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Lack of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 8 (USP8) Mutations in Canine Corticotroph Pituitary Adenomas
(2016)
Purpose
Cushing’s disease (CD), also known as pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumours. Affected humans and dogs have similar clinical manifestations, however, the incidence of the canine disease is thousand-fold higher. This makes the dog an obvious model for studying the pathogenesis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Despite certain similarities identified at the molecular level, the question still remains whether the two species have a shared oncogenetic background. Recently, hotspot recurrent mutations in the gene encoding for ubiquitin specific protease 8 (USP8) have been identified as the main driver behind the formation of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas in humans. In this study, we aimed to verify whether USP8 mutations also play a role in the development of such tumours in dogs.
Methods
Presence of USP8 mutations was analysed by Sanger and PCR-cloning sequencing in 38 canine ACTH-secreting adenomas. Furthermore, the role of USP8 and EGFR protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a subset of 25 adenomas.
Results
None of the analysed canine ACTH-secreting adenomas presented mutations in the USP8 gene. In a subset of these adenomas, however, we observed an increased nuclear expression of USP8, a phenotype characteristic for the USP8 mutated human tumours, that correlated with smaller tumour size but elevated ACTH production in those tumours.
Conclusions
Canine ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas lack mutations in the USP8 gene suggesting a different genetic background of pituitary tumourigenesis in dogs. However, elevated nuclear USP8 protein expression in a subset of tumours was associated with a similar phenotype as in their human counterparts, indicating a possible end-point convergence of the different genetic backgrounds in the two species. In order to establish the dog as a useful animal model for the study of CD, further comprehensive studies are needed.
Background
Surfactant replacement therapy is the standard of care for the prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. New generation synthetic surfactants represent a promising alternative to animal-derived surfactants. CHF5633, a new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant containing SP-B and SP-C analogs and two synthetic phospholipids has demonstrated biophysical effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. While several surfactant preparations have previously been ascribed immunomodulatory capacities, in vitro data on immunomodulation by CHF5633 are limited, so far. Our study aimed to investigate pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CHF5633 on native and LPS-stimulated human adult monocytes.
Methods
Highly purified adult CD14\(^{+}\) cells, either native or simultaneously stimulated with LPS, were exposed to CHF5633, its components, or poractant alfa (Curosurf\(^{®}\)). Subsequent expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR, corresponding intracellular cytokine synthesis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Potential effects on TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were monitored by qPCR and flow cytometry.
Results
Neither CHF5633 nor any of its components induced inflammation or apoptosis in native adult CD14\(^{+}\) monocytes. Moreover, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses were not aggravated by simultaneous exposure of monocytes to CHF5633 or its components. In LPS-stimulated monocytes, exposure to CHF5633 led to a significant decrease in TNF-α mRNA (0.57 ± 0.23-fold, p = 0.043 at 4h; 0.56 ± 0.27-fold, p = 0.042 at 14h). Reduction of LPS-induced IL-1β mRNA expression was not significant (0.73 ± 0.16, p = 0.17 at 4h). LPS-induced IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA and protein expression were unaffected by CHF5633. For all cytokines, the observed CHF5633 effects paralleled a Curosurf®-induced modulation of cytokine response. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were not affected by CHF5633 and Curosurf®, neither in native nor in LPS-stimulated adult monocytes.
Conclusion
The new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant CHF5633 was tested for potential immunomodulation on native and LPS-activated adult human monocytes. Our data confirm that CHF5633 does not exert unintended pro-inflammatory effects in both settings. On the contrary, CHF5633 significantly suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated adult monocytes, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effects.
Multiple Antenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Alters Brain Vessel Differentiation in Newborn Mouse Pups
(2015)
Antenatal steroid treatment decreases morbidity and mortality in premature infants through the maturation of lung tissue, which enables sufficient breathing performance. However, clinical and animal studies have shown that repeated doses of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and betamethasone lead to long-term adverse effects on brain development. Therefore, we established a mouse model for antenatal dexamethasone treatment to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on brain vessel differentiation towards the blood-brain barrier (BBB) phenotype, focusing on molecular marker analysis. The major findings were that in total brains on postnatal day (PN) 4 triple antenatal dexamethasone treatment significantly downregulated the tight junction protein claudin-5, the endothelial marker Pecam-1/CD31, the glucocorticoid receptor, the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and Abc transporters (Abcb1a, Abcg2 Abcc4). Less pronounced effects were found after single antenatal dexamethasone treatment and in PN10 samples. Comparisons of total brain samples with isolated brain endothelial cells together with the stainings for Pecam-1/CD31 and claudin-5 led to the assumption that the morphology of brain vessels is affected by antenatal dexamethasone treatment at PN4. On the mRNA level markers for angiogenesis, the sonic hedgehog and the Wnt pathway were downregulated in PN4 samples, suggesting fundamental changes in brain vascularization and/or differentiation. In conclusion, we provided a first comprehensive molecular basis for the adverse effects of multiple antenatal dexamethasone treatment on brain vessel differentiation.
The cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncogenic factor that stabilises the c-Myc protein. CIP2A is overexpressed in several tumours, and expression levels are an independent marker for long-term outcome. To determine whether CIP2A expression is elevated in colon cancer and whether it might serve as a prognostic marker for survival, we analysed CIP2A mRNA expression by real-time PCR in 104 colon cancer samples. CIP2A mRNA was overexpressed in colon cancer samples and CIP2A expression levels correlated significantly with tumour stage. We found that CIP2A serves as an independent prognostic marker for disease-free and overall survival. Further, we investigated CIP2A-dependent effects on levels of c-Myc, Akt and on cell proliferation in three colon cancer cell lines by silencing CIP2A using small interfering (si) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs. Depletion of CIP2A substantially inhibited growth of colon cell lines and reduced c-Myc levels without affecting expression or function of the upstream regulatory kinase, Akt. Expression of CIP2A was found to be dependent on MAPK activity, linking elevated c-Myc expression to deregulated signal transduction in colon cancer.
Das primäre Offenwinkelglaukom (POWG) ist eine mit typischen Gesichtfeld- und Papillenschäden einhergehende Erkrankung des Auges, die in den westlichen Industrienationen zu den häufigsten Erblindungsursachen zählt. An Glaukom erkrankte Patienten weisen häufig erhöhte Augeninnendruckwerte und gesteigerte TGF-beta 2-Spiegel im Kammerwasser auf. Der Augeninnendruck wird im Wesentlichen durch den Abflusswiderstand des Trabekelmaschenwerks bestimmt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss des Wachstumsfaktors TGF-beta 2 auf das Zytoskelett von menschlichen Trabekelmaschenwerkszellen (HTM) untersucht. Hierbei konnten die bereits bekannten TGF-beta-Effekte, nämlich verstärkte Stressfaserbildung und Zunahme der alpha-SMA- sowie Aktin-Expression bestätigt werden. Bisher unbekannt war die Zunahme der Expression von N-Cadherin und beta-Catenin unter TGF-beta, die Veränderungen der Zell-Zell-Adhäsionen nach sich zieht und damit auch Einfluss auf die biomechanischen Eigenschaften des Trabekelmaschenwerks haben könnte. beta-Catenin ist hierbei auch unter dem Einfluss von TGF-beta nur zu einem geringen Anteil im Zellkern lokalisiert, was mit einer vermehrten Lokalisation von beta-Catenin in Zell-Zell-Verbindungen vereinbar ist. Da vermutlich unter TGF-beta-Stimulation sogar eher weniger beta-Catenin als Mediator für den Wnt-Signalpfad zur Verfügung steht, könnte ein TGF-beta-vermittelter Wnt-Antagonismus eine Rolle in der Entstehung des POWG spielen. Es ist bekannt dass eine Hemmung des Wnt-Signalwegs den Augeninnendruck erhöht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass an der TGF-beta 2-Signalgebung in humanen Trabekelmaschenwerkszellen außer dem klassischen Smad-Weg auch MEK/ERK und PI3K/AKT an der Signalübertragung beteiligt sind. Hierbei sind die TGF-beta-induzierten Änderungen der Zell-Zell-Verbindungen von der Smad- und AKT-Signalgebung abhängig, während die Effekte von TGF-beta auf alpha-SMA über den MEK/ERK-Signalweg vermittelt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen einige neu beobachtete TGF-beta-Effekte im Trabekelmaschenwerk, von denen insbesondere die Veränderungen des Zellskeletts und der Zell-Zell-Verbindungen sowie die möglicherweise stattfindende Depletion des Wnt-Signalweges Bedeutung für die Entstehung des Offenwinkelglaukoms haben könnten.