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Nach einem Myokardinfarkt werden ventrikuläres Remodeling und myokardiale Funktion unter anderem durch die ablaufenden Reaktionen des angeborenen Immunsystems beeinflusst. Von zentraler Bedeutung für die Regulation dieser Immunreaktion ist der Transkriptionsfaktor Nuclear Factor kappa B. Tiere, bei denen NF-κB durch das Fehlen seiner Untereinheit p50 global inaktiv ist, wei- sen einen Schutz vor linksventrikulärem Remodeling auf. Bisher ist jedoch un- klar, welche Zellen für diesen protektiven Effekt verantwortlich sind. Vorange- gangene Studien konnten zeigen, dass die Protektion nicht auf die fehlende NF- κB Aktivierung in Kardiomyozyten zurückzuführen ist. Aus Ischämie- Reperfusions-Experimenten an NF-κB-defizienten Tieren ergaben sich Hinwei- se, dass v.a. die Hemmung von NF-κB in Entzündungszellen die protektiven Effekte vermittelt.
Durch Kreuzung von LysMCre- mit lox-IKKβ-Tieren erzeugten wir Tiere, denen makrophagenspezifisch IκB-Kinase β (IKKβ) fehlt. IKK deaktiviert den Inhibitor von NF-κB und ist somit essentiell für eine NF-κB-Aktivierung. Als Modell der Herzinsuffizienz diente der chronische Myokardinfarkt. Die Nachbeobachtung erfolgte über 56 Tage.
Die Knockout-Tiere (KO) hatten im Vergleich zu den Wildtyp-Tiere (WT) eine signifikant bessere Überlebensrate (KO vs. WT, 100% vs. 49%, p < 0,01). Präoperativ sowie postoperativ an den Tagen 1, 21 und 56 wurden transthora- kale Echokardiographien durchgeführt. Bei gleicher Infarktgröße zeigten die KO-Tiere eine deutlich geringere linksventrikuläre Dilatation. Es konnte moleku- larbiologisch keine Reduktion der humoralen Entzündungsreaktion nachgewie- sen werden, ebenso blieb das Entzündungszellinfiltrat immunhistochemisch unverändert. Auch bezüglich Apoptoserate und Neovaskularisation zeigte sich kein Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen. Allerdings zeigten die LysM-IKKβ-KO-Tiere 56 Tage nach Myokardinfarkt einen deutlich erhöhten septalen Kollagen- gehalt als Hinweis auf ein verändertes extrazelluläres Remodeling.
Aus diesen Ergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, dass die protektiven Effek- te der globalen NF-κB-Hemmung durch die fehlende NF-κB-Aktivierung in Ma- krophagen und Granulozyten, nicht aber in Kardiomyozyten vermittelt wurden. Die durch die makrophagenspezifische NF-κB-Hemmung vermittelten Verände- rungen im Remodeling der extrazellulären Matrix führen zu einer Verbesserung der Überlebensrate, besseren funktionellen Ergebnissen und einem insgesamt verminderten linksventrikulären Remodeling nach Myokardinfarkt.
Multiple activities are ascribed to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in health and disease. In particular, TNF was shown to affect carcinogenesis in multiple ways. This cytokine acts via the activation of two cell surface receptors, TNFR1, which is associated with inflammation, and TNFR2, which was shown to cause anti-inflammatory signaling. We assessed the effects of TNF and its two receptors on the progression of pancreatic cancer by in vivo bioluminescence imaging in a syngeneic orthotopic tumor mouse model with Panc02 cells. Mice deficient for TNFR1 were unable to spontaneously reject Panc02 tumors and furthermore displayed enhanced tumor progression. In contrast, a fraction of wild type (37.5%), TNF deficient (12.5%), and TNFR2 deficient mice (22.2%) were able to fully reject the tumor within two weeks. Pancreatic tumors in TNFR1 deficient mice displayed increased vascular density, enhanced infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) but reduced numbers of CD8+ T cells. These alterations were further accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of IL4. Thus, TNF and TNFR1 are required in pancreatic ductal carcinoma to ensure optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immunosurveillance and tumor rejection. Exogenous systemic administration of human TNF, however, which only interacts with murine TNFR1, accelerated tumor progression. This suggests that TNFR1 has basically the capability in the Panc02 model to trigger pro-and anti-tumoral effects but the spatiotemporal availability of TNF seems to determine finally the overall outcome.
Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is highly associated with increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular morbidity. Epidemiological and genetic studies generate hypotheses for innovative strategies in DM2 management by unravelling novel mechanisms of diabetes complications, which is essential for future intervention trials. We have thus initiated the DIAbetes COhoRtE study (DIACORE).
Methods: DIACORE is a prospective cohort study aiming to recruit 6000 patients of self-reported Caucasian ethnicity with prevalent DM2 for at least 10 years of follow-up. Study visits are performed in University-based recruiting clinics in Germany using standard operating procedures. All prevalent DM2 patients in outpatient clinics surrounding the recruiting centers are invited to participate. At baseline and at each 2-year follow-up examination, patients are subjected to a core phenotyping protocol. This includes a standardized online questionnaire and physical examination to determine incident micro-and macrovascular DM2 complications, malignancy and hospitalization, with a primary focus on renal events. Confirmatory outcome information is requested from patient records. Blood samples are obtained for a centrally analyzed standard laboratory panel and for biobanking of aliquots of serum, plasma, urine, mRNA and DNA for future scientific use. A subset of the cohort is subjected to extended phenotyping, e. g. sleep apnea screening, skin autofluorescence measurement, non-mydriatic retinal photography and non-invasive determination of arterial stiffness.
Discussion: DIACORE will enable the prospective evaluation of factors involved in DM2 complication pathogenesis using high-throughput technologies in biosamples and genetic epidemiological studies.
Aims: Cardiac hypertrophy is a common and often lethal complication of arterial hypertension. Elevation of myocyte cyclic GMP levels by local actions of endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) or by pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 was shown to counter-regulate pathological hypertrophy. It was suggested that cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) mediates this protective effect, although the role in vivo is under debate. Here, we investigated whether cGKI modulates myocyte growth and/or function in the intact organism.
Methods and results: To circumvent the systemic phenotype associated with germline ablation of cGKI, we inactivated the murine cGKI gene selectively in cardiomyocytes by Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. Mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted cGKI deletion exhibited unaltered cardiac morphology and function under resting conditions. Also, cardiac hypertrophic and contractile responses to β-adrenoreceptor stimulation by isoprenaline (at 40 mg/kg/day during 1 week) were unaltered. However, angiotensin II (Ang II, at 1000 ng/kg/min for 2 weeks) or transverse aortic constriction (for 3 weeks) provoked dilated cardiomyopathy with marked deterioration of cardiac function. This was accompanied by diminished expression of the \([Ca^{2+}]_i\)-regulating proteins SERCA2a and phospholamban (PLB) and a reduction in PLB phosphorylation at Ser16, the specific target site for cGKI, resulting in altered myocyte \(Ca^{2+}_i\) homeostasis. In isolated adult myocytes, CNP, but not ANP, stimulated PLB phosphorylation, \(Ca^{2+}_i\)-handling, and contractility via cGKI.
Conclusion: These results indicate that the loss of cGKI in cardiac myocytes compromises the hypertrophic program to pathological stimulation, rendering the heart more susceptible to dysfunction. In particular, cGKI mediates stimulatory effects of CNP on myocyte \(Ca^{2+}_i\) handling and contractility.
Adrenocortical tumors consist of benign adenomas and highly malignant carcinomas with a still incompletely understood pathogenesis. A total of 46 adrenocortical tumors (24 adenomas and 22 carcinomas) were investigated aiming to identify novel genes involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays (Affymetrix) were used to detect copy number alterations (CNAs) and copy neutral losses of heterozygosity (cnLOH). Genomic clustering showed good separation between adenomas and carcinomas, with best partition including only chromosome 5, which was highly amplified in 17/22 malignant tumors. The malignant tumors had more relevant genomic aberrations than benign tumors, such as a higher median number of recurrent CNA (2631 vs 94), CNAs >100 Kb (62.5 vs 7) and CN losses (72.5 vs 5.5), and a higher percentage of samples with cnLOH (91% vs 29%). Within the carcinoma cohort, a precise genetic pattern (i.e. large gains at chr 5, 7, 12, and 19, and losses at chr 1, 2, 13, 17, and 22) was associated with a better prognosis (overall survival: 72.2 vs 35.4 months, P=0.063). Interestingly, >70% of gains frequent in beningn were also present in malignant tumors. Notch signaling was the most frequently involved pathway in both tumor entities. Finally, a CN gain at imprinted “IGF2” locus chr 11p15.5 appeared to be an early alteration in a multi-step tumor progression, followed by the loss of one or two alleles, associated with increased IGF2 expression, only in carcinomas. Our study serves as database for the identification of genes and pathways, such as Notch signaling, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors. Using these data, we postulate an adenoma-carcinoma sequence for these tumors.
5 – 13% aller Hypertoniker leiden an einem Primären Hyperaldosteronismus (PA), was diese Erkrankung zu der häufigsten Form sekundärer Hypertonie macht. Die Subtypdifferenzierung dient der Unterscheidung zwischen unilateraler, operativ zu therapierender und bilateraler, medikamentös zu therapierender Form. Der diagnostische Goldstandard in der Subtypdifferenzierung, der selektive Nebennierenvenenkatheter, ist aufgrund seiner Limitationen immer wieder Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen. Während CT- und MRT- Bildgebung einen fester Bestandteil der Stufendiagnostik des PA darstellen, hat die funktionelle Bildgebung, PET und SPECT, hierbei noch keinen festen Platz. In der bildgebenden Darstellung der Nebennieren allgemein gewinnen diese Verfahren, vor allem auf der Basis von Etomidat und seinen Derivaten, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Beipiele hierfür sind 11C- Meto- bzw. 18F- FETO- PET und 123I- IMTO- SPECT.
Relativ neu in der Entwicklung sind selektive Aldosteronsynthaseinhibitoren. Problematisch hierbei ist die 93% Homologie in der Aminosäuresequenz von CYP11B1 und CYP11B2, der Aldosteronsynthase. Die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Idee ist die Entwicklung eines funktionellen Bildgebungsverfahrens zur Differenzialdiagnose des PA auf der Basis fluorierter und iodierter Aldosteronsynthasenhibitoren.
Mittels Realtime- PCR konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Überexpression von CYP11B2 in aldosteronproduzierenden Tumoren dieses Enzym zu einem geeigneten Ansatzpunkt für radioaktiv markierte Tracer macht. Zur Evaluation geeigneter Substanzen wurde daher eine, humanes CYP11B1 bzw. CYP11B2 stabil exprimierende Zelllinie auf Basis der murinen Y1- Nebennierenrindenkarzinom- Zellen, entwickelt. Dies gelang durch Klonierung der humanen Enzyme in den pcDNA3.1zeo(+)- Vektor und anschließende Transfektion mit Lipofectamine. Zur weiteren Substanztestung wurde jeweils der Klon mit hoher Expression der CYP11B Enzyme auf mRNA- und Proteinebene bei gleichzeitig höchster Hormonkonzentration im Zellkulturüberstand ausgewählt. Inkubation dieser Zelllinien mit den CYP11B- Inhibitoren Etomidat und Metomidat erbrachte IC50- Werte im nanomolekularen Bereich. In dem Testsystem stellte sich das fluorierte Naphthenylpyridin- Derivat 5.1 als potentester und zugleich sehr selektiver Inhibitor von CYP11B2 heraus, der erst ab einer Zehnerpotenz über der ermittelten IC50 einen signifikanten antiproliferativen Effekt auf NCI- H295 Zellen ausübte.
Die stabil transfizierten Y1-CYP11B Zellen stellten sich als geeignetes Testsystem zur Evaluation von Potenz und Selektivität der Aldosteronsynthase- Inhibitoren heraus. Mit der Substanz 5.1 konnte bereits ein potenter und selektiver Inhibitor von CYP11B2 entwickelt werden. Der IC50- Wert für die Inhibition von CYP11B2 lag für diese Substanz aber noch etwa um den Faktor 100 höher als für die Referenzsubstanz Etomidat, so dass die Entwicklung und Testung weiterer Inhibitoren folgen muss, bis eine geeignete Substanz für die funktionale Bildgebung zur Differenzialdiagnose des PA gefunden ist.
Background: Sclerostin is a Wnt pathway antagonist regulating osteoblast activity and bone turnover. Here, we assessed the potential association of sclerostin with the development of coronary artery (CAC) and aortic valve calcifications (AVC) in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional multi-slice computed tomography (MS-CT) scanning study in 67 chronic HD patients (59.4 +/- 14.8 yrs) for measurement of CAC and AVC. We tested established biomarkers as well as serum sclerostin (ELISA) regarding their association to the presence of calcification. Fifty-four adults without relevant renal disease served as controls for serum sclerostin levels. Additionally, sclerostin expression in explanted aortic valves from 15 dialysis patients was analysed ex vivo by immunohistochemistry and mRNA quantification (Qt-RT-PCR). Results: CAC (Agatston score > 100) and any AVC were present in 65% and in 40% of the MS-CT patient group, respectively. Serum sclerostin levels (1.53 +/- 0.81 vs 0.76 +/- 0.31 ng/mL, p < 0.001) were significantly elevated in HD compared to controls and more so in HD patients with AVC versus those without AVC (1.78 +/- 0.84 vs 1.35 +/- 0.73 ng/mL, p = 0.02). Multivariable regression analysis for AVC revealed significant associations with higher serum sclerostin. Ex vivo analysis of uraemic calcified aortic valves (n = 10) revealed a strong sclerostin expression very close to calcified regions (no sclerostin staining in non-calcified valves). Correspondingly, we observed a highly significant upregulation of sclerostin mRNA in calcified valves compared to non-calcified control valves. Conclusion: We found a strong association of sclerostin with calcifying aortic heart valve disease in haemodialysis patients. Sclerostin is locally produced in aortic valve tissue adjacent to areas of calcification.
Background: International disease management guidelines recommend the regular assessment of depression and anxiety in heart failure patients. Currently there is little data on the effect of screening for depression and anxiety on the quality of life and the prognosis of heart failure (HF). We will investigate the association between the recognition of current depression/anxiety by the general practitioner (GP) and the quality of life and the patients' prognosis.
Methods/Design: In this multicenter, prospective, observational study 3,950 patients with HF are recruited by general practices in Germany. The patients fill out questionnaires at baseline and 12-month follow-up. At baseline the GPs are interviewed regarding the somatic and psychological comorbidities of their patients. During the follow-up assessment, data on hospitalization and mortality are provided by the general practice. Based on baseline data, the patients are allocated into three observation groups: HF patients with depression and/or anxiety recognized by their GP (P+/+), those with depression and/or anxiety not recognized (P+/-) and patients without depression and/or anxiety (P-/-). We will perform multivariate regression models to investigate the influence of the recognition of depression and/or anxiety on quality of life at 12 month follow-up, as well as its influences on the prognosis (hospital admission, mortality).
Discussion: We will display the frequency of GP-acknowledged depression and anxiety and the frequency of installed therapeutic strategies. We will also describe the frequency of depression and anxiety missed by the GP and the resulting treatment gap. Effects of correctly acknowledged and missed depression/anxiety on outcome, also in comparison to the outcome of subjects without depression/anxiety will be addressed. In case results suggest a treatment gap of depression/anxiety in patients with HF, the results of this study will provide methodological advice for the efficient planning of further interventional research.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus constitutes a global epidemic complicated by considerable renal and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, despite the provision of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Bardoxolone methyl, a synthetic triterpenoid that reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through Nrf2 activation and inhibition of NF-κB was previously shown to increase estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with CKD associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, no antioxidant or anti-inflammatory therapy has proved successful at slowing the progression of CKD. Methods: Herein, we describe the design of Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: the Occurrence of Renal Events (BEACON) trial, a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial designed to determine whether long-term administration of bardoxolone methyl (on a background of standard therapy, including RAAS inhibitors) safely reduces renal and cardiac morbidity and mortality. Results: The primary composite endpoint is time-to-first occurrence of either end-stage renal disease or cardiovascular death. Secondary endpoints include the change in eGFR and time to occurrence of cardiovascular events. Conclusion: BEACON will be the first event-driven trial to evaluate the effect of an oral antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug in advanced CKD.
Background
Published models predicting nasal colonization with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among hospital admissions predominantly focus on separation of carriers from non-carriers and are frequently evaluated using measures of discrimination. In contrast, accurate estimation of carriage probability, which may inform decisions regarding treatment and infection control, is rarely assessed. Furthermore, no published models adjust for MRSA prevalence.
Methods
Using logistic regression, a scoring system (values from 0 to 200) predicting nasal carriage of MRSA was created using a derivation cohort of 3091 individuals admitted to a European tertiary referral center between July 2007 and March 2008. The expected positive predictive value of a rapid diagnostic test (GeneOhm, Becton & Dickinson Co.) was modeled using non-linear regression according to score. Models were validated on a second cohort from the same hospital consisting of 2043 patients admitted between August 2008 and January 2012. Our suggested correction score for prevalence was proportional to the log-transformed odds ratio between cohorts. Calibration before and after correction, i.e. accurate classification into arbitrary strata, was assessed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow-Test.
Results
Treating culture as reference, the rapid diagnostic test had positive predictive values of 64.8% and 54.0% in derivation and internal validation corhorts with prevalences of 2.3% and 1.7%, respectively. In addition to low prevalence, low positive predictive values were due to high proportion (> 66%) of mecA-negative Staphylococcus aureus among false positive results. Age, nursing home residence, admission through the medical emergency department, and ICD-10-GM admission diagnoses starting with “A” or “J” were associated with MRSA carriage and were thus included in the scoring system, which showed good calibration in predicting probability of carriage and the rapid diagnostic test’s expected positive predictive value. Calibration for both probability of carriage and expected positive predictive value in the internal validation cohort was improved by applying the correction score.
Conclusions
Given a set of patient parameters, the presented models accurately predict a) probability of nasal carriage of MRSA and b) a rapid diagnostic test’s expected positive predictive value. While the former can inform decisions regarding empiric antibiotic treatment and infection control, the latter can influence choice of screening method.
Background: Resistance to ESAs (erythropoietin stimulating agents) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients with diabetes and associated with an increased mortality. The aim of this study was to identify predictors for ESA resistance and to develop a prediction model for the risk stratification in these patients.
Methods: A post-hoc analysis was conducted of the 4D study, including 1015 patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing hemodialysis. Determinants of ESA resistance were identified by univariate logistic regression analyses. Subsequently, multivariate models were performed with stepwise inclusion of significant predictors from clinical parameters, routine laboratory and specific biomarkers.
Results: In the model restricted to clinical parameters, male sex, shorter dialysis vintage, lower BMI, history of CHF, use of ACE-inhibitors and a higher heart rate were identified as independent predictors of ESA resistance. In regard to routine laboratory markers, lower albumin, lower iron saturation, higher creatinine and higher potassium levels were independently associated with ESA resistance. With respect to specific biomarkers, higher ADMA and CRP levels as well as lower Osteocalcin levels were predictors of ESA resistance.
Conclusions: Easily obtainable clinical parameters and routine laboratory parameters can predict ESA resistance in diabetic hemodialysis patients with good discrimination. Specific biomarkers did not meaningfully further improve the risk prediction of ESA resistance. Routinely assessed data can be used in clinical practice to stratify patients according to the risk of ESA resistance, which may help to assign appropriate treatment strategies.
Patients with Fabry disease frequently develop left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and renal fibrosis. Due to heat intolerance and an inability to sweat, patients tend to avoid exposure to sunlight. We hypothesized that subsequent vitamin D deficiency may contribute to Fabry cardiomyopathy. This study investigated the vitamin D status and its association with LV mass and adverse clinical symptoms in patients with Fabry disease. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) was measured in 111 patients who were genetically proven to have Fabry disease. LV mass and cardiomyopathy were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. In cross-sectional analyses, associations with adverse clinical outcomes were determined by linear and binary logistic regression analyses, respectively, and were adjusted for age, sex, BMI and season. Patients had a mean age of 40 ± 13 years (42 % males), and a mean 25(OH)D of 23.5 ± 11.4 ng/ml. Those with overt vitamin D deficiency (25[OH]D ≤ 15 ng/ml) had an adjusted six fold higher risk of cardiomyopathy, compared to those with sufficient 25(OH)D levels >30 ng/ml (p = 0.04). The mean LV mass was distinctively different with 170 ± 75 g in deficient, 154 ± 60 g in moderately deficient and 128 ± 58 g in vitamin D sufficient patients (p = 0.01). With increasing severity of vitamin D deficiency, the median levels of proteinuria increased, as well as the prevalences of depression, edema, cornea verticillata and the need for medical pain therapy. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency was strongly associated with cardiomyopathy and adverse clinical symptoms in patients with Fabry disease. Whether vitamin D supplementation improves complications of Fabry disease, requires a randomized controlled trial.
The effect of mild chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by 4/6-nephrectomy (4/6NX) on central neuronal activations was investigated by c-Fos immunohistochemistry staining and compared to sham-operated rats. In the 4/6 NX rats also the effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, and the central sympatholyticum moxonidine was studied for two months. In serial brain sections Fos-immunoreactive neurons were localized and classified semiquantitatively. In 37 brain areas/nuclei several neurons with different functional properties were strongly affected in 4/6NX. It elicited a moderate to high Fos-activity in areas responsible for the monoaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, the thalamus and hypothalamus (e.g. noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus, serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe, histaminergic neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus). Other monoaminergic cell groups (A5 noradrenaline, C1 adrenaline, medullary raphe serotonin neurons) and neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (innervating the sympathetic preganglionic neurons and affecting the peripheral sympathetic outflow) did not show Fos-activity. Stress- and pain-sensitive cortical/subcortical areas, neurons in the limbic system, the hypothalamus and the circumventricular organs were also affected by 4/6NX. Administration of losartan and more strongly moxonidine modulated most effects and particularly inhibited Fos-activity in locus coeruleus neurons. In conclusion, 4/6NX elicits high activity in central sympathetic, stress- and pain-related brain areas as well as in the limbic system, which can be ameliorated by losartan and particularly by moxonidine. These changes indicate a high sensitivity of CNS in initial stages of CKD which could be causative in clinical disturbances.
Atherosclerosis is an active and progressive condition where the vascular cell adhesion molecules as VCAM-1 play a vital role controlling the recruitment of immune cells within the early and advanced plaques. Therefore targeting of VCAM-1 molecules with specific contrast agent bears the possibility to monitor the VCAM-1 expression, visualize the plaque progression starting at the early alterations, and help to establish early prevention of atherosclerosis before the origin of the thrombus formation, of which late recognition leads to myocardial infarction. Furthermore noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the benefit of combining the molecular and anatomic data and would thus enable specific detection of VCAM-1 targeted iron oxide contrast agent within inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. This thesis exactly presents the VCAM-1 concept as a suitable molecular approach and the potential of specific ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) conjugated to the VCAM-1 binding peptide over unspecific non-targeted USPIO particles for evaluation of atherosclerosis. This work firstly demonstrated that selection of VCAM-1 molecules offers a good and potential strategy for imaging of atherosclerosis, as these vascular cell adhesion molecules are highly expressed in the early phase of inflammation and also continuously up-regulated within the advanced plaques. Secondly, this thesis showed the proof of principle and capability of the newly designed USPIO contrast agent conjugated to the specific cyclic peptide for VCAM-1 recognition. The experimental studies including ultra-high field MRI enabled further ex vivo and in vivo detection of applied USPIO-VCAM-1 particles within the aortic root region of early and advanced atherosclerotic plaques of 12 and 30 week old apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Using a combination of histology and electron microscopy, this study for the first time pointed to distribution of targeted USPIO-VCAM-1 particles within plaque cells expressing VCAM-1 not only in luminal regions but also in deeper medial smooth muscle cell areas. Hence functionalized USPIO particles targeting VCAM-1 molecules allow specific and sensitive detection of early and advanced plaques at the molecular level, giving the new possibilities for early recognition of atherosclerotic plaques before the appearance of advanced and prone to rupture lesions. In contrast to the functionalized USPIO-VCAM-1, utilized non-targeted USPIO particles did not succeed in early plaque 6 identification limiting visualization of atherosclerosis to advanced forms in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice.
The long-term effects of enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) in Fabry disease are unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether ERT in patients with advanced Fabry disease affects progression towards 'hard' clinical end-points in comparison with the natural course of the disease.
METHODS:
A total of 40 patients with genetically proven Fabry disease (mean age 40 ± 9 years; n = 9 women) were treated prospectively with ERT for 6 years. In addition, 40 subjects from the Fabry Registry, matched for age, sex, chronic kidney disease stage and previous transient ischaemic attack (TIA), served as a comparison group. The main outcome was a composite of stroke, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death. Secondary outcomes included changes in myocardial left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and replacement fibrosis, change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), new TIA and change in neuropathic pain.
RESULTS:
During a median follow-up of 6.0 years (bottom and top quartiles: 5.1, 7.2), 15 events occurred in 13 patients (n = 7 deaths, n = 4 cases of ESRD and n = 4 strokes). Sudden death occurred (n = 6) only in patients with documented ventricular tachycardia and myocardial replacement fibrosis. The annual progression of myocardial LV fibrosis in the entire cohort was 0.6 ± 0.7%. As a result, posterior end-diastolic wall thinning was observed (baseline, 13.2 ± 2.0 mm; follow-up, 11.4 ± 2.1 mm; P < 0.01). GFR decreased by 2.3 ± 4.6 mL min(-1) per year. Three patients experienced a TIA. The major clinical symptom was neuropathic pain (n = 37), and this symptom improved in 25 patients. The event rate was not different between the ERT group and the untreated (natural history) group of the Fabry Registry.
CONCLUSION:
Despite ERT, clinically meaningful events including sudden cardiac death continue to develop in patients with advanced Fabry disease.
Background
Laxatives are among the most widely used over-the-counter medications in the United States but studies examining their potential hazardous side effects are sparse. Associations between laxative use and risk for fractures and change in bone mineral density [BMD] have not previously been investigated.
Methods
This prospective analysis included 161,808 postmenopausal women (8907 users and 151,497 nonusers of laxatives) enrolled in the WHI Observational Study and Clinical Trials. Women were recruited from October 1, 1993, to December 31, 1998, at 40 clinical centers in the United States and were eligible if they were 50 to 79 years old and were postmenopausal at the time of enrollment. Medication inventories were obtained during in-person interviews at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up visit on everyone. Data on self-reported falls (≥2), fractures (hip and total fractures) were used. BMD was determined at baseline and year 3 at 3 of the 40 clinical centers of the WHI.
Results
Age-adjusted rates of hip fractures and total fractures, but not for falls were similar between laxative users and non-users regardless of duration of laxative use. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for any laxative use were 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.10) for falls, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.85-1.22) for hip fractures and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.96-1.07) for total fractures. The BMD levels did not statistically differ between laxative users and nonusers at any skeletal site after 3-years intake.
Conclusion
These findings support a modest association between laxative use and increase in the risk of falls but not for fractures. Its use did not decrease bone mineral density levels in postmenopausal women. Maintaining physical functioning, and providing adequate treatment of comorbidities that predispose individuals for falls should be considered as first measures to avoid potential negative consequences associated with laxative use.
Die Nierentransplantation ist neben den verschiedenen Formen der Dialyse die wichtigste Therapieform für Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz.
In dieser retrospektiven, monozentrischen Analyse wurden 204 Patienten erfasst, die von 2000 bis 2007 eine Nierentransplantation im Universitätsklinikum Würzburg erhalten hatten. Die Patienten wurden an Hand ihrer Nierenfunktion in vier Gruppen eingeteilt und miteinander verglichen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, Einflussfaktoren auf die Nierenfunktion, Komplikationen und Kosten im ersten Jahr nach Nierentransplantation zu untersuchen.
Wir konnten zeigen, dass eine längere Wartezeit auf ein Spenderorgan und ein hoher präoperativer BMI mit einer schlechteren Nierenfunktion nach Transplantation assoziiert waren. Außerdem fiel auf, dass in den Gruppen mit besserer Nierenfunktion nach Transplantation häufiger Lebendspenden durchgeführt worden waren.
Zu den häufigsten Komplikationen im ersten Jahr nach Nierentransplantation gehörten Anämien, akute Abstoßungsreaktionen, die verzögerte Funktionsaufnahme des Organs, Infektionen, arterielle Hypertonie und Verschlechterungen der Transplantatfunktion. Eine höhere Komplikationsrate war mit einer schlechteren Nierenfunktion und höheren Kosten assoziiert. Der Kostenmehraufwand ergab sich aus der Zunahme an ambulanten Interventionen sowie verlängerten bzw. zusätzlichen stationären Aufenthalten. In unserer Studie hatte die Gruppe mit der schlechtesten Nierenfunktion die meisten Komplikationen und verursachte so die höchsten Kosten.
Wir errechneten einen Gesamtkostenbetrag von 43.000€ im ersten Jahr nach Nierentransplantation pro Patient. 48 % der Gesamtkosten entfielen dabei auf die DRG-Pauschale der Transplantation selbst, 28% auf die immunsuppressive Therapie sowie 10 % auf die Therapie und Prophylaxe von Infektionen.
Somit lagen unsere Kosten für eine Nierentransplantation im ersten Jahr verglichen mit den Kosten für die Hämodialyse in anderen, aktuellen Studien gleich oder höher. Im Vergleich zu den Kosten der Peritonealdialyse anderer Studien waren sie durchgehend höher. Die Kosten für einen transplantierten Patienten reduzierten sich laut Studien jedoch deutlich ab dem zweiten Jahr auf durchschnittlich 12.000€. Die Kosten einer Hämodialyse beliefen sich je nach Studie auf 28.000-43.000 € pro Jahr. Eine Peritonealdialyse kostete ca. 25.000€.
Damit ist die Transplantation mittel- und langfristig die günstigste Therapieform. Aus finanzieller Sicht sollten mehr dialysepflichtige Patienten mittels Peritonealdialyse behandelt und die Transplantationszahlen möglichst gesteigert werden.
Da die Anzahl an Nierentransplantationen von Risikopatienten weiter steigen wird, ist mit einer Zunahme von behandlungsbedürftigen Komplikationen und nachfolgend mit einer Kostensteigerung zu rechnen. Zukünftig sollte versucht werden, Wartezeiten zu reduzieren, die Anzahl der Lebendspenden zu steigern und möglichst Normalgewicht vor Transplantation zu erreichen.
Um dem Kostenanstieg entgegenzuwirken, sollten Kosteneinsparungen durch Optimierung der immunsuppressiven Schemata und verstärkten Einsatz von Generika realisiert werden. Auch eine bessere Infektionsprophylaxe sowie ein frühzeitiges Erkennen und Behandeln von manifesten Infektionen könnten die Kosten weiter reduzieren und die Transplantation ökonomisch noch attraktiver werden lassen.
A large number of metabolic waste products accumulate in the blood of patients with renal failure. Since these solutes have deleterious effects on the biological functions, they are called uremic toxins and have been classified in three groups: 1) small water soluble solutes (MW < 500 Da), 2) small solutes with known protein binding (MW < 500 Da), and 3) middle molecules (500 Da < MW < 60 kDa). Protein bound uremic toxins are poorly removed by conventional hemodialysis treatments because of their high protein binding and high distribution volume. The prototypical protein bound uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Furthermore, these two compounds are bound to albumin, the main plasma protein, via electrostatic and/or Van-der-Waals forces. The aim of the present thesis was to develop a dialysis strategy, based on the reversible modification of the ionic strength in the blood stream by increasing the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration, in order to enhance the removal of protein bound substances, such as IS and pCS, with the ultimate goal to improve clinical patient outcomes. Enhancing the NaCl concentration ([NaCl]) in both human normal and uremic plasma was efficient to reduce the protein bound fraction of both IS and pCS by reducing their binding affinity to albumin. Increasing the ionic strength was feasible during modified pre-dilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) by increasing the [NaCl] in the substitution fluid. The NaCl excess was adequately removed within the hemodialyzer. This method was effective to increase the removal rate of both protein bound uremic toxins. Its ex vivo hemocompatibility, however, was limited by the osmotic shock induced by the high [NaCl] in the substituate. Therefore, modified pre-dilution HDF was further iterated by introducing a second serial cartridge, named the serial dialyzers (SDial) setup. This setting was validated for feasibility, hemocompatibility, and toxin removal efficiency. A better hemocompatibility at similar efficacy was obtained with the SDial setup compared with the modified pre-dilution HDF. Both methods were finally tested in an animal sheep model of dialysis to verify biocompatibility. Low hemolysis and no activation of both the complement and the coagulation systems were observed when increasing the [NaCl] in blood up to 0.45 and 0.60 M with the modified pre-dilution HDF and the SDial setup, respectively. In conclusion, the two dialysis methods developed to transitory enhance the ionic strength in blood demonstrated adequate biocompatibility and improved the removal of protein bound uremic toxins by decreasing their protein bound fraction. The concepts require follow-on clinical trials to assess their in vivo efficacy and their impact on long-term clinical outcomes.
Das Nebennierenrindenkarzinom ist eine hochmaligne Erkrankung und hat eine schlechte Prognose. Mitotane ist bis heute die einzige hierfür zugelassene Therapie. Um die molekularen Mechanismen der Mitotanetherapie besser zu verstehen, wurde die Nebennierenkarzinom-Zelllinie NCI-H295 mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen von Mitotane inkubiert und die Wirkung auf mehreren Ebenen untersucht. Dabei kam der Untersuchung der Steroidogenese und apoptotischer Vorgänge ein besonderer Fokus zu. In den Hormonanalysen via Immunoassay zeigte sich eine zeit- und konzentrationsabhängige Hemmung der adrenalen Steroidsekretion. So kam es unter 24-stündiger Inkubation mit 100µM Mitotane zu einer Reduktion der Cortisolsekretion um 89%. Diese Hormonsuppression geht einher mit einer Herabregulation von steroidogenen Enzymen in den durchgeführten Microarray-basierten Genexpressionsanalysen. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass vor allem Steroidbiosynthese-Enzyme der Zona fasciculata und reticularis betroffen sind. Als weitere wichtige Gene im Zusammenhang mit der Beeinflussung des Steroidhaushalts unter Mitotanetherapie konnten SQLE, LDLR, SCD, SREBF1 und ABCG1 identifiziert werden.
Gleichzeitig konnte durch Durchflusszytometrie und Zelltod-ELISA die proapoptotische Wirkung von Mitotane gezeigt werden (FACS: 100µM Mitotane, 24 Stunden; Zunahme der Apoptose um den Faktor 2,13). Dies bestätigte sich beispielsweise auch in der Überexpression des Apoptosegens BAX in der Real-Time-PCR. Weiterhin zeigte der RNA-Microarray eine starke Expressionszunahme bei Genen, die mit dem programmierten Zelltod zusammenhängen wie GDF15, DUSP4, TRIB3 und CHOP.
Ausgehend von den klinischen Effekten und bestätigt durch die oben genannten in vitro Ergebnisse bewirkt Mitotane auch molekular folgende Änderungen in Nebennierenrindenzellen: Hemmung der Steroidogenese und Induktion von Apotose. Es stellt sich damit die Frage, ob diese Mechanismen parallel und separat voneinander ablaufen oder ob es einen gemeinsamen Nenner gibt.
Interessanterweise ergab die Analyse der Genexpressionsdaten, dass viele der proapoptotischen Gene mit dem sogenannten ER-Stress zusammenhängen. Einerseits könnte Mitotane durch direkte Inhibition der Hormonsekretion wirken, andererseits könnte ER-Stress durch Mitotane-induzierte-Bildung toxischer Lipide, wie Cholesterol, ausgelöst werden. Um den genauen Wirkmechanismus endgültig zu klären, werden weitere Experimente benötigt.
Mitotane-induzierter ER-Stress liefert einen vollständig neuen Blickwinkel auf die molekulare Wirkweise von Mitotane auf Nebennierenrindenkarzinomzellen. Gerade da die Mediatoren des ER-Stresses gut definiert und ER-Stress spezifisch sind, könnten sie sinnvolle Ziele in der Therapie darstellen. Die Beobachtung, dass Mitotane ER-Stress hervorruft, könnte in Zukunft somit zur Entwicklung wirksamerer und spezifischerer Therapien des Nebennierenrindenkarzinoms führen und so die infauste Prognose dieser malignen Krankheit verbessern.
Background
Fabry disease is an inborn lysosomal storage disorder which is associated with small fiber neuropathy. We set out to investigate small fiber conduction in Fabry patients using pain-related evoked potentials (PREP).
Methods
In this case–control study we prospectively studied 76 consecutive Fabry patients for electrical small fiber conduction in correlation with small fiber function and morphology. Data were compared with healthy controls using non-parametric statistical tests. All patients underwent neurological examination and were investigated with pain and depression questionnaires. Small fiber function (quantitative sensory testing, QST), morphology (skin punch biopsy), and electrical conduction (PREP) were assessed and correlated. Patients were stratified for gender and disease severity as reflected by renal function.
Results
All Fabry patients (31 men, 45 women) had small fiber neuropathy. Men with Fabry disease showed impaired cold (p < 0.01) and warm perception (p < 0.05), while women did not differ from controls. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) was reduced at the lower leg (p < 0.001) and the back (p < 0.05) mainly of men with impaired renal function. When investigating A-delta fiber conduction with PREP, men but not women with Fabry disease had lower amplitudes upon stimulation at face (p < 0.01), hands (p < 0.05), and feet (p < 0.01) compared to controls. PREP amplitudes further decreased with advance in disease severity. PREP amplitudes and warm (p < 0.05) and cold detection thresholds (p < 0.01) at the feet correlated positively in male patients.
Conclusion
Small fiber conduction is impaired in men with Fabry disease and worsens with advanced disease severity. PREP are well-suited to measure A-delta fiber conduction.