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- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (3) (entfernen)
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with still no cure available. The prominent feature of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons at the Substantia nigra (SN). Genetic and environmental insults affecting the SNCA gene encoding the alpha-Synuclein (alpha-Syn) protein result into an aberrant form of the protein with higher propensity towards oligomerization becoming part of insoluble inclusions called Lewy Bodies (LB). LB impart cytotoxicity leading to neurodegeneration, activate resident microglia and escape to the periphery where they get captured by dendritic cells and presented to naïve T cells. Proliferating effector T lymphocytes invade the brain releasing proinflammatory cytokines and performing a cytotoxic effect on neurons.
In this study, we examine the hypothesis that the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) could exert an anti-inflammatory effect that averts neurodegeneration in the AAV1/2-A53T-alpha-Syn mouse model for PD.
Mice brains were transfected by a unilateral stereotaxic injection at the SN region with a chimeric Adeno-Associated Viral vector of serotypes 1 and 2 (AAV1/2) carrying the A53T-mutated human SNCA gene encoding the readily aggregating aberrant alpha-Syn (AAV1/2-A53T-alpha-Syn). One week after injection, mice were treated with the CD28 superagonistic antibody (CD28SA), known to significantly expand the Treg population. Mice were then analyzed by behavioral analysis using the Rotarod performance test and the Cylinder test. The impact of CD28SA on the immune system was examined by flow cytometry. The integrity of the nigrostriatal system was assessed by stereological quantification of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-stained dopaminergic neurons in SN and optical density measurements of TH-stained striatum. The mechanism of action of CD28SA was analyzed by treating PD mice alternatively with a Treg adoptive transfer, while CD28SA effect on levels of neurotrophic factors was quantified by ELISA.
We observed an expansion of Treg by FACS analyses three days after CD28SA treatment, demonstrating target engagement. CD28SA treatment of AAV1/2-A53T-alpha-Syn mice provided neuroprotection evident through elevated numbers of dopaminergic neurons in the SN and higher optical density of TH-staining in the striatum, in CD28SA-treated mice compared to PBS-treated control mice, and that was reflected in an enhanced performance in behavioral studies. Additionally, brain infiltration of proinflammatory activated T lymphocytes (CD4+CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ cells), that were obvious in PBS-treated AAV1/2-A53T-alpha-Syn control mice, was augmented in PD mice receiving CD28SA. The alternative treatment with Treg adoptive transfer did replicate the beneficial effects of CD28SA indicating that Treg expansion is the main effector mechanism by which it exerts its neuroprotective effect. CD28SA treatment of PD mice led to an increase of GDNF and BDNF in some brain structures that was not observed in untreated mice.
We conclude that in the AAV1/2-A53T-alpha-Syn PD mouse model, CD28SA suppresses proinflammation, reverses behavioral deficits and is neuroprotective on SN dopaminergic cells.
In der nicht vollständig geklärten Pathogenese der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis (JIA) spielen insbesondere Effektor-T-Zellen und regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs), sowie das Kontinuum ihrer plastischen Zelltypen eine wichtige Rolle. Im arthritischen Milieu, das auch Interleukin-17 (IL-17) beinhaltet, verschiebt sich das Gleichgewicht dieser Zellen hin zur Inflammation. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die T-Zellbalance im peripheren Blut von JIA-Patienten mit gesunden Kontrollen (HC) zu vergleichen, sowie den Einfluss von IL-17, anti-IL-17 und eines Th17-stimulierenden, proinflammatorischen Zytokinmilieus auf Phänotyp und Funktion der Tregs zu untersuchen.
Es erfolgte die durchflusszytometrische Analyse des Lymphozytenpools von 16 JIA- und 10 HC-Probanden. Isolierte CD25+CD127-CD4+ Tregs wurden mit den genannten Stimuli kultiviert und danach durchflusszytometrisch phänotypisch sowie in Co-Kultur mit peripheren mononukleären Zellen (PBMCs) auf ihre Suppressionsfunktion untersucht.
Wir stellten erhöhte Proportionen von Th17-Zellen, Tregs und effector-like Tregs in JIA-Patienten fest. Bei Stimulation mit dem Th17-Cocktail zeigte sich eine verminderte Suppression der Effektor-Zellen durch Tregs bei zeitgleich vermehrter FoxP3-Expression insbesondere in JIA-Tregs. Secukinumab bewirkte eine Anpassung der FoxP3-Expression der Tregs in der Patientengruppe auf etwa das Niveau der gesunden Kontrollen.
Insgesamt bestätigt diese Arbeit eine proinflammatorische Dysbalance bei JIA-Patienten mit Shift zu Th17-like Tregs als möglicherweise pathologischen Phänotyp. Ursache für die verminderte Suppression ist vermutlich eine gesteigerte Resistenz der Effektor-Zellen durch das Inflammationsmilieu. Die vermehrte FoxP3-Expression der JIA-Tregs ist am ehesten durch eine gesteigerte Zellaktivierung zu erklären. Diese erhöhte Sensitivität der Tregs für inflammatorische Stimuli mit vermehrter Aktivierung ist ein möglicher Ansatzpunkt für zukünftige Therapien. Die Adjustierung der FoxP3-Expression unter Secukinumab in der JIA-Gruppe auf Niveau der Kontrollen bildet daher einen denkbaren zusätzlichen therapeutischen Effekt der IL-17A Blockade durch potenzielle intrinsische Stabilisierung des Phänotyps der Tregs bei der JIA ab.
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical immune cells to ensure immune homeostasis. Treg do so by establishing tolerance to self-antigens as well as food-derived antigens. Additionally, they fine-tune immune responses to limit the damage caused by inevitable inflammation during the resolution of an ongoing infection or anti-tumor response. Despite countless efforts to gain a detailed understanding of the mechanisms Treg utilize to regulate adaptive immune responses, in vivo evidence is rather limited. We were interested in the cell-cell interactions of Treg and their spatio-temporal dynamics during a viral infection. We sought to address Interleukin-2 (IL-2) competition as a viable mechanism to control anti-viral CD8 T cell responses. We used intra-vital 2-photon imaging to analyze the interactions between Treg and activated T cells during viral infection. Additionally, we performed multiple loss- and gain-of-function experiments, addressing the IL-2 active signaling of CD8, CD4, and regulatory T cells to understand the competitive sensing of IL-2. Finally, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to understand the cell-intrinsic differences in Treg caused by infection. We found that IL-2 competition by Treg limits the CD8 T cell response and can alter the differentiation of CD8 T cells. Furthermore, we show that Treg do not arrest in proximity to CD8 T cells for prolonged periods and therefore are unlikely to regulate CD8 T cells via contact-dependent mechanisms previously proposed. Our data support an area control model in which Treg scavenge IL-2 while actively migrating through the LN, constantly limiting access to IL-2. Establishing CD4 T cells as the major source of IL-2 during the later phases of infection, we provide direct evidence that Treg compete with CD8 T cells for CD4-derived IL-2. Finally, we show that IL-2 limitation is in correlation with CD25 expression levels and has an impact on the differentiation of CD8 T cells. Altering the differentiation of CD8 T cells to increase effector or memory functions has huge implications in clinical treatments, e.g ’checkpoint immunotherapy’. Especially in scenarios like checkpoint immunotherapy, where an efficient expansion of CD8 T cells is vital to the success of the treatment, it is invaluable to understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of Treg. Not only can the expansion phase be optimized, but also side effects can be better controlled by ensuring the adequate timing of treatments and boosting the anti-inflammatory response after the initial establishment of CD8 T cells. On top of this, the gained understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Treg can help to enhance the efficacy of autoimmune disorder treatments. Overall, this study addressed highly relevant questions in the Treg field and answered aspects of Treg regulation, refining their mode of action and the spatio-temporal dynamics during viral infection, providing evidence for IL-2 competition as a major regulatory mechanism controlling antiviral CD8 T cell responses.