rahmen der GGA-Näherung untersucht. Dies erforderte es, die Gesamtenergie des Systems Adsorbat-Kristall an verschiedenen Adsorptionsstellen zu berechnen. Dabei wurde nur ein Teil des Kristalls - das Adsorbat selbst und die nächste Umgebung der Adsorptionsstelle (Quantencluster) - auf DFT-Niveau berechnet. Der Einfluss des übrigen Kristalls auf den Cluster wurde mit einem Gitter aus Punktladungen angenähert, wobei die Te- und Cd-Atome die Ladungen −2 bzw. +2 trugen. Bei dem Einsatz dieses Modells ergab sich allerdings das Problem, dass es eigentlich nur auf Ionenkristalle anwendbar ist, die in guter Näherung volle Ionizität besitzen. CdTe stellt aber laut vielen experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen eine Abstufung zwischen ionischen und kovalenten Kristallen dar, was eine gründliche Analyse der Abhängigkeit unserer Ergebnisse von der Clustergröße und der Entfernung der Adsorptionsstelle von den Clusterrändern erforderte. Als Ergebnis wurde ein Modell entworfen, das dazu in der Lage ist, die Struktur der (2X1) Te-terminierten CdTe Oberfläche mit ausreichender Genauigkeit wiederzugeben. Durch geeignete Wahl des Quantenclusters (ausreichende Größe in den Richtungen parallel zur Oberfläche und Platzierung der weniger polarisierbaren Cd-Kationen an den Außenflächen) gelang es, den Einfluss der Clusteroberfläche auf die untersuchten Eigenschaften auf ein akzeptables Maß zu verringern. Die durchgeführten Berechnungen der Cd-Potentialenergiefläche zeigen zwei Potentialtöpfe, mit den Tiefen 2.1 eV und 1.7 eV. Die Existenz dieser beiden Minima ist eng mit der Dimerisierung von Te-Atomen an der adsorbatfreien Te-Oberfläche verbunden. Das erste, der Struktur =Te-Cdad-Te= entsprechende Minimum entsteht durch den Bruch einer Te-Te Dimerbindung beim Cd-Angriff an diese Stelle. Der zweite Potentialtopf kommt dadurch zustande, dass das Cd-Adsorbatatom mit zwei entlang der [110]-Richtung angeordneten Te2-Dimeren reagiert. Die Potentialenergiefläche des Te-Adsorbats unterscheidet sich zwar wesentlich von der des Cd-Atoms, es gibt aber auch Ähnlichkeiten. Das gilt vor allem für das der Struktur =Te-Tead-Te= entsprechende Minimum, das ungefähr 2.8 eV tief ist. Wie im Fall der Cd-Adsorption entsteht diese Struktur infolge der Wechselwirkung eines adsorbierten Te-Atoms mit einem Te2-Dimer auf der Oberfläche. Die Ergebnisse unserer Berechnungen bestätigen experimentelle Hinweise, gemäß denen Te- und Cd-Atome aus dem Teilchenfluss, dem die (2X1)Te Oberfläche während der MBE ausgesetzt ist, leicht adsorbiert werden. Außerdem wurden die relativ genauen Werte der Potentialbarrieren bekommen, die für ein besseres Verständnis des Wachstumsprozesses zum Beispiel mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen notwendig sind. Im Vordergrund des zweiten Teils der vorliegenden Arbeit stand die Strukturbestimmung von ZnO-Nanoclustern, die durch spezielle Kristallisationsprozesse erzeugt werden und wegen ihrer eigenartigen optischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften von großem Interesse sind. Zwei grundsätzlich unterschiedliche Atomanordnungen wurden betrachtet, wobei festgestellt werden sollte, welche dieser Strukturen in Abhängigkeit von der Clustergröße und der Umgebung stabiler ist. Angenommen wurde dabei, dass diese Tendenz bei der weiteren Vergrößerung der Atomanzahl von Hundert bis mehreren Tausenden erhalten bleibt. Die Clustermodelle erster Art besaßen die für ZnO-Verbindungen typische Wurtzitstruktur, die anderen, sogenannten Käfigcluster, bestanden aus Zn3O3- und (oder) Zn2O2-Ringen, die so verknüpft sind, dass sie kugel- oder zylinderförmige Strukturen bilden. Charakteristisch für letztere Cluster ist eine Homogenität der Atomumgebung, da alle Zn- und O-Atome dreifach koordiniert sind, während sie in Wurtzitstrukturen im Wesentlichen vierfach koordiniert sind. Durch Knüpfung zusätzlicher Zn-O Bindungen konnte die Anzahl der in Frage kommenden Strukturen nennenswert vergrößert werden. Dabei entstehen vierfach koordinierten Atome und, laut den Berechnungen, deutlich stabilere Cluster. Die Rechnungen wurden sowohl im Vakuum als auch im Rahmen des COSMO Verfahrens (im „Wasser“) durchgeführt. Sie ergaben, dass die Wurtzitstrukturen bei der Zunahme der Atomanzahl stabiler werden als ihre Käfig-Analoge. Dieses Ergebnis ist allerdings eher von theoretischem Interesse, da die experimentell in einer Lösung gezüchteten ZnO-Nanocluster an ihrer Oberfläche mit Molekülen aus der Lösung bedeckt sind. Ein weiterer Schritt war daher, den Einfluss der Umgebung auf die Bildungsenergie durch die Absättigung der Oberfläche mit H+- und OH−-Ionen zu simulieren. Als Bezugspunkt für die Berechnung der Bildungsenergie der verschiedenen Cluster wurde der Molekülkomplex Zn(OH)2(H2O)2 verwendet. Mit anderen Worten wurde angenommen, dass ein freies Zn2+-Ion in der Lösung von zwei OH−-Gruppen und zwei H2O-Molekülen umgeben ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Absättigung einen starken Einfluss auf die Randbereiche der wurtzitartigen Cluster ausübt. Bei fast allen Clustermodellen sind diese stark verformt, während bei den Käfigstrukturen nur deutlich geringere Verzerrungen beobachtet werden. Ebenso stark ist der Einfluss auf die Bildungsenergie: Verglichen mit ihren unabgesättigten Analogen werden alle abgesättigte Strukturen erheblich stabiler, was auf die Tatsache zurückzuführen ist, dass durch die OH− -Gruppen und H+-Kationen die freien Valenzen an der Clusteroberfläche abgesättigt werden. Ansonsten lassen sich bei den abgesättigten Strukturen dieselben Tendenzen erkennen, wie bei nicht abgesättigten. So werden Wurtzitstrukturen mit zunehmender Clustergröße energetisch günstiger als Käfigstrukturen mit der gleichen Anzahl an Atomen. Da es die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit festgestellten Regelmäßigkeiten ermöglichen, die stabilsten ZnO-Atomanordnungen auf die hier Betrachteten einzuschränken, ergibt sich, dass die stabilste Struktur für Nanocluster wurtzitartig ist. Dies stimmt auch mit allen verfügbaren experimentellen Daten überein.
The present thesis demonstrates how different thermodynamic aspects of self-assembly and stimuli-responsive properties in water can be encoded on the structure of π-amphiphiles, consisting of perylene or naphthalene bisimide cores. Initially, quantitative thermodynamic insights into the entropically-driven self-assembly was studied for a series of naphthalene bisimides with UV/Vis and ITC measurements, which demonstrated that their thermodynamic profile of aggregation is heavily influenced by the OEG side chains. Subsequently, a control over the bifurcated thermal response of entropically driven and commonly observed enthalpically driven self-assembly was achieved by the modulation of glycol chain orientation. Finally, Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) phenomenon observed for these dyes was investigated as a precise control of this behavior is quintessential for self-assembly studies as well as to generate ‘smart’ materials. It could be shown that the onset of phase separation for these molecules can be encoded in their imide substituents, and they are primarily determined by the supramolecular packing, rather than the hydrophobicity of individual monomers.
Vibronically averaged values for K =0 and K = 1 bending levels in the energy range between 0 and 25 000 cm\(^{-1}\) are computed for the \(^{14}\)N, H, and D atoms in NH\(_2\), NHD, and ND\(_2\) The pure ab initio electronic potentials, as well as those derived by fitting of experimentally observed band positions are employed. Effects of vibronic coupling and local perturbations of close-lying levels belanging to different electronic states are discussed.
The hyperfine coupling constants (isotropic hfcc and four Cartesian components of the ani~ tropic tensor) are calculated for all three atoms of C\(_2\)H in its three lowest-lying electronic states at various molecu)ar geometries by means of the ab initio configuration interaction ( MRO.CI) method. The off-diagonal electronic matrix elements involving the two species ofthe A' symmetry are also computed. A diabatic transforrnation is perforrned Jeading to simple geometrical depen· dences of the hyperline coupling constants.
The vibronically averaged values for tbe hyperfine coupling constants in the X\(^2 \sum\)-A\(^2 \Pi\) system of the ethynyl radical are computed by means of tbe ab initio metbod calculations. The results point at tbe importance of taking into account the coupling of a1l tbree electronic states in question ( I\(^2\)A', 2\(^2\)A', and 1\(^2\)A") for a reliable explanation of the available experimental findings. The mean values of the hfcc's for K = 0 and 1 levels in \(^{13}\)C\(_2\)H and \(^{13}\)C\(_2\)D in the energy range up to 6000 cm\(^{-1}\) are predicted.
Sphingolipids, including ceramides, are a diverse group of structurally related lipids composed of a sphingoid base backbone coupled to a fatty acid side chain and modified terminal hydroxyl group. Recently, it has been shown that sphingolipids show antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms. The antimicrobial mechanism, however, remains so far elusive. Here, we introduce 'click-AT-CLEM', a labeling technique for correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) based on the super-resolution array tomography (srAT) approach and bio-orthogonal click chemistry for imaging of azido-tagged sphingolipids to directly visualize their interaction with the model Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis at subcellular level. We observed ultrastructural damage of bacteria and disruption of the bacterial outer membrane induced by two azido-modified sphingolipids by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Click-AT-CLEM imaging and mass spectrometry clearly revealed efficient incorporation of azido-tagged sphingolipids into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as underlying cause of their antimicrobial activity.
Das Phänomen der Axialchiralität von Biarylverbindungen wurde erstmalig 1922 beschrieben. Jedoch wurde die Suche nach stereoselektiven Zugangswegen zu dieser Stoffklasse lange Zeit vernachlässigt, obwohl derartige Verbindungen außergewöhnliche pharmakologische Aktivitäten aufweisen und das Strukturelement der rotationsgehinderten Biarylachse in immer mehr chiralen Liganden, Auxiliaren und Reagenzien als stereogenes Element auftritt. Im Arbeitskreis Bringmann gelang durch die Entwicklung der 'Lacton-Methodik' ein konzeptionell völlig neuartiger Zugang zu rotationsgehinderten und somit optisch aktiven Biarylen. Dieses Verfahren ist einzigartig, da es die beiden entscheidenden Reaktionsschritte, die Bildung der Biarylbindung sowie die Festlegung der Stereochemie, zeitlich voneinander separiert, was eine unabhängige Optimierung erlaubt. Die entscheidenden Schlüsselintermediate sind die konfigurativ noch nicht festgelegten Biaryllactone, welche nach Vorfixierung der beiden molekularen Hälften und mittels einer Esterbrücke durch eine intramolekulare Kreuzkupplung erhalten werden. Diese Lactone sind nicht flach, sondern liegen in einem Gleichgewicht als racemische Mischung ihrer beiden atropisomeren Formen vor. Aus diesem Gleichgewicht ist es möglich, mittels chiraler Nucleophile im Sinne einer dynamisch kinetischen Racematspaltung unter externer Stereoinduktion konfigurativ stabile Biaryle in atropisomerenreiner Form zu erhalten. In dieser Dissertation wurde das oben beschriebene Syntheseprinzip zur Synthese einer Reihe axialchiraler P,N- und Phosphinliganden genutzt. Des weiteren wurde die Etablierung von Zugangswegen zu dreifach axialchiralen tripodalen Liganden mit unterschiedlicher Topologie erreicht. Das katalytische Potential dieser verschiedenen Auxiliare wurde in einigen gängigen Testreaktionen wie Hydrosilylierungen, asymmetrischen Diethylzink-Additionen und atropselektiven Suzuki-Kupplungen evaluiert.
Four new tetromycin derivatives, tetromycins 1-4 and a previously known one, tetromycin B (5) were isolated from Streptomyces axinellae Pol001(T) cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella polypoides. Structures were assigned using extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as HRESIMS analysis. The compounds were tested for antiparasitic activities against Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei, and for protease inhibition against several cysteine proteases such as falcipain, rhodesain, cathepsin L, cathepsin B, and viral proteases SARS-CoV M(pro), and PL(pro). The compounds showed antiparasitic activities against T. brucei and time-dependent inhibition of cathepsin L-like proteases with K(i) values in the low micromolar range.
Interactions between proteins and carbohydrates with larger biomacromolecules, e.g., lectins, are usually examined using self-assembled monolayers on target gold surfaces as a simplified model measuring setup. However, most of those measuring setups are either limited to a single substrate or do not allow for control over ligand distance and spacing. Here, we develop a synthetic strategy, consisting of a cascade of a thioesterification, native chemical ligation (NCL) and thiol-ene reaction, in order to create three-component polymer conjugates with a defined double bioactivation at the chain end. The target architecture is the vicinal attachment of two biomolecule residues to the α telechelic end point of a polymer and a thioether group at the ω chain end for fixating the conjugate to a gold sensor chip surface. As proof-of-principle studies for affinity measurements, we demonstrate the interaction between covalently bound mannose and ConA in surface acoustic wave (SAW) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments.