Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (120)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (120)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (68)
- Book article / Book chapter (35)
- Conference Proceeding (10)
- Book (3)
- Review (3)
- Other (1)
Keywords
- Psychologie (43)
- Gedächtnisleistung (8)
- Längsschnittuntersuchung (7)
- Gedächtnis (6)
- Kind (6)
- Metagedächtnis (6)
- Entwicklung (5)
- Rechtschreibung (5)
- Schulleistung (5)
- Begabung (4)
- Pädagogische Psychologie (4)
- Wissen (4)
- Cluster-Analyse (3)
- Gedächtnisbildung (3)
- Kausalmodell (3)
- Lernen (3)
- Lesen (3)
- Methode (3)
- Rechtschreibschwäche (3)
- Schreiben (3)
- Unterricht (3)
- Entwicklungspsychologie (2)
- Erwachsener (2)
- Forschung (2)
- Grundschulkind (2)
- Hochbegabung (2)
- Intelligenzleistung (2)
- Kognitive Entwicklung (2)
- LISREL (2)
- Lebensalter (2)
- Leistung (2)
- Leistungssport (2)
- Motorische Entwicklung (2)
- Pfadanalyse (2)
- Phonologische Bewusstheit (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Pädagogik (2)
- Schulklasse (2)
- Strategie (2)
- Varianzanalyse (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Vorschulkind (2)
- Übung (2)
- 1990> (1)
- Acquisition of literacy (1)
- Alter (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufsatzsammlung (1)
- Children-at-Risk (1)
- Denkstrategie (1)
- Deutsch (1)
- Diagnose (1)
- Erinnerung (1)
- Erwartungwidrigkeit (1)
- Expertise (1)
- Fertigkeit (1)
- Fähigkeit (1)
- Grundschule (1)
- Identitätsentwicklung (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Jugend (1)
- Klassische Testtheorie (1)
- Kognitive Kompetenz (1)
- Kognitive Psychologie (1)
- Kongress (1)
- Kontextanalyse (1)
- Kreativität (1)
- Kreuzvalidierung (1)
- LOGIC study (1)
- Legasthenie (1)
- Leistungsdiagnostik (1)
- Leistungsmotivation (1)
- Lernerfolg (1)
- Lernpsychologie (1)
- Lerntechnik (1)
- Lerntheorie (1)
- Lese- und Schreibfähigkeit (1)
- Leseforschung (1)
- Lesefähigkeit (1)
- Lesenlernen (1)
- Lesestörung (1)
- Mathematikunterricht (1)
- Memory capacity (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (1)
- Persönlichkeitsentwicklung (1)
- Phonological awareness (1)
- Psychische Entwicklung (1)
- Rechtschreibreform (1)
- Rechtschreibunterricht (1)
- Ringberg <Tegernsee (1)
- Schach (1)
- Schreibenlernen (1)
- Schulerfolg (1)
- Schulübergang (1)
- Selbsteinschätzung (1)
- Sozialisation (1)
- Sozialökologie (1)
- Sportpsychologie (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Sprachfertigkeit (1)
- Strukturgleichungsmodell (1)
- Studienzeit (1)
- Studium (1)
- Text (1)
- Textverarbeitung <Psycholinguistik> (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Unterrichtspsychologie (1)
- Unterschied (1)
- Verhaltenstherapie (1)
- Veränderungsmessung (1)
- Voraussetzung (1)
- Vorwissen (1)
- Wirkung (1)
- Zeitpunkt (1)
- academic achievement (1)
- bereichsspezifisches Vorwissen (1)
- christliche Erziehung (1)
- domain knowledge (1)
- early literacy (1)
- exceptional cognitive performance (1)
- giftedness (1)
- high intelligence (1)
- intelligence (1)
- kognitive Höchstleistung (1)
- metacognitive competences (1)
- musical training (1)
- phonological awareness (1)
- phonological training (1)
- phonologische Bewusstheit (1)
- preschool children (1)
- school (1)
- short-term memory (1)
- the knowledge base (1)
- working memory (1)
Institute
Gifted underachievers perform worse in school than would be expected based on their high intelligence. Possible causes for underachievement are low motivational dispositions (need for cognition) and metacognitive competences. This study tested the interplay of these variables longitudinally with gifted and non-gifted students from Germany (N = 341, 137 females) in Grades 6 (M = 12.02 years at t1) and 8 (M = 14.07 years). Declarative and procedural metacognitive competences were assessed in the domain of reading comprehension. Path analyses showed incremental effects of procedural metacognition over and above intelligence on the development of school achievement in gifted students (β = .139). Moreover, declarative metacognition and need for cognition interactively predicted procedural metacognition (β = .169), which mediated their effect on school achievement.
Although recent developmental studies exploring the predictive power of intelligence and working memory (WM) for educational achievement in children have provided evidence for the importance of both variables, findings concerning the relative impact of IQ and WM on achievement have been inconsistent. Whereas IQ has been identified as the major predictor variable in a few studies, results from several other developmental investigations suggest that WM may be the stronger predictor of academic achievement. In the present study, data from the Munich Longitudinal Study on the Genesis of Individual Competencies (LOGIC) were used to explore this issue further. The secondary data analysis included data from about 200 participants whose IQ and WM was first assessed at the age of six and repeatedly measured until the ages of 18 and 23. Measures of reading, spelling, and math were also repeatedly assessed for this age range. Both regression analyses based on observed variables and latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out to explore whether the predictive power of IQ and WM would differ as a function of time point of measurement (i.e., early vs. late assessment). As a main result of various regression analyses, IQ and WM turned out to be reliable predictors of academic achievement, both in early and later developmental stages, when previous domain knowledge was not included as additional predictor. The latter variable accounted for most of the variance in more comprehensive regression models, reducing the impact of both IQ and WM considerably. Findings from SEM analyses basically confirmed this outcome, indicating IQ impacts on educational achievement in the early phase, and illustrating the strong additional impact of previous domain knowledge on achievement at later stages of development.
Well-developed phonological awareness skills are a core prerequisite for early literacy development. Although effective phonological awareness training programs exist, children at risk often do not reach similar levels of phonological awareness after the intervention as children with normally developed skills. Based on theoretical considerations and first promising results the present study explores effects of an early musical training in combination with a conventional phonological training in children with weak phonological awareness skills. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design and measurements across a period of 2 years, we tested the effects of two interventions: a consecutive combination of a musical and a phonological training and a phonological training alone. The design made it possible to disentangle effects of the musical training alone as well the effects of its combination with the phonological training. The outcome measures of these groups were compared with the control group with multivariate analyses, controlling for a number of background variables. The sample included N = 424 German-speaking children aged 4–5 years at the beginning of the study. We found a positive relationship between musical abilities and phonological awareness. Yet, whereas the well-established phonological training produced the expected effects, adding a musical training did not contribute significantly to phonological awareness development. Training effects were partly dependent on the initial level of phonological awareness. Possible reasons for the lack of training effects in the musical part of the combination condition as well as practical implications for early literacy education are discussed.
143 9- and 10-year-oId children were classified into high- and Jow-IQ groups and given 4 different sort/recall lists (baseline, training, near [immediate] extension, far [l-week] extension) to assess training and extension of an organizational memory strategy. All children received categorized items of moderate typicality for Phases 1, 3, and 4. For Phase 2, children were assigned to either a training or control group, with half of the children in each group receiving category typical items and the others category atypical items. Levels of recall, sorting, and clustering were greater in Phase 2 for high-IQ children, for the typical lists, and for trained children. Both the high- and low-IQ children trained with typical items continued to show high levels of recall on the near extension phase. No group of subjects maintained high levels of recall after 1 week, although levels of sorting and/or clustering on the extension trials remained high for all groups of subjects except the low-IQ control children. This latter pattern (elevated sorting/clustering with low levels of recall) is an indication of a utilization deficiency, a phase in strategy development when children use a strategy but gain little or no benefit n performance. The results provide evidence for IQ, training, and material effects in the demonstration of a utilization deficiency.
No abstract available.
No abstract available.
Memory development
(1994)
Es wird eine Kurzübersicht über relevante Strömungen der Lese-Recht chreib-Forschung gegeben. Nachdem die sog. Legasthenieforschung aufgrund konzeptueller und methodologischer Probleme in die Kritik geraten war, treten gegenwärtig eher theorieorientierte An ätze in den Vordergrund. euere Modelle zum Schriftspracherwerb haben zahlreiche Längsschnittstudien stimuliert, die die Relevanz metalinguistischer Fähigkeiten für den päteren Schriftspracherwerb dokumentieren.
The present research examined whether children's awareness of phonological similarities between words with respect to rhyme and consonantal word onset is of the same importance for learning to read German as it was found to be for learning to read English. In two longitudinal studies differences in phonological sensitivity among children before learning to read (at age 6 to 7) were tested with versions of Bradley & Bryant's (1985) oddity detection task. Children's reading and spelling achievements were tested about one year later at the end of grade one, and again at around the age of 10. The main finding was a developmental change in the predictive relationship of rhyme and word-onset awareness. Rhyme awareness was only minimally predictive for reading and spelling achievement at the end of grade one, but gained substantially in predictive importance for reading and spelling achievement in grades three and four. No such predictive improvement was observed for word-onset awareness. It is proposed that rhyme awareness is initially of little importance, because in the first phase of learning to read German children rely heavily on indirect word recognition via grapheme--phoneme translation and blending. The gain in the predictive importance of rhyme awareness is explained by its helpful effect on the establishment of mental representations of written words. Such mental representations allow fast, direct word recognition and orthographically correct spellings. A wareness of larger phonological units is helpful for the efficient establishment of such representations, by allowing connections of recurring grapheme clusters in written words with phonology.
No abstract available
No abstract available
Die vorliegende Arbeit ging zwei Hauptfragestellungen nach: (I) Inwiefern unterscheiden sich Experten in der Domäne Schach von Aussteigern aus der Expertisekarriere? (2) Wie verändern sich schachspezifische und generelle Gedächtnisparameter über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahren? Es wurden 27 Experten und Novizen mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von knapp 12 Jahren zum ersten Meßzeitpunkt und von 16 Jahren zum zweiten Meßzeitpunkt untersucht. Die Aussteiger aus der Expertisekarriere zeigten bereits bei der Erstmessung schlechtere schachspezifische Gedächtnisleistungen als die übrigen Experten; die Annahme selektiver Aussteiger, die die Aussagekraft querschnittlicher Experten-Novizen-Vergleiche in Frage stellt, wird damit bestätigt. Sowohl für die Experten als auch für die Novizen zeigte sich ein Anstieg der schachspezifischen Gedächtnisleistung von der Erst- zur Zweitmessung. Während dafür bei Experten domänenspezifische Faktoren verantwortlich sein dürften, scheint dies bei Novizen auf die Entwicklung allgemeiner Gedächtnisparameter zurückzugehen.
Auswirkungen eines Trainings der sprachlichen Bewußtheit auf den Schriftspracherwerb in der Schule
(1994)
Mit der vorliegenden Trainingsstudie wird der Versuch unternommen, Ergebni e eines Förderprograrnms zur sprachlichen Bewußtheit (Lundberg, Frost & Petersen 1988) im deutschsprachigen Raum zu validieren. An unserer Replikationsstudie nahmen insgesamt 371 Kinder teil, von denen 205 Kinder einer Trainingsgruppe und 166 Kinder einer Kontrollgruppe zugewiesen wurden. Das Förderprograrnm bestand aus Sprachspielen, die über einen Zeitraum von zirka 6 Monaten täglich 15 Minuten in den Kindergartengruppen durchgeführt wurden. Die Kontrollgruppe erhielt keine spezielle Förderung, sondern nahm am regulären Kindergartenprogramm teil. Indikatoren der sprachlichen Bewußtheit und weitere metalinguistische und kognitive Variablen wurden unmittelbar vor und nach der Förderung erhoben. Zu Beginn des ersten Schuljahres wurde ein metalinguistischer Transfertest, gegen Ende dann ein Rechtschreibtest durchgeführt. Die Befunde replizieren die Ergebnisse der dänischen Ausgangsstudie insofern, als kurz- und langfristige Trainingseffekte gesichert werden konnten. Sie verdeutlichen jedoch zusätzlich, daß die Qualität der Förderung für die Langzeitwirkung entscheidend war.
This paper reports on a longitudinal study dealing with the development of literacy in young children. A total of 163 children were first tested during their last year in kindergarten using a variety of tasks that tapped phonological processing, memory capacity, early literacy, and intelligence. Children's ward decoding, reading comprehension, and spelling skills were assessed in elementary school several years later. As a main result, all of the predictor domains had a significant impact on the acquisition of literacy in elementary school, although the contribution of each domain differed as a function of the criterion measure. An attempt to identify children-at-risk using a kindergarten screening test provided encouraging results. Nonetheless, it was shown that whereas group predictions of reading and spelling performance can be quite accurate, the individual prognosis of school problems is far from perfect.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch gemacht, neuere Befunde der kognitiven Psychologie, insbesondere der Expertiseforschung, zur Entwicklung außergewöhnlicher Fertigkeiten und Kenntnisse auf den Bereich des Sports zu übertragen und damit deren Generalisierungsmöglichkeiten zu prüfen. In einem ersten Schritt werden dabei die Grundannahmen der traditionellen fähigkeitsorientierten Leistungsprognose mit denen der neueren Expertiseforschung verglichen und im Hinblick auf ihre empirische Bewährung untersucht. Der zweite Schritt besteht darin, daß mögliche Parallelen zwischen der Entwicklung kognitiver und sportlicher Expertise aufgezeigt und an Fallbeispielen demonstriert werden. Dies leitet zum Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Beitrags über, der in einer Reanalyse von Daten besteht, die im Rahmen einer fünfjährigen Längsschnittstudie an jugendlichen deutschen Tennistalenten gewonnen wurden (vgl. Rieder, Krahl, Sommer, Weicker & Weiss, 1983). Da in dieser Untersuchung sowohl Daten zur Entwicklung allgemeiner motorischer Basisfähigkeiten wie auch zur Entwicklung sportartspezifischer Fertigkeiten erhoben worden waren, ließ sich die Bedeutsamkeit dieser beiden Komponenten für den sportlichen Erfolg relativ genau bestimmen. Weiterhin waren Informationen zu Hintergrundmerkmalen wie z.B. der elterlichen Unterstützung, der Trainingsintensität sowie Merkmalen der Motivation und Konzentration verfügbar, von denen anzunehmen war, daß sie zusätzlich dazu geeignet sein sollten, individuelle Unterschiede in den beobachteten Entwicklungsverläufen zu erklären.
In a study intended to replicate and extend the findings from a recent experiment by Schneider and Bjorklund (1992), the expert/novice paradigm was used with second- and fourth-grade children in a sort/recall task. Children were classified as experts or novices for their knowledge of baseball, then given two sort/recall tasks, with a list consisting of either baseball or nonbaseball terms. Experts recalled more than novices on the baseball list only. While both groups used organizational strategies at sorting on the nonbaseball list, experts were marginally more strategic than novices on the baseball list, and no differences were found between the groups on either list for clustering. Baseball experts used more adultlike categories, suggesting that their enhanced levels of recall were attributed in part to strategy use, although there was also evidence that most of the substantial recall difference between the groups was attributed to item-specific effects associated with a more elaborated knowledge base. A second experiment using fifth-grade children on a multitrial sort/recall task using the baseball list also found increased recall by experts, and also found evidence of strategic behavior at the sort phase for trials 3 and 4.
Second- and fourth-grade children were classified according to their knowledge of soccer (experts vs. novices) and IQ (high vs. low), and given 2 sort-recall tasks. One task included items related to the game of soccer and the other included items from familiar natural language categories. Previous research has shown that expertise in a snbject can compensate for low levels of performance on text comprehension tasks. Our results, the flrst examing the effects of both expertise and intelligence on a strategic memory task, were that soccer expert children recalled more items on the soccer list bnt not on the nonsoccer list than soccer novice children. However, soccer expertise did not modify a significant effect of IQ level, with high-IQ children recalling more than low-IQ children for all contrasts. Interest in soccer was found to be related to expertise but did not contribute to differences in memory performance. The results demonstrate that the knowledge base plays an important role in children's memory, but that domain knowledge cannot fully eliminate the effects of IQ on sort-recall tasks using domain-related materials. That is, although rich domain knowledge seemed to compensate for low aptitude, in that low-aptitude experts performed at the level of high-aptitude novices, its effects were not strong enough to eliminate performance differences between highand low-aptitude soccer experts.
High- and low-IQ children in the first, third, and fifth grades performed two free-recall tasks: a sort-recall task with sets of categorically related pictures, and a class-recall task, with children recalling the current members of their school class. All children were deemed to be experts concerning the composition of their school class, but, unlike experts in other domains, had no special motivation associated with their expertise. Recall and clustering on both tasks were high. The high-IQ children performed better than low-IQ children only on the sort-recall task. IQ was significantly correlated with measures of performance on the sort-recall task but not on the class-recall task. The results reflect the fact that the memory benefits associated with being an expert (here, elimination of IQ effects) are related to the greater knowledge the expert possesses and not to factors of motivation.
No abstract available.
Wolfgang Schneider fasst den Stand der Forschung zum Konzept des Metagedächtnisses zusammen. Zunächst illustriert er Probleme der Definition und der Konzeptualisierung von Metagedächtnis und lässt eine knappe Charakterisierung der wichtigsten- Erfassungsmethoden folgen. Abschliessend werden die wichtigsten Befunde zur Entwicklung des Metagedächtnisses im Kindesalter und ihre Beziehung zur Anwendung von Gedächtnisstrategien und zur Entwicklung von Gedächtnisleistungen dargestellt.
No abstract available
No abstract available
The goal of the present study was to determine whether 4- and 5-year-old kindergarten children could be trained to maintain an organizational strategy over 2- and 8 week periods through an elaborate training program. A second goal was to assess the effects of the training program on strategy awareness. Twenty-eight kindergarten children were pretested on two sort-recall tasks and their awareness of the use of the clustering strategy was assessed through a protocol type procedure. Half the children received seven half-hour sessions of individual training in the clustering strategy and half the children participated in a control group. Both groups were post-tested on two sort-recall tasks 2 weeks following training and again 8 weeks following training. Strategy awareness, as measured by verbal protocol, was assessed at both post-test points. The elaborate strategy training program was successful in inducing short- and long-term strategy maintenance of the clustering strategy. Trained children’s clustering during sorting and clustering during recall was consistently related to the amount of items correctly recalled. No differences in strategy awareness were found. These findings demonstrate that the elaborate training procedure used in this study can be a very effective memory technique for young kindergarten children.
No abstract available.
No abstract available.
This study addresses the longitudinal relationship among verbal ability, memory capacity, phonological awareness, and reading performance. Data from 92 German children were used to explore the exact relation among these variables. Indicators of verbal ability, memory capacity, and phonological awareness were assessed in kindergarten and again after the first grade. The interrelationships among these factors, and the subsequent influence they have on decoding speed and reading comprehension during the second grade were examined via structural equation modefing procedures. Overall, the results of the longitudinal analyses show that the relationship of memory capacity and phonological awareness remains stable over time, and that memory capacity predicts performance on phonological awareness tasks in both kindergarten and second grade. Phonological awareness proved to be a significant predictor of decoding speed, which in turn considerably influenced reading comprehension.
No abstract available.
Previous research has shown German children to be more strategic on sort-recall memory tasks than their American age-mates, and to show fewer effort-related attributions. We conducted this study to determine if those differences are due to systematic differences in the strategy instruction and attributional beliefs of German and U.S. teachers, and to explore metacognitive instructional practices in the two countries. Teachers responded to a questionnaire that inquired about their use of strategy instructions, fostering of reflective thinking in pupils, sources of children’s learning problems, and modeling of metacognitive skills such as monitoring. The second part of the questionnaire asked about the reasons underlying children’s academic successes and failures. German teachers reported more instruction of task-specific strategies, while American teachers showed more effort-related attributions. The types of strategies instructed and types of learning problems most frequently described varied across the two countries, and also according to how many years the teachers had taught. Results were discussed regarding their implications for metacognitive developmental theory, particularly regarding culture and other environmental influences on the development of controlled processing.
The nature of good information processing is outlined as determined by intact neurology, information stored in long-term memory, and general cognitive tendencies, attitudes, and styles. Educators can promote the development of good information processing by promoting what is in long-term memory. This can be accomplished by teaching important literary, scientific, and cultural knowledge; teaching strategies; motivating the acquisition and use of important conceptual knowledge and strategies; and encouraging the general tendencies supporting good information processing. Good information processing can be produced by years of appropriate educational input. Good information processors cannot be produced by short-term interventions.
4-6-year-old children's understanding of cognitive cuing was studied in 2 experiments using a strategic interaction paradigm. Ghildren could fool a competitor by hiding targets in locations that were labeled with semantically weakly associated cues and help a cooperative partner by hiding them in semantically highly associated locations. Very few 4-year-olds, half the 5-year-olds, and almost all 6-year-olds appropriately chose semantically highly vs. weakly associated hiding places to make the targets easy vs. difficult to find. The second experiment showed that 4-year-olds did not strategically manipulate cues as sources of information, although they themselves proficiently used them as such in a search task. These findings are discussed with regard to research on children's developing understanding of origins of knowledge and belief and with regard to recent claims that young preschoolers possess a metacognitive understanding of cognitive cuing.
Am Beispiel einer semantischen Kategorisierungsaufgabe (sort-recall task) wurde der Frage nachgegangen, in welchen Bestimmungsgrößen sich die Gedächtnisleistungen von Schulkindern, jüngeren sowie älteren Erwachsenen voneinander unterscheiden. Es wurde angenommen, daß für diese drei Altersgruppen Gedächtnisleistungen bei dieser Aufgabe in unterschiedlicher Weise durch Strategie- und Wissensaspekte bestimmt sind. Die im Vergleich zu Schulkindern und älteren Erwachsenen üblicherweise besseren Leistungen jüngerer Erwachsener sollten demnach im wesentlichen auf die konsequentere Nutzung von Gedächtnisstrategien rückführbar sein. Erwartet wurde weiterhin, daß die bei Schulkindern und älteren Erwachsenen oft vorfindbaren "Produktionsdefizite" in der Strategienutzung unterschiedliche Ursachen haben : fehlt es bei den Schülern am notwendigen Gedächtniswissen (Metagedächtnis), so sind die Defizite der älteren Menschen vorwiegend auf die mangelnde Erfahrung mit der Aufgabe zurückzuführen. Diese Annahmen wurden in einer Studie mit je 24 Probanden aus den drei genannten Altersgruppen überprüft. Während sich das erwartete Produktionsdefizit bei den Kindern auf unzureichendes Metagedächtnis zurückführen ließ, gab es wenig Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß das Strategiedefizit älterer Menschen in wesentlichen auf mangelnde Aufgabenerfahrung rückführbar ist. Leistungsunterschiede zwischen jüngeren und älteren Erwachsenen beruhen nicht auf unterschiedlichem Gedächtniswissen, sondern dürften auf dem kombinierten Einfluß von Strategie- und Kapazitätsdefiziten basieren.
No abstract available.