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Institute
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (545) (remove)
Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (3)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany (2)
- Betriebsärztlicher Dienst der Universität Würzburg (1)
- Clinical Trial Center (CTC) / Zentrale für Klinische Studien Würzburg (ZKSW) (1)
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Sana Hospital Hof, Hof, Germany (1)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (1)
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany (1)
- Early Clinical Trial Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (1)
- Experimentelle Tumorimmunologie, Frauenklinik, Universität Würzburg (1)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Würzburg, Germany (1)
ResearcherID
- N-2030-2015 (1)
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of transplant-related mortality (TRM) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and presents a challenge in haploidentical HSCT. GVHD may be prevented by ex vivo graft T-cell depletion or in vivo depletion of proliferating lymphocytes. However, both approaches pose significant risks, particularly infections and relapse, compromising survival. A photodepletion strategy to eliminate alloreactive T cells from mismatched donor lymphocyte infusions (enabling administration without immunosuppression), was used to develop ATIR101, an adjunctive therapy for use after haploidentical HSCT. In this phase I dose-finding study, 19 adults (median age: 54 years) with high-risk haematological malignancies were treated with T-cell-depleted human leucocyte antigen-haploidentical myeloablative HSCT followed by ATIR101 at doses of 1 x 10(4)-5 x 10(6) CD3(+) cells/kg (median 31 days post-transplant). No patient received post-transplant immunosuppression or developed grade III/IV acute GVHD, demonstrating the feasibility of ATIR101 infusion for evaluation in two subsequent phase 2 studies. Additionally, we report long-term follow -up of patients treated with ATIR101 in this study. At 1 year, all 9 patients receiving doses of 0 center dot 3-2 x 10(6) CD3(+) cells/kg ATIR101 remained free of serious infections and after more than 8 years, TRM was 0%, relapse-related mortality was 33% and overall survival was 67% in these patients.
Die Karzinomentstehung im Kolon lässt sich entsprechend der Adenom-Karzinom-Sequenz u.a. auf die Inaktivierung von Tumorsuppressorgenen zurückführen. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in verschiedenen chromosomalen Bereichen konnten bereits mit einer signifikant schlechteren Patientenprognose oder einem schlechteren Ansprechen einer Chemotherapie korreliert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden 2 Multiplex-PCR Reaktionen zur Untersuchung von DNA-Proben etabliert. Anschließend wurden 100 Tumoren in den chromosomalen Regionen 1p32-36, 4p14-16 und 17p12 auf allelische Deletionen untersucht und diese mit der Patientenprognose korreliert. Es konnte ein signifikant schlechteres Überleben bei einem gleichzeitigen Vorliegen von LOH auf den Regionen 4p15.2 (D4S2397) und 17p12 (D17S1303) gefunden werden (p=0,0367). Ferner konnte ein Trend zur schlechteren Prognose bei einem gleichzeitigen Auftreten von LOH in den Regionen 17p12 (D17S1303) und 1p32-36 (HY-TM1) gezeigt werden (p=0,15). Um klinisch nutzbare Untersuchungsverfahren zur Prognosebestimmung bei Patienten mit Kolonkarzinom entwickeln zu können, werden noch weitere molekulargenetische Folgestudien nötig sein.
Allelische Verlustanalyse der chromosomalen Regionen 8p22 und 18q21.1 bei kolorektalen Karzinomen
(2007)
In dieser Arbeit wurden 169 kolorektale Karzinome auf das Vorhandensein eines allelischen Verlustes (LOH - "loss of heterozygosity")der Region 8p22 um den Marker D8S254 sowie der Region 18q21.1 um den Marker D18S474 untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein allelischer Verlust des Mikrosatellitenmarkers D18S474 signifikant mit einer schlechteren Patientenprognose bei Patienten mit kolorektalen Karzinomen im Stadium I-IV korreliert ist. Neben der prognostischen Bedeutung könnte ein LOH 18q21.1 auch einen Einfluß auf die Therapie der Patienten haben. Patienten im Stadium II mit LOH D18S474 könnten beispielsweise von einer adjuvanten Chemotherapie eher profitieren als Patienten ohne LOH D18S474. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeitsgruppen konnte keine Korrelation eines allelischen Verlustes des Mikrosatellitenmarkers D8S254 oder einer Kombination von LOH D8S254 und D18S474 bei Patienten mit kolorektalen Karzinomen im Stadium I-IV mit der Patientenprognose gezeigt werden. Es fanden sich im Rahmen dieser Studie geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede für die Tumoreigenschaften und die Prognose sowohl für Tumoren mit einem allelischen Verlust im Mikrosatellitenmarker D8S254 und D18S474. Ein LOH des Markers D8S254 bei Frauen scheint signifikant häufiger mit einem Stadium IV-Tumor, bei Männern jedoch signifikant häufiger mit einem Tumor des Stadium II korreliert zu sein. Frauen mit einem LOH des Markers D18S474 weisen signifikant weniger Stadium I-Tumore auf, jedoch signifikant häufiger Stadium IV-Tumore. Bei Männern hingegen zeigt sich kein Zusammenhang. Diese Unterschiede in der Verteilung spiegeln sich auch in der durchschnittlichen Überlebenszeit wieder. Demnach haben Frauen mit einem LOH sowohl der Region 8p22 als auch der Region 18q21.1 und noch deutlicher in Kombination eine signifikant schlechtere Prognose als Patientinnen mit einem kolorektalen Karzinom ohne chromosomalen Verlust einer dieser beiden Regionen.
Humane neutrophile Granulozyten spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Immunabwehr invasiver Infektionen durch die humanpathogenen Pilze Candida albicans und Aspergillus fumigatus. Das Ziel der hier vorliegenden Arbeit bestand in einer Charakterisierung der Interaktion beider Pilzspezies mit neutrophilen Granulozyten, mit Fokussierung auf die unterschiedlichen Effektormechanismen dieser Zellen. C. albicans exprimiert eine Reihe von Aspartatproteasen, welche mit der Virulenz des Erregers assoziiert sind und zu Adhäsion, Gewebeinvasion und Immunevasion beitragen können. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Rolle der Aspartatproteasen Sap1-6, Sap9 und Sap10 in der Interaktion mit neutrophilen Granulozyten analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass, im Gegensatz zu anderen Aspartatproteasen, das zelloberflächenassoziierte GPI-verankerte Enzym Sap9 einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die Erkennung von C. albicans durch neutrophile Granulozyten hat. SAP9-Expression ist erforderlich, um die gerichtete Motilität (Chemotaxis) neutrophiler Granulozyten zu C. albicans-Keimschläuchen hin zu induzieren. Dieser Prozess stellt eine Grundvoraussetzung zur effektiven Aktivierung neutrophiler Granulozyten darstellt. Die Chemotaxis neutrophiler Granulozyten kann durch autologe Sekretion des Zytokins IL-8 verstärkt werden. Es konnte jedoch kein Einfluss von SAP9 auf die IL-8 Sekretion beobachtet werden. Allerdings führte die Deletion von SAP9 zu reduzierter Freisetzung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (engl. reactive oxygen species, ROS) in neutrophilen Granulozyten. Die mit der ROS-Generierung in Verbindung stehende und durch C. albicans induzierte Apoptose neutrophiler Granulozyten war ebenfalls vermindert. In Konfrontationsassays war die Abtötung einer SAP9-Deletionsmutante verglichen mit dem Wildtyp reduziert. Die Degranulation stellt neben der Produktion von ROS einen weiteren wichtigen Effektormechanismus zur Abtötung von Mikroben dar, jedoch verlief die Freisetzung von Elastase ebenso unabhängig von SAP9 wie die durch neutrophile Granulozyten ausgelöste Wachstumsinhibition von Keimschläuchen. Die hier präsentierten Daten verbinden die Aktivität der Protease Sap9, der zuvor bereits eine Rolle in der Immunevasion von C. albicans zugeschrieben wurde, mit der Initiation der protektiven angeborenen Immunität. Wie C. albicans stimuliert auch A. fumigatus die Aktivität der neutrophilen Granulozyten. Microarray- Analysen mit Fokus auf dem Zytokinprofil neutrophiler Granulozyten während der Interaktion mit A. fumigatus-Hyphen offenbarten, dass nur wenige Zytokine im Lauf der Infektion hochreguliert wurden. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Sap-Granulozyten-Interaktion neue molekulare Mechanismen zur Aktivierung dieser Zellen birgt. Zudem brachten die Microarray Analysen die Erkenntnis, dass die de novo-Zytokinsynthese durch A. fumigatus nur geringfügig beeinflusst wird und eine schnelle Abtötung des Pilzes offenbar im Vordergrund steht.
Auf der Suche nach neuen Therapiemöglichkeiten für Tumorpatienten stellt die Immuntherapie mit gd T-Lymphozyten einen innovativen Ansatz dar. In vitro Zytotoxizität von Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten wurde gegen eine Vielzahl von Tumorzellen belegt. Mit den Aminobisphosphonaten steht eine Reihe zugelassener und langjährig erprobter Medikamente zur Verfügung, die im Bereich therapeutisch verwendeter Dosierungen Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten auch in vivo aktivieren können. Zudem ist Bromohydrin (BrHPP) als hochaffines synthetisches Phosphoantigen ein weiterer attraktiver Kandidat zur Aktivierung von gd T-Zellen und befindet sich am Menschen bereits in klinischen Studien. Strategien einer auf gd T-Zellen beruhenden Immuntherapie umfassen zum einen die in vitro Expansion von gd T-Lymphozyten mittels BrHPP oder Aminobisphosponaten mit anschließendem Transfer, dem so genannten adoptiven Zelltransfer auf den Patienten. Zum anderen kann die Anti-Tumoraktivität von Vg9Vd2 T-Lymphozyten auch direkt in vivo mittels Bisphosphonaten induziert werden, wie in einer Pilotstudie mit einem Anti-Lymphom- bzw. Anti-Myelom-Effekt bis hin zu einer klinischen partiellen Remission durch die Therapie mit einem Bisphosphonat (Pamidronat) und IL-2 eindrucksvoll gezeigt werden konnte. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine effektive Methode zur in vitro Proliferation von Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen mit Ausbildung ihrer Anti-Tumoraktivität durch BrHPP und durch das Bisphosphonat Zoledronat in Anwesenheit von IL-2 gezeigt. Weitergehend konnte mit Zytotoxizitätstestungen – basierend auf der Messung der Laktatdehydrogenase-Aktivität – die zytolytische Aktivität dieser expandierten gd T-Zellen gegenüber den primären Tumorzellen von insgesamt 8 Leukämie-Patienten, sowie je einem Patienten mit einem Lymphom und einem Plasmozytom nachgewiesen werden. Dadurch wurde einerseits das besondere Potential der gd T-Lymphozyten gegenüber hämatologischen Neoplasien unterstrichen, andererseits konnte ein Testverfahren gezeigt werden, mit dem das Spektrum empfindlicher Tumorzellen und Einflussgrößen untersucht werden können. In einem Experiment wurde dargestellt, wie die myelomonozytäre Zelllinie THP1 im Gegensatz zu ihrer sonst vorliegenden Anergie nach Vorbehandlung mit Zoledronat durch gd T-Zellen lysiert werden konnte. In einem autologen Versuchsansatz konnte die Anti-Tumoraktivität der gd T-Zellen eines Patienten mit der Diagnose eines follikuläres B-NHL durch Vorbehandlung der Lymphomzellen mit Zoledronat noch gesteigert werden. gd T-Zellen unterliegen als Teil des komplexen Immunsystems verschiedenen Regulationsmechanismen, die auch manipuliert werden können. In vitro Testverfahren – wie in dieser Arbeit – sind die Voraussetzung für eine Grundlagenforschung, mit deren Hilfe man in Zukunft zu einer hoffnungsvollen, auf gd T-Zellen basierenden Immuntherapie maligner Erkrankungen gelangen könnte.
Der orale Tyrosinkinaseinhibitor (TKI) Imatinib wurde 2002 zur Behandlung der chronischen myeloischen Leukämie (CML) zugelassen und ist als „targeted therapy“, die sich gegen das die Erkrankung in den meisten Fällen verursachende BCR/ABL1-Fusionsprotein richtet, als Meilenstein in der Therapie der CML zu sehen. Neben verschiedenen unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) stellt auch eine niedrige Rate der Adhärenz, also der Übereinstimmung des Patientenverhaltens mit den Empfehlungen der behandelnden Ärzte, ein entscheidendes Problemfeld im klinischen Einsatz von Imatinib dar. Zusätzlich zu persönlichen Eigenschaften des Patienten und speziellen Merkmalen der Erkrankung spielt hierbei unter anderem auch die Interaktion zwischen Arzt und Patient eine herausragende Rolle.
Fälschlicherweise wird bei Patienten mit einer malignen Neoplasie prinzipiell von adhärentem Verhalten ausgegangen; mangelnde Patientenschulung oder Arzneimittelinteraktionen führen jedoch häufig zu Nonadhärenz mit zum Teil lebensbedrohlichen Folgen. So postuliert etwa die 2009 von Noens et al. veröffentlichte ADAGIO-Studie bei lediglich 14,2 % der Patienten unter TKI Therapie bei CML ein absolut adhärentes Verhalten.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich in diesem Kontext schwerpunktmäßig mit steuerbaren Einflussfaktoren wie Copingstrategien und dem Wissensstand der Patienten über die Therapie ihrer Erkrankung. Hierzu wurde bei 37 in einer universitären Spezialambulanz behandelten CML-Patienten (21 Männer und 16 Frauen mit einem mittleren Alter von 59 Jahren) zunächst mittels des „Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale with Immunosuppressive Medication“ (BAASIS) die Adhärenz unter Imatinib erhoben. Dabei ergab sich eine Adhärenzrate von 49 %, die niedrig, aber tendenziell höher als erwartet ausfiel. Bei einer moderateren Definition von adhärentem Verhalten zeigt sich sogar eine Adhärenzrate von 84 %.
Eine Auswertung des „Freiburger Fragebogens zur Krankheitsverarbeitung“ im selben Patientenkollektiv verdeutlicht wie wichtig ein stabiles Arzt-Patienten-Verhältnis ist, auch wenn keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen positivem Coping und adhärentem Verhalten gezeigt werden konnte.
Bisher in diesem Rahmen wenig erforscht ist die Angst vor einem Fortschreiten der Erkrankung, die mit dem Progredienzangst-Fragebogen von Herschbach erfasst werden kann. Von dieser Angst ist die Mehrheit der Studienteilnehmer betroffen (73 % mittleres Ausmaß, 16 % hohes Ausmaß an Progredienzangst). Vermutlich bedingt durch die kleine Stichprobengröße ließ sich auch hier keine signifkante Korrelation zur Adhärenz herstellen. Mit einem p-Wert von 0,003 zeigt sich jedoch ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen maladaptiven Copingstrategien („Bagatellisierung und Wunschdenken“) und verstärkter Progredienzangst. Auch bei depressiven Verarbeitungsstrukturen lässt sich die Tendenz zu einer Korrelation erkennen (p-Wert 0,06). Neben einem Progress der Erkrankung ist die Angst vor unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen für Patienten von großer Bedeutung. Insbesondere bei den – selbst in der moderateren Auslegung des BAASIS – nonadhärenten Patienten zeigt sich eine signifikante Korrelation (p-Wert 0,023). Dadurch wird der Stellenwert einer guten Aufklärung und Schulung der Patienten deutlich, vor allem da Patienten ihr konkretes Wissen bezüglich Krankheit und Therapie oft zu überschätzen scheinen.
Abschließend bleibt festzuhalten, dass eine Förderung adhärenten Verhaltens auch bei onkologischen Patienten von enormer Bedeutung ist. Besonders zu berücksichtigende Themen sind Verarbeitungsstrategien, der Umgang mit Ängsten sowie die Information und Schulung der Patienten.
Krebserkrankungen stellen eine lebensverändernde und potentiell letale Diagnose dar. Orale Zytostatika stellen eine vielversprechende Therapiemöglichkeit dar. Ein häufig eingesetztes orales Zytostatikum ist Capecitabin. Durch den Einsatz von oralen Chemotherapeutika ergeben sich viele Vorteile. Grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Einsatz der Tablettenform ist allerdings eine äquivalente Wirksamkeit. Diese hängt entscheidend von ausreichender Adhärenz der Patienten ab.
In dieser Studie konnte bei der Auswertung des MARS-D gezeigt werden, dass 25 % der Studienteilnehmer nicht ausreichend adhärent waren. Häufigster Grund für Nicht-Adhärenz war das Vergessen der Medikamenteneinnahme. Ein weiteres, wichtiges Ergebnis dieser Pilotstudie war, dass die Probanden ihre Adhärenz subjektiv deutlich höher einschätzten (M im VAS 97,72) als sich bei der Auswertung des MARS-D bestätigen ließ.
Die Erkennung und Behandlung psychischer Beeinträchtigungen und Erkrankungen ist bei der Betreuung von Krebspatienten entscheidend. Fear of progression (FOP) ist die am häufigsten geäußerte Angst von Krebspatienten. Diese Studie konnte die Bedeutung von FOP deutlich zeigen: bei 38 % der Probanden konnte eine dysfunktionale Form der FOP nachgewiesen werden. Nur vier Studienteilnehmer nutzten allerdings psychosomatische/psychiatrische Unterstützungmöglichkeiten.
Die Single-Item Analyse des PA-F-KF zeigten sich Ängste im Vordergrund stehend, welche den Bereich Familie betrafen. Überraschenderweise ließ sich zwischen der häufigsten Nebenwirkung Hand-Fuß-Syndrom und FOP kein signifikanter Zusammenhang nachweisen. Dagegen konnten stark signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Auftreten von Diarrhoen, Übelkeit, Erschöpfung und dysfunktionaler FOP gezeigt werden.
Laut Schätzungen des Robert Koch-Instituts erkranken jährlich fast 500.000 Personen an einer Krebserkrankung, mit steigender Tendenz. Durch stetige Fortschritte in der Forschung kam es durch die Entwicklung einer Chemotherapie in Tablettenform zu einem Paradigmenwechsel in der Krebstherapie. Für ein optimales Therapie-Outcome ist es von großer Bedeutung, dass die Patienten ein adhärentes Verhalten zeigen.
Weiterhin zeigt sich in der bisherigen Literatur, dass psychische Komorbiditäten die Adhärenz und damit den Behandlungserfolg gleichermaßen beeinflussen können. Dies wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit evaluiert. Die Studie umfasste insgesamt 69 Krebspatientinnen und -Patienten, die eine Chemotherapie mit Capecitabin erhielten. Untersucht wurden Gruppenunterschiede zwischen soziodemografischen und klinischen Variablen auf der einen Seite und Adhärenz auf der anderen Seite sowie die klinisch relevante Belastung durch Angstsymptome. Zur Datenerhebung wurden zum einen der MARS-Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz und zum anderen der GAD-7 zur Erfassung der Angstsymptomatik verwendet.
Adhärentes Verhalten in Bezug auf die Einnahme von Capecitabin zeigte sich bei 75.4% der Personen im untersuchten Studienkollektiv. Dieses Ergebnis steht in Einklang mit bisherigen Publikationen, die ebenfalls den Zusammenhang zwischen Adhärenz bei Capecitabin untersuchten. Die weitere Hypothese war, dass höhere Angstbelastungen unter Patienten signifikant mit einer verminderten Adhärenz in Zusammenhang stehen. Dies konnte in der vorliegenden Studie jedoch nicht festgestellt werden. Einerseits zeigte zwar nur ein geringer Anteil der untersuchten Patienten Hinweise einer Angststörung (7%), andererseits wurde festgestellt, dass nicht alle dieser Patienten eine psychotherapeutische Behandlung erhielten. Für zukünftige Forschungen wäre zu überlegen, weitere Messinstrumente zur Diagnostik einer niederschwelligen Angst einzusetzen. Weiterhin wären ein größeres Therapieangebot und umfassendere psychosoziale Unterstützung dringend erforderlich. Abschließend bleibt festzuhalten, dass in Zukunft weitere Studien, v.a. auch mit größeren Fallzahlen sowie Längsschnitt- oder Follow-up-Studien zu diesem Forschungsthema dringend indiziert sind.
Actin cytoskeleton deregulation confers midostaurin resistance in FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia
(2021)
The presence of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) is one of the most frequent mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. FLT3 inhibitors, such as midostaurin, are used clinically but fail to entirely eradicate FLT3-ITD+AML. This study introduces a new perspective and highlights the impact of RAC1-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodeling on resistance to midostaurin in AML. RAC1 hyperactivation leads resistance via hyperphosphorylation of the positive regulator of actin polymerization N-WASP and antiapoptotic BCL-2. RAC1/N-WASP, through ARP2/3 complex activation, increases the number of actin filaments, cell stiffness and adhesion forces to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) being identified as a biomarker of resistance. Midostaurin resistance can be overcome by a combination of midostaruin, the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax and the RAC1 inhibitor Eht1864 in midostaurin-resistant AML cell lines and primary samples, providing the first evidence of a potential new treatment approach to eradicate FLT3-ITD+AML. Garitano-Trojaola et al. used a combination of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary samples to show that RAC1-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodeling through BCL2 family plays a key role in resistance to the FLT3 inhibitor, Midostaurin in AML. They showed that by targeting RAC1 and BCL2, Midostaurin resistance was diminished, which potentially paves the way for an innovate treatment approach for FLT3 mutant AML.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (TNFR2) has attracted considerable interest as a target for immunotherapy. Indeed, using oligomeric fusion proteins of single chain-encoded TNFR2-specific TNF mutants (scTNF80), expansion of regulatory T cells and therapeutic activity could be demonstrated in various autoinflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). With the aim to improve the in vivo availability of TNFR2-specific TNF fusion proteins, we used here the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-interacting IgG1 molecule as an oligomerizing building block and generated a new TNFR2 agonist with improved serum retention and superior in vivo activity.
Methods
Single-chain encoded murine TNF80 trimers (sc(mu)TNF80) were fused to the C-terminus of an in mice irrelevant IgG1 molecule carrying the N297A mutation which avoids/minimizes interaction with Fcγ-receptors (FcγRs). The fusion protein obtained (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80), termed NewSTAR2 (New selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), was analyzed with respect to activity, productivity, serum retention and in vitro and in vivo activity. STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80 or selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), a well-established highly active nonameric TNFR2-specific variant, served as benchmark. NewSTAR2 was assessed in various in vitro and in vivo systems.
Results
STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80) and NewSTAR2 (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80) revealed comparable in vitro activity. The novel domain architecture of NewSTAR2 significantly improved serum retention compared to STAR2, which correlated with efficient binding to FcRn. A single injection of NewSTAR2 enhanced regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressive activity and increased Treg numbers by > 300% in vivo 5 days after treatment. Treg numbers remained as high as 200% for about 10 days. Furthermore, a single in vivo treatment with NewSTAR2 upregulated the adenosine-regulating ectoenzyme CD39 and other activation markers on Tregs. TNFR2-stimulated Tregs proved to be more suppressive than unstimulated Tregs, reducing conventional T cell (Tcon) proliferation and expression of activation markers in vitro. Finally, singular preemptive NewSTAR2 administration five days before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) protected mice from acute GvHD.
Conclusions
NewSTAR2 represents a next generation ligand-based TNFR2 agonist, which is efficiently produced, exhibits improved pharmacokinetic properties and high serum retention with superior in vivo activity exerting powerful protective effects against acute GvHD.
A TNF Receptor 2 Selective Agonist Rescues Human Neurons from Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death
(2011)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a dual role in neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 is predominantly associated with neurodegeneration, TNFR2 is involved in tissue regeneration and neuroprotection. Accordingly, the availability of TNFR2-selective agonists could allow the development of new therapeutic treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. We constructed a soluble, human TNFR2 agonist (TNC-scTNF(R2)) by genetic fusion of the trimerization domain of tenascin C to a TNFR2-selective single-chain TNF molecule, which is comprised of three TNF domains connected by short peptide linkers. TNC-scTNFR2 specifically activated TNFR2 and possessed membrane-TNF mimetic activity, resulting in TNFR2 signaling complex formation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Protection from neurodegeneration was assessed using the human dopaminergic neuronal cell line LUHMES. First we show that TNC-scTNF(R2) interfered with cell death pathways subsequent to H(2)O(2) exposure. Protection from cell death was dependent on TNFR2 activation of the PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway, evident from restoration of H(2)O(2) sensitivity in the presence of PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Second, in an in vitro model of Parkinson disease, TNC-scTNFR(2) rescues neurons after induction of cell death by 6-OHDA. Since TNFR2 is not only promoting anti-apoptotic responses but also plays an important role in tissue regeneration, activation of TNFR2 signaling by TNC-scTNF(R2) appears a promising strategy to ameliorate neurodegenerative processes.
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a severe and often life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). AGvHD is mediated by alloreactive donor T-cells targeting predominantly the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin. Recent work in mice and patients undergoing allo-HCT showed that alloreactive T-cells can be identified by the expression of α4β7 integrin on T-cells even before manifestation of an aGvHD. Here, we investigated whether the detection of a combination of the expression of T-cell surface markers on peripheral blood (PB) CD8\(^+\) T-cells would improve the ability to predict aGvHD. To this end, we employed two independent preclinical models of minor histocompatibility antigen mismatched allo-HCT following myeloablative conditioning. Expression profiles of integrins, selectins, chemokine receptors, and activation markers of PB donor T-cells were measured with multiparameter flow cytometry at multiple time points before the onset of clinical aGvHD symptoms. In both allo-HCT models, we demonstrated a significant upregulation of α4β7 integrin, CD162E, CD162P, and conversely, a downregulation of CD62L on donor T-cells, which could be correlated with the development of aGvHD. Other surface markers, such as CD25, CD69, and CC-chemokine receptors were not found to be predictive markers. Based on these preclinical data from mouse models, we propose a surface marker panel on peripheral blood T-cells after allo-HCT combining α4β7 integrin with CD62L, CD162E, and CD162P (cutaneous lymphocyte antigens, CLA, in humans) to identify patients at risk for developing aGvHD early after allo-HCT.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The best method to prevent CRC is with a colonoscopy. During this procedure, the gastroenterologist searches for polyps. However, there is a potential risk of polyps being missed by the gastroenterologist. Automated detection of polyps helps to assist the gastroenterologist during a colonoscopy. There are already publications examining the problem of polyp detection in the literature. Nevertheless, most of these systems are only used in the research context and are not implemented for clinical application. Therefore, we introduce the first fully open-source automated polyp-detection system scoring best on current benchmark data and implementing it ready for clinical application. To create the polyp-detection system (ENDOMIND-Advanced), we combined our own collected data from different hospitals and practices in Germany with open-source datasets to create a dataset with over 500,000 annotated images. ENDOMIND-Advanced leverages a post-processing technique based on video detection to work in real-time with a stream of images. It is integrated into a prototype ready for application in clinical interventions. We achieve better performance compared to the best system in the literature and score a F1-score of 90.24% on the open-source CVC-VideoClinicDB benchmark.
Ruxolitinib (RUX) is approved for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GvHD). It is predominantly metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. As patients with GvHD have an increased risk of invasive fungal infections, RUX is frequently combined with posaconazole (POS), a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Knowledge of RUX exposure under concomitant POS treatment is scarce and recommendations on dose modifications are inconsistent. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to investigate the drug–drug interaction (DDI) between POS and RUX. The predicted RUX exposure was compared to observed concentrations in patients with GvHD in the clinical routine. PBPK models for RUX and POS were independently set up using PK-Sim\(^®\) Version 11. Plasma concentration-time profiles were described successfully and all predicted area under the curve (AUC) values were within 2-fold of the observed values. The increase in RUX exposure was predicted with a DDI ratio of 1.21 (C\(_{max}\)) and 1.59 (AUC). Standard dosing in patients with GvHD led to higher RUX exposure than expected, suggesting further dose reduction if combined with POS. The developed model can serve as a starting point for further simulations of the implemented DDI and can be extended to further perpetrators of CYP-mediated PK-DDIs or disease-specific physiological changes.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a lethal human cancer characterized by a clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow. Mouse models of human MM are technically challenging and do not always recapitulate human disease. Therefore, new mouse models for MM are needed. Mineral-oil induced plasmacytomas (MOPC) develop in the peritoneal cavity of oil-injected BALB/c mice. However, MOPC typically grow extramedullary and are considered poor models of human MM. Here we describe an in vivo-selected MOPC315 variant, called MOPC315.BM, which can be maintained in vitro. When injected i.v. into BALB/c mice, MOPC315.BM cells exhibit tropism for bone marrow. As few as 10\(^4\) MOPC315.BM cells injected i.v. induced paraplegia, a sign of spinal cord compression, in all mice within 3-4 weeks. MOPC315.BM cells were stably transfected with either firefly luciferase (MOPC315.BM.Luc) or DsRed (MOPC315.BM.DsRed) for studies using noninvasive imaging. MOPC315.BM.Luc cells were detected in the tibiofemoral region already 1 hour after i.v. injection. Bone foci developed progressively, and as of day 5, MM cells were detected in multiple sites in the axial skeleton. Additionally, the spleen (a hematopoietic organ in the mouse) was invariably affected. Luminescent signals correlated with serum myeloma protein concentration, allowing for easy tracking of tumor load with noninvasive imaging. Affected mice developed osteolytic lesions. The MOPC315.BM model employs a common strain of immunocompetent mice (BALB/c) and replicates many characteristics of human MM. The model should be suitable for studies of bone marrow tropism, development of osteolytic lesions, drug testing, and immunotherapy in MM.
Tissue-engineered skin equivalents mimic key aspects of the human skin, and can thus be employed as wound coverage for large skin defects or as in vitro test systems as an alternative to animal models. However, current skin equivalents lack a functional vasculature limiting clinical and research applications. This study demonstrates the generation of a vascularized skin equivalent with a perfused vascular network by combining a biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc) based on a decellularized segment of a porcine jejunum and a tailored bioreactor system. Briefly, the BioVaSc was seeded with human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and human microvascular endothelial cells. After 14 days at the air-liquid interface, hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistological staining revealed a specific histological architecture representative of the human dermis and epidermis including a papillary-like architecture at the dermal-epidermal-junction. The formation of the skin barrier was measured non-destructively using impedance spectroscopy. Additionally, endothelial cells lined the walls of the formed vessels that could be perfused with a physiological volume flow. Due to the presence of a complex in-vivo-like vasculature, the here shown skin equivalent has the potential for skin grafting and represents a sophisticated in vitro model for dermatological research.
Butyrophilin (BTN)–3A and BTN2A1 molecules control the activation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells during T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated sensing of phosphoantigens (PAg) derived from microbes and tumors. However, the molecular rules governing PAg sensing remain largely unknown. Here, we establish three mechanistic principles of PAg-mediated γδ T cell activation. First, in humans, following PAg binding to the intracellular BTN3A1-B30.2 domain, Vγ9Vδ2 TCR triggering involves the extracellular V-domain of BTN3A2/BTN3A3. Moreover, the localization of both protein domains on different chains of the BTN3A homo-or heteromers is essential for efficient PAg-mediated activation. Second, the formation of BTN3A homo-or heteromers, which differ in intracellular trafficking and conformation, is controlled by molecular interactions between the juxtamembrane regions of the BTN3A chains. Finally, the ability of PAg not simply to bind BTN3A-B30.2, but to promote its subsequent interaction with the BTN2A1-B30.2 domain, is essential for T-cell activation. Defining these determinants of cooperation and the division of labor in BTN proteins improves our understanding of PAg sensing and elucidates a mode of action that may apply to other BTN family members.
Background
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) poses a major limitation for broader therapeutic application of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Early diagnosis of aGVHD remains difficult and is based on clinical symptoms and histopathological evaluation of tissue biopsies. Thus, current aGVHD diagnosis is limited to patients with established disease manifestation. Therefore, for improved disease prevention it is important to develop predictive assays to identify patients at risk of developing aGVHD. Here we address whether insights into the timing of the aGVHD initiation and effector phases could allow for the detection of migrating alloreactive T cells before clinical aGVHD onset to permit for efficient therapeutic intervention.
Methods
Murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched and minor histocompatibility antigen (miHAg) mismatched allo-HCT models were employed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of donor T cells with flow cytometry and in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Daily flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells allowed us to identify migrating alloreactive T cells based on homing receptor expression profiles.
Results
We identified a time period of 2 weeks of massive alloreactive donor T cell migration in the blood after miHAg mismatch allo-HCT before clinical aGVHD symptoms appeared. Alloreactive T cells upregulated α4β7 integrin and P-selectin ligand during this migration phase. Consequently, targeted preemptive treatment with rapamycin, starting at the earliest detection time of alloreactive donor T cells in the peripheral blood, prevented lethal aGVHD.
Conclusions
Based on this data we propose a critical time frame prior to the onset of aGVHD symptoms to identify alloreactive T cells in the peripheral blood for timely and effective therapeutic intervention.
The human ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 has key roles in tumorigenesis, yet it is unkown how its activity is regulated. We present the crystal structure of a C-terminal part of HUWE1, including the catalytic domain, and reveal an asymmetric auto-inhibited dimer. We show that HUWE1 dimerizes in solution and self-associates in cells, and that both occurs through the crystallographic dimer interface. We demonstrate that HUWE1 is inhibited in cells and that it can be activated by disruption of the dimer interface. We identify a conserved segment in HUWE1 that counteracts dimer formation by associating with the dimerization region intramolecularly. Our studies reveal, intriguingly, that the tumor suppressor p14ARF binds to this segment and may thus shift the conformational equilibrium of HUWE1 toward the inactive state. We propose a model, in which the activity of HUWE1 underlies conformational control in response to physiological cues—a mechanism that may be exploited for cancer therapy.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in large numbers of patients requiring critical care management. With the established association between severe respiratory virus infection and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (7.6% for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA)), the pandemic places a significant number of patients at potential risk from secondary invasive fungal disease. We described a case of CAPA with substantial supporting mycological evidence, highlighting the need to employ strategic diagnostic algorithms and weighted definitions to improve the accuracy in diagnosing CAPA.