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Follistatin Effects in Migration, Vascularization, and Osteogenesis in vitro and Bone Repair in vivo
(2019)
The use of biomaterials and signaling molecules to induce bone formation is a promising approach in the field of bone tissue engineering. Follistatin (FST) is a glycoprotein able to bind irreversibly to activin A, a protein that has been reported to inhibit bone formation. We investigated the effect of FST in critical processes for bone repair, such as cell recruitment, osteogenesis and vascularization, and ultimately its use for bone tissue engineering. In vitro, FST promoted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and endothelial cell (EC) migration as well as essential steps in the formation and expansion of the vasculature such as EC tube-formation and sprouting. FST did not enhance osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, but increased committed osteoblast mineralization. In vivo, FST was loaded in an in situ gelling formulation made by alginate and recombinant collagen-based peptide microspheres and implanted in a rat calvarial defect model. Two FST variants (FST288 and FST315) with major differences in their affinity to cell-surface proteoglycans, which may influence their effect upon in vivo bone repair, were tested. In vitro, most of the loaded FST315 was released over 4 weeks, contrary to FST288, which was mostly retained in the biomaterial. However, none of the FST variants improved in vivo bone healing compared to control. These results demonstrate that FST enhances crucial processes needed for bone repair. Further studies need to investigate the optimal FST carrier for bone regeneration.
Background
Despite latest advances in prostate cancer (PCa) therapy, PCa remains the third-leading cause of cancer-related death in European men. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules with gene expression regulatory function, has been reported in all types of epithelial and haematological cancers. In particular, miR-221-5p alterations have been reported in PCa.
Methods
miRNA expression data was retrieved from a comprehensive publicly available dataset of 218 PCa patients (GSE21036) and miR-221-5p expression levels were analysed. The functional role of miR-221-5p was characterised in androgen- dependent and androgen- independent PCa cell line models (C4–2 and PC-3M-Pro4 cells) by miR-221-5p overexpression and knock-down experiments. The metastatic potential of highly aggressive PC-3M-Pro4 cells overexpressing miR-221-5p was determined by studying extravasation in a zebrafish model. Finally, the effect of miR-221-5p overexpression on the growth of PC-3M-Pro4luc2 cells in vivo was studied by orthotopic implantation in male Balb/cByJ nude mice and assessment of tumor growth.
Results
Analysis of microRNA expression dataset for human primary and metastatic PCa samples and control normal adjacent benign prostate revealed miR-221-5p to be significantly downregulated in PCa compared to normal prostate tissue and in metastasis compared to primary PCa. Our in vitro data suggest that miR-221-5p overexpression reduced PCa cell proliferation and colony formation. Furthermore, miR-221-5p overexpression dramatically reduced migration of PCa cells, which was associated with differential expression of selected EMT markers. The functional changes of miR-221-5p overexpression were reversible by the loss of miR-221-5p levels, indicating that the tumor suppressive effects were specific to miR-221-5p. Additionally, miR-221-5p overexpression significantly reduced PC-3M-Pro4 cell extravasation and metastasis formation in a zebrafish model and decreased tumor burden in an orthotopic mouse model of PCa.
Conclusions
Together these data strongly support a tumor suppressive role of miR-221-5p in the context of PCa and its potential as therapeutic target.
Efficient redirection of NK cells by genetic modification with chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR2B
(2023)
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that offer great potential for cancer immunotherapy due to their natural anti-tumor activity and the possibility to safely transplant cells from healthy donors to patients in a clinical setting. However, the efficacy of cell-based immunotherapies using both T and NK cells is often limited by a poor infiltration of immune cells into solid tumors. Importantly, regulatory immune cell subsets are frequently recruited to tumor sites. In this study, we overexpressed two chemokine receptors, CCR4 and CCR2B, that are naturally found on T regulatory cells and tumor-resident monocytes, respectively, on NK cells. Using the NK cell line NK-92 as well as primary NK cells from peripheral blood, we show that genetically engineered NK cells can be efficiently redirected using chemokine receptors from different immune cell lineages and migrate towards chemokines such as CCL22 or CCL2, without impairing the natural effector functions. This approach has the potential to enhance the therapeutic effect of immunotherapies in solid tumors by directing genetically engineered donor NK cells to tumor sites. As a future therapeutic option, the natural anti-tumor activity of NK cells at the tumor sites can be increased by co-expression of chemokine receptors with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) or T cell receptors (TCR) on NK cells can be performed in the future.
The introduction of novel bioactive materials to manipulate living cell behavior is a crucial topic for biomedical research and tissue engineering. Biomaterials or surface patterns that boost specific cell functions can enable innovative new products in cell culture and diagnostics. This study aims at investigating the interaction of living cells with microstructured, nanostructured and nanoporous material surfaces in order to identify distinct systematics in cell-material interplay. For this purpose, three different studies were carried out and yielded individual effects on different cell functions.
Cell migration processes are controlled by sensitive interaction with external cues such as topographic structures of the cell's environment. The first part of this study presents systematically controlled assays to investigate the effects of spatial density and local geometry of micron scale topographic cues on amoeboid migration of Dictyostelium discoideum cells in quasi-3D pillar fields with systematic variation of inter-pillar distance and pillar lattice geometry. We can extract motility parameters in order to elucidate the details of amoeboid migration mechanisms and consolidate them in a two-state contact-controlled motility model, distinguishing directed and random phases. Specifically, we find that directed pillar-to-pillar runs are found preferably in high pillar density regions, and cells in directed motion states sense pillars as attractive topographic stimuli. In contrast, cell motion in random probing states is inhibited by high pillar density, where pillars act as obstacles for cell motion. In a gradient spatial density, these mechanisms lead to topographic guidance of cells, with a general trend towards a regime of inter-pillar spacing close to the cell diameter. In locally anisotropic pillar environments, cell migration is often found to be damped due to competing attraction by different pillars in close proximity and due to lack of other potential stimuli in the vicinity of the cell. Further, we demonstrate topographic cell guidance reflecting the lattice geometry of the quasi-3D environment by distinct preferences in migration direction.
We further investigate amoeboid single-cell migration on intrinsically nano-structured, biodegradable silica fibers in comparison to chemically equivalent plain glass surfaces. Cell migration trajectories are classified into directed runs and quasi-random migration by a local mean squared displacement (LMSD) analysis. We find that directed movement on silica fibers is enhanced in a significant manner by the fibers' nanoscale surface-patterns. Further, cell adhesion on the silica fibers is a microtubule-mediated process. Cells lacking microtubules detach from the fibers, but adhere well to glass surfaces. Knock-out mutants of myosin II migrating on the fibers are as active as cells with active myosin II, while the migration of the knock-out mutants is hindered on plain glass.
We investigate the influence of the intrinsically nano-patterned surface of nanoporous glass membranes on the behavior of mammalian cells. Three different cell lines and primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) proliferate readily on nanoporous glass membranes with mean pore sizes between 10 nm and 124 nm. In both proliferation and mRNA expression experiments, L929 fibroblasts show a distinct trend towards mean pore sizes > 80 nm. For primary hMSCs, excellent proliferation is observed on all nanoporous surfaces. hMSC on samples with 17 nm pore size display increased expression of COL10, COL2A1 and SOX9, especially during the first two weeks of culture. In upside down culture, SK MEL-28 cells on nanoporous glass resist the gravitational force and proliferate well in contrast to cells on flat references. The effect of paclitaxel treatment of MDA MB 321 breast cancer cells is already visible after 48 h on nanoporous membranes and strongly pronounced in comparison to reference samples.
The studies presented in this work showed novel and distinct effects of micro- and nanoscale topographies on the behavior of various types of living cells. These examples display how versatile the potential for applications of bioactive materials could become in the next years and decades. And yet this variety of different alterations of cell functions due to topographic cues also shows the crucial part of this field of research: Carving out distinct, robust correlations of external cues and cell behavior is of utmost importance to derive definitive design implications that can lead to scientifically, clinically and commercially successful products.
Monarch butterflies rely on external cues for orientation during their annual long-distance migration from Northern US and Canada to Central Mexico. These external cues can be celestial cues, such as the sun or polarized light, which are processed in a brain region termed the central complex (CX). Previous research typically focused on how individual simulated celestial cues are encoded in the butterfly's CX. However, in nature, the butterflies perceive several celestial cues at the same time and need to integrate them to effectively use the compound of all cues for orientation. In addition, a recent behavioral study revealed that monarch butterflies can rely on terrestrial cues, such as the panoramic skyline, for orientation and use them in combination with the sun to maintain a directed flight course. How the CX encodes a combination of celestial and terrestrial cues and how they are weighted in the butterfly's CX is still unknown. Here, we examined how input neurons of the CX, termed TL neurons, combine celestial and terrestrial information. While recording intracellularly from the neurons, we presented a sun stimulus and polarized light to the butterflies as well as a simulated sun and a panoramic scene simultaneously. Our results show that celestial cues are integrated linearly in these cells, while the combination of the sun and a panoramic skyline did not always follow a linear integration of action potential rates. Interestingly, while the sun and polarized light were invariantly weighted between individual neurons, the sun stimulus and panoramic skyline were dynamically weighted when both stimuli were simultaneously presented. Taken together, this dynamic weighting between celestial and terrestrial cues may allow the butterflies to flexibly set their cue preference during navigation.
Background: Scientific guidelines have been developed to update and harmonize exercise based cardiac rehabilitation (ebCR) in German speaking countries. Key recommendations for ebCR indications have recently been published in part 1 of this journal. The present part 2 updates the evidence with respect to contents and delivery of ebCR in clinical practice, focusing on exercise training (ET), psychological interventions (PI), patient education (PE). In addition, special patients' groups and new developments, such as telemedical (Tele) or home-based ebCR, are discussed as well. Methods: Generation of evidence and search of literature have been described in part 1. Results: Well documented evidence confirms the prognostic significance of ET in patients with coronary artery disease. Positive clinical effects of ET are described in patients with congestive heart failure, heart valve surgery or intervention, adults with congenital heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Specific recommendations for risk stratification and adequate exercise prescription for continuous-, interval-, and strength training are given in detail. PI when added to ebCR did not show significant positive effects in general. There was a positive trend towards reduction in depressive symptoms for “distress management” and “lifestyle changes”. PE is able to increase patients’ knowledge and motivation, as well as behavior changes, regarding physical activity, dietary habits, and smoking cessation. The evidence for distinct ebCR programs in special patients’ groups is less clear. Studies on Tele-CR predominantly included low-risk patients. Hence, it is questionable, whether clinical results derived from studies in conventional ebCR may be transferred to Tele-CR. Conclusions: ET is the cornerstone of ebCR. Additional PI should be included, adjusted to the needs of the individual patient. PE is able to promote patients self-management, empowerment, and motivation. Diversity-sensitive structures should be established to interact with the needs of special patient groups and gender issues. Tele-CR should be further investigated as a valuable tool to implement ebCR more widely and effectively.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic abilities in various disorders, including hepatic fibrosis. They may be affected with different culture conditions. This study investigated, on molecular basics, the effect of pretreatment with eugenol on the characteristics of adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) in vitro and the implication of eugenol preconditioning on the in vivo therapeutic abilities of ASCs against CCl\(_4\)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. The effect of eugenol on ASCs was assessed using viability, scratch migration and sphere formation assays. Expressions of genes and proteins were estimated by immunofluorescence or qRT-PCR. For the in vivo investigations, rats were divided into four groups: the normal control group, fibrotic (CCl\(_4\)) group, CCl\(_4\)+ASCs group and CCl\(_4\) + eugenol-preconditioned ASCs (CCl\(_4\)+E-ASCs) group. Eugenol affected the viability of ASCs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Eugenol improved their self-renewal, proliferation and migration abilities and significantly increased their expression of c-Met, reduced expression 1 (Rex1), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and nanog genes. Furthermore, E-ASCs showed more of a homing ability than ASCs and improved the serum levels of ALT, AST, albumin, total bilirubin and hyaluronic acid more efficient than ASCs in treating CCl\(_4\)-induced hepatic fibrosis, which was confirmed with histopathology. More interestingly, compared to the CCl\(_4\)+ASCs group, CCl\(_4\)+E-ASCs group showed a lower expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) genes and higher expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-13 genes. This study, for the first time, revealed that eugenol significantly improved the self-renewal, migration and proliferation characteristics of ASCs, in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that eugenol-preconditioning significantly enhanced the therapeutic abilities of the injected ASCs against CCl\(_4\)-induced hepatic fibrosis.
The present article examines the narrative modes in which Lebanese author Amin Maalouf investigates his roots in Origines a hybrid work which stands in contrast with his previous essays and fictions as to its (auto)biographical dimension. Resembling what Dominique Viart and Bruno Vercier in their analysis of predominant themes and narrative strategies in contemporary French literature name «récit de filiation», Maalouf’s quest for his familial past explores the concept of intergenerational transmission of memory. However, despite this individual postmemorial approach, Maalouf’s intimate writing is intrinsically linked with the complex history of the Ottoman Empire and therefore with collective narratives of war, diasporic identities, and migration relating to the present time or the recent past.
Most animals live in seasonal environments and experience very different conditions throughout the year. Behavioral strategies like migration, hibernation, and a life cycle adapted to the local seasonality help to cope with fluctuations in environmental conditions. Thus, how an individual utilizes the environment depends both on the current availability of habitat and the behavioral prerequisites of the individual at that time. While the increasing availability and richness of animal movement data has facilitated the development of algorithms that classify behavior by movement geometry, changes in the environmental correlates of animal movement have so far not been exploited for a behavioral annotation. Here, we suggest a method that uses these changes in individual–environment associations to divide animal location data into segments of higher ecological coherence, which we term niche segmentation. We use time series of random forest models to evaluate the transferability of habitat use over time to cluster observational data accordingly. We show that our method is able to identify relevant changes in habitat use corresponding to both changes in the availability of habitat and how it was used using simulated data, and apply our method to a tracking data set of common teal (Anas crecca). The niche segmentation proved to be robust, and segmented habitat suitability outperformed models neglecting the temporal dynamics of habitat use. Overall, we show that it is possible to classify animal trajectories based on changes of habitat use similar to geometric segmentation algorithms. We conclude that such an environmentally informed classification of animal trajectories can provide new insights into an individuals' behavior and enables us to make sensible predictions of how suitable areas might be connected by movement in space and time.
Background
Most tumor cells show aberrantly activated Akt which leads to increased cell survival and resistance to cancer radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting Akt can be a promising strategy for radiosensitization. Here, we explore the impact of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 alone and in combination with the dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor PI-103 on the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. In addition, we examine migration of drug-treated cells.
Methods
Using single-cell tracking and wound healing migration tests, colony-forming assay, Western blotting, flow cytometry and electrorotation we examined the effects of MK-2206 and PI-103 and/or irradiation on the migration, radiation sensitivity, expression of several marker proteins, DNA damage, cell cycle progression and the plasma membrane properties in two glioblastoma (DK-MG and SNB19) cell lines, previously shown to differ markedly in their migratory behavior and response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition.
Results
We found that MK-2206 strongly reduces the migration of DK-MG but only moderately reduces the migration of SNB19 cells. Surprisingly, MK-2206 did not cause radiosensitization, but even increased colony-forming ability after irradiation. Moreover, MK-2206 did not enhance the radiosensitizing effect of PI-103. The results appear to contradict the strong depletion of p-Akt in MK-2206-treated cells. Possible reasons for the radioresistance of MK-2206-treated cells could be unaltered or in case of SNB19 cells even increased levels of p-mTOR and p-S6, as compared to the reduced expression of these proteins in PI-103-treated samples. We also found that MK-2206 did not enhance IR-induced DNA damage, neither did it cause cell cycle distortion, nor apoptosis nor excessive autophagy.
Conclusions
Our study provides proof that MK-2206 can effectively inhibit the expression of Akt in two glioblastoma cell lines. However, due to an aberrant activation of mTOR in response to Akt inhibition in PTEN mutated cells, the therapeutic window needs to be carefully defined, or a combination of Akt and mTOR inhibitors should be considered.
High invasiveness and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) make it the most lethal brain tumor. Therefore, new treatment strategies for preventing migration and invasion of GBM cells are needed. Using two different migration assays, Western blotting, conventional and super-resolution (dSTORM) fluorescence microscopy we examine the effects of the dual PI3K/mTOR-inhibitor PI-103 alone and in combination with the Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 and/or irradiation on the migration, expression of marker proteins, focal adhesions and F-actin cytoskeleton in two GBM cell lines (DK-MG and SNB19) markedly differing in their invasive capacity. Both lines were found to be strikingly different in morphology and migration behavior. The less invasive DK-MG cells maintained a polarized morphology and migrated in a directionally persistent manner, whereas the highly invasive SNB19 cells showed a multipolar morphology and migrated randomly. Interestingly, a single dose of 2 Gy accelerated wound closure in both cell lines without affecting their migration measured by single-cell tracking. PI-103 inhibited migration of DK-MG (p53 wt, PTEN wt) but not of SNB19 (p53 mut, PTEN mut) cells probably due to aberrant reactivation of the PI3K pathway in SNB19 cells treated with PI-103. In contrast, NVP-AUY922 exerted strong anti-migratory effects in both cell lines. Inhibition of cell migration was associated with massive morphological changes and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Our results showed a cell line-specific response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition in terms of GBM cell motility. We conclude that anti-migratory agents warrant further preclinical investigation as potential therapeutics for treatment of GBM.
The size-dependent exciton dynamics of one-dimensional aggregates of substituted perylene bisimides are studied by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations as a function of the excitation density and the temperature in the range of 25-90 degrees C. For low temperatures, the aggregates can be treated as infinite chains and the dynamics is dominated by diffusion-driven exciton-exciton annihilation. With increasing temperature the aggregates dissociate into small fragments consisting of very few monomers. This scenario is also supported by the time-dependent anisotropy deduced from polarization-dependent experiments.
Measles, mumps and rubella are viral infectious diseases that may cause severe and devastating complications among affected individuals. The disease burden of all three diseases is high, but could be reduced entirely through successful vaccination strategies. As such, the WHO has established the goal of globally eliminating measles and rubella and concomitantly controlling the frequently co-vaccinated mumps.
In 2010, the WHO European Region member states agreed to strengthen efforts to eliminate measles and rubella from Europe by the end of 2015. As this date draws closer, progress analyses become increasingly relevant. In this systematic literature review, the immunization strategies, vaccination coverages and disease incidences of eleven European nations were assessed and their progress towards disease elimination evaluated.
Successful prevention of the endemic transmission of measles, mumps, or rubella could be achieved in several nations, including Sweden, Croatia, Greece and Spain. Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, though having improved their overall immunization rates, have not yet been able to reach the elimination goals. In Turkey, Italy and Poland, sharp increases in case numbers during recent years are potentially threatening the successful measles, mumps and rubella control in Europe.
Pockets of susceptible population groups that may contribute to the perpetuation of the diseases have been identified. They include infants and young children, adolescents and young adults, adolescent and adult males, recent immigrants and refugees,and traveling ethnic minority groups. Reasons for the increased risk of infection among these groups are manifold and a result of various historic and current vaccination practices, cultural, political and religious differences, as well as individual believes and concerns. Travel and migration of infected individuals to and between the various European nations also play an essential role in the continual transmission of measles, mumps and rubella in Europe. Only an adequate population-wide immunity can prevent the occurrence of major outbreaks due to viral importation. Efforts should therefore be made to immunize all population members able to receive vaccinations and to offer additional immunization opportunities to those susceptible population subgroups that are difficult to reach through routine vaccination programs.
In countries struggling to meet the WHO elimination goals, alternative immunization practices may be necessary. A uniform, European-wide MMR vaccination schedule based on the successful immunization methods of countries that have eliminated measles, mumps and rubella may be an effective tool for improving the overall population-wide immunity and controlling the three diseases. A model for such a schedule was created and includes strategies for reaching population members regardless of age, gender or migratory background. The implementation of uniform immunization recommendations is challenging, but the advantages in terms of improved vaccination, surveillance and disease control methods may be worth at least considering such a strategy in Europe.
Measles, mumps and rubella elimination may be attainable in the WHO European Region. The current epidemiological situation suggests that the goal is unlikely to be reached by the end of 2015, but through continued international efforts and collaboration, effective disease control could be achieved in the near future. In the meantime, improvements in immunization strategies, vaccination coverages, supplementary campaigns as well as disease notification systems and confirmations should be made on a national and international level, so that an adequate population-wide immunity can be established and the disease elimination progresses effectively monitored within the entire European region.
Designing of implant surfaces using a suitable ligand for cell adhesion to stimulate specific biological responses of stem cells will boost the application of regenerative implants. For example, materials that facilitate rapid and guided migration of stem cells would promote tissue regeneration. When seeded on fibronectin (FN) that was homogeneously immmobilized to NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO), which otherwise prevents protein binding and cell adhesion, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) revealed a faster migration, increased spreading and a more rapid organization of different cellular components for cell adhesion on fibronectin than on a glass surface. To further explore, how a structural organization of FN controls the behavior of MSC, adhesive lines of FN with varying width between 10 mu m and 80 mu m and spacings between 5 mu m and 20 mu m that did not allow cell adhesion were generated. In dependance on both line width and gaps, cells formed adjacent cell contacts, were individually organized in lines, or bridged the lines. With decreasing sizes of FN lines, speed and directionality of cell migration increased, which correlated with organization of the actin cytoskeleton, size and shape of the nuclei as well as of focal adhesions. Together, defined FN lines and gaps enabled a fine tuning of the structural organization of cellular components and migration. Microstructured adhesive substrates can mimic the extracellular matrix in vivo and stimulate cellular mechanisms which play a role in tissue regeneration.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major players in the control of adaptive tolerance and immunity. Therefore, their specific generation and adoptive transfer into patients or their in vivo targeting is attractive for clinical applications. While injections of mature immunogenic DCs are tested in clinical trials, tolerogenic DCs still are awaiting this step. Besides the tolerogenic potential of immature DCs, also semi-mature DCs can show tolerogenic activity but both types also bear unfavorable features. Optimal tolerogenic DCs, their molecular tool bar, and their use for specific diseases still have to be defined. Here, the usefulness of in vitro generated and adoptively transferred semi-mature DCs for tolerance induction is outlined. The in vivo targeting of semi-mature DCs as represented by steady state migratory DCs are discussed for treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies. First clinical trials with transcutaneous allergen application may point to their therapeutic use in the future.
Polarity and migration are essential for T cell activation, homeostasis, recirculation and effector function. To address how T cells coordinate polarization and migration when interacting with dendritic cells (DC) during homeostatic and activating conditions, a low density collagen model was used for confocal live-cell imaging and high-resolution 3D reconstruction of fixed samples. During short-lived (5 to 15 min) and migratory homeostatic interactions, recently activated T cells simultaneously maintained their amoeboid polarization and polarized towards the DC. The resulting fully dynamic and asymmetrical interaction plane comprised all compartments of the migrating T cell: the actin-rich leading edge drove migration but displayed only moderate signaling activity; the mid-zone mediated TCR/MHC induced signals associated with homeostatic proliferation; and the rear uropod mediated predominantly MHC independent signals possibly connected to contact-dependent T cell survival. This “dynamic immunological synapse” with distinct signaling sectors enables moving T cells to serially sample antigen-presenting cells and resident tissue cells and thus to collect information along the way. In contrast to homeostatic contacts, recognition of the cognate antigen led to long-lasting T cell/DC interaction with T cell rounding, disintegration of the uropod, T cell polarization towards the DC, and the formation of a symmetrical contact plane. However, the polarity of the continuously migrating DC remained intact and T cells aggregated within the DC uropod, an interesting cellular compartment potentially involved in T cell activation and regulation of the immune response. Taken together, 3D collagen facilitates high resolution morphological studies of T cell function under realistic, in vivo-like conditions.
Die Rolle der Hirnrinde als Zentrum komplexer Funktionen wie Lernen und Ge-dächtnis wird nicht zuletzt durch deren komplexe, in Schichten organisierte Architek-tur ermöglicht. Von entscheidender Bedeutung ist die präzise Positionierung von Nervenzellen, die im Laufe der Embryonalentwicklung in der Ventrikularzone (VZ) geboren werden und anschließend in radialer Richtung zu ihrem Bestimmungsort wandern. Die Funktion des Neurotrophin-Rezeptors TrkB an der Entwicklung des zerebralen Kortex war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Am Tag 12,5 der Embryonalentwicklung konnte die Expression von TrkB so-wohl in den Zellen der VZ als auch in neu geborenen Neuronen der Präplatte nach-gewiesen werden. Die Phosphorylierung des Rezeptors erfolgte dabei unabhängig von den beiden Liganden BDNF und NT-3. Ebenso führten BDNF oder NT-3 zu keiner zellulären Antwort in isolierten kortikalen Vorläuferzellen, wohingegen die Stimulation mit EGF eine Phosphorylierung von TrkB an der PLCγ- und der Shc-Bindungsstelle hervorrief. Durch pharmakologische Inhibition und die Überexpression dominant negativer Src-Mutanten konnte die Beteiligung des EGF-Rezeptors und zweier neuronal exprimierter Src-Kinasen, cSrc und Fyn, an dieser Transaktivierung von TrkB durch EGF gezeigt werden. Durch die Zugabe von EGF kam es im Zuge der Aktivierung von TrkB auch zur Umverteilung des Rezeptors von intrazellulären Kompartimenten zur Zellmem-bran. Die Retention des Rezeptors im Zytoplasma wurde über post-translationelle Modifikation reguliert. Die Verhinderung von N-Glykosylierung durch Tunicamycin-Behandlung kortikaler Vorläuferzellen führte zur Exposition von TrkB an der Zellober-fläche und konnte so Responsivität gegenüber BDNF herstellen. Die physiologische Bedeutung einer Transaktivierung von TrkB durch EGF wurde durch das Fehlen der TrkB-Aktivierung in EGFR KO-Mäusen am Embryonal-tag 12,5 gezeigt. Dies hatte eine fehlerhafte Positionierung kortikaler Nervenzellen zum Zeitpunkt E15,5 zur Folge. Anhand eines Migrationsassays konnte schließlich gezeigt werden, dass die EGF-induzierte Wanderung kortikaler Vorläuferzellen in vitro mit einer asymmetrischen Translokation von TrkB einhergeht. Über die Transaktivierung von TrkB in frühen Phasen der Kortexentwicklung spielt EGF eine wichtige Rolle bei der Induktion neuronaler Differenzierung und ist an der Regulation der Wanderung postmitotischer Neurone in der Hirnrinde beteiligt.
Die Migration von Tumorzellen im Bindegewebe erfordert adhäsive Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen, die durch Integrine und andere Adhäsionsmoleküle auf der Zelloberfläche vermittelt werden. In 3DKollagenmatrices benötigen hochinvasive MV3-Melanomzellen überwiegend α2β1-Integrine zur Elongation, Adhäsion an den Kollagenfasern und zur Faserbündelung, sowie zur Kraftgenerierung und Migration. Wir haben untersucht, ob die Migration von Tumorzellen in 3D-Kollagenmatrices vollständig durch die Blockade der Integrinfunktion inhibierbar ist, oder ob es kompensatorische Mechanismen gibt, die zur Migration beitragen. Die β1-Integrinfunktion wurde durch verschiedene Methoden reduziert: a) durchflusszytometrische Sortierung der Zellen in Subgruppen mit niedriger und hoher β1-Integrin-Oberflächenexpression; b) Adhäsionsblockade mit monoklonalem anti β1-Antikörper 4B4 oder Rhodocetin, einem selektiven α2β1-Integrininantagonist; und c) Expression von dominant-negativen Peptiden zur Blockade der Funktion der β1-Integrin-zytoplasmatischen Domäne. Alle β1-Integrin-Interferenzstrategien induzierten einen Übergang der konstitutiv vorhandenen mesenchymalen Migration in einen neuen, amöboiden Migrationstyp (Mesenchymal-Amoeboid Transition, MAT), ähnlich der Migrationsweise von Monozyten oder Lymphozyten. Der Übergang zu amöboider Migration ging einher mit dem Verlust der zellvermittelten Kollagenkontraktion und -reorganisation. Subtotale Inhibition der Integrinfunktion (ca. 50%) durch Antikörper 4B4 ergab eine schnelle (0,3-0,4 >m/min) amöboide Migration, während 90-95%ige Absättigung des β1-Integrin- Epitops zu langsamer amöboider Migration (0,03-0,2 >m/min) führte. Induzierte amöboide Migration verursachte eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der β1-Integrine auf der Zelloberfläche, ein diffuses kortikales Aktin-Zytoskelett, und war mit einer ausgeprägten Formanpassung der Zelle an die Matrixstrukturen verbunden, die von kleinen Filopodien oder Oberflächenblebs getragen wurde. Die Befunde wurden für β1-Integrin-defiziente murine embryonale Fibroblasten (MEF) und murine embryonale Stammzellen (GD25) bestätigt. β1-Integrin-defiziente Fibroblasten zeigten eine schnelle, und GD25 ES-Zellen eine langsame amöboide Migration. Somit erfolgte die amöboide Migration ohne β1-Integrin-vermittelte Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen. Weil keine vollständige Immobilisierung der Zellen erzielt wurde, haben wir alternative Mechanismen von Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen untersucht, die zur Restaktivität der amöboiden Migration beitragen. Als potentielle Kandidaten wurden αv-Integrine, die an denaturiertes Kollagen binden, und Oberflächen-Glycokonjugate getestet. Es wurden keine promigratorischen Funktionen RGDabhängiger Integrine (αv oder β3) mittels zyklischer Arginin-Glycin-Asparaginsäure (cRGD)beobachtet. Um herauszufinden, welche Rolle die Oberfächen-Glycokalyx bei der Zellmigration spielen, wurden verschiedene Methoden angewandt: a) Die an die Proteine gebundenen Glycokonjugate wurden mit Hilfe von N- und O-Glycosidasen von der Oberfläche der lebenden Zellen enzymatisch abgespalten; b) um die Sulfatierung der Glycokonjugate zu verhindern, wurden die Zellen in sulfatfreiem Medium kultiviert. Durch beide Methoden wurde die Bindung von Rutheniumrot an die Zelloberfläche(Glycokalyx) um 60% bzw. die von Heparansulfat der Zelloberfläche um 60% bis 100% reduziert. Nicht die Desulfatierung führte zur Ablösung der Zellen vom Kulturflaschenboden, sondern allein dieBehandlung mit N- und O-Glycosidasen. Die gleichzeitige Behandlung von MV3 Melanomzellen mit N-, O- Glycosidase mit Inhibition der β1-, αvβ3-Integrine führten zur Abrundung der Mehrzahl der Zellen, gefolgt von oszillierender Immobilität (‚Running on the spot’) bzw. sehr langsamer Restmigration (<0,1 >m/min). Dagegen war die Migration der MV3-Zellen nach Kultivierung in sulfatfreiem Medium unverändert. Eine ähnliche Hemmung der Migration erfolgte in β1-/- MEFs nach Glycanverdau. Folglich sind β1-Integrine essentiell für fokalisierte Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen, für die mesenchymale Migration und den Matrixumbau, während amöboide Migration ohne Beteiligung von β1-Integrinen erfolgt, aber durch niedrigaffine, diffuse Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen von Oberflächenglycanen vermittelt wird. Somit ist die Glycokalyx ein alternatives Adhäsionssystem für die integrinunabhängige Zellmigration.
Auswirkungen interethnischer Freundschaften auf den Individuationsprozess türkischer Jugendlicher
(2009)
In der vorliegenden Studie wird untersucht, welche Auswirkungen Freundschaften zu Jugendlichen deutscher Herkunft auf den Ablöseprozess bei türkischen Jugendlichen besitzen. Berichtet werden die Ergebnisse einer Querschnittstudie bei Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 bis 17 Jahren. Der zentrale Befund ist, dass interethnische türkisch-deutsche Freundschaften keinen negativen Einfluss auf den Familienzusammenhalt und das Konfliktpotenzial in Familien türkischer Herkunft besitzen.
Pfadbildung durch invasive Melanomzellen : Matrixdefekte, Zellfragmente und erleichterte Migration
(2006)
Die metastatische Invasion von Tumorzellen durch die extrazelluläre Matrix von Geweben erfordert aktive Zellmigration sowie häufig auch den Umbau der Gewebestruktur. In dieser Arbeit sollte mittels metastasierender MV3-Melonomzellen in einem 3D-Kollagenmatrixmodell der migrationsassozierte Matrixumbau zellulär und molekular untersucht werden, insbesondere die physikalische Charakterisierung gebildeter Matrixdefekte, die molekulare Identifi kation freigesetzter Zellbestandteile, sowie den Einfluß pfadbildender Zellen auf die Invasion nachfolgender Zellen. Die Daten zeigen, daß MV3-Melanomzellen während der Migration durch ein 3DKollagengewebe komplette Zellfragmente in zurückbleibenden röhrenförmigen Trassen deponieren. Diese beinhalteten Zytoplasma und teils Zytoskelett umgeben von intakter Zellmembran mit integrierten Oberflächenrezeptoren wie β1-Integrinen, nicht jedoch DNA-Material. Der Durchmesser der Fragmente lag überwiegend bei 1-5 μm, selten über 10 μm, entsprechend unspezifisch freigesetzter Zellfragmente, die während der Migration vom Zellhinterende abgeschilftet werden. In einem Sphäroidmodell ließen sich mehrere Invasionsfronten nachweisen, in denen einer ersten pfadbildenden Zelle entlang neu gebildeter Matrixtrassen weitere Zellen den gleichen präformierten Trassen folgten. Die videomikroskopischen Befunde wurden mittels Konfokalmikroskopie bestätigt. Eine erwartete höhere Migrationsgeschwindigkeit der nachfolgenden Zellen in dem präformierten Pfad bestätigte sich jedoch nicht. Somit führt die Invasion von MV3-Melanomzellen zur Ausbildung strukturell umgebauter Matrixtrassen, die aus Matrixdefekt freigesetzten Zellfragmenten und angrenzender Extrazellulärmatrix bestehen und nachfolgenden Zellen als Leitstruktur für eine orientierte Form der Invasion dienen (Kettenwanderung). Diese Befunde beleuchten die Dynamik von Zellarrangements ähnlich dem Invasionsmuster in histopathologischen Tumorproben.
The massive remodeling of the heart tissue, as observed in response to pressure overload or myocardial infarction, is considered to play a causative role in the development of heart failure. Alterations in the heart architecture clearly affect the mechanical properties of the heart muscle, but they are rooted in changes at the cellular level including modulation of gene expression. Together with integrins, the transmembrane receptors linking the extracellular environment to the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and matricellular proteins are key components of the remodeling process in the heart. Therefore, this thesis was aimed at analysing the role of integrins in the regulation of gene expression and heart muscle performance during cardiac wound repair induced by pressure overload or myocardial infarction (MI). To investigate the contribution of integrin Beta 1, we characterised the response of mice with a conditional, cardiac-specific deletion of the integrin Beta 1 gene in an experimental model of pressure overload by aortic banding (AB). In particular, we measured physiological alterations and gene expression events in the stressed heart in the presence or absence of integrin Beta 1. Interestingly, mice containing a knock-out allele and the ventricular myocyte-specific conditional allele of the integrin Beta 1 gene were born and grew up to adulthood. Though these animals still exhibited minor amounts of integrin Beta1 in the heart (expressed by non-myocytes), these mice displayed abnormal cardiac function and were highly sensitive to AB. Whereas a compensatory hypertrophic response to pressure overload was observed in wildtype mice, the integrin Beta 1-deficient mice were not able to undergo heart tissue remodeling. Furthermore, ECM gene expression was altered and, in particular, the increased expression of the matricellular protein SPARC after AB was abolished in integrin Beta 1–deficient mice. Interestingly, we also found a transient upregulation of SPARC mRNA during heart remodeling after MI using cDNA macroarrays. Indeed, increased SPARC protein levels were observed starting at day 2 (2.55±0.21fold, p<0.01), day 7 (3.72±0.28 fold, p<0.01) and 1 month (1.9±0.16 fold, p<0.01) after MI, which could be abolished by using an integrin alpha v inhibitor in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis of heart tissue demonstrated that the increased SPARC expression was confined to the infarcted area and occurred together with the influx of fibroblasts into the heart. In vitro, either TGF-Beta 1 or PDGF-BB stimulated SPARC expression by fibroblasts. Inhibition of integrin alpha v did not interfere with TGF-Beta1 or PDGF induced SPARC secretion as determined by ELISA assays or Western blot. However, secretion of TGF-Beta1 and PDGF-BB by cardiomyocytes was induced by vitronectin, a ligand of integrin alpha v, and this response was blocked by the integrin alpga v inhibitor. Functionally, SPARC modulated the migratory response of fibroblasts towards ECM proteins suggesting that the local deposition of SPARC following MI contributes to scar formation. Taken together, our combined in vivo and in vitro data demonstrate that several integrin subunits play critical roles during tissue remodeling in the injured heart. Integrin-dependent gene expression events such as the upregulation of SPARC following MI are critical to orchestrate the healing response. These processes appear to involve complex cross-talk between different cell types such as cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts to allow for locally confined scar formation. The elucidation of the sophisticated interplay between integrins, matricellular proteins such as SPARC, and growth factors will undoubtedly provide us with a better and clinically useful understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing heart remodeling.
Quellfähige natürliche Schichtsilicate können nach vorheriger Modifizierung als nanoskalige Barrierefüllstoffe für hybridpolymere Beschichtungen eingesetzt werden. Durch Ionenaustausch nach der „Onium-Methode“ wurden aus natürlichem Montmorillonit unterschiedlich modifizierte organophile Schichtsilicate hergestellt, die mit thermisch oder strahlenhärtenden Barrierelacken verträglich sind. Als Modifizierungsreagenzien kamen neben aliphatischen auch olefinische und alkoxysilylfunktionelle Ammonium-Verbindungen zum Einsatz. Beschichtungen aus den modifizierten Barrierelacken zeigten teilweise deutlich verbesserte Sauerstoffbarriereeigenschaften. Ein signifikanter Einfluß auf die Wasserdampfbarriere war bei diesem Füllstoffanteil nicht festellbar. Die optische Transparenz der hybridpolymeren Barriereschichten wird auch durch Anteile von bis zu 5 Gew. % an Schichtsilicat nicht nennenswert beeinflusst. Dies belegen UV-VIS-Spektren.Aufgrund der deutlichen Steigerung der Sauerstoffbarrierewirkung unter Beibehaltung der optischen Transparenz der Beschichtung stellt die Kombination von modifizierten Schichtsilicaten mit hybridpolymeren Barrierelacken daher eine interessante Alternative zu den bisher eingesetzten Barrieresystemen ohne Füllstoff dar. Der Einfluss von Lacklagerung, Lackkomponenten und Härtungsbedingungen im Hinblick auf die Struktur und Sperrwirkung von Hybridpolymerschichten wurde im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht. Dabei wurden die Ergebnisse struktureller Untersuchungen durch 29Si, 13C- und 27Al-NMR-Spektroskopie mit Barrieremessungen korreliert. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Optimierung von Migrationsschutzschichten. Hybridpolymere bieten neben einer Barrierewirkung gegenüber Gasen und Dämpfen auch einen wirksamen Schutz gegen die Migration weiterer chemischer Substanzen, wie z.B. Weichmachern. Am Beispiel eines strahlenhärtenden hybridpolymeren Lackes wurde über die Formulierung des Lackes eine Korrelation zwischen Migrations- und Sauerstoffbarrierewirkung hergestellt.
Die Migration neutrophiler Granulozyten aus dem Gefäßsystem in das umgebende Gewebe stellt einen zentralen Schritt bei der Entstehung von akuten Entzündungsherden dar. Es ist bislang vergleichsweise wenig über die Rolle von Ionenkanälen und Carriermolekülen wie dem Ca2+-empfindlichen K+-Kanal hIK1 oder den Na+/H+- und Cl-/HCO3 --Austauschern bei der Wanderung von Neutrophilen bekannt. Nach heutigem Wissen ist die Funktion dieser Transportmoleküle neben zytoskelettalen Umbauvorgängen aber unter anderem in metastasierenden Melanomzellen, Fibroblasten oder auch sogenannten MDCK-F-Zellen für die Migration wichtig. Große Übereinstimmungen bekannter Migrationsmechanismen zwischen diesen Zelltypen und Neutrophilen, wie auch erste Versuche an Granulozyten legen eine Kanalfunktion auch bei ihnen nahe. In meiner Arbeit untersuchte ich, inwieweit ein Einfluss Ca2+-empfindlicher K+-Kanäle auf die Migration von humanen neutrophilen Granulozyten bei einer Migration auf dem Matrixprotein Fibronektin nachweisbar ist. Dazu wurden humane neutrophile Granulozyten mit dem Chemotaxin fMLP stimuliert und auf verschieden starken Fibronektinbeschichtungen zur Migration gebracht. Die Neutrophilen wurden dabei mit erwärmter Ringerlösung überströmt, und ihre Migrationsgeschwindigkeit mittels Zeitraffer-Videomikroskopie und computergestützter Auswertung der Migrationstrajektorien bestimmt. Den Einfluss der hIK1-Kanäle auf die Migration beobachtete ich durch Kanalinhibition mittels Clotrimazol bzw. Kanalaktivierung mittels 1-EBIO. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Migrationsgeschwindigkeit der neutrophilen Granulozyten stark von der Fibronektinbeschichtung abhing. Die Migrationsgeschwindigkeit hing biphasisch von der Fibronektinkonzentration ab und wies ein Maximum von 6 µm/min bei einer mittleren Beschichtungsstärke von 100 µg/ml Fibronektin auf. Unter diesen Bedingungen wanderten die Neutrophilen in einer amöboiden Weise. Bei Hemmung der Kaliumkanäle mit Clotrimazol oder Aktivierung mit 1-EBIO zeigten alle Zellen unabhängig von ihrer Morphologie und Geschwindigkeit keine Veränderung der Migrationsgeschwindigkeit. Dies war angesichts vergleichbarer Versuche auf Polylysinbeschichtungen überraschend, da diese eine dosisabhängige Verlangsamung der Neutrophilen nach Blockade der Kaliumkanäle mit Clotrimazol und Charybdotoxin ergebenhatten. Nachdem ausgeschlossen wurde, dass Zellmorphologie oder –geschwindigkeit diesen Unterschied bedingten, spricht dies für einen matrixspezifischen „Crosstalk“ zwischen Adhäsionsmolekülen der Zelle und Untergrund. Die dabei aktivierten verschiedenartigen Signalkaskaden bzw. alternative in die Zellmembran eingebrachte Kaliumkanaltypen könnten zur Kompensation der hIK1-Blockade auf Fibronektin geführt haben. Vor dem Hintergrund der sich durch meine Arbeit abzeichnenden hohen Modulationsfähigkeit kanalvermittelter Migrationsschritte dürfte sich die Entwicklung neuer antimigratorisch-antiinflammatorisch wirkender Kaliumkanalhemmstoffe für Neutrophile deutlich schwieriger gestalten, als bislang vermutet.
Mittels RT-PCR konnte gezeigt werden, dass humane neutrophile Granulozyten auf mRNA-Ebene hIK1-Kanäle exprimieren. Die spezifischen hIK1-Kanalblocker Clotrimazol und Charybdotoxin führten zu einer dosisabhängigen Verringerung der Migrationsgeschwindigkeit Neutrophiler. Eine Hemmung der hIK1-Kanäle mittels Clotrimazol und Charybdotoxin fürte zu einer signifikanten Zellschwellung. Die mittels Hypotonie erzwungene Zellschwellung führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Migrationsgeschwindigkeit Neutrophiler. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Migration humaner neutrophiler Granulozyten von der Aktivität der hIK1-Kanäle abhängig ist.
Das Endothel verfügt im wesentlichen über drei dynamische Funktionseinheiten zur Migration und Zellkontaktbildung: Ein intrazelluläres Gerüst, bestehend einerseits aus den sogenannten Stressfasern, welche die Zelle durchziehen und vornehmlich an Zell-Zell-Kontakten und Zell-Matrix-Kontakten anhaften und so der Zelle Stabilität geben, und andererseits aus kontraktilen Aktin-Myosinbündeln, welche die Zelle befähigen, sich fortzubewegen oder ihre Form zu ändern, beispielsweise Ausläufer zu bilden. Zell-Zell-Kontakte, die es den Zellen ermöglichen, fest aneinander zu haften und sich so einerseits gegenseitig zu stützen und andererseits eine regulierbare Barriere zwischen intravasalem Raum und Interstitium zu bilden. Zell-Matrix-Kontakte, welche die Zelle fest mit dem Untergrund verankern und ein Unterspülen der Zelle verhindern. Besonders während der Migration der Endothelzelle unterliegen diese Systeme ständigem Auf- und Abbau. Diese Funktionseinheiten werden durch Rho-Proteine reguliert. Man unterscheidet drei wichtige Vertreter dieser Gruppe: Rac, CDC42 und RhoA. Es wurde die Prenylierung von Proteinen und damit auch die Prenylierung von Rho-Proteinen durch den HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Hemmer Lovastatin unterdrückt. In einer zweiten Versuchsserie wurden alle Rho-Proteine unselektiv durch Toxin-B, einem Toxin aus Clostridium difficile, und anschließend selektiv RhoA durch C3-Toxin aus Clostridium botulinum inaktiviert. Es wurden die Effekte auf Primärkulturen von Endothelzellen aus dem Truncus pulmonalis des Schweins, besonders im Hinblick auf Migration, Stressfasersystem, Zell-Zell- und Zell-Matrix-Kontakte, mit Hilfe immuncytochemischer Methoden beobachtet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Rho-Proteine wesentlich für die Bildung von Zellausläufern, wie zum Beispiel Lamellopodien, und die Migration in Endothelzellen sind. Zudem konnte belegt werden, daß Aufbau und Aufrechterhaltung des Aktinfilamentsystems und des kontraktilen Apparates der Endothelzellen im wesentlichen über das geranylierte RhoA reguliert werden. Die Effekte der unselektiven Rho-Protein-Hemmung unterschieden sich hier kaum von denen der selektiven RhoA-Hemmung. Auch die Unterdrückung der Geranyl-Prenylierung zeigte vergleichbare Ergebnisse. Die Aufrechterhaltung der Zell-Zell-Kontakte ist allerdings RhoA-unabhängig, da es trotz selektiver RhoA-Hemmung durch C3-Toxin nicht zur Auflösung der Zell-Zell-Kontakte kam. Diese werden vielmehr über Rac und/oder CDC42 gesteuert, denn erst durch die Blockierung aller Rho-Proteine durch Toxin-B kam es zur Lückenbildung zwischen den Zellen. Auch hier spielt die Geranylierung der Rho-Proteine eine wichtige Rolle, da die Geranylierungshemmung ähnliche Effekte wie die Hemmung durch Toxin-B zeigte. Die Ausbildung und Aufrechterhaltung der Fokalkontakte erfolgt im wesentlichen auch über die geranylierten Rho-Proteine, wobei RhoA hier die entscheidende Rolle zuzukommen scheint. Somit konnte in dieser Arbeit die entscheidende Rolle der Rho-Proteine und im speziellen die des RhoA-Proteins bei der Regulation wesentlicher Funktionseinheiten der Endothelzelle aufgezeigt werden.