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Due to an ever-increasing number of automobiles on the roads, automobility fails more and more to fulfil its promise of free individual mobility, leading to traffic density and congestions of unprecedented proportions. However, those conditions seem to possess an aesthetic potential which we seek to analyze in terms of literature. Therefore, we are going to look on three novels from Romance-language areas: Julio Cortázar’s short story La autopista del sur (1966), Carlo Lucarelli’s novel Autosole (1998) and Grégoire Gauchet’s novel Les robinsons de l’autoroute (2018). First, we will analyze the nature of deceleration/congestion by referring to human geographer Tim Cresswell’s concept of friction. Second, we will examine recurring motifs linked to the deceleration/congestion in all novels before taking a closer look at Gauchet’s novel where the friction not only applies to traffic but also to human relationships. The aim is to look at different literary representations of an everyday experience like traffic congestion and to see how literature deals with such an occurrence.
In this article dedicated to Jean-Paul Sartre’s first novel La Nausée, we analyze how the idea of conversion to art grows in the imagination of the hero, Antoine Roquentin. Furthermore we show that all the narrative actions in the novel are based on the hero’s communicational interaction with the other characters. This lonely person who complains in his diary about social exclusion, yet he converts to art not through his reflections, but through communica-ting with the other characters. Also, many critical studies on La Nausée have considered jazz music that the hero listens to in a café as the critical moment of his conversion. In our opinion this reflects juste one phase of a connected sequence of events through which the hero passes from a state of relational negativity and existential alienation to a state of openness, achieved again mainly by the virtue of other characters.
This article examines principles of gender assignment in the German and Spanish language and in this way tries to answer the question of why loanwords are preferably assigned a particular gender and what criteria motivate this choice. After introducing some general aspects about gender as well as some important properties of the German and Spanish gender systems, this paper compares several formal (morphological and phonological) and semantic rules regarding gender assignment. Despite large structural differences between the languages, the comparison shows that the assignment rules prove to be in a sense cross-lingual, which do not only testify to the assumption but also the validity of an underlying system of rules.
French history of literature is undoubtedly characterized by a tradition of social criticism portraying the working class’ misery that can be traced back at least to the 19th century. Among these depictions, Zola’s novels have a prominent position. This is, among other aspects, due to their pretended scientific foundation and their pretentious claims to be scientific studies. The contemporary author Édouard Louis situates himself in this tradition of Zola’s naturalism. This invites us to examine the interrelation between Zola and Louis more closely. Based on the common ground of scientific foundation, scientific ambition and social commitment pursued in their novels, it will be demonstrated that Louis is a late-modern Zola whose milieu and character descriptions follow in detail Zola’s constructions.
In this contribution, chants of the followers of the Argentine football team Boca Juniors are analyzed with regard to possible identity constructions and othering. The results of the corpus-driven discourse-linguistic analysis demonstrate in particular metaphors and topoi that can be highlighted as a constitutive part of the discursive construction of a Boca Juniors supporters’ identity and the otherings of River Plate hinchas. Through the use of certain metaphors and determined lexical fields that clearly call for acts of violence, a masculine ethos is discursively constructed among Bocas own followers, which goes far beyond comparable insulting and cheering chants of comparable European football teams.
Despite some critical voices, in German linguistics the concept of confix can meanwhile be considered as an established morpheme category. Schmidt (1987) introduced the term into German to describe bound morphemes that are lexical, but not inflectable. Since the 2000s, an increasing number of publications deal with the phenomenon and the term has begun to enter linguistic reference works as well. In French, the situation is completely different due to the structure of the language (poor in compounds and mostly post-determinative). Although the term and the concept have originall y been coined by the French structuralist André Martinet ([1961] \(^3\)1980 ), the denomination itself is barely present in Romance linguistics. French researchers usually take different approaches to discuss the phenomenon (e.g., neoclassical compounds, constructed lexemes). In Italian, the denominations confisso/ confissazione are first used by De Mauro (1999), who adopts both the term and concept directly from Martinet; moreover, they can be found in some contributions on word formation and lexicology (e.g., Adamo/Della Valle 2008). Nevertheless, the Italian termino-logy remains heterogeneous, with some researchers still using the terms prefissoide/suffissoide coined by Migliorini (1963). As I will show by comparing the languages in question, the terminology and the concept of confixes vary greatly between Romance and Germanic languages.
The nameless protagonist of the postmodern novel Monsieur, written by Belgian author Jean-Philippe Toussaint, can be described as a rather strange man. He lacks ambition, a drive for action and seems to be unfit for daily life. He constantly fails to accomplish his predestined role as a real man, as for instance to pay the bill for dinner when dating a woman. The scope of the present paper is to analyse, on the one hand, how this novel deconstructs hegemonial concepts of masculinity but, on the other hand, is in itself also a parody of the latter.
No abstract available.
Am westlichen Rand der sogenannten Windsheimer Bucht wurde in den Jahren 2012–2019 der Randbereich einer, nach allgemeiner Befundlage wohl nur kurzfristig bestehenden, Siedlung der älteren Linearbandkeramik ausgegraben. Herausragende Einzelbefunde sind ein vollständiger und ein baugleicher halber Grundriss eines Langhauses mit Y-Pfostenstellung. Anhand der keramischen Funde ist eine Einordnung an den Beginn der Phase Flomborn möglich, ältestbandkeramische Elemente sind allerdings noch deutlich vertreten. Somit liegt ein wichtiger Fundplatz für diesen Übergangsbereich vor. Radiocarbondaten stützen eine Datierung ins 51. Jh. v. Chr. Beobachtungen zur Verfüllungsgeschichte und Sedimentgenese an den hausbegleitenden Gruben lassen Erkenntnisse zur Bauweise erwarten.
Archäobotanische Großrestuntersuchungen in der frühneolithischen Fundstelle Gallmersgarten-Mörlbach erbrachten, trotz geringer Fundmengen, ein zeittypisches Kulturpflanzenspektrum. Drei Getreidearten – Emmer (Triticum dicoccon), Einkorn (Triticum monococcum), Nacktgerste (Hordeum vulgare) –, eine Hülsenfrucht – Erbse (Pisum sativum) – und Lein (Linum usitatissmum) als Öl- und Faserpflanze fanden sich in den Proben, welche aus archäologischen Strukturen genommen wurden. Wildpflanzen wie Weißer Gänsefuß (Chenopodium album-Typ), Schwarzer Nachtschatten (Solanum nigrum) oder Gezähnter Feldsalat (Valerianella dentata) könnten durchaus die bandkeramische Küche bereichert haben. Als Besonderheit dürfte das Grannenfragment von Pfriemengras (Stipa) gelten, welches in den wohl offenen Wäldern in der Umgebung der Siedlung wuchs.
Für die Steinartefakte der ältesten Linearbandkeramik (LBK) liegen bisher kaum mikrofossile oder chemische Analysen zur Herkunftsbestimmung der Rohmaterialien vor, was das Bild der Rohmaterialversorgung auf einem sehr allgemeinen Niveau hält. Es werden die Rohmaterialanalysen des Inventars Langenbach-Niederhummel, Lkr. Freising, Obb., vorgestellt und mit dem bisherigen Forschungsstand diskutiert. Es zeigt sich die intensive Anbindung an das Revier des Ortenburger Raumes, was die Bedeutung der Isar als Verbindungsweg unterstreicht. Aufgrund der technologischen Analyse des Inventars ist von einer Produktion innerhalb der Siedlung auszugehen, was auf eine Selbstversorgung der Siedlung schließen lässt. Dies betont, dass sich die Siedlung in einer eher isolierten Position befand und es noch kein etabliertes Weitergabenetzwerk für Austauschprozesse gab. Mehrere Rohmaterialtypen weisen über das Verbreitungsgebiet der ältesten Linearbandkeramik hinaus. Vor allem die angezeigten transalpinen Verbindungen lassen sich durch weitere Beispiele in einen räumlichen und zeitlichen Kontext setzen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen eine Kontinuität dieser Routen seit dem Mesolithikum, die sich nach der Linearbandkeramik auch in späteren neolithischen Phasen abzeichnen. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Ergebnisse stellt sich die Frage nach dem Mobilitätsfaktor, der ursächlich für solche Rohmaterialbezüge ist.
Perlen aus grünem Gestein stellen eine regional sehr eng auf das östliche Südbayern begrenzte Besonderheit innerhalb der Linienbandkeramischen Kultur (LBK) dar. Mithilfe petrographischer und chemischer Analysen derartiger Stücke aus Stephansposching und Aiterhofen-Ödmühle können Chlorit und seltener Serpentinit als Rohmaterialien identifiziert werden. Dabei handelt es sich jeweils um ausgesprochen weiche Gesteine. Zwar ist eine Herkunft aus dem Bereich des Bayerischen Waldes – und somit aus der Nähe der Fundorte – möglich, kann aber nicht belegt werden.
Im Rahmen bauvorgreifender Untersuchungen durch die Stadtarchäologie Straubing unter Leitung von Frau Ildiko Bősze konnten in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 im Südosten von Straubing, im Bereich des dortigen Wasserwerks, Teile einer älterlinienbandkeramischen Siedlung erfasst werden. Neben einigen Gruben und vier Hausgrundrissen kamen im nördlichen Bereich der Fläche die Überreste zweier Grubenöfen zu Tage, die hier ausführlich besprochen werden sollen. Als in den letzten Jahren selten anzutreffende Befundgattung und aufgrund ihrer auffällig unterschiedlichen Konstruktionsweisen mit und ohne Steinpflasterung bilden die beiden Straubinger Grubenöfen zwei interessante Untersuchungsobjekte. Mit der Verbreitung der Grubenöfen vom Rheinland bis zum Donauknie und der zeitlichen Beschränkung praktisch ausschließlich auf die LBK handelt es sich um ein Konstruktionsprinzip, das in der Zeit vor den ersten Ackerbauern und auch im anschließenden Mittelneolithikum nicht genutzt wurde (Pechtl 2008, 72–74). Es erscheint daher erstrebenswert, die Befunde sowie die anzusprechende Keramik aus den beiden Grubenöfen aufzuarbeiten und vorzulegen.
In Schönbach wurden im Rahmen der Erschließung eines Neubaugebiets Reste einer frühneolithischen Siedlung auf der „Aindlinger Terrassentreppe“ gefunden, die im Areal der Ausgrabung u. a. acht Hausgrundrisse, Öfen und zahlreiche Schlitzgruben umfassten. Sechs der Hausgrundrisse lassen durch Überlagerungen auf eine gewisse Siedlungskontinuität mit mindestens zwei Phasen schließen. Die Häuser entsprechen grundsätzlich in Ausrichtung und Aufbau dem Typus der Zeitstellung. Etwas aus dem Rahmen fallen jedoch die unterdurchschnittliche Größe der Häuser und der Siedlungsstandort mit einer Lage von etwa 460 m üNN und außerhalb der üblichen Lössböden.
Im Landkreis Regensburg, zwischen den Ortschaften Sünching und Riekofen wurde 2020/21 im Rahmen von Straßenbaumaßnahmen eine Kreisgrabenanlage der späten Münchshöfener Kultur entdeckt. Die ovaloide, SSW-NNO-orientierte Anlage umspannte ehemals ein Areal von 110 × 70 m, wurde aber nur partiell ergraben. Sie besteht aus zwei großen Außengräben, zwei kleineren Innengräbchen, von denen eines als Palisadengräbchen identifiziert wurde, sowie aus drei Querriegeln. Die Außengräben deuten eine Zweiphasigkeit des Grabenwerks an. Ursprünglich wurde es mit Eingängen im Norden und Südosten angelegt. Der nördliche Eingang wurde später geschlossen und der südöstliche stark verkleinert. Eingangssituationen in den Innengräbchen ließen sich nicht beobachten.
Bemerkenswert ist das Riekofener Erdwerk dadurch, dass es über eine mehrphasige Innenbebauung verfügt. Hervorzuheben sind hierbei die Reste dreier NNW-SSO ausgerichteter Wandgräbchenbauten, von denen bayernweit nur wenige vergleichbare Exemplare bekannt sind. Ein weiterer, wenngleich nicht vollständig gesicherter Wandgräbchenbau findet sich am einstigen nördlichen Eingang der Anlage. Ferner konnten die Grundrisse dreier, wohl ebenfalls münchshöfenzeitlich datierender Pfostenbauten dokumentiert werden. Gebäude dieser Art finden ebenfalls nur wenige Vergleiche und stellen, wie die Wandgräbchenbauten eine wichtige Bereicherung des bisher bekannten Quellenbestands dar.
Bauvorgreifende Ausgrabungen für die Erweiterungen eines Baugebietes in der Gemeinde Postau, Lkr. Landshut, ergaben eine kleine Fundstelle der Michelsberger Kultur. Die Keramik aus drei Befunden datiert auf Basis formenkundlicher Überlegungen an den Übergang zwischen der Münchshöfener und der Altheimer Kultur. Funde dieser in Südostbayern verbreiteten Kulturstufen fehlen im Inventar jedoch vollständig.
Obwohl die Siedlung von Postau-Obere Gartenstraße südlich des Verbreitungsschwerpunktes der Michelsberger Kultur in Nordbayern liegt, fügt sie sich in eine Reihe bekannter Fundstellen im Isartal ein. Dies legt den Verdacht nahe, dass die Isar von den Trägern der Michelsberger Kultur als Verkehrsweg genutzt wurde.
Hieracium rotundatum subsp. silvae-bavaricae wird als neu für die Wissenschaft beschrieben und abgebildet. Die neue Unterart gehört zu einem Formenkreis von Arten (H. rotundatum, H. transylvanicum), dessen Hauptverbreitung auf dem Balkan liegt. Die wechselvolle nomenklatorische Geschichte des Artnamens wird nachgezeichnet. Diagnostische Merkmale zur Unterscheidung der in der Wuchsform ähnlichen Arten H. murorum, H. rotundatum und H. transylvanicum werden diskutiert. Dabei wird auf die Bedeutung der Ausbildung des Grundblattzyklus besonders hingewiesen. Entgegen bisheriger Kenntnis reicht die nordwestliche Verbreitungsgrenze von H. rotundatum nun bis Südost-Bayern. Bei der Suche nach H. rotundatum konnte auch eine morphologisch auffällige Unterart von H. rotundatum nachgewiesen werden, die hier als neu beschrieben wird.
On the basis of four relevées of hedges around Straiton en Dailly in South Ayrshire, Scotland, some features of hedges are discussed. On the basis of the brambles, the vegetation of these hedges can be assigned to the Pruno-Rubion sprengelii, which comprises the bramble scrubs of circumneutral and nutrient rich soils in West Europe (Haveman et al. 2017, Haveman & de Ronde 2019). Until now, this alliance was thought to be restricted to the northwestern edge of the European continent, but based on these relevées and the known distribution area of Rubus nemoralis and Rubus polyanthemus, both characteristic for the Pruno-Rubion sprengelii, large parts of North England and Scotland have to be included in the distribution area of the alliance.
The Pruno-Rubion sprengelii is optimally developed in rather narrow structures, like hedges, which are pruned every year. Here, brambles and herbs alike can grow with and under the shrubs, facilitated by the light that reaches large parts of the ground. Where the economic base of hedges perishes, they are not longer maintained, and the shrubs can grow out to their natural proportions. This changes the amount of light reaching the surface in the inner parts of the thicket, changing the competition between the species. The brambles as well as the herbs are displaced to the outer edges of the scrub, and the vegetation "dissociates" in a high-growing scrub, a fore-mantle ("cuff") with brambles, and a fringe with perennial herbs. These elements can hardly ever be assigned to the Pruno-Rubion anymore.
The Pruno-Rubion sprengelii in optima forma is a scrub in which the three elements (shrubs, brambles, and herbs) grow closely intertwined. This is rarely found in natural landscapes, and thus the alliance is a typical element of the old farmer landscape. What is more: the typical species of the alliance, like Rubus nemoralis and R. polyanthemus, could only evolve after the landscape was opened by farmers in the last six millennia (Matzke-Hajek 1997), giving way to Rubus ulmifolius to expand its distribution area. This caused an explosion of hybrids which stabilised through apomixis into the wealth of Rubus species inhibiting the West European landscape nowadays (Sochor et al. 2015). Many of these species have their original home in a man-made landscape. Therefore, the Pruno-Rubion sprengelii can be characterised as a "farmers alliance" pur sang.
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Das Westjordanland – Wo Vulnerabilitäten ein politisches Vakuum erzeugen und damit gefährlich werden
(2023)
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Welche Erinnerung zählt? Die UnSichtbarkeit geschlechtsspezifischer Gewalt im Raum der Kirche
(2023)
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Service orchestration requires enormous attention and is a struggle nowadays. Of course, virtualization provides a base level of abstraction for services to be deployable on a lot of infrastructures. With container virtualization, the trend to migrate applications to a micro-services level in order to be executable in Fog and Edge Computing environments increases manageability and maintenance efforts rapidly. Similarly, network virtualization adds effort to calibrate IP flows for Software-Defined Networks and eventually route it by means of Network Function Virtualization. Nevertheless, there are concepts like MAPE-K to support micro-service distribution in next-generation cloud and network environments. We want to explore, how a service distribution can be improved by adopting machine learning concepts for infrastructure or service changes. Therefore, we show how federated machine learning is integrated into a cloud-to-fog-continuum without burdening single nodes.
In network research, reproducibility of experiments is not always easy to achieve. Infrastructures are cumbersome to set up or are not available due to vendor-specific devices. Emulators try to overcome those issues to a given extent and are available in different service models. Unfortunately, the usability of emulators requires time-consuming efforts and a deep understanding of their functionality. At first, we analyze to which extent currently available open-source emulators support network configurations and how user-friendly they are. With these insights, we describe, how an ease-to-use emulator is implemented and may run as a Network Emulator as a Service (NEaaS). Therefore, virtualization plays a major role in order to deploy a NEaaS based on Kathará.
This paper discusses the problem of finding multiple shortest disjoint paths in modern communication networks, which is essential for ultra-reliable and time-sensitive applications. Dijkstra’s algorithm has been a popular solution for the shortest path problem, but repetitive use of it to find multiple paths is not scalable. The Multiple Disjoint Path Algorithm (MDPAlg), published in 2021, proposes the use of a single full graph to construct multiple disjoint paths. This paper proposes modifications to the algorithm to include a delay constraint, which is important in time-sensitive applications. Different delay constraint least-cost routing algorithms are compared in a comprehensive manner to evaluate the benefits of the adapted MDPAlg algorithm. Fault tolerance, and thereby reliability, is ensured by generating multiple link-disjoint paths from source to destination.
How to Model and Predict the Scalability of a Hardware-In-The-Loop Test Bench for Data Re-Injection?
(2023)
This paper describes a novel application of an empirical network calculus model based on measurements of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test system. The aim is to predict the performance of a HIL test bench for open-loop re-injection in the context of scalability. HIL test benches are distributed computer systems including software, hardware, and networking devices. They are used to validate complex technical systems, but have not yet been system under study themselves. Our approach is to use measurements from the HIL system to create an empirical model for arrival and service curves. We predict the performance and design the previously unknown parameters of the HIL simulator with network calculus (NC), namely the buffer sizes and the minimum needed pre-buffer time for the playback buffer. We furthermore show, that it is possible to estimate the CPU load from arrival and service-curves based on the utilization theorem, and hence estimate the scalability of the HIL system in the context of the number of sensor streams.
In recent years, satellite communication has been expanding its field of application in the world of computer networks. This paper aims to provide an overview of how a typical scenario involving 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) for vehicle to everything (V2X) applications is characterized. In particular, a first implementation of a system that integrates them together will be described. Such a framework will later be used to evaluate the performance of applications such as Vehicle Monitoring (VM), Remote Driving (RD), Voice Over IP (VoIP), and others. Different configuration scenarios such as Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Orbit will be considered.
The introduction of new types of frequency spectrum in 6G technology facilitates the convergence of conventional mobile communications and radar functions. Thus, the mobile network itself becomes a versatile sensor system. This enables mobile network operators to offer a sensing service in addition to conventional data and telephony services. The potential benefits are expected to accrue to various stakeholders, including individuals, the environment, and society in general. The paper discusses technological development, possible integration, and use cases, as well as future development areas.
This paper presents a novel concept to extend state-of-the-art buffer monitoring with additional measures to estimate service-curves. The online algorithm for service-curve estimation replaces the state-of-the-art timestamp logging, as we expect it to overcome the main disadvantages of generating a huge amount of data and using a lot of CPU resources to store the data to a file during operation. We prove the accuracy of the online-algorithm offline with timestamp data and compare the derived bounds to the measured delay and backlog. We also do a proof-of- concept of the online-algorithm, implement it in LabVIEW and compare its performance to the timestamp logging by CPU load and data-size of the log-file. However, the implementation is still work-in-progress.
This paper presents a prototypical implementation of the In-band Network Telemetry (INT) specification in P4 and demonstrates a use case, where a Tofino Switch is used to measure device and network performance in a lab setting. This work is based on research activities in the area of P4 data plane programming conducted at the network lab of HTW Berlin.
State Management at line rate is crucial for critical applications in next-generation networks. P4 is a language used in software-defined networking to program the data plane. The data plane can profit in many circumstances when it is allowed to manage its state without any detour over a controller. This work is based on a previous study by investigating the potential and performance of add-on-miss insertions of state by the data plane. The state keeping capabilities of P4 are limited regarding the amount of data and the update frequency. We follow the tentative specification of an upcoming portable-NIC-architecture and implement these changes into the software P4 target T4P4S. We show that insertions are possible with only a slight overhead compared to lookups and evaluate the influence of the rate of insertions on their latency.
Utilizing multiple access networks such as 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi simultaneously can lead to increased robustness, resiliency, and capacity for mobile users. However, transparently implementing packet distribution over multiple paths within the core of the network faces multiple challenges including scalability to a large number of customers, low latency, and high-capacity packet processing requirements. In this paper, we offload congestion-aware multipath packet scheduling to a smartNIC. However, such hardware acceleration faces multiple challenges due to programming language and platform limitations. We implement different multipath schedulers in P4 with different complexity in order to cope with dynamically changing path capacities. Using testbed measurements, we show that our CMon scheduler, which monitors path congestion in the data plane and dynamically adjusts scheduling weights for the different paths based on path state information, can process more than 3.5 Mpps packets 25 μs latency.
Web caches often use a Time-to-live (TTL) limit to validate data consistency with web servers. We study the impact of TTL constraints on the hit ratio of basic strategies in caches of fixed size. We derive analytical results and confirm their accuracy in comparison to simulations. We propose a score-based caching method with awareness of the current TTL per data for improving the hit ratio close to the upper bound.
Cooperative, connected and automated mobility (CCAM) systems depend on a reliable communication to provide their service and more crucially to ensure the safety of users. One way to ensure the reliability of a data transmission is to use multiple transmission technologies in combination with redundant flows. In this paper, we describe a system requiring multipath communication in the context of CCAM. To this end, we introduce a data plane-based scheduler that uses replication and integration modules to provide redundant and transparent multipath communication. We provide an analytical model for the full replication module of the system and give an overview of how and where the data-plane scheduler components can be realized.
Packets sent over a network can either get lost or reach their destination. Protocols like TCP try to solve this problem by resending the lost packets. However, retransmissions consume a lot of time and are cumbersome for the transmission of critical data. Multipath solutions are quite common to address this reliability issue and are available on almost every layer of the ISO/OSI model. We propose a solution based on a P4 network to duplicate packets in order to send them to their destination via multiple routes. The last network hop ensures that only a single copy of the traffic is further forwarded to its destination by adopting a concept similar to Bloom filters. Besides, if fast delivery is requested we provide a P4 prototype, which randomly forwards the packets over different transmission paths. For reproducibility, we implement our approach in a container-based network emulation system called Kathará.
No abstract available.