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Die Wirkung einer hochdosierten Langzeittherapie mit Cerivastatin auf Letalität, Hämodynamik und linksventrikuläres Remodeling nach Myokardinfarkt bei weiblichen Ratten Um die Wirkung einer hochdosierten Statintherapie auf das linksventrikuläre Remodeling und Überleben nach Myokardinfarkt zu studieren, behandelten wir weibliche Ratten nach Koronarligatur mit dem HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Inhibitor Cerivastatin (0.6 mg/kg Körpergewicht). Zusätzlich wurde einigen Tieren der NO-Synthase Inhibitor N-Nitro-L-Argininmethylesther (L-NAME, 76 mg/100 ml) in Kombination mit Hydralazin (8 mg/100 ml) um den durch L-NAME induzierten Blutdruckanstieg zu verhindern im Trinkwasser gegeben, um die Rolle von NO bewerten zu können. Nach 12 Wochen wurden die linksventrikuläre Hämodynamik, die maximale Pumpfunktion unter akuter intravenöser Volumenbelastung, die maximale isovolumetrische Druckentwicklung, die passiven Druck-Volumen-Beziehungen und die Herzmorphologie untersucht. Durch die experimentelle Koronarligatur wurden Infarktgrößen von 0% bis 62% erreicht. Das pathophysiologische Spektrum reichte von Herzen mit normaler Hämodynamik bis hin zu extrem dilatierten Ventrikeln mit allen hämodynamischen Zeichen einer schweren linksventrikulären Dysfunktion. Die Cerivastatintheraphie führte zu einer erhöhten Letalität, verschlechterten Herzfunktion und gesteigertem Remodeling. In dieser Studie konnten wir sowohl bei den mit Cerivastatin behandelten Tieren als auch bei den mit Cerivastatin in Kombination mit L-NAME und Hydralazin behandelten Tieren eine immens gesteigerte Letalität beobachten, die ihr Maximum um den 20. Tag post Myokardinfarkt aufzeigte. Die toten Tiere dieser beiden Behandlungsgruppen zeigten histologisch variable Infarktgrößen, während bei toten Placebotieren nur große Infarkte nachgewiesen wurden. Dies lässt auf toxische Effekte von Cerivastatin in dieser Dosierung schließen. Darauf weisen auch die geringeren Körpergewichte der behandelten Tiere hin. Ebenfalls scheint das weibliche Geschlecht eine große Rolle zu spielen. Es wird angenommen, dass weibliche Ratten empfänglicher für toxische Effekte von Cerivastatin sind.
In the course of this study, several endogenous compounds and model substances were used to mimic the conditions in patients suffering from hypertension. As endogenous compounds, angiotensin II and aldosterone were chosen. As model substances, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO), hydrogen peroxide and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were selected. Benfotiamine as well as α-tocopherol proved in the course of the experiments to be able to prevent angiotensin II-induced formation of oxidative DNA strand breaks and micronuclei. This could be due to a prior inhibition of the release of reactive oxygen species and is in contrast to results which were achieved using thiamine. Furthermore, experiments in which cells were pre-incubated with benfotiamine followed by incubation with NQO showed that benfotiamine was not able to prevent the induction of oxidative stress. The hypothesis that benfotiamine has, like α-tocopherol, direct antioxidative capacity was fortified by measurements in cell free systems. In brief, a new working mechanism for benfotiamine in addition to the ones already known could be provided. In the second part of the study, angiotensin II was shown to be dose-dependently genotoxic. This effect is mediated via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) which. Further experiments were extended from in vitro settings to the isolated perfused kidney. Here it could be shown that angiotensin II caused vasoconstriction and DNA strand breaks. Co-perfusion of kidneys with angiotensin II and candesartan prevented vasoconstriction and formation of strand breaks. DNA strand break formation due to mechanical stress or hypoxia could be ruled out after additional experiments with the thromboxane mimetic U 46619. Detailed investigation of the DNA damage in vitro revealed that angiotensin II induces single strand breaks, double strand breaks and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)-adducts as well as abasic sites. Investigations of the effects of aldosterone-treatment in kidney cells showed an increase of oxidative stress, DNA strand breaks and micronuclei which could be prevented by the steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone. Additional experiments with the non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (S)-BR-4628 revealed that this substance was also able to prevent oxidative stress and genomic damage and proved to be more potent than eplerenone. In vivo, hyperaldosteronism was imitated in rats by aid of the deoxycorticosteroneacetate (DOCA) salt model. After this treatment, levels of DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations in the kidney could be observed. Furthermore, an increase in the release of ROS could be measured. Treatment of these animals with spironolactone , BR-4628 and enalaprile revealed that all antagonists were effective BR-4628 was the most potent drug. Finally, rosuvastatin was investigated. In HL-60 cells phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate caused oxidative stress. Rosuvastatin was able to prevent the release of ROS and subsequent oxidative DNA damage when co-incubated with PMA. Furthermore, not only an inhibition of PMA-induced oxidative stress but also inhibition of the unspecific release of ROS induced by hydrogen peroxide was observable. Addition of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and mevalonate, intermediates of the cholesterol pathway, caused only a marginal increase of oxidative stress in cells treated simultaneously with PMA and rosuvastatin, thus indicating the effect of rosuvastatin to be HMG-CoA-reductase-independent. Investigation of the gene expression of subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase revealed a down-regulation of p67phox following rosuvastatin-treatment. Furthermore, it could be shown that rosuvastatin treatment alone or in combination with PMA increased total glutathione levels probably due to an induction of the gene expression and enzyme activity of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS).