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- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (86)
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Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany (2)
- Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universität Würzburg (2)
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), 97074 Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut fuer biophysikalische Chemie (1)
- Blindeninstitut, Ohmstr. 7, 97076, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (1)
- DNA Analytics Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (1)
- Deakin University, Australia (1)
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics I, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria (1)
- EMBL, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
ResearcherID
- D-1250-2010 (1)
- N-7500-2014 (1)
Corynebacterium jeikeium, a resident of human skin, is often associated with multidrug resistant nosocomial infections in immunodepressed patients. C. jeikeium K411 belongs to mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes, the mycolata and contains a channel-forming protein as judged from reconstitution experiments with artificial lipid bilayer experiments. The channel-forming protein was present in detergent treated cell walls and in extracts of whole cells using organic solvents. A gene coding for a 40 amino acid long polypeptide possibly responsible for the pore-forming activity was identified in the known genome of C. jeikeium by its similar chromosomal localization to known porH and porA genes of other Corynebacterium strains. The gene jk0268 was expressed in a porin deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. For purification temporarily histidine-tailed or with a GST-tag at the N-terminus, the homogeneous protein caused channel-forming activity with an average conductance of 1.25 nS in 1M KCl identical to the channels formed by the detergent extracts. Zero-current membrane potential measurements of the voltage dependent channel implied selectivity for anions. This preference is according to single-channel analysis caused by some excess of cationic charges located in the channel lumen formed by oligomeric alpha-helical wheels. The channel has a suggested diameter of 1.4 nm as judged from the permeability of different sized hydrated anions using the Renkin correction factor. Surprisingly, the genome of C. jeikeium contained only one gene coding for a cell wall channel of the PorA/PorH type found in other Corynebacterium species. The possible evolutionary relationship between the heterooligomeric channels formed by certain Corynebacterium strains and the homooligomeric pore of C. jeikeium is discussed.
Objective. Current evidence indicates that there is no single ideal treatment for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). First choice treatment options remain debatable, especially concerning the importance of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. Methods. Three evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines on FMS in Canada, Germany, and Israel were compared for their first choice and CAM-recommendations. Results. All three guidelines emphasized a patient-tailored approach according to the key symptoms. Aerobic exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and multicomponent therapy were first choice treatments. The guidelines differed in the grade of recommendation for drug treatment. Anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine, milnacipran) were strongly recommended by the Canadian and the Israeli guidelines. These drugs received only a weak recommendation by the German guideline. In consideration of CAM-treatments, acupuncture, hypnosis/guided imagery, and Tai Chi were recommended by the German and Israeli guidelines. The Canadian guidelines did not recommend any CAM therapy. Discussion. Recent evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines concur on the importance of treatment tailored to the individual patient and further emphasize the need of self-management strategies (exercise, and psychological techniques).
Die Ergebnisse von bisherigen neuropathologischen Studien konnten die wichtige Bedeutung bestimmter Hirnstammareale bei der Pathogenese der Alzheimer-Erkrankung belegen. Zu diesen Strukturen gehören vor allem die Vaguskerngebiete, die in Anbetracht der zeitlich-topographischen Entwicklungsdynamik der AD als frühe Prädilektionsstellen für die Alzheimer-typischen Pathologien fungieren könnten. Eine Ausbreitung dieser Pathologie nach kranial, wie etwa ins limbische System und in andere kortikale Hirnregionen, erfolgt erst in späteren Krankheitsstadien. Deshalb wäre es im Hinblick auf die Früherkennung einer AD von großem diagnostischem Nutzen, eine geeignete nicht-invasive Methode zum Nachweis der Hirnstammaffektion zu entwickeln. Diese könnte insbesondere im Rahmen eines Screeningprogrammes für MCI-Patienten, die ohnehin ein stark erhöhtes Risiko für Entwicklung einer AD aufweisen, eingesetzt werden. In Anbetracht solcher makroskopisch oft nicht sichtbarer pathologischer Veränderungen im Hirnstamm, die meist der Nachweisbarkeit durch die strukturelle moderne Bildgebung entgehen, ist die Technik der Vagus-evozierten Potentiale (VSEP) wegen ihrer exzellenten zeitlichen Auflösung möglicherweise in der Lage, durch Erfassung der Funktionsstörungen der Vagus-Kerngebiete, eine Affektion dieser Strukturen festzustellen. Eine solche Funktionsstörung sollte sich dann als eine Latenzverzögerung der Potentiale darstellen.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden in dieser Arbeit insgesamt 52 Personen (13 Alzheimer-Patienten, 12 MCI-Patienten und 27 gesunden Probanden) in einer ersten Sitzung neuropsychologisch und in der zweiten Sitzung elektrophysiologisch untersucht, wobei in der ersten Sitzung zusätzlich eine ausführliche Anamnese erhoben wurde. In der zweiten Sitzung wurde dann nach elektrischer Stimulation des Hautastes des N. Vagus am äußeren Gehörgang auf beiden Seiten mittels 2 haardünnen Kupferdrähten, jeweils die VSEP in Form der Fernfeldpotentiale über EEG-Elektroden abgeleitet.
Die Stimulation erfolgte analog zu den vorangegangenen Arbeiten mit einer Stimulationsstärke von 8mA, einer Stimulationsdauer von 0,1 msec und einem Interstimulusintervall von 2 sec, zuerst auf der rechten und danach auf der linken Seite mit 100 Wiederholungen pro Seite, wobei nach 50 artefaktfreien Kurven in einer Stimulationspause von 5 sek. die Stimulationselektroden in ihrer Polarisierung manuell gedreht wurden. Da es bisher keine Standarddefinition für die frühestmögliche Latenz (P1) bei der Ableitung der VSEP existiert, wurde in dieser Arbeit die Auswertung der VSEP mit zwei Methoden durchgeführt, wobei die erste Latenz P1 im ersten Ansatz abhängig und im zweiten Ansatz unabhängig von der Potentialamplitude definiert wurde. Demnach konnten je nach Analysemethode unterschiedliche Anzahlen an auswertbaren Potentialkurven eingeschlossen werden.
Die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Hypothese, dass die VSEP bei Alzheimer-Patienten sich gegenüber MCI-Patienten und Kontrollpersonen durch eine Latenzverzögerung kennzeichnen, konnte in der primären statistischen Auswertung mittels Bi- und Univarianzanalyse (3x2 und 3x1 ANOVA) nicht bestätigt werden, und zwar weder im amplitudenabhängigen noch im amplitudenunabhängigen Modul. Eine der möglichen Erklärungen hierfür ist die geringe Anzahl an untersuchten Patienten, sodass die zukünftigen Studien mit größeren Subgruppen erfolgen sollen. Erst nach statistischer Analyse von hemisphärenspezifischen Mittelwerten und zwar nur für die rechte Hemisphäre konnte ausschließlich für P2 in der amplitudenunabhängigen Auswertung ein hypothesenkonformes Ergebnis erreicht werden. Eine Latenzverzögerung in der MCI-Gruppe gegenüber Kontrollpersonen konnte in den statistischen Analysen nicht gezeigt werden.
In der ersten Sitzung wurde bei allen Patienten und Probanden mittels CERAD-Testbatterie der neuropsychologische Status erhoben. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse der VSEP aus der amplitudenunabhängigen Auswertung und CERAD miteinander verglichen, woraus sich eine signifikant negative Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen Testabschnitten (Semantische Flüssigkeit, Lernen und Speichern einer Wortliste sowie Figurenabzeichnung) und den Latenzzeiten ergab. Außerdem wurde zwecks Screening und besserem Vergleich mit den Voruntersuchungen im Rahmen der klinischen Betreuung der Patienten, der kurze neuropsychologische Test DemTect durchgeführt.
Für die Weiterentwicklung der Methode der VESP ist es unerlässlich, mittels weiteren Studien die Entwicklung der evozierten Potentiale bei den bereits untersuchten Personen im Verlauf zu beobachten. Die Dynamik der MCI mit erhöhtem Risiko zur Entwicklung einer AD macht es verständlich, dass eine solche Verlaufskontrolle insbesondere in dieser Gruppe sehr erstrebenswert ist. Parallel zu den klinischen Verlaufskontrollen, die in der Gedächtnisambulanz der Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Würzburg bei nahezu allen MCI- und AD-Patienten durchgeführt wurden, wurde zur Evaluation der Veränderungen der VSEP für die in dieser Studie eingeschlossenen Patienten ein 12-monatiges Zeitintervall für die Verlaufsmessung der VSEP gewählt. Diese Verlaufsmessung wurde nach dem Abschluss dieser Arbeit von der Arbeitsgruppe von Thomas Polak et al. in der oben genannten Klinik durchgeführt und wird eigenständig beschrieben.
Solche Verlaufskontrollen können es ermöglichen, im Falle des Übergangs der MCI in AD frühzeitig mit aktuellen symptomatischen Behandlungen und insbesondere zukünftig zu entwickelnden neuroprotektiven Therapien zu beginnen. Hierdurch bestehen prinzipiell größere Erfolgsaussichten, die Progression der irreversiblen Nervenzellschädigung im Rahmen der neurodegenerativen Erkrankung zu verlangsamen oder gar aufzuhalten.
The Chlamydiae constitute an evolutionary well separated group of intracellular bacteria comprising important pathogens of humans as well as symbionts of protozoa. The amoeba symbiont Protochlamydia amoebophila lacks a homologue of the most abundant outer membrane protein of the Chlamydiaceae, the major outer membrane protein MOMP, highlighting a major difference between environmental chlamydiae and their pathogenic counterparts. We recently identified a novel family of putative porins encoded in the genome of P. amoebophila by in silico analysis. Two of these Protochlamydia outer membrane proteins, PomS (pc1489) and PomT (pc1077), are highly abundant in outer membrane preparations of this organism. Here we show that all four members of this putative porin family are toxic when expressed in the heterologous host Escherichia coli. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibodies against heterologously expressed PomT and PomS purified directly from elementary bodies, respectively, demonstrated the location of both proteins in the outer membrane of P. amoebophila. The location of the most abundant protein PomS was further confirmed by immuno-transmission electron microscopy. We could show that pomS is transcribed, and the corresponding protein is present in the outer membrane throughout the complete developmental cycle, suggesting an essential role for P. amoebophila. Lipid bilayer measurements demonstrated that PomS functions as a porin with anion-selectivity and a pore size similar to the Chlamydiaceae MOMP. Taken together, our results suggest that PomS, possibly in concert with PomT and other members of this porin family, is the functional equivalent of MOMP in P. amoebophila. This work contributes to our understanding of the adaptations of symbiotic and pathogenic chlamydiae to their different eukaryotic hosts.
The growing interest in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in recent years has sparked an intensive debate on the benefits to be expected. With the growth of RFID implementations in size and scope comes a shift away from infrastructural aspects to the question of how to draw value from the large amounts of collected data. However, the necessary procedures for the handling of massive RFID data sets are still an under-researched issue. Against this background, the study presents results from a real-world trial conducted by a large apparel retailer. The objective of the trial was to explore the opportunities for generating novel performance indicators and reports on the reality of store processes and customer behavior on the sales floor. We give an overview of the algorithms used for RFID data processing and the interpretation of the resulting insights from a practitioner’s point of view. The case example thus provides an overview of the potential of RFID as a powerful tool for assortment optimization, customer research, store layout design, and other management tasks in retail.
Neurotrophine beeinflussen durch die Modulation von Prozessen wie Zellproliferation, -migration, Apoptose und Synapsenbildung entscheidend die neuronale Plastizität. Sie gelten deshalb als Kandidatengene neuronaler Entwicklungsstörungen wie Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS). Die vorgelegte Arbeit zielt auf die weitere Klärung der Rolle von Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) bei der Ätiopathophysiologie der ASS durch Expressionsanalysen im Blut als potenziellem Surrogat zentralnervöser Prozesse.
In gut charakterisierten ASS-Stichproben und - neben gesunden Kontrollprobanden - einer klinischen Kontrollgruppe von Patienten mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) wurde die BDNF-mRNA-Expression in Vollblut sowie BDNF-Proteinserumkonzentrationen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden mögliche Einflussfaktoren auf die BDNF-Werte wie Alter, IQ, autismusspezifische Symptomatik, Komorbidität und Medikation analysiert.
In einer ersten Stichprobe (ASS-Patienten versus gesunde Kontrollen) wurden
signifikant erniedrigte BDNF-Serumkonzentrationen in der Patientengruppe mittels
Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay gemessen (p = 0,040). In einer zweiten unabhängigen Stichprobe (Patienten mit ASS, Patienten mit ADHS und gesunde Kontrollen) wurde auf mRNA-Ebene mittels quantitativer Real-Time-Polymerasekettenreaktion ebenfalls ein signifikanter Gruppenunterschied ermittelt mit erniedrigter BDNF-Expression in der ASS-Gruppe im Vergleich zu gesunder Kontrollgruppe (p = 0,011), sowie einem Trend zu erniedrigten BDNF-Werten bei ADHS-Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Probanden (p = 0,097). Des Weiteren wurde eine signifikante negative Korrelation zwischen Alter und BDNF-mRNA-Expression bei Patienten mit ASS sowie eine positive Korrelation von Alter und BDNF-Serumkonzentrationen bei gesunden Kontrollen gemessen. Auch korrelierten die BDNF-Werte im Serum mit der Ausprägung des autistischen Phänotyps. In einer Subgruppe der ADHS-Patienten wurde kein Einfluss von Psychostimulanzien auf die BDNF-mRNA-Expression gemessen.
Der Einbezug größerer Stichproben sowie die systematische Erfassung weiterer potenzieller Einflussfaktoren auf die BDNF-Expression (wie pubertärer Entwicklungsstand bzw. Geschlechtshormonkonzentrationen) könnten in zukünftigen Studien zu einer weiteren Klärung der pathophysiologischen Rolle von BDNF bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ASS beitragen.
Über die Stärke und Geschwindigkeit der Neubildung bakterieller Biofilme an implantatgetragenem Zahnersatz sind bis lang nur wenige Informationen ver-fügbar. Ziel der durchgeführten Untersuchungen war es daher, die Plaqueneubildungsrate am natürlichen Zahn und Zahnimplantat mit Hilfe der Bestimmung der 24 h Plaque Formation Rate quantitativ zu erfassen und zu vergleichen. 35 Patienten im Alter von 48 - 75 Jahren mit parodontal vorgeschädigtem Ge-biss, welche Keramikkronen auf Zähnen wie auch auf Implantaten aufwiesen, nahmen an der Studie teil. In einem split-mouth Design wurden Metallkeramikkronen, welche einem enossal integrierten Titanimplanat aufsa-ßen, mit Metallkeramikkronen, die natürlichen Zähne aufsaßen und sich im gleichen oder kontrallateralen Kiefersextanten befanden, paarweise zugeordnet. Eine Erfassung der klinischen Parameter Gingiva Index (GI), Papillen-Blutungs-Index (PBI), Probing Attachment Level (PAL) sowie Probeable Pocket Depth (PPD) diente der Dokumentation bekannter, das Wachstum oraler Biofilme modifizierender Faktoren. Nachfolgend wurde das gesamt Gebiss professionell von bakteriellen Biofilmen gereinigt und die Studienteilnehmer angewiesen, für 24 h auf jegliche häusliche Mundhygienemaßnahmen zu verzichten. Nach 24 h Mundhygienekarenz wurde die 24 h Plaqueneubildungsrate (24 h PFR) im gingivanahen Kronendrittel für alle Zahn-Implantat-Paare bestimmt. Die Analyse der Daten offenbarte, dass die 24 h PFR überkronter natürlicher Zähne im Mittel 51,6% betrug und sich signifikant vom 24 h PFR Mittelwert der verpaarten Kronen auf Implantaten mit 32,6% unterschied (p<0,001). Die beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen beiden experimentellen Gruppen bezüglich der klinischen Parameter GI, PBI, PAL sowie PPD waren eher gering und konnten statistisch nicht verifiziert werden. Die Befunde dieser Untersuchung belegen daher, dass bei geringer oder fehlender Entzündung der umgebenden Weichgewebe die Plaqueneubildungsrate im gingivanahen Kronendrittel implantatgetragener Metallkeramikkronen signifikant geringer ausgeprägt ist als auf Metallkeramikkronen, die natürlichen Zähnen aufsitzen. Eine mögliche spekulative Erklärung hierfür könnte in der geringeren Stärke des Austritts nährstoffreichen Sulkusfluids aus dem periimplantären Sulkus bei entzündungsfreiem Zustand der umgebenden Weichgewebe zu suchen sein. Die Daten dieser Studie legen zudem nahe, dass eine übliche, 2 x täglich wiederholte, sorgfältige häusliche Mundhygiene auch für die wirksame Reinigung implatatgetragener Metallkeramikkronen von aufgewachsenen bakteriellen Biofilmen adäquat ist.
Introduction
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a heterogeneous T cell-mediated autoimmune disease with symptoms of premature aging of the immune system (immunosenescence). The present work is an investigation of immunosenescence parameters, such as quantity of naive and CD28- T cells, T cell receptor excision circles, relative telomere length and alterations of peripheral T cell replication, and was performed via comparison of a case of acute exacerbation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis against six patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with disease remission and six age-matched healthy donors over a follow-up course of 12 months.
Case presentation
Phenotypical T cell characterization and intracellular interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 2 production were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and six healthy control donors, with findings determined by flow cytometry. T cell receptor excision circles and relative telomere length quantification were performed on deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from naive (CD4+CD28+CD45RA+) T cells and investigated via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Ki67 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry on naive T cells. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test for two independent groups of variables were used to compare healthy donors with patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. During follow-up, patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis showed lower total counts of naive and CD28-expressing T cells compared to healthy donors. Acute exacerbation led to low naive and CD28+ T cell populations and elevated proportions of Ki67-expressing CD4+ naive T cells. In conditions of exacerbation, T cell receptor excision circle numbers were in the lower range in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and increased after follow-up. Healthy donors showed significantly higher relative telomere lengths compared to patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Conclusions
This investigation illustrates that the changes in T cell homeostasis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis may be the result of several mechanisms, such as diminished thymus function and peripheral exertions to maintain the peripheral T cell pool. The results also demonstrate that hallmarks of immunosenescence such as decreased naive T cell levels and lower T cell receptor excision circle numbers can only be interpreted together with replication markers such as relative telomere length or Ki67 expression.
The nuclear lamina is the structural scaffold of the nuclear envelope and is well known for its central role in nuclear organization and maintaining nuclear stability and shape. In the past, a number of severe human disorders have been identified to be associated with mutations in lamins. Extensive research on this topic has provided novel important clues about nuclear lamina function. These studies have contributed to the knowledge that the lamina constitutes a complex multifunctional platform combining both structural and regulatory functions. Here, we report that, in addition to the previously demonstrated significance for somatic cell differentiation and maintenance, the nuclear lamina is also an essential determinant for germ cell development. Both male and female mice lacking the short meiosis-specific A-type lamin C2 have a severely defective meiosis, which at least in the male results in infertility. Detailed analysis revealed that lamin C2 is required for telomere-driven dynamic repositioning of meiotic chromosomes. Loss of lamin C2 affects precise synapsis of the homologs and interferes with meiotic double-strand break repair. Taken together, our data explain how the nuclear lamina contributes to meiotic chromosome behaviour and accurate genome haploidization on a mechanistic level.
Abstract
Sulphur is an essential element that all pathogens have to absorb from their surroundings in order to grow inside their infected host. Despite its importance, the relevance of sulphur assimilation in fungal virulence is largely unexplored. Here we report a role of the bZIP transcription factor MetR in sulphur assimilation and virulence of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. The MetR regulator is essential for growth on a variety of sulphur sources; remarkably, it is fundamental for assimilation of inorganic S-sources but dispensable for utilization of methionine. Accordingly, it strongly supports expression of genes directly related to inorganic sulphur assimilation but not of genes connected to methionine metabolism. On a broader scale, MetR orchestrates the comprehensive transcriptional adaptation to sulphur-starving conditions as demonstrated by digital gene expression analysis. Surprisingly, A. fumigatus is able to utilize volatile sulphur compounds produced by its methionine catabolism, a process that has not been described before and that is MetR-dependent. The A. fumigatus MetR transcriptional activator is important for virulence in both leukopenic mice and an alternative mini-host model of aspergillosis, as it was essential for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis and supported the systemic dissemination of the fungus. MetR action under sulphur-starving conditions is further required for proper iron regulation, which links regulation of sulphur metabolism to iron homeostasis and demonstrates an unprecedented regulatory crosstalk. Taken together, this study provides evidence that regulation of sulphur assimilation is not only crucial for A. fumigatus virulence but also affects the balance of iron in this prime opportunistic pathogen.
Author Summary
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening disease that affects primarily immunosuppressed patients. During the last decades the incidence of this disease that is accompanied by high mortality rates has increased. Since opportunistic pathogenic fungi, unlike other pathogens, do not express specific virulence factors, it is becoming more and more clear that the elucidation of fungal metabolism is an essential task to understand fungal pathogenicity and to identify novel antifungal targets. In this work we report genetic inactivation of the sulphur transcription regulator MetR in Aspergillus fumigatus and subsequent study of the resulting phenotypes and transcriptional deregulation of the mutant. Here we show that regulation of sulphur assimilation is an essential process for the manifestation of IPA. Moreover, a regulatory connection between sulphur metabolism and iron homeostasis, a further essential virulence determinant of A. fumigatus, is demonstrated in this study for the first time. A deeper knowledge of sulphur metabolism holds the promise of increasing our understanding of fungal virulence and might lead to improved antifungal therapy.
Heparins are one of the most used class of anticoagulants in daily clinical practice. Despite their widespread application immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to heparins are rare. Among these, the delayed-type reactions to s.c. injected heparins are well-known usually presenting as circumscribed eczematous plaques at the injection sites. In contrast, potentially life-threatening systemic immediate-type anaphylactic reactions to heparins are extremely rare. Recently, some cases of non-allergic anaphylaxis could be attributed to undesirable heparin contaminants.
A 43-year-old patient developed severe anaphylaxis symptoms within 5–10 minutes after s.c. injection of enoxaparin. Titrated skin prick testing with wheal and flare responses up to an enoxaparin dilution of 1:10.000 indicated a probable allergic mechanism of the enoxaparin-induced anaphylaxis. The basophil activation test as an additional in-vitro test method was negative. Furthermore, skin prick testing showed rather broad cross-reactivity among different heparin preparations tested.
In the presented case, history, symptoms, and results of skin testing strongly suggested an IgE-mediated allergic hypersensitivity against different heparins. Therefore, as safe alternative anticoagulants the patient could receive beneath coumarins the hirudins or direct thrombin inhibitors. Because these compounds have a completely different molecular structure compared with the heparin-polysaccharides.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde an 220 Patienten, die zwischen 1988 und 2007 im König-Ludwig-Haus in Würzburg durch einen Operateur wegen rezidivierender, überwiegend posttraumatischer ventraler Schulterinstabilität offen oder arthroskopisch mittels (modifizierter) Bankart-Prozedur operiert wurden, der „Instability Severity Index Score (ISIS)“ so erhoben, wie er aus den präoperativen Unterlagen zu ermitteln war. Alle Patienten wurden nach postoperativen Rezidivluxationen befragt und die Schulterfunktion wurde mittels standardisiertem und validiertem Fragebogen durch den „Constant Score“ und den „Oxford Shoulder Instability Score“ untersucht.
Ziel der Studie war es, den von Balg und Boileau 2007 vorgestellten „Instability Severity Index Score“ (ISIS) auf seine Aussagekraft hin am vorliegenden Kollektiv zu überprüfen. Zeitgleich sollten ein Vergleich der offenen mit den arthroskopischen Stabilisierungen sowie eine Analyse der Ursachen der Rezidivluxationen erfolgen.
Insgesamt kam es in acht Fällen zu Rezidivluxationen (3,6 %). Die offen Operierten wiesen eine Rate von 3,1 %, die Gruppe der arthroskopisch Operierten 8,7 % Rezidive auf. Patienten mit weniger oder gleich sechs Punkten im ISIS hatten in 2,7 % Reluxationen, Patienten mit mehr als sechs Punkten in 8,1 %.
Patienten, die rückblickend gemäß der Empfehlung aus dem ISIS operiert wurden, hatten in 5,3 % Rezidivluxationen. Patienten, die entgegen der Empfehlung operiert wurden, in 3,5 %. Alle Unterschiede waren statistisch nicht signifikant. In allen Gruppen konnten in den funktionellen Scores sehr gute Ergebnisse mit durchschnittlich über 87 % im alters- und geschlechtsadaptierten Constant Score und über 42 Punkten im Oxford Shoulder Instability Score ohne signifikante Unterschiede erzielt werden. Von den insgesamt acht Patienten mit Reluxationen lagen von zwei Patienten CT-Untersuchungen nach aufgetretener Reluxation vor. In beiden Fällen konnten signifikante Glenoidranddefekte gefunden werden.
Aus Sicht der erhobenen Daten und der erzielten Ergebnisse ist der ISIS als nützlich zur präoperativen Risikobewertung sowie zur Entscheidung über das operative Vorgehen einzuschätzen, wobei er keine imperative Handlungsanweisung darstellen sollte. Die Empfehlung zum Korakoidtransfer nach Latarjet ab sieben Punkten im ISIS kann anhand dieser Daten nicht bestätigt werden. Vielmehr konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine offene Bankart-Operation mit selektivem Kapselshift sehr gute Langzeitergebnisse bezüglich der Reluxationsraten und der funktionellen Ergebnisse liefert. Im Hinblick auf die erzielten Ergebnisse und Fehleranalysen ist weiterhin festzuhalten, dass bei Verdacht auf einen Glenoiddefekt in der Regel eine CT mit 3D-Rekonstruktion und Seiten-vergleich erfolgen sollte, um die Indikation zum offenen Knochenblocktransfer nicht zu verpassen. Offene und arthroskopische Stabilisierungen können bei richtiger Indikationsstellung kurz- und mittelfristig vergleichbar gute Ergebnisse liefern. Langfristig aber scheint das minimal-invasive Vorgehen höhere Raten an Rezidivluxationen aufzuweisen. Wie auch in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden konnte, ist ein langer Beobachtungszeitraum bei Studien, die das klinische Ergebnis von Schulterstabilisierungen untersuchen, sehr wichtig, um das wahre Ausmaß an postoperativen Rezidivinstabilitäten zu erfassen.
Large-scale anatomical and functional analyses of the connectivity in both invertebrate and mammalian brains have gained intense attention in recent years. At the same time, the understanding of synapses on a molecular level still lacks behind. We have only begun to unravel the basic mechanisms of how the most important synaptic proteins regulate release and reception of neurotransmitter molecules, as well as changes of synaptic strength. Furthermore, little is known regarding the stoichiometry of presynaptic proteins at different synapses within an organism. An assessment of these characteristics would certainly promote our comprehension of the properties of different synapse types. Presynaptic proteins directly influence, for example, the probability of neurotransmitter release as well as mechanisms for short-term plasticity. We have examined the strength of expression of several presynaptic proteins at different synapse types in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster using immunohistochemistry. Clear differences in the relative abundances of the proteins were obvious on different levels: variations in staining intensities appeared from the neuropil to the synaptic level. In order to quantify these differences, we have developed a ratiometric analysis of antibody stainings. By application of this ratiometric method, we could assign average ratios of presynaptic proteins to different synapse populations in two central relays of the olfactory pathway. In this manner, synapse types could be characterized by distinct fingerprints of presynaptic protein ratios. Subsequently, we used the method for the analysis of aberrant situations: we reduced levels of Bruchpilot, a major presynaptic protein, and ablated different synapse or cell types. Evoked changes of ratio fingerprints were proportional to the modifications we had induced in the system. Thus, such ratio signatures are well suited for the characterization of synapses. In order to contribute to our understanding of both the molecular composition and the function of synapses, we also characterized a novel synaptic protein. This protein, Drep-2, is a member of the Dff family of regulators of apoptosis. We generated drep-2 mutants, which did not show an obvious misregulation of apoptosis. By contrast, Drep-2 was found to be a neuronal protein, highly enriched for example at postsynaptic receptor fields of the input synapses of the major learning centre of insects, the mushroom bodies. Flies mutant for drep-2 were viable but lived shorter than wildtypes. Basic synaptic transmission at both peripheral and central synapses was in normal ranges. However, drep-2 mutants showed a number of deficiencies in adaptive behaviours: adult flies were locomotor hyperactive and hypersensitive towards ethanol-induced sedation. Moreover, the mutant animals were heavily impaired in associative learning. In aversive olfactory conditioning, drep-2 mutants formed neither short-term nor anaesthesia-sensitive memories. We could demonstrate that Drep-2 is required in mushroom body intrinsic neurons for normal olfactory learning. Furthermore, odour-evoked calcium transients in these neurons, a prerequisite for learning, were reduced in drep-2 mutants. The impairment of the mutants in olfactory learning could be fully rescued by pharmacological application of an agonist to metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Quantitative mass spectrometry of Drep-2 complexes revealed that the protein is associated with a large number of translational repressors, among them the fragile X mental retardation protein FMRP. FMRP inhibits mGluR-mediated protein synthesis. Lack of this protein causes the fragile X syndrome, which constitutes the most frequent monogenic cause of autism. Examination of the performance of drep-2 mutants in courtship conditioning showed that the animals were deficient in both short- and long-term memory. Drep-2 mutants share these phenotypes with fmrp and mGluR mutants. Interestingly, drep-2; fmrp double mutants exhibited normal memory. Thus, we propose a model in which Drep-2 antagonizes FMRP in the regulation of mGluR-dependent protein synthesis. Our hypothesis is supported by the observation that impairments in synaptic plasticity can arise if mGluR signalling is imbalanced in either direction. We suggest that Drep-2 helps in establishing this balance.
Relief from pain is positively valenced and entails reward-like properties. Notably, stimuli that became associated with pain relief elicit reward-like implicit responses too, but are explicitly evaluated by humans as aversive. Since the unpredictability of pain makes pain more aversive, this study examined the hypotheses that the predictability of pain also modulates the valence of relief-associated stimuli. In two studies, we presented one conditioned stimulus \((_{FORWARD}CS+)\) before a painful unconditioned stimulus (US), another stimulus \((_{BACKWARD}CS+)\) after the painful US, and a third stimulus (CS−) was never associated with the US. In Study 1, \(_{FORWARD}CS+\) predicted half of the USs while the other half was delivered unwarned and followed by \(_{BACKWARD}CS+\). In Study 2, all USs were predicted by \(_{FORWARD}CS+\) and followed by \(_{BACKWARD}CS+\). In Study 1 both \(_{FORWARD}CS+\) and \(_{BACKWARD}CS+\) were rated as negatively valenced and high arousing after conditioning, while \(_{BACKWARD}CS+\) in Study 2 acquired positive valence and low arousal. Startle amplitude was significantly attenuated to \(_{BACKWARD}CS+\) compared to \(_{FORWARD}CS+\) in Study 2, but did not differ among CSs in Study 1. In summary, predictability of aversive events reverses the explicit valence of a relief-associated stimulus.
Since its creation in 1966, Star Trek has been a dominant part of popular culture and as thus served as the source for many cultural references. Star Trek’s creator Gene Roddenberry wanted to realize his vision of a utopia but at the same time, he used the futuristic setting of the show to comment on the present time, on actual social and political circumstances. This means that each series can be regarded as a mirror image of the time in which it was created. The clothing of the characters in the different series is one part of that image. The uniforms of The Original Se-ries show influences of the 1960s pop art movement as well as the mini-skirt trend that experienced its peak in that decade. In the course of almost 40 years, howev-er, many things changed. In the 1990s, in Deep Space Nine and Voyager, a unisex uniform replaced the mini-dresses, with few exceptions; the colorful shirts gave way to ones that were mostly black. This trend continues into the new century. This essay interprets the evolution of the female officers’ uniforms from femi-nized dresses to androgynous clothing over the development of the series as a reflection of the change of gender roles in contemporary American society. The general functions of the female characters’ uniforms are the central object of its analysis while the few, but noteworthy exceptions to this pattern are given specif-ic attention. Finally, one of the most intriguing lines of enquiry is, how the pre-quel series Enterprise, supposed to be set before The Original Series, but pro-duced and aired from 2001 to 2005, fits in the picture.
Fragestellung: Querschnittstudien konnten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Deletion 22q11.2 eine Tendenz zu mit dem Alter zunehmenden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten verbunden mit einem Anstieg der elterlichen Stressbelastung zeigen. Die aktuelle Längsschnittstudie sollte diese Ergebnisse überprüfen.
Methodik: Mit Hilfe der deutschen Selbsthilfegruppe KiDS 22q11 wurden alle Hauptbezugspersonen, die bereits vier Jahre zuvor an einer Befragung zu Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Stress teilgenommen hatten, anonymisiert um die Bearbeitung verschiedener Fragebögen gebeten.
Ergebnisse: 59 von 94 Hauptbezugspersonen sandten ausgefüllte Fragebögen zurück. Dabei wurden 54% aller Kinder und Jugendlichen (29 männlich, 30 weiblich, im Alter von 5,8 bis 18,9 Jahren, Mittelwert: 10,8 Jahre) von ihren Hauptbezugspersonen als verhaltensauffällig eingestuft (Gesamtwert Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL] bzw. Fragebogen über das Verhalten junger Erwachsener [YABCL]). In nahezu allen Bereichen der Child Behavior Checklist, mit der die Erfassung der Verhaltensauffälligkeiten erfolgte, kam es im Verlauf zu einer statistisch signifikanten Zunahme. Auch stieg die Stressbelastung der Hauptbezugspersonen, erfasst mittels Fragebogen Soziale Orientierungen von Eltern behinderter Kinder, im Vergleich zur Erstbefragung signifikant an, ohne dass sich jedoch die Lebenszufriedenheit signifikant verändert hätte. Das Ausmaß der elterlichen Stressbelastung korrelierte signifikant mit dem Gesamtproblemwert der CBCL.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Längsschnittstudie bestätigen die Befunde früherer Querschnittuntersuchungen hinsichtlich Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Deletion 22q11.2. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Verhaltensprobleme und der damit einhergehenden Stressbelastung ist mit einem erhöhten Beratungsbedarf der Hauptbezugspersonen und einer zunehmenden Behandlungsbedürftigkeit der Patienten zu rechnen.
Die Untersuchung über Diedrich Becker versucht einen Brückenschlag zwischen musikhistorischer und soziokultureller Betrachtung eines sogenannten "Kleinmeisters": Diedrich Becker (1623-1679), der als Komponist von Sonaten- und Suitensammlungen eine gewisse musikhistorische Bedeutung hat, dessen Biographie aber etliche Lücken aufweist, wird daher im sozialen wie auch kulturellen Kontext seiner Zeit dargestellt. Eine eingehende Betrachtung der Lebensstationen wie die Zeit als Mitglied der Celler Hofkapelle, aber auch sein Wirken als Ratsmusikant in Hamburg lassen auf zahlreiche Verbindungen zu anderen Künstlern seiner Zeit schließen. Beckers Wirken als Komponist zeigt sich in Sonaten und Suiten für Streicherensembles sowie in geistlichen Werken; vor allem die Überlieferungsgeschichte weist wiederum auf das dichte Beziehungsgeflecht hin, innerhalb dessen sich Becker bewegte. Im Anhang finden sich das Werkverzeichnis, Dokumente zur Biographie Beckers sowie alle erhaltenen Kompositionen.
Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the regulation of emotions as well as in its pathological states, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Mice with targeted deletion of genes encoding various mediators of central serotonergic neurotransmission therefore provides a powerful tool in understanding contributions of such mediators to homeostatic mechanisms as well as to the development of human emotional disorders. Within this thesis a battery of electrophysiological recordings were conducted in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the hippocampus of two murine knockout lines with deficient serotonergic systems. Serotonin transporter knockout mice (5-Htt KO), which lack protein responsible for reuptake of 5-HT from the extracellular space and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout (Tph2 KO) mice, which lack the gene encoding the neuronal 5-HT-synthesising enzyme. First, 5-HT1A receptor-mediated autoinhibition of serotonergic neuron firing in the DRN was assessed using the loose-seal cell-attached configuration. Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors by a selective agonist, R-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (R-8-OH-DPAT), showed a mild sensitisation and a marked desensitisation of these receptors in Tph2 KO and 5-Htt KO mice, respectively. While application of tryptophan, a precursor of 5-HT and a substrate of Tph2, did not cause autoinhibition in Tph2 KO mice due to the lack of endogenously produced 5-HT, data from 5-Htt KO mice as well as heterozygous mice of both KO mice lines demonstrated the presence of autoinhibitory mechanisms as normal as seen in wildtype (WT) controls. When the Tph2-dependent step in the 5-HT synthesis pathway was bypassed by application of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonergic neurons of both Tph2 KO and 5-Htt KO mice showed decrease in firing rates at lower concentrations of 5-HTP than in WT controls. Elevated responsiveness of serotonergic neurons from Tph2 KO mice correspond to mild sensitisation of 5-HT1A receptors, while responses from 5-Htt KO mice suggest that excess levels of extracellular 5-HT, created by the lack of 5-Htt, stimulates 5-HT1A receptors strong enough to overcome desensitisation of these receptors. Second, the whole-cell patch clamp recording data from serotonergic neurons in the DRN showed no differences in basic electrophysiological properties between Tph2 KO and WT mice, except lower membrane resistances of neurons from KO mice. Moreover, the whole-cell patch clamp recording from CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of 5-Htt KO mice showed increased conductance both at a steady state and at action potential generation. Lastly, magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway stimulation in the ventral hippocampus showed no differences among Tph2 KO, 5-Htt KO, and WT counterparts. Taken together, lack and excess of extracellular 5-HT caused sensitisation and desensitisation of autoinhibitory 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. However, this may not directly translate to the level of autoinhibitory regulation of serotonergic neuron firing when these receptors are stimulated by endogenously synthesised 5-HT. In general, KO mice studied here showed an astonishing level of resilience to genetic manipulations of the central serotonergic system, maintaining overall electrophysiological properties and normal LTP inducibility. This may further suggest existence of as-yet-unknown compensatory mechanisms buffering potential alterations induced by genetic manipulations.
Firing activity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is controlled by inhibitory somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors. This autoinhibitory mechanism is implicated in the etiology of disorders of emotion regulation, such as anxiety disorders and depression, as well as in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Here, we investigated how persistent alterations in brain 5-HT availability affect autoinhibition in two genetically modified mouse models lacking critical mediators of serotonergic transmission: 5-HT transporter knockout (Sert-/-) and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 knockout (Tph2-/-) mice. The degree of autoinhibition was assessed by loose-seal cell-attached recording in DRN slices. First, application of the 5-HT1A-selective agonist R(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin showed mild sensitization and marked desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors in Tph2-/- mice and Sert-/- mice, respectively. While 5-HT neurons from Tph2-/- mice did not display autoinhibition in response to L-tryptophan, autoinhibition of these neurons was unaltered in Sert-/- mice despite marked desensitization of their 5-HT1A autoreceptors. When the Tph2-dependent 5-HT synthesis step was bypassed by application of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), neurons from both Tph2-/- and Sert-/- mice decreased their firing rates at significantly lower concentrations of 5-HTP compared to wildtype controls. Our findings demonstrate that, as opposed to the prevalent view, sensitivity of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors does not predict the magnitude of 5-HT neuron autoinhibition. Changes in 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity may rather be seen as an adaptive mechanism to keep autoinhibition functioning in response to extremely altered levels of extracellular 5-HT resulting from targeted inactivation of mediators of serotonergic signaling.
Organic semiconductors are attractive for optical sensing applications due to the effortless processing on large active area of several \(cm^2\), which is difficult to achieve with solid-state devices. However, compared to silicon photodiodes, sensitivity and dynamic behavior remain a major challenge with organic sensors. Here, we show that charge trapping phenomena deteriorate the bandwidth of organic photodiodes (OPDs) to a few Hz at low-light levels. We demonstrate that, despite the large OPD capacitances of similar to 10 nF \(cm^{-2}\), a frequency response in the kHz regime can be achieved at light levels as low as 20 nW \(cm^{-2}\) by appropriate interface engineering, which corresponds to a 1000-fold increase compared to state-of-the-art OPDs. Such device characteristics indicate that large active area OPDs are suitable for industrial sensing and even match medical requirements for single X-ray pulse detection in the millisecond range.
Es wird die Reaktivität eines hochgespannten und reaktiven [1],[1]-Disilamolybdänocenophanes gegenüber ungesättigten Substraten, E–H Funktionen und E–E-Bindungen untersucht. Die Produkte wurden mittels spektroskopischer Methoden in Lösung sowie im Festkörper identifiziert und charakterisiert. Weiterhin wird die Reaktivität eines [2]-Disilamolybdänocenophanes ebenfalls gegenüber ungesättigten Substraten und E–E-Bindungen sowie gegenüber Pt(0)-Verbindungen erforscht. Die erhaltenen Komplexe wurden sowohl im Festkörper, als auch in Lösung spektroskopisch untersucht und charakterisiert.
The adiabatic insertion of a \(\pi\) flux into a quantum spin Hall insulator gives rise to localized spin and charge fluxon states. We demonstrate that \(\pi\) fluxes can be used in exact quantum Monte Carlo simulations to identify a correlated \(Z_2\) topological insulator using the example of the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model. In the presence of repulsive interactions, a \(\pi\) flux gives rise to a Kramers doublet of spin-fluxon states with a Curie-law signature in the magnetic susceptibility. Electronic correlations also provide a bosonic mode of magnetic excitons with tunable energy that act as exchange particles and mediate a dynamical interaction of adjustable range and strength between spin fluxons. \(\pi\) fluxes can therefore be used to build models of interacting spins. This idea is applied to a three-spin ring and to one-dimensional spin chains. Because of the freedom to create almost arbitrary spin lattices, correlated topological insulators with \(\pi\) fluxes represent a novel kind of quantum simulator, potentially useful for numerical simulations and experiments.
Pinning the Order: The Nature of Quantum Criticality in the Hubbard Model on Honeycomb Lattice
(2013)
In numerical simulations, spontaneously broken symmetry is often detected by computing two-point correlation functions of the appropriate local order parameter. This approach, however, computes the square of the local order parameter, and so when it is small, very large system sizes at high precisions are required to obtain reliable results. Alternatively, one can pin the order by introducing a local symmetrybreaking field and then measure the induced local order parameter infinitely far from the pinning center. The method is tested here at length for the Hubbard model on honeycomb lattice, within the realm of the projective auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo algorithm. With our enhanced resolution, we find a direct and continuous quantum phase transition between the semimetallic and the insulating antiferromagnetic states with increase of the interaction. The single-particle gap, measured in units of Hubbard U, tracks the staggered magnetization. An excellent data collapse is obtained by finite-size scaling, with the values of the critical exponents in accord with the Gross-Neveu universality class of the transition.
Silicon carbide light-emitting diode as a prospective room temperature source for single photons
(2013)
Generation of single photons has been demonstrated in several systems. However, none of them satisfies all the conditions, e.g. room temperature functionality, telecom wavelength operation, high efficiency, as required for practical applications. Here, we report the fabrication of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on intrinsic defects in silicon carbide (SiC). To fabricate our devices we used a standard semiconductor manufacturing technology in combination with high-energy electron irradiation. The room temperature electroluminescence (EL) of our LEDs reveals two strong emission bands in the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectral ranges, associated with two different intrinsic defects. As these defects can potentially be generated at a low or even single defect level, our approach can be used to realize electrically driven single photon source for quantum telecommunication and information processing.
Scientific surveys provide sufficient evidence that anxiety disorders are one of the most common psy-chiatric disorders in the world. The lifetime prevalence rate of anxiety disorder is 28.8% (Kessler, et al., 2005). The most widely studied anxiety disorders are as follows panic disorder (PD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), specific phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). (NIMH Article, 2009). Classical conditioning is the stable paradigm used from the last one century to understand the neurobi-ology of fear learning. Neurobiological mechanism of fear learning is well documented with the condi-tioning studies. In the therapy of anxiety disorders, exposure based therapies are known to be the most effective approaches. Flooding is a form of exposure therapy in which a participant is exposed to the fear situation and kept in that situation until their fear dissipates. The exposure therapy is based on the phenomena of extinction; this means that a conditioned response diminishes if the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). One problem with extinction as well as with exposure-based therapy is the problem of fear return (for e.g. renewal, spontaneous recov-ery and reinstatement) after successful extinction. Therefore, extinction does not delete the fear memory trace. It has been well documented that memory processes can be modulated or disrupted using several sci-entific paradigms such as behavioral (for e.g. exposure therapy), pharmacological (for e.g. drug manipu-lation), non-invasive stimulation (for e.g. non-invasive stimulation such as electroconvulsive shock (ECS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), etc. However, modulation of memory processes after reactivation or via non-invasive stimulation is still not clear, which is the focus of the current study. In addition, study of genetic variant suggests that genetic differences play a vital role in the psychiatric disorder especially in fear learning. Hence, it is also one of the concerns of the current dissertation to investigate the interaction between gene and reconsolidation of memory. With respect to fear-conditioning, there are three findings in the current dissertation, which are as fol-lows: (i) In the first study we investigated that non-invasive weak electrical stimulation interferes with the consolidation process and disrupts the fear consolidation to attain stable form. This might offer an effective treatment in the pathological memories, for e.g. PTSD, PD, etc. (ii) In the second study we demonstrated whether a brief single presentation of the CS will inhibit the fear recovery. Like earlier studies we also found that reactivation followed by reconsolidation douses fear return. Attenuation of fear recovery was observed in the reminder group compared to the no-reminder group. (iii) Finally, in our third study we found a statistically significant role of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism in reconsolidation. Results of the third study affirm the involvement of BDNF variants (Met vs. Val) in the modulation of conditioned fear memory after its reactivation. In summary, we were able to show in the current thesis modulation of associative learning and recon-solidation via transcranial direct current stimulation and genetic polymorphism.
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially deadly disease; recent studies have shown that the endemic area of Echinococcus multilocularis, its causative agent, is larger than previously known. This disease has low prevalence and remains underreported in Europe. Emerging clinical data show that diagnostic difficulties are still common. We report on a 76-year old patient suffering from AE lesions restricted to the left lobe of the liver who underwent a curative extended left hemihepatectomy. Prior to the resection a liver biopsy under the suspicion of an atypical malignancy was performed. After the intervention he developed a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery that was successfully coiled. Surprisingly, during surgery, the macroscopic appearance of the tumour revealed a growth pattern that was rather typical for cystic echinococcosis (CE), i.e., a gross tumour composed of multiple large vesicles with several centimeters in diameter. In addition, there were neither extensive adhesions nor infiltrations of the neighboring pancreas and diaphragm as was expected from previous imaging results. The unexpected diagnosis of AE was confirmed by definite histopathology, specific polymerase chain reaction and serology results. This is a rare case of unusual macroscopic presentation of AE that posed immense diagnostic challenges and had an eventful course. To our knowledge this is the first case of an autochthonous infection in this particular geographic area of Germany, the federal state of Saxony. This report may provide new hints for an expanding area of risk for AE and emphasizes the risk of complications in the scope of diagnostic procedures and the limitations of modern radiological imaging.
Baclofen (1) is a potent and selective agonist for bicuculline-insensitive GABAB receptors and is used clinically as an antispastic and muscle relaxant agent. In the search for new bioactive chemical entities that bind specifically to GABAB receptors, we report here the synthesis of certain baclofen homologues, namely (R,S)-5-amino-3-arylpentanoic acid hydrochlorides (R,S)-1a–h as well as (R,S)-5-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid [(RS)-1i] to be evaluated as GABABR agonists. Compound 1a is an agonist to GABAB receptors with an EC50 value of 46 μM on tsA201 cells transfected with GABAB1b/GABAB2/Gqz5, being the most active congener among all the synthesized compounds.
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) causes nosocomial infections including life threatening sepsis by multi-resistant strains (MRSA). It has the ability to form biofilms to protect it from the host immune system and from anti staphylococcal drugs. Biofilm and planctonic life style is regulated by a complex Quorum-Sensing (QS) system with agr as a central regulator. To study biofilm formation and QS mechanisms in SA a Boolean network was build (94 nodes, 184 edges) including two different component systems such as agr, sae and arl. Important proteins such as Sar, Rot and SigB were included as further nodes in the model. System analysis showed there are only two stable states biofilm forming versus planctonic with clearly different subnetworks turned on. Validation according to gene expression data confirmed this. Network consistency was tested first according to previous knowledge and literature. Furthermore, the predicted node activity of different in silico knock-out strains agreed well with corresponding micro array experiments and data sets. Additional validation included the expression of further nodes (Northern blots) and biofilm production compared in different knock-out strains in biofilm adherence assays. The model faithfully reproduces the behaviour of QS signalling mutants. The integrated model allows also prediction of various other network mutations and is supported by experimental data from different strains. Furthermore, the well connected hub proteins elucidate how integration of different inputs is achieved by the QS network. For in silico as well as in vitro experiments it was found that the sae-locus is also a central modulator of biofilm production. Sae knock-out strains showed stronger biofilms. Wild type phenotype was rescued by sae complementation. To elucidate the way in which sae takes influence on biofilm formation the network was used and Venn-diagrams were made, revealing nodes regulated by sae and changed in biofilms. In these Venn-diagrams nucleases and extracellular proteins were found to be promising nodes. The network revealed DNAse to be of great importance. Therefore qualitatively the DNAse amount, produced by different SA mutants was measured, it was tried to dissolve biofilms with according amounts of DNAse and the concentration of nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides were measured in biofilms of different SA mutants.
With its thorough validation the network model provides a powerful tool to study QS and biofilm formation in SA, including successful predictions for different knock-out mutant behaviour, QS signalling and biofilm formation. This includes implications for the behaviour of MRSA strains and mutants. Key regulatory mutation combinations (agr–, sae–, sae–/agr–, sigB+, sigB+/sae–) were directly tested in the model but also in experiments. High connectivity was a good guide to identify master regulators, whose detailed behaviour was studied both in vitro and in the model. Together, both lines of evidence support in particular a refined regulatory role for sae and agr with involvement in biofilm repression and/or SA dissemination. With examination of the composition of different mutant biofilms as well as with the examination of the reaction cascade that connects sae to the biofilm forming ability of SA and also by postulating that nucleases might play an important role in that, first steps were taken in proving and explaining regulatory links leading from sae to biofilms. Furthermore differences in biofilms of different mutant SA strains were found leading us in perspective towards a new understanding of biofilms including knowledge how to better regulate, fight and use its different properties.
Zielsetzung: In dieser Machbarkeitsstudie evaluierten wir den aktuellen Standard der linksventrikulären Endomyokardbiopsie in einem Modellversuch. Wir entwickelten und überprüften mögliche Verbesserungen hinsichtlich ihrer Sicherheit und Punktionsgenauigkeit, indem wir eine steuerbare Schleuse und ein 3D Mapping-System zum Einsatz brachten.
Hintergrund: Die Endomyokardbiopsie gilt als Goldstandard zur Diagnostik von Myokarditiden und Kardiomyopathien, da sie histochemische, histologische und molekularbiologische Analysen ermöglicht, die für eine korrekte Diagnose und Therapie wichtig sind. Die Methodik hat eine verhältnismäßig geringe Sensitivität und einen niedrigen negativen prädiktiven Wert, da das Myokard derzeit unter Röntgendurchleuchtung biopsiert wird, ohne eine genaue Orientierung im dreidimensionalen Raum oder eine Kenntnis der z.T. diskontinuierlich betroffenen Myokardareale zu haben (sogenannter „sampling error“).
Methoden: Wir testeten die Steuerbarkeit und die Punktionsgenauigkeit der Endomyokardbiopsie im Modellversuch, indem wiederholt Biopsien von acht verschiedenen linksventrikulären Herzregionen genommen werden. In einer dreiarmigen Studie optimierten wir zum einen die invasiv-apparative Ausrüstung und zum anderen die verfügbare Bildgebungsmodalität. Der Kontrollversuch I repräsentiert eine Analyse des aktuellen Standards, da hier Biopsien mit konventionellen Führungskathetern unter Röntgendurchleuchtung erfolgen. Der Kontrollversuch II untersucht, ob mittels einer steuerbaren Schleuse unter konventioneller Bildgebung eine Verbesserung erzielt werden kann. Im dritten Teil der Studie wurde die Röntgendurchleuchtung durch ein 3D elektroanatomisches Mapping-System ersetzt. Hiermit kann erstmalig die Machbarkeit der Navigation einer steuerbaren Schleuse in einem 3D Mapping-System geprüft werden.
Ergebnisse: Jeder der eingesetzten konventionellen Führungskatheter ist für die Biopsie einer bestimmten Herzregionen geeignet, jedoch hat die konventionelle Methodik bei wiederholten Messungen allgemein eine niedrige Präzision (JR 4.0 Führungskatheter: 17,4 ± 4 mm, AL 1.0 Führungskatheter: 18,7 ± 5,7 mm, EBU 3.5 Führungskatheter: 18,3 ± 8,2 mm). Durch den Einsatz der neu entwickelten steuerbaren Schleuse konnten einige der gewünschten Stellen zwar korrekter biopsiert werden, aber eine allgemein sichere Ansteuerung aller Positionen war damit noch nicht möglich (9,5 ± 5,8 mm). Die bildliche Darstellung der steuerbaren Schleuse im 3D Mapping-System gelang sehr gut, die Biopsiezange konnte mit der Schleuse leicht und mit einer höheren Präzision an fast alle gewünschten Herzregionen navigiert werden (3,6 ± 2 mm).
Fazit: Die hier vorgelegte Machbarkeitsstudie zeigt, dass der Einsatz einer neuentwickelten steuerbaren Schleuse in Kombination mit einem 3D Mapping-System möglich und erfolgversprechend ist. Die Ergebnisse der Biopsien im elektroanatomischen Mapping-Versuch wiesen im Mittel eine deutlich geringere Abweichung beim wiederholten Ansteuern der jeweilig gewünschten Zielregion auf. Mittels der neuentwickelten Technik kann somit die Endomyokardbiopsie im Vergleich zum Standardverfahren präziser und mit einer potentiell höheren Patientensicherheit durchgeführt werden.
The top quark plays an important role in current particle physics, from a theoretical point of view because of its uniquely large mass, but also experimentally because of the large number of top events recorded by the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS, which makes it possible to directly measure the properties of this particle, for example its couplings to the other particles of the standard model (SM), with previously unknown precision. In this thesis, an effective field theory approach is employed to introduce a minimal and consistent parametrization of all anomalous top couplings to the SM gauge bosons and fermions which are compatible with the SM symmetries. In addition, several aspects and consequences of the underlying effective operator relations for these couplings are discussed. The resulting set of couplings has been implemented in the parton level Monte Carlo event generator WHIZARD in order to provide a tool for the quantitative assessment of the phenomenological implications at present and future colliders such as the LHC or a planned international linear collider. The phenomenological part of this thesis is focused on the charged current couplings of the top quark, namely anomalous contributions to the trilinear tbW coupling as well as quartic four-fermion contact interactions of the form tbff, both affecting single top production as well as top decays at the LHC. The study includes various aspects of inclusive cross section measurements as well as differential distributions of single tops produced in the t channel, bq → tq', and in the s channel, ud → tb. We discuss the parton level modelling of these processes as well as detector effects, and finally present the prospected LHC reach for setting limits on these couplings with 10 resp. 100 fb−1 of data recorded at √s = 14 TeV.
In this work, we take a look at the connection of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) as well as the possibilities how to verify this connection. The currently most promising approach is based on the detection of high-energy neutrinos, which are associated with the acceleration of cosmic rays. We detail how the prompt gamma-ray emission is connected to the prediction of a neutrino signal. We focus on the interactions of photons and protons in this regard. At the example of the current ANTARES GRB neutrino analysis, we show the differences between numerical predictions and older analytical methods. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities how cosmic ray particles can escape from GRBs, assuming that UHECR are entirely made up of protons. For this, we compare the commonly assumed neutron escape model with a new component of direct proton escape. Additionally, we will show that the different components, which contribute to the cosmic ray flux, strongly depend on the burst parameters, and test the applicability on some chosen GRBs. In a further step, we continue with the considerations regarding the connection of GRBs and UHECR by connecting the GRB source model with the cosmic
ray observations using a simple cosmic ray propagation code. We test if it is possible to achieve the observed cosmic ray energy densities with our simple model and what the consequences are regarding the prompt GRB neutrino flux predictions as well as the cosmogenic neutrinos. Furthermore, we consider the question of neutrino lifetime and how it affects the prompt GRB neutrino flux predictions. In a final chapter, we show that it is possible to apply the basic source model with photohadronic interactions to other types of sources, using the example of the microquasar Cygnus X-3.
Cholinesterases are important biological targets responsible for regulation of cholinergic transmission, and their inhibitors are used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. To design new cholinesterase inhibitors, of different structure-based design strategies was followed, including the modification of compounds from a previously developed library and a fragment-based design approach. This led to the selection of heterodimeric structures as potential inhibitors. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selected candidates confirmed that the designed compounds were acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with \(IC_{50}\) values in the mid-nanomolar to low micromolar range, and some of them were also butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Cancer cells frequently escape from immune surveillance by down-regulating two important components of the immune defence: antigen-presenting MHC and costimulatory molecules. Therefore several novel anti-tumour compounds that aim to assist the immune system in recognising and fighting cancer are currently under development. Recombinant bispecific antibodies represent one group of such novel therapeutics. They target two different antigens and recruit cytotoxic effector cells to tumour cells. For cancer immunotherapy, bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies are already well characterised. These antibodies target a tumour-associated antigen and CD3ε, the constant molecule of the T cell receptor complex.
On the one hand, this study presents the development of a bispecific antibody targeting CD3ε and the rhabdomyosarcoma-associated fetal acetylcholine receptor. On the other hand, it describes a novel two-part trispecific antibody format for the treatment of leukaemia and other haematological malignancies in the context of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
For HSCT, an HLA-identical donor is preferred, but very rarely available. In an HLA-mismatched setting, the HLA disparity could be exploited for targeted cancer treatment. In the present study, a two-part trispecific HLA-A2 × CD45 × CD3 antibody was developed for potential cases in which the patient is HLA-A2-positive, but the donor is not. This holds true for about half the cases in Germany, since HLA-A2 is the most common HLA molecule found here. Combinatorial targeting of HLA-A2 and the leucocyte-common antigen CD45 allows for highly specific dual-antigen restricted tumour targeting.
More precisely, two single-chain antibody constructs were developed: i) a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for HLA-A2, and ii) a scFv against CD45, both linked to the VL and the VH domain of a CD3ε-specific antibody, respectively. It turned out that, after the concomitant binding of these constructs to the same HLA-A2- and CD45-expressing cell, the unpaired variable domains of a CD3ε-specific antibody assembled to a functional scFv. In a therapeutic situation, this assembly should exclusively occur on the recipient’s blood cancer cells, leading to T cell-mediated cancer cell destruction. In this way, a relapse of disease might be prevented, and standard therapy (radiation and chemotherapy) might be omitted.
For both approaches, the antibody constructs were periplasmically expressed in E. coli, purified via His tag, and biochemically characterised. Their binding to the respective targets was proven by flow cytometry. The stimulatory properties of the antibodies were assayed by measuring IL-2 release after incubation with T cells and antigen-expressing target cells. Both the bispecific antibody against rhabdomyosarcoma and the assembled trispecific antibody against blood cancer mediated T-cell activation in a concentration-dependent manner at nanomolar concentrations. For the trispecific antibody, this effect indeed proved to be dual antigen-restricted, as it could be blocked by prior incubation of either HLA-A2- or CD45-specific scFv and did not occur on single-positive (CD45+) or double-negative (HLA-A2- CD45-) target cells. Furthermore, antibodies from both approaches recruited T cells for tumour cell destruction in vitro.
Die Kontrolle der monoallelen Expression, antigenen Variation und Entwicklung in Trypanosoma brucei
(2013)
Die ausschließliche Expression von nur einem Gen aus einer großen Genfamilie ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen, das als monoallele Expression bezeichnet wird. In dem Blutparasiten Trypanosoma brucei stellt die Expression eines einzigen variablen Oberflächenglykoproteins (VSG) aus einem Repertoire von über 1000 verschiedenen Genen die Grundlage für die Immunevasion dar. Durch einen periodischen Wechsel der VSG Expression (Antigene Variation) bleibt der Parasit vom Immunsystem des Wirtes unerkannt. Die VSG Gene werden aus telomerischen Blutstromform Expressionsstellen (BES) transkribiert, von denen nur eine zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt aktiv ist. Die Kontrolle der monoallelen VSG Expression ist somit einer der wichtigsten Virulenzfaktoren von T. brucei.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Vorgänge eines transkriptionellen Wechsels zwischen zwei BESs zu beschreiben. Das Ausschalten des aktiven VSGs durch RNA-Interferenz hatte zuvor gezeigt, dass dies nicht zu einer erhöhten Wechselrate führt. Es wurde daher untersucht, welche Auswirkungen das Anschalten einer zweiten BES auf die monoallele Expression hat. Da es bisher keine Möglichkeit gibt, eine inaktive BES gezielt zu aktivieren, wurde ein artifizielles System gewählt, das die gezielte induzierbare Expression eines Gens ermöglicht. Die BESs unterscheiden sich in der Anzahl und Zusammensetzung der Expressionsstellen-assoziierte-Gene (ESAGs), jedoch besitzt jede BES ein telomernahes VSG. Somit wird, bei einer BES Aktivierung, in jedem Fall ein neues VSG exprimiert. Durch die induzierbare Expression eines zweiten VSGs wurde so das Anschalten einer neuen BES simuliert. Mithilfe dieses Systems konnte gezeigt werden, dass das VSG selbst für die Kontrolle der monoallelen Expression verantwortlich ist. Die ektopische Überexpression eines zweiten VSGs führte zu einer graduellen Inaktivierung der BES. Infolge dessen verlangsamte sich der Zellzyklus und die Zellen verblieben bis zu fünf Tage in einem ruhenden Zustand. Genauere Analysen dieses Zustandes zeigten, dass es sich hierbei um ein bisher unbekanntes, reversibles Zwischenstadium zwischen proliferierenden sogenannten Long Slender und arretierten sogenannten Short Stumpy Formen handelt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit führten zu einem neuen Modell, das die Kontrolle der monoallelen VSG Expression mit der Entwicklung der Trypanosomen mechanistisch verbindet.
Das multiple Myelom ist trotz intensiver Forschung eine bisher unheilbare maligne Plasmazellerkrankung. Für jüngere Patienten ohne relevante Komorbiditäten ist die Behandlung mit einer Hochdosistherapie gefolgt von einer autologen Stammzelltransplantation der Goldstandard. Bei einer geringen Rate an therapiebedingter Mortalität erzielt diese eine hohe Rate an kompletten Remissionen und damit die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein längeres Überleben. Um die optimale Konditionierungstherapie zu finden, wurde eine Vielzahl von Chemotherapeutika, teilweise gekoppelt mit Ganzkörperbestrahlung, getestet.
In dem in dieser Dissertation schwerpunktmäßig analysierten Langzeit-Datensatzes der „DSMM I“-Studie erfolgte der prospektive Vergleich einer Doppelhochdosis-Chemotherapie mit Melphalan und zweimaliger autologer Stammzelltransplantation und einer Einfachhochdosis-Therapie mit modifizierter Ganzkörperbestrahlung, Busulfan und Cyclophosphamid und einfacher autologer Stammzelltransplantation. Es wurde untersucht, ob sich eines der beiden Konditionierungsschemata hinsichtlich des ereignisfreien Überlebens, des Gesamtüberlebens, des maximalen Ansprechens auf die Therapie oder der Toxizität überlegen zeigte. Bisher publizierte Studien wiesen einen Vorteil der Tandem-Hochdosistherapie gegenüber der Einfachhochdosis-Therapie nach. In dieser Studie hatten beide Therapiegruppen ein exzellentes Gesamtüberleben. Es zeigte sich jedoch keine Überlegenheit einer der Therapien für das ereignisfreie und Gesamtüberleben, trotz signifikant höherer Ansprechrate unter Melphalan. Nach modifizierter Ganzkörperbestrahlung war, wie bereits in anderen Studien beschrieben, die Rate an Nebenwirkungen signifikant erhöht. Die Patienten litten vor allem unter Mukositis, Schmerzen und Pneumonitis. Somit ist die Doppelhochdosistherapie mit Melphalan Therapie der Wahl.
Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit von knapp 7 Jahren ist im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Publikationen sehr viel länger als das mediane ereignisfreie Überleben. Dies spricht für die Validität der Daten.
Funktionelle Expression von ChR2 in Pflanzen In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte erstmalig die funktionelle Expression des licht-aktivierten Channelrhodopsin-2 aus Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in höheren Pflanzen gezeigt werden. Obwohl die erfolgreiche Transformation auf der Basis der Integration einer Expressionskassette für WT-ChR2 in Pflanzen genetisch nachgewiesen werden konnte, war ein funktioneller Nachweis nicht möglich. Demgegenüber war die funktio-nelle Expression aller getesteten ChR2-Mutanten im transienten Expressionsansatz er-folgreich und konnte schließlich auf der Basis der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit generierten Konstrukte auch für stabil transformierte Arabidopsis-Pflanzen bestätigt werden. ChR2 wurde in Arabidopsis-Protoplasten sowie Tabak-Epidermis- und Mesophyllzellen an der Plasmamembran lokalisiert, zeigte jedoch aufgrund der Überexpression eine starke Überladung des Endomembransystems. Elektrophysiologische Messungen mit Hilfe der Einstichtechnik belegten, dass ChR2 sowohl in Arabidopsis-Keimlingen als auch im Tabakmesophyll funktionell ist, wobei sich die erzeugten Blaulicht-vermittelten Depolarisationen weitaus erfolgreicher im Ta-baksystem darstellten. Alle eingesetzten ChR2-Mutanten waren funktionell und zeigten in Einstichmessungen mit Oozytendaten korrelierende Kinetiken. Die Mutante C128A wurde hinsichtlich der erzielten lichtinduzierten Membranpotentialdepolarisationen als effektivste ChR2-Variante identifiziert. Calcium-Messungen mit dem Reporterprotein Aequorin lieferten keinen Beweis für einen direkt durch ChR2-C128A vermittelten Calcium-Einstrom in Arabidopsis-Protoplasten. Jedoch konnte ein cytosolischer Calcium-Anstieg ca. 3min nach Blau-lichtapplikation beobachtet werden. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die durch ChR2 vermittelten Membranpotentialänderungen zu einer Aktivierung endogener, Calcium-permeabler Ionenkanäle führen könnte. Für die ChR2-L132C Mutante konnte allerdings in ersten Messungen ein direkter Calcium-Anstieg nach Lichtgabe beobachtet werden. Transkriptionelle Änderungen aufgrund ChR2-basierter, elektrischer Signalmuster In RNA-Seq-Analysen mit transient transformierten Tabakblättern konnte die Bedeu-tung der Signalsignatur elektrischer bzw. Calcium-basierter Signale verifiziert werden: Die Applikation zweier in ihrer Form gänzlich unterschiedlicher elektrischer Signal-muster lieferte ein signifikant unterschiedlich reguliertes Set an Genen, wobei einige wenige durch beide Behandlungen induziert werden konnten. Langanhaltende Depolari-sationen regulierten deutlich mehr Gene und waren daher in ihrer Wirkung weitaus ef-fektiver als kurze, repetitive Depolarisationen. Die bioinformatische Analyse dieser Daten zeigte, dass die Nachahmung eines im Zuge der Pathogenantwort bekannten, langen Depolarisationspulses Gene der Flagellin-induzierten Signaltransduktion adressierte, während kurze, wiederkehrende Pulse mit gleichem Informationsgehalt diese nicht regulierten.
Die rechtzeitige Reperfusion eines ischämischen Gewebes kann einen zusätzlichen Schaden induzieren. Gezielte Interventionen in der frühen Reperfusionsphase können diesen sogenannten Reperfusionsschaden jedoch vermindern. Letzteres Phänomen beschreibt der Begriff Postkonditionierung. Volatile Anästhetika sind in der Lage, den genannten Mechanismus zu aktivieren. Dieser Vorgang wird Anästhetika-induzierte Postkonditionierung (APOST) genannt. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, die Rolle des mitochondrialen Kalzium-abhängigen Kalium-Kanals mit großer Leitfähigkeit (mBKCa) und der mitochondrialen permeability-transition-Pore (mPTP) in der Desfluran-induzierten Postkonditionierung zu beleuchten.
Zur Untersuchung der genannten Phänomene wurde ein etabliertes in vivo-Mausmodell des akuten Myokardinfarkts verwendet. Hierbei reduzierte die Gabe von 1,0 MAC Desfluran in der frühen Reperfusionsphase die Infarktgröße signifikant. Somit konnte eine Desfluran-induzierte Postkonditionierung beobachtet werden. Die pharmakologische Aktivierung des mBKCa mittels NS1619 reduzierte die Infarktgröße in einem vergleichbaren Ausmaß wie Desfluran. Weiterhin zeigten sich keine additiven Effekte bei der Kombination beider Interventionen. Als Bestätigung dessen hob die Blockade des mBKCa mittels Iberiotoxin die APOST auf. Diese Ergebnisse lassen auf eine Beteiligung des mBKCa bei der Desfluran-induzierten Postkonditionierung schließen. Durch Pharmakologische Aktivierung der mPTP mittels Atractylosid wurde die APOST aufgehoben. Das Gegenexperiment zeigte keine additiven Effekte bei gleichzeitiger Desflurangabe und Inhibierung der mPTP mittels Cyclosporin A. Die alleinige mPTP-Inhibition resultierte in Infarktgrößen, welche mit denen bei Desflurangabe vergleichbar waren. Folglich erscheint eine Beteiligung der mPTP an der Desfluran-induzierten Postkonditionierung wahrscheinlich. Die Aktivierung der mPTP konnte die kardioprotektiven Auswirkungen der mBKCa-Öffnung nicht vollständig aufheben. Ebenso wurde durch Inhibition der mPTP der Effekt der mBKCa-Blockierung nur teilweise aufgehoben. Demzufolge scheint die Signalvermittlung der APOST über den mBKCa, zumindest teilweise, mPTP-unabhängig zu sein.
Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie demonstrieren eine Beteiligung des mBKCa und der mPTP an der Desfluran-induzierten Postkonditionierung in Mäusen in vivo. Weiterhin legen sie die Vermutung nahe, dass die Signalvermittlung der APOST über den mBKCa teilweise unabhängig von der mPTP erfolgt.
The development of ICT infrastructures has facilitated the emergence of new paradigms for looking at society and the environment over the last few years. Participatory environmental sensing, i.e. directly involving citizens in environmental monitoring, is one example, which is hoped to encourage learning and enhance awareness of environmental issues. In this paper, an analysis of the behaviour of individuals involved in noise sensing is presented. Citizens have been involved in noise measuring activities through the WideNoise smartphone application. This application has been designed to record both objective (noise samples) and subjective (opinions, feelings) data. The application has been open to be used freely by anyone and has been widely employed worldwide. In addition, several test cases have been organised in European countries. Based on the information submitted by users, an analysis of emerging awareness and learning is performed. The data show that changes in the way the environment is perceived after repeated usage of the application do appear. Specifically, users learn how to recognise different noise levels they are exposed to. Additionally, the subjective data collected indicate an increased user involvement in time and a categorisation effect between pleasant and less pleasant environments.
Bacteria Regulate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation Factors Both In Vitro and In Vivo
(2013)
Background: The human colon harbours a plethora of bacteria known to broadly impact on mucosal metabolism and function and thought to be involved in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis and colon cancer development. In this report, we investigated the effect of colonic bacteria on epithelial cell differentiation factors in vitro and in vivo. As key transcription factors we focused on Hes1, known to direct towards an absorptive cell fate, Hath1 and KLF4, which govern goblet cell.
Methods: Expression of the transcription factors Hes1, Hath1 and KLF4, the mucins Muc1 and Muc2 and the defensin HBD2 were measured by real-time PCR in LS174T cells following incubation with several heat-inactivated E. coli strains, including the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917+/- flagellin, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. For protein detection Western blot experiments and chamber-slide immunostaining were performed. Finally, mRNA and protein expression of these factors was evaluated in the colon of germfree vs. specific pathogen free vs. conventionalized mice and colonic goblet cells were counted.
Results: Expression of Hes1 and Hath1, and to a minor degree also of KLF4, was reduced by E. coli K-12 and E. coli Nissle 1917. In contrast, Muc1 and HBD2 expression were significantly enhanced, independent of the Notch signalling pathway. Probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 regulated Hes1, Hath1, Muc1 and HBD2 through flagellin. In vivo experiments confirmed the observed in vitro effects of bacteria by a diminished colonic expression of Hath1 and KLF4 in specific pathogen free and conventionalized mice as compared to germ free mice whereas the number of goblet cells was unchanged in these mice.
Conclusions: Intestinal bacteria influence the intestinal epithelial differentiation factors Hes1, Hath1 and KLF4, as well as Muc1 and HBD2, in vitro and in vivo. The induction of Muc1 and HBD2 seems to be triggered directly by bacteria and not by Notch.
The development of all honey bee castes proceeds through three different life stages all of which encounter microbial infections to a various extent. We have examined the immune strength of honey bees across all developmental stages with emphasis on the temporal expression of cellular and humoral immune responses upon artificial challenge with viable Escherichia coli bacteria. We employed a broad array of methods to investigate defence strategies of infected individuals: (a) fate of bacteria in the haemocoel; (b) nodule formation and (c) induction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Newly emerged adult worker bees and drones were able to activate efficiently all examined immune reactions. The number of viable bacteria circulating in the haemocoel of infected bees declined rapidly by more than two orders of magnitude within the first 4–6 h post-injection (p.i.), coinciding with the occurrence of melanised nodules. Antimicrobial activity, on the other hand, became detectable only after the initial bacterial clearance. These two temporal patterns of defence reactions very likely represent the constitutive cellular and the induced humoral immune response. A unique feature of honey bees is that a fraction of worker bees survives the winter season in a cluster mostly engaged in thermoregulation. We show here that the overall immune strength of winter bees matches that of young summer bees although nodulation reactions are not initiated at all. As expected, high doses of injected viable E.coli bacteria caused no mortality in larvae or adults of each age. However, drone and worker pupae succumbed to challenge with E.coli even at low doses, accompanied by a premature darkening of the pupal body. In contrast to larvae and adults, we observed no fast clearance of viable bacteria and no induction of AMPs but a rapid proliferation of E.coli bacteria in the haemocoel of bee pupae ultimately leading to their death.
To promote cancer research and to develop innovative therapies, refined pre-clinical mouse tumor models that mimic the actual disease in humans are of dire need. A number of neoplasms along the B cell lineage are commonly initiated by a translocation recombining c-myc with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene locus. The translocation is modeled in the C.129S1-Ighatm1(Myc)Janz/J mouse which has been previously engineered to express c-myc under the control of the endogenous IgH promoter. This transgenic mouse exhibits B cell hyperplasia and develops diverse B cell tumors. We have isolated tumor cells from the spleen of a C.129S1-Ighatm1(Myc)Janz/J mouse that spontaneously developed a plasmablastic lymphoma-like disease. These cells were cultured, transduced to express eGFP and firefly luciferase, and gave rise to a highly aggressive, transplantable B cell lymphoma cell line, termed IM380. This model bears several advantages over other models as it is genetically induced and mimics the translocation that is detectable in a number of human B cell lymphomas. The growth of the tumor cells, their dissemination, and response to treatment within immunocompetent hosts can be imaged non-invasively in vivo due to their expression of firefly luciferase. IM380 cells are radioresistant in vivo and mice with established tumors can be allogeneically transplanted to analyze graft-versus-tumor effects of transplanted T cells. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of tumor-bearing mice results in prolonged survival. These traits make the IM380 model very valuable for the study of B cell lymphoma pathophysiology and for the development of innovative cancer therapies.
Background
Several intracellular acting bacterial protein toxins of the AB-type, which are known to enter cells by endocytosis, are shown to produce channels. This holds true for protective antigen (PA), the binding component of the tripartite anthrax-toxin of Bacillus anthracis. Evidence has been presented that translocation of the enzymatic components of anthrax-toxin across the endosomal membrane of target cells and channel formation by the heptameric/octameric \(PA_{63}\) binding/translocation component are related phenomena. Chloroquine and some 4-aminoquinolones, known as potent drugs against Plasmodium falciparium infection of humans, block efficiently the \(PA_{63}\)-channel in a dose dependent way.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Here we demonstrate that related positively charged heterocyclic azolopyridinium salts block the \(PA_{63}\)-channel in the µM range, when both, inhibitor and \(PA_{63}\) are added to the same side of the membrane, the cis-side, which corresponds to the lumen of acidified endosomal vesicles of target cells. Noise-analysis allowed the study of the kinetics of the plug formation by the heterocycles. In vivo experiments using J774A.1 macrophages demonstrated that the inhibitors of \(PA_{63}\)-channel function also efficiently block intoxication of the cells by the combination lethal factor and \(PA_{63}\) in the same concentration range as they block the channels in vitro.
Conclusions/Significance
These results strongly argue in favor of a transport of lethal factor through the \(PA_{63}\)-channel and suggest that the heterocycles used in this study could represent attractive candidates for development of novel therapeutic strategies against anthrax.
In this dissertation, I examine the relationship between specialisation and stability of plant-pollinator networks, with a focus on two issues: Diversity maintenance in animal-pollinated plant communities and robustness of plant-pollinator systems against disturbances such as those caused by anthropogenic climate change. Chapter 1 of this thesis provides a general introduction to the concepts of ecological stability and specialisation with a focus on plant-pollinator systems, and a brief outline of the following chapters. Chapters 2-5 each consist of a research article addressing a specific question. While chapters 2 and 3 deal with different aspects of diversity maintenance in animal-pollinated plant communities, chapters 4 and 5 are concerned with the consequences of climate change in the form of temporary disturbances caused by extreme climatic events (chapter 4) and shifts in phenology of plants and pollinators (chapter 5). From a methodological perspective, the first three articles (chapter 2-4) can be grouped together as they all employ mathematical models of plant-pollinator systems, whereas chapter 5 describes an empirical study of plant-pollinator interactions along an altitudinal gradient in the Alps. The final chapter (6) provides a review of current knowledge on each of the two main themes of this thesis and places the findings of the four research articles in the context of related studies.
Enhancing and reducing the Rashba-splitting at surfaces by adsorbates: Na and Xe on Bi/Cu(111)
(2013)
The surface alloy Bi/Cu(111) shows a paradigmatic free-electron-like surface state with a very large Rashba-type spin–orbit splitting. Using angle-resolved photoemission we investigate how adsorbates of different chemical nature influence the size of the spin splitting in this system. We find that the adsorption of small amounts of monovalent Na atoms leads to an enhancement of the spin splitting while an overlayer of the closed-shell rare gas Xe causes a reduction. The latter result is in contrast to the Au(111) surface for which an increased splitting size after Xe-adsorption was observed. We discuss these experimental findings in terms of the characteristic differences of the surface state wave functions and their spatial deformation in the presence of different types of adsorbates. Our results provide insight into the complex interplay of atomic and interface potential gradients governing the Rashba effect.
Background: In the heart, cytoplasmic actin networks are thought to have important roles in mechanical support, myofibrillogenesis, and ion channel function. However, subcellular localization of cytoplasmic actin isoforms and proteins involved in the modulation of the cytoplasmic actin networks are elusive. Mena and VASP are important regulators of actin dynamics. Due to the lethal phenotype of mice with combined deficiency in Mena and VASP, however, distinct cardiac roles of the proteins remain speculative. In the present study, we analyzed the physiological functions of Mena and VASP in the heart and also investigated the role of the proteins in the organization of cytoplasmic actin networks.
Results: We generated a mouse model, which simultaneously lacks Mena and VASP in the heart. Mena/VASP double-deficiency induced dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction abnormalities. In wild-type mice, Mena and VASP specifically interacted with a distinct αII-Spectrin splice variant (SH3i), which is in cardiomyocytes exclusively localized at Z- and intercalated discs. At Z- and intercalated discs, Mena and β-actin localized to the edges of the sarcomeres, where the thin filaments are anchored. In Mena/VASP double-deficient mice, β-actin networks were disrupted and the integrity of Z- and intercalated discs was markedly impaired.
Conclusions: Together, our data suggest that Mena, VASP, and αII-Spectrin assemble cardiac multi-protein complexes, which regulate cytoplasmic actin networks. Conversely, Mena/VASP deficiency results in disrupted β-actin assembly, Z- and intercalated disc malformation, and induces dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction abnormalities.
Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert retrospektiv die funktionellen Beeinträchtigungen und Einschränkungen der Lebensqualität von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit primärer fokaler Hyperhidrose.
Grundlage der vorliegenden Untersuchung bildeten ein selbst entworfener Fragebogen sowie die Auswertung der Ambulanzkarten von 35 Kindern und Jugendlichen mit primärer fokaler Hyperhidrose im Alter von unter 18 Jahren, die sich im Zeitraum von Januar 2000 bis Dezember 2009 in der Hyperhidrose-Sprechstunde der Hautklinik des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg vorstellten. Die vorliegende Arbeit spezifiziert die täglichen Einschränkungen, welche die Kinder und Jugendlichen erleben. Für zwei Drittel der Patienten war das Schwitzen nach Maßgabe der Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale kaum zu ertragen oder unerträglich und beeinträchtige häufig oder immer die täglichen Aktivitäten. Zwei Drittel der Patienten gaben an, derart stark unter der Krankheit zu leiden, dass sie ihre Lebensweise der Krankheit anpassten. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Einschränkungen ähnlich gravierend sind wie bei Erwachsenen und anderen Dermatosen in der Kindheit. Die psychische und soziale Entwicklung kann bei einigen Betroffenen nachhaltig beeinträchtigt werden, was sich auch auf das spätere Leben auswirken kann. Diese Erkenntnis ist wichtig, um eine frühzeitige Diagnose und adäquate Behandlung voranzutreiben.
Integrative "Omics"-Approach Discovers Dynamic and Regulatory Features of Bacterial Stress Responses
(2013)
Bacteria constantly face stress conditions and therefore mount specific responses to ensure adaptation and survival. Stress responses were believed to be predominantly regulated at the transcriptional level. In the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides the response to singlet oxygen is initiated by alternative sigma factors. Further adaptive mechanisms include post-transcriptional and post-translational events, which have to be considered to gain a deeper understanding of how sophisticated regulation networks operate. To address this issue, we integrated three layers of regulation: (1) total mRNA levels at different time-points revealed dynamics of the transcriptome, (2) mRNAs in polysome fractions reported on translational regulation (translatome), and (3) SILAC-based mass spectrometry was used to quantify protein abundances (proteome). The singlet oxygen stress response exhibited highly dynamic features regarding short-term effects and late adaptation, which could in part be assigned to the sigma factors RpoE and RpoH2 generating distinct expression kinetics of corresponding regulons. The occurrence of polar expression patterns of genes within stress-inducible operons pointed to an alternative of dynamic fine-tuning upon stress. In addition to transcriptional activation, we observed significant induction of genes at the post-transcriptional level (translatome), which identified new putative regulators and assigned genes of quorum sensing to the singlet oxygen stress response. Intriguingly, the SILAC approach explored the stress-dependent decline of photosynthetic proteins, but also identified 19 new open reading frames, which were partly validated by RNA-seq. We propose that comparative approaches as presented here will help to create multi-layered expression maps on the system level ("expressome"). Finally, intense mass spectrometry combined with RNA-seq might be the future tool of choice to re-annotate genomes in various organisms and will help to understand how they adapt to alternating conditions.
Um den Silicium-α-Effekt "als vergrößerte Reaktivität der Si–OC-Bindung" von α-Silanen der allgemeinen Formel ROSiMe2CH2X verglichen mit den entsprechenden γ-Silanen des Typs ROSiMe2(CH2)3X (R = Me, Et; X = funktionelle Gruppe) besser zu verstehen, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine systematische experimentelle Untersuchung der Hydrolyse der genannten Alkoxy¬silane durchgeführt. Um die Abhängigkeit der Hydrolyse von der funktionellen Gruppe X, dem Abstand zwischen dem Silicium-Atom und der funktionellen Gruppe X (CH2 oder (CH2)3, α- oder γ-Silan) und dem pD-Wert zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an kinetischer Hydrolyse-Studien in CD3CN/D2O unter selbsteinstellendem pD-Wert, unter Verwendung von Pufferlösungen und unter definierten basischen und sauren Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Kinetik der Hydrolyse der untersuchten Silane wurde dabei mittels 1H-NMR Spektroskopie verfolgt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen zeigen eindeutig, dass der Silicium-α-Effekt nicht als ein einziger Effekt der funktionellen Gruppen verstanden werden kann. Im Gegenteil, die verschiedenen beobachteten Reaktivitäten sind das Resultat mehrerer verschiedener Teileffekte. Die jeweils beobachtete Reaktivität entspricht der Summe der möglichen Teileffekte und kann nicht durch einen bestimmten Silicium-α-Effekt erklärt werden.
Die Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit Untersuchungen zu photovernetzbaren und –strukturierbaren (Hybrid-)Polymeren, um Grundlagen für die Herstellung von Trägergerüststrukturen (Scaffolds) auf Basis photovernetzbarer (Hybrid-)Polymere zu legen und damit in der Zukunft patientenindividuelle medizinische Werkstücke, die beliebig durch Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionsprozesse in drei Dimensionen strukturierbar sind, für die Regenerative Medizin zu ermöglichen.
Dafür wurden zunächst die zum Teil in der Literatur unbekannten unterschiedlichen Monomere Acr-1, MAcr-2, Acr-3, MAcr-4 und DiMAcr-5 synthetisiert. Dabei handelt es sich um einfache und gut vergleichbare organische (Meth-)Acrylat-Monomere, die mono- bzw. difunktional in ihren photochemisch reaktiven Gruppen sind. Die synthetisierten organischen Monomere Acr-3, MAcr-4 und DiMAcr-5 wurden in verschiedenen Verhältnissen mit dem anorganisch-organischen Methacrylat-basierten Hybridpolymers ORMOCER® I kombiniert.
Die (Co-)Polymerisation der unterschiedlichen Formulierungen wurde in situ mittels UV-DSC-Untersuchung verfolgt. Dabei wurden bei diesen Untersuchungen zum Teil deutliche Unterschiede im Reaktionsverlauf der einzelnen Materialformulierungen festgestellt. So konnten zum Beispiel bei Monomermischungen ein schnellerer Polymerisationsverlauf sowie eine höhere maximale Polymerisationsrate als bei den jeweiligen Einzelkomponenten beobachtet werden (Synergieeffekt). Diese Beobachtungen wurden anhand der Monomerstruktur (unterschiedliche Diffusionsfähigkeiten im vergelten, aber noch nicht erstarrten System durch Mono- bzw. Difunktionalität) und der Art der funktionellen Gruppe (Acrylat- bzw. Methacrylatgruppe) erklärt.
Weiterhin wurden der Einfluss des verwendeten Photoinitiators und dessen eingesetzte Konzentration auf die photochemisch-induzierte Copolymerisation eines ausgewählten Systems beleuchtet. Dazu wurden verschiedene Einflussfaktoren der Initiation betrachtet. Neben der eingesetzten Initiatorkonzentration spielen auch die Absorptionseigenschaften, die umgebende Matrix und die Initiatoreffizienz eine große Rolle für den Reaktionsverlauf der photochemischen Vernetzung. Weiterhin wurden die Photoinitiatoren in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen eingesetzt, um die dadurch induzierte Veränderung des Reaktionsverlaufs zu betrachten. Aus den Einflüssen auf die Reaktionsverläufe konnte geschlossen werden, dass diese sowie auch die maximale Polymerisationsrate RP,max und damit die Reaktionskinetik nicht in jedem Fall linear mit der Initiatorkonzentration zunehmen muss.
Erste generelle 2PP-Strukturierungen wurden zudem an ausgewählten Material-formulierungen durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass alle Formulierungen bei bestimmten Parameterkombinationen aus Laserleistung und Schreibgeschwindigkeit mittels 2PP strukturiert werden konnten. Außerdem wurden bei den verschiedenen Formulierungen bei gleicher Parameterkombination unterschiedliche Strukturbreiten und damit erstmalig unterschiedliche Strukturvolumina beobachtet. Diese unterschiedlichen Volumina konnten erstmalig mit den unterschiedlichen Reaktionsverläufen der Materialformulierungen korreliert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das chemische Wechselwirkungsvolumen von der Funktionalität der eingesetzten Materialkomponenten abhängig ist, da davon der Grad an Quervernetzung abhängt, der bestimmt, ob ausreichend vernetzte Voxel und Strukturen entstehen, die durch einen Entwicklungsschritt nicht mehr entfernt werden.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde ein biokompatibles und photostrukturierbares Hybridpolymer (RENACER® MB-I) entwickelt, welches mittels 2PP strukturiert werden konnte, was anhand kleiner wie auch großer Scaffolds mit dem Material demonstriert wurde. Dazu wurde das kommerziell erhältliche Alkoxysilan-Molekül
O-(Methacryloxyethyl)-N-(triethoxysilylpropyl)urethan als Precursor verwendet. Durch eine bewusst unvollständige Hydrolyse- und Kondensationsreaktion konnte aus dem Precursorsilan ein Hybridpolymerharz hergestellt werden, welches anorganisch vorverknüpft war. Weiterhin wies es sowohl als Volumenpolymer, als auch in Form von Scaffold-Strukturen eine sehr gute Biokompatibilität auf. Um zu untersuchen, ob die im Hybridpolymer enthaltenen prinzipiell degradierbaren Gruppen unter physiologischen Bedingungen tatsächlich degradieren und Teile aus dem Polymerverband herausgelöst werden können, wurde ein selbstentwickeltes Verfahren für stationäre Degradations-untersuchungen in phosphat-gepufferter Saline (PBS, pH = 7,4) verwendet. Die durch die photochemische Polymerisation neu entstandenen Ketten besaßen ihrer Natur gemäß keine hydrolysierbaren Einheiten, weshalb das Hybridpolymer nicht vollständig degradieren kann. Es konnte jedoch ein prinzipieller Zugang zu Gerüstträgerstrukturen auf Basis photovernetzbarer Polymere für die Regenerative Medizin geschaffen werden.