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High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) involved in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and thrombosis. NETs are regularly found in cerebral thromboemboli. We here analyzed associated HMGB1 expression in human thromboemboli retrieved via mechanical thrombectomy from 37 stroke patients with large vessel occlusion. HMGB1 was detected in all thromboemboli, accounting for 1.7% (IQR 0.6–6.2%) of the total thromboemboli area and was found to be colocalized with neutrophils and NETs and in spatial proximity to platelets. Correlation analysis revealed that the detection of HMGB1 was strongly related to the number of neutrophils (r = 0.58, p = 0.0002) and platelets (r = 0.51, p = 0.001). Our results demonstrate that HMGB1 is a substantial constituent of thromboemboli causing large vessel occlusion stroke.
The clinical and preclinical research of ischemic strokes (IS) is becoming increasingly comprehensive, especially with the emerging evidence of complex thrombotic and inflammatory interactions. Within these, the blood brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in regulating the cellular interactions at the vascular interface and is therefore the object of many IS-related questions. Consequently, valid, economic and responsible methods to define BBB integrity are necessary. Therefore, we compared the three ex-vivo setups albumin Western blot (WB), IgG WB and albumin intensity measurement (AIM) with regard to validity as well as temporal and economic efficacy. While the informative value of the three methods correlated significantly, the efficacy of the IgG WB dominated.