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Exploring and explaining diversity and patterns of stateness is crucial for understanding causes of efficiency, duration, or the collapse of a state. The new Stateness Index (StIx) contributes to the conceptual and analytical debate on stateness and state fragility. StIx is a tool for measuring stateness and state quality since 1950 that includes country-ranking through aggregated and disaggregated data to advance performance comparison and policy analysis. This article first sums up the main theoretical aspects, followed by descriptive results.
This paper examines the potential reinforcement of motivated beliefs when individuals with identical biases communicate. We propose a controlled online experiment that allows to manipulate belief biases and the communication environment. We find that communication, even among like-minded individuals, diminishes motivated beliefs if it takes place in an environment without previously declared external opinions. In the presence of external plural opinions, however, communication does not reduce but rather aggravates motivated beliefs. Our results indicate a potential drawback of the plurality of opinions - it may create communication environments wherein motivated beliefs not only persist but also become contagious within social networks.
Dieses fünfte Jean Monnet Paper fügt alle 36 mainEUropa-Blogs, die zwischen 2017 und 2021 an der mit einem Jean Monnet Lehrstuhl ausgezeichneten Professur für Europaforschung und Internationale Beziehungen der Universität Würzburg verfasst wurden, zu einer einheitlichen Publikation zusammen. Die mainEUropa-Blogs wollten über ausgewählte Aspekte der EU-Politik aktuell, knapp und leicht verständlich informieren; damit haben sie dem EU-Geschehen der Jahre 2017 bis 2021 aus jeweils aktuellen Anlässen den Puls genommen und zu einem besseren Verständnis der EU-Politik- und Entscheidungsprozesse beigetragen.
Die Blog-Themen sind breit gefächert und bilden somit ausgewählte Ereignisse und Weichenstellungen aus der jüngeren Integrationsgeschichte ab. Die Themen reichen über klimapolitische Beschlüsse, das Ringen um den Erhalt bzw. die Wiederherstellung der Rechtstaatlichkeit in einigen EU-Mitgliedstaaten, das Endlos-Drama des Brexits, wichtige Wahlen in der EU und ausgewählten Mitgliedstaaten bis hin zu neuen Entwicklungen in der EU-Außen-, Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik sowie zu den überraschend zupackenden Antworten der EU auf die Covid-19-Pandemie. Ein Blick auf die europapolitische Agenda der im Dezember 2021 angetretenen rot-grün-gelben Ampel-Bundesregierung beschließt die Reihe. Denn 2021 endete auch das die mainEUropa-Blogs tragende Jean Monnet Projekt, so dass das vorliegende fünfte Jean Monnet Paper auch das letzte sein wird.
Expanding on a general equilibrium model of offshoring, we analyze the effects of a unilateral emissions tax increase on the environment, income, and inequality. Heterogeneous firms allocate labor across production tasks and emissions abatement, while only the most productive can benefit from lower labor and/or emissions costs abroad and offshore. We find a non-monotonic effect on global emissions, which decline if the initial difference in emissions taxes is small. For a sufficiently large difference, global emissions rise, implying emissions leakage of more than 100%. The underlying driver is a global technique effect: While the emissions intensity of incumbent non-offshoring firms declines, the cleanest firms start offshoring. Moreover, offshoring firms become dirtier, induced by a reduction in the foreign effective emissions tax in general equilibrium. Implementing a BCA prevents emissions leakage, reduces income inequality in the reforming country, but raises inequality across countries.
In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst das Konzept des digital storytelling mit dem Tablet im frühen Fremdsprachenunterricht methodisch-didaktisch gerahmt (Kapitel 1). Daran anschließend wird die Bedeutung lernunterstützender Maßnahmen in einem solchen digital gestützten und potenziell kreativitätsfördernden Unterrichtssetting erläutert (Kapitel 2). In Kapitel 3 folgt die Vorstellung der Unterrichtsreihe „It’s storytime – Let’s create our own digital fairy tale“. Im Verlauf dieser Unterrichtsreihe, die auch als Projektwoche angelegt werden kann, rezipieren die Schüler:innen zunächst eigenständig Märchen in englischer Sprache, die aus dem deutschen und angloamerikanischen Sprachraum bekannt sind. Die Märchen liegen für das Tablet multimedial aufbereitet vor. Anschließend entwickeln die Lernenden auf Grundlage des erarbeiteten gattungsspezifischen Wortschatzes ein eigenes multimediales Märchen. Alle für die Unterrichtsreihe benötigten digitalen und analogen Materialien stehen als Download zur Verfügung und können für den eigenen Unterricht genutzt und adaptiert werden.
In this paper, we work to understand the global IPX network from the perspective of an MVNO. In order to do this, we provide a brief description of the global architecture of mobile carriers. We provide initial results with respect to mapping the vast and complex interconnection network enabling global roaming from the point of view of a single MVNO. Finally, we provide preliminary results regarding the quality of service observed under global roaming conditions.
The emerging serverless computing may meet Edge Cloud in a beneficial manner as the two offer flexibility and dynamicity in optimizing finite hardware resources. However, the lack of proper study of a joint platform leaves a gap in literature about consumption and performance of such integration. To this end, this paper identifies the key questions and proposes a methodology to answer them.
The Fifth Generation (5G) communication technology, its infrastructure and architecture, though already deployed in campus and small scale networks, is still undergoing continuous changes and research. Especially, in the light of future large scale deployments and industrial use cases, a detailed analysis of the performance and utilization with regard to latency and service times constraints is crucial. To this end, a fine granular investigation of the Network Function (NF) based core system and the duration for all the tasks performed by these services is necessary. This work presents the first steps towards analyzing the signaling traffic in 5G core networks, and introduces a tool to automatically extract sequence diagrams and service times for NF tasks from traffic traces.
Understanding the Performance of Different Packet Reception and Timestamping Methods in Linux
(2023)
This document briefly presents some renowned packet reception techniques for network packets in Linux systems. Further, it compares their performance when measuring packet timestamps with respect to throughput and accuracy. Both software and hardware timestamps are compared, and various parameters are examined, including frame size, link speed, network interface card, and CPU load. The results indicate that hardware timestamping offers significantly better accuracy with no downsides, and that packet reception techniques that avoid system calls offer superior measurement throughput.
For decades autonomy has been utilised as a concept in various social sciences, like sociology, political science, law and philosophy. Certain concepts of autonomy have always reflected the needs of the respective disciplines that made use of the term, but also ever infringed on the interpretation of autonomy in other disciplines. Most notably, conceptualisations of international and constitutional law have found their way into bordering sciences, like political science. The result: a legal positivist view prevailing in the conceptualisations of autonomy within political and administrative sciences. As this working paper points out, this perspective does not do justice to the complex phenomenon autonomy is or may be in social and political reality. Hence, the paper argues for a differentiated concept of autonomy, splitting it into autonomy claims, actors, process, rights and powers, regimes, and their institutions. The empirical world suggests a salience of formally and informally lived types of autonomy, especially in Latin America, due to the region’s indigenous population often living outside of, or within the limited reach of the state. Therefore, the paper aims to incorporate the dimension of informality – lacking in previous legal positivist approaches. Autonomy regimes could be entrenched in international, constitutional, or secondary law, or they could be tolerated by the state or seized by autonomy claimants by force. From a theoretical or conceptual perspective, the dimension of (in)formality facilitates the incorporation of autonomy into the discussion on governance and government, mostly on the local or regional level. Thus, the paper establishes autonomy regimes as a concept located at the verges of (self-)government and (self-)governance.
In this article we offer initial insights into the fairly new interdisciplinary and international domain of robotics in Christian religious practice. We are a group of scholars in media ethics, practical theology/religious education, and human computer interaction, who have been engaged in this discourse since 2017.
A natural starting point is our study of BlessU2, a “blessing robot,” a device which received considerable recognition from the global public at the Wittenberg 500th reformation anniversary in 2017. We thus begin with the results of this study. Secondly, we will briefly address the relevant theses from Gabriele Trovato et al., as presented in their 2019 article on so-called theomorphic robots – followed by our interdisciplinary discussion of their approach. Finally, we draw conclusions for further work on the field of “religious robots.”
Somewhat more carefully: Section 1 offers starting points within the perspectives of Christian religious practice: here, the blessing robot is both cause and occasion for doing religion and theologizing in the context of existential questions (1.1). We continue with perceptions in the field of religion regarding “Discursive Design Theory” (1.2). The interaction of humans with computers as posing questions for theological standardization of religious practice is focused upon in 1.3. Section 2 reconstructs the HRI/HCI-initiative to develop theomorphic robots in a twofold manner, i.e., the idea of developing theomorphic robots (2.1) and the concept of theomorphic robots: Questions and objections (2.2). In this part of the article we raise discussion points concerning the relationship between technology and religion and the need for sharpening the understanding of religion within the research field. Section 3 closes with propositions and alternatives.
We propose that false beliefs about own current economic status are an important factor for explaining populist attitudes. Eliciting subjects’ receptiveness to rightwing populism and their perceived relative income positions in a representative survey of German households, we find that people with pessimistic beliefs about their income position are more attuned to populist statements. Key to understanding the misperception-populism relationship are strong gender differences in the mechanism: men are much more likely to channel their discontent into affection for populist ideas. A simple information provision does neither sustainably reduce misperception nor curb populism.
The necessary adjustments to prominent measures of the neutral rate of interest following the COVID pandemic sparked a wide-ranging debate on the measurement and usefulness of r-star. Due to high uncertainty about relevant determinants, trend patterns and the correct estimation method, we propose in this paper a simple alternative approach derived from a standard macro model. Starting from a loss function, neutral periods can be determined in which a neutral real interest rate is observable. Using these values, a medium-term trend for a neutral interest rate can be determined. An application to the USA shows that our simple calculation of a neutral interest rate delivers comparable results to existing studies. A Taylor rule based on our neutral interest rate also does a fairly good job of explaining US monetary policy over the past 60 years.
Government support for green technologies and renewable energy in particular has become an integral cornerstone of economic policy for most industrialized economies. Due to competitive price determination and supposedly higher efficiency, auctions have in recent years widely succeeded feed-in-tariffs as the primary support instrument (del Rio & Linares, 2014; REN21, 2021). However, literature still struggles to produce causal evidence to validate mostly descriptive findings for efficiency gains. Yet, this evidence is needed as a foundation to provide robust recommendations to policy makers (Grashof et al., 2020). By utilizing a difference-in-differences approach, this paper provides such evidence for a German photovoltaic (PV) auctioning program which came into effect in 2015. Results for this natural experiment confirm that cost-effectiveness improved significantly while previous literature shows that capacity expansion remained high. Results additionally show that falling prices for PV panels were the primary driver of cost reductions and wages also exert high influence on support price. Input cost development therefore indeed strongly influences support level which was the aim with introducing competitive auctions. Interest rate development cannot be linked to support level development, most probably due to the low interest environment in considered period.
Sprachsensibilität als Unterrichtsmerkmal erweist sich als lohnend für alle Schüler*innen, unabhängig von Migrationshintergrund und (sonderpädagogischen) Förderbedarf. Diese Handreichung versteht sich als eine praktische Annäherung an den Schnittbereich von Mehrsprachigkeit und dem Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung. Zum einen sollen die Bezüge und Gemeinsamkeiten der beiden betreffenden Bereiche geklärt werden (Teil I), zum anderen bieten zahlreiche Methoden, Ideen zur Umsetzung und Materialien bereits praxisgeeignete Vorschläge zum Umgang mit sprachlicher Heterogenität (Teil II). Der vorliegende, zweite Teil stellt demnach die Materialsammlung dar und baut auf dem ersten Teil direkt auf. Entstehungshintergründe und die wissenschaftliche Legitimation zu Inhalt und Aufbau können demnach in diesem nachgelesen werden. Die zahlreichen Methoden, Umsetzungsideen und Materialien sind als schon praxisgeeignete Vorschläge zum Umgang mit sprachlicher Heterogenität zu verstehen. Es dient für alle pädagogischen Fachkräfte als Inspiration und kann als Grundlage für die eigene Arbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen verwendet werden.
Sprachsensibilität als Unterrichtsmerkmal erweist sich als lohnend für alle Schüler*innen, unabhängig von Migrationshintergrund und (sonderpädagogischen) Förderbedarf. Diese Handreichung versteht sich als eine theoretische Annäherung an den Schnittbereich von Mehrsprachigkeit und dem Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung. Zum einen sollen die Bezüge und Gemeinsamkeiten der beiden betreffenden Bereiche geklärt werden (Teil I), zum anderen bieten zahlreiche Methoden, Ideen zur Umsetzung und Materialien bereits praxisgeeignete Vorschläge zum Umgang mit sprachlicher Heterogenität (Teil II). Der vorliegende, erste Teil stellt die theoretische Fundierung dar.
International trade is highly imbalanced both in terms of values and in terms of embodied carbon emissions. We show that the persistent current value trade imbalance patterns contribute to a higher level of global emissions compared to a world of balanced international trade. Specifically, we build a Ricardian quantitative trade model including sectoral input-output linkages, trade imbalances, fossil fuel extraction, and carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and use this framework to simulate counterfactual changes to countries' trade balances. For individual countries, the emission effects of removing their trade imbalances depend on the carbon intensities of their production and consumption patterns, as well as on their fossil resource abundance. Eliminating the Russian trade surplus and the US trade deficit would lead to the largest environmental benefits in terms of lower global emissions. Globally, the simultaneous removal of all trade imbalances would lower world carbon emissions by 0.9 percent or 295 million tons of carbon dioxide.
In this work, we describe the network from data collection to data processing and storage as a system based on different layers. We outline the different layers and highlight major tasks and dependencies with regard to energy consumption and energy efficiency. With this view, we can outwork challenges and questions a future system architect must answer to provide a more sustainable, green, resource friendly, and energy efficient application or system. Therefore, all system layers must be considered individually but also altogether for future IoT solutions. This requires, in particular, novel sustainability metrics in addition to current Quality of Service and Quality of Experience metrics to provide a high power, user satisfying, and sustainable network.
The first step towards aerial planetary exploration has been made. Ingenuity shows extremely promising results, and new missions are already underway. Rotorcraft are capable of flight. This capability could be utilized to support the last stages of Entry, Descent, and Landing. Thus, mass and complexity could be scaled down.
Autorotation is one method of descent. It describes unpowered descent and landing, typically performed by helicopters in case of an engine failure. MAPLE is suggested to test these procedures and understand autorotation on other planets. In this series of experiments, the Ingenuity helicopter is utilized. Ingenuity would autorotate a ”mid-air-landing” before continuing with normal flight. Ultimately, the collected data shall help to understand autorotation on Mars and its utilization for interplanetary exploration.
Lightning has fascinated humanity since the beginning of our existence. Different types of lightning like sprites and blue jets were discovered, and many more are theorized. However, it is very likely that these phenomena are not exclusive to our home planet. Venus’s dense and active atmosphere is a place where lightning is to be expected. Missions like Venera, Pioneer, and Galileo have carried instruments to measure electromagnetic activity. These measurements have indeed delivered results. However, these results are not clear. They could be explained by other effects like cosmic rays, plasma noise, or spacecraft noise. Furthermore, these lightning seem different from those we know from our home planet. In order to tackle these issues, a different approach to measurement is proposed. When multiple devices in different spacecraft or locations can measure the same atmospheric discharge, most other explanations become increasingly less likely. Thus, the suggested instrument and method of VELEX incorporates multiple spacecraft. With this approach, the question about the existence of lightning on Venus could be settled.