Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (685)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (685)
Year of publication
- 2018 (685) (remove)
Document Type
- Journal article (496)
- Doctoral Thesis (156)
- Preprint (22)
- Conference Proceeding (3)
- Other (2)
- Working Paper (2)
- Book (1)
- Book article / Book chapter (1)
- Habilitation (1)
- Master Thesis (1)
Language
- English (685) (remove)
Keywords
- Parton Distributions (23)
- Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) (18)
- Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (16)
- Extension (14)
- PET (14)
- Decay (13)
- boron (12)
- Squark (11)
- ++ (10)
- positron emission tomography (9)
- inflammation (8)
- Mass (7)
- Maus (7)
- Physics (7)
- Cross-Section (6)
- Gluino Production (6)
- LHC (6)
- Parton distributions (6)
- diborenes (6)
- Higgs bosons (5)
- MASS (5)
- Model (5)
- SPECT (5)
- apoptosis (5)
- cancer (5)
- carbenes (5)
- neuroendocrine tumor (5)
- ADHD (4)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (4)
- Beyond Standard Model (4)
- Breaking (4)
- Distributions (4)
- Energy (4)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (4)
- Hadron colliders (4)
- Hierarchy (4)
- Models (4)
- PRRT (4)
- Stress (4)
- Supersymmetry (4)
- Thrombozyt (4)
- Top quark (4)
- Topologischer Isolator (4)
- ageing (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- infection (4)
- obesity (4)
- physical activity (4)
- 18F-DCFPyL (3)
- 18F-FDG (3)
- B cells (3)
- Biene (3)
- Biofilm (3)
- Boson (3)
- DaTscan (3)
- Drosophila melanogaster (3)
- Events (3)
- Fluorescence (3)
- Fluoreszenz (3)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (3)
- Hadron Colliders (3)
- Kernspintomografie (3)
- MRI (3)
- Makroökonomie (3)
- Measuring Masses (3)
- Microscopy (3)
- Monte-Carlo (3)
- PET/CT (3)
- Parkinson's disease (3)
- Particle data analysis (3)
- Polymere (3)
- RADS (3)
- SSTR (3)
- Search (3)
- Stammzelle (3)
- Staphylococcus aureus (3)
- Supersymmetric models (3)
- T cells (3)
- Thrombose (3)
- Trypanosomen (3)
- Weak (3)
- X-ray crystallography (3)
- biofabrication (3)
- biological models (3)
- bipolar disorder (3)
- breast cancer (3)
- children (3)
- diborynes (3)
- epigenetics (3)
- fluorescence (3)
- glycine receptor (3)
- human (3)
- immune evasion (3)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
- machine learning (3)
- mitochondria (3)
- mouse model (3)
- myeloma (3)
- pathogens (3)
- platelets (3)
- prostate cancer (3)
- psychology (3)
- self-assembly (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- stroke (3)
- super-resolution microscopy (3)
- symbiosis (3)
- theranostics (3)
- tissue engineering (3)
- transcriptome (3)
- two-dimensional materials (3)
- 11C-HED (2)
- 123I-mIBG (2)
- 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (2)
- 18F-LMI1195 (2)
- 3D printing (2)
- ABCG2 (2)
- Activation (2)
- Alzheimer’s disease (2)
- Ants (2)
- Apis mellifera (2)
- Arteriosklerose (2)
- Arzneimittelforschung (2)
- BRAF (2)
- Bacterial infection (2)
- Biomarkers (2)
- Boron (2)
- Bosons (2)
- Cadherine (2)
- Camponotus floridanus (2)
- Cancer immunotherapy (2)
- Candida albicans (2)
- Catalysis (2)
- China (2)
- Code examples (2)
- Coffin-Lowry syndrome (2)
- DFT calculations (2)
- DNA (2)
- Diabetes mellitus (2)
- Drosophila (2)
- E. coli Nissle 1917 (2)
- EHEC (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Emotion (2)
- Entwicklung (2)
- Epigenetik (2)
- Europäische Union (2)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (2)
- Fabry disease (2)
- Femtosekundenspektroskopie (2)
- Fernerkundung (2)
- GPCR (2)
- Genom (2)
- Gluino production (2)
- Hämostase (2)
- Innate immunity (2)
- Ioflupane (2)
- Jets (2)
- Leistungsbewertung (2)
- MOLLI (2)
- Mikroskopie (2)
- Muscarinrezeptor (2)
- Myc (2)
- NFATc1 (2)
- Neisseria meningitidis (2)
- Netzwerk (2)
- Optische Spektroskopie (2)
- PSMA-PET (2)
- Pair production (2)
- Parkinson (2)
- Parkinson Disease (2)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (2)
- Patron Distributions (2)
- Performance Evaluation (2)
- Phänologie (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Plus plus (2)
- Positron Emission Tomography (2)
- Program (2)
- Prostate Cancer (2)
- Proton-Proton Collisions (2)
- QAHE (2)
- QCD (2)
- Quanten-Hall-Effekt (2)
- Quecksilbertellurid (2)
- RSK2 (2)
- Rhodium (2)
- Risk factors (2)
- SPECT/CT (2)
- SQH method (2)
- Signaltransduktion (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Sozialpsychologie (2)
- Squaraine (2)
- Staphylococci (2)
- Streptomyces (2)
- Supramolekulare Chemie (2)
- Survival (2)
- Symmetry (2)
- Symmetry-breaking (2)
- Tagesrhythmus (2)
- Taufliege (2)
- Textverstehen (2)
- Timing (2)
- Top physics (2)
- Transcriptome (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei (2)
- Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie (2)
- Umverteilung (2)
- Ungleichheit (2)
- Virchow Node (2)
- Virulenzfaktor (2)
- WZ (2)
- [177Lu]-DOTATATE/-DOTATOC (2)
- [68Ga] (2)
- additive manufacturing (2)
- adolescents (2)
- anxiety (2)
- balanced steady state free precession (2)
- basal ganglia (2)
- bees (2)
- behavior (2)
- bioinformatics (2)
- biomarker (2)
- biomedical materials (2)
- borylene (2)
- brain (2)
- caffeine (2)
- calcium (2)
- cancer genetics (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- cardiomyocytes (2)
- cardiovascular disease (2)
- chemokines (2)
- chronic kidney disease (2)
- circadian clock (2)
- circadian rhythm (2)
- cirrhosis (2)
- classification (2)
- clinical genetics (2)
- cytotoxic T cells (2)
- data mining (2)
- deep brain stimulation (2)
- depression (2)
- desirable difficulties (2)
- diabetes mellitus (2)
- diabetic cardiomyopathy (2)
- diet (2)
- diradicals (2)
- dispersal (2)
- division of labor (2)
- drug discovery (2)
- electronic properties and materials (2)
- emotion (2)
- energy transfer (2)
- evolution (2)
- fatty acid (2)
- ferroelectricity (2)
- fitness (2)
- fluorescence imaging (2)
- foraging (2)
- forest health (2)
- gamma rays (2)
- genetics (2)
- genomics (2)
- glucose (2)
- haematopoietic stem cells (2)
- heart failure (2)
- hemodialysis (2)
- hiPSC-CM (2)
- hippocampus (2)
- honeybee (2)
- immunology (2)
- insulin (2)
- interferon (2)
- knee arthroplasty (2)
- lambdoid prophage (2)
- land use (2)
- liquid crystals (2)
- load management (2)
- low-valent compounds (2)
- major depressive disorder (2)
- medical genetics (2)
- medullary thyroid carcinoma (2)
- meiosis (2)
- melanoma (2)
- melt electrowriting (2)
- metabolism (2)
- metabolomics (2)
- miRNS (2)
- molecular biology (2)
- molecular imaging (2)
- mothers (2)
- muscle degeneration (2)
- myocardial sympathetic innervation imaging (2)
- near-infrared spectroscopy (2)
- neuroblastoma (2)
- neuroinflammation (2)
- optical spectroscopy (2)
- optimization (2)
- optogenetics (2)
- paediatric cancer (2)
- pancreas (2)
- periprosthetic infection (2)
- personalized medicine (2)
- personalized treatment (2)
- pharmacology (2)
- phase transitions and critical phenomena (2)
- phenotype (2)
- polymer (2)
- pp Collisions (2)
- pp collisions (2)
- precision medicine (2)
- preterm (2)
- proteins (2)
- psychiatric disorders (2)
- self (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- skeletal dysplasia (2)
- somatostatin receptor (2)
- species richness (2)
- spontaneous symmetry breaking (2)
- startle disease (2)
- stem cell therapy (2)
- stem cells (2)
- stomata (2)
- stx-phages (2)
- synapse (2)
- therapy (2)
- topological insulators (2)
- tracer (2)
- translational research (2)
- tumor heterogeneity (2)
- two-stage exchange (2)
- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- vandetanib (2)
- viral infection (2)
- virtual reality (2)
- *-algebra (1)
- 11C-Hydroxyephedrine (1)
- 11C-hydroxyephedrine (1)
- 123I-Ioflupane (1)
- 16S metabarcoding (1)
- 18F-FDS (1)
- 18F-flurpiridaz (1)
- 18FFBnTP (1)
- 2- deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (1)
- 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (1)
- 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (1)
- 3D echocardiography (1)
- 3D lung tumor model (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D point cloud (1)
- 3D powder printing (1)
- 3D thermal mapping (1)
- 4TH-Corner Problem (1)
- 53BP1 (1)
- 68Ga-DOTATATE/-TOC (1)
- 8 TEV (1)
- 99mTc-DTPA (1)
- ACL (1)
- AChE inhibitor (1)
- ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTS7) (1)
- ADHS (1)
- AI (1)
- AIME (1)
- AKI (1)
- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (1)
- AP1 (1)
- APC (1)
- ARPES (1)
- ATLAS <Teilchendetektor> (1)
- ATLAS New Small Wheels (NSW) (1)
- ATLAS experiment (1)
- Accelerator modelling and simulations (multi-particle dynamics; single-particle dynamics) (1)
- Achillea Fragrantissima (1)
- Acid adaptation (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Acoustic equations (1)
- Acoustics (1)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (1)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (1)
- AdS-CFT Correspondence (1)
- Adhäsion (1)
- Adipositas (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Affekt (1)
- African trypanosomes (1)
- Agonist (1)
- Agrobac-terium tumefaciens (1)
- Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (1)
- Ahmed (1)
- Alemtuzumab (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Algorithmus (1)
- Aliphatics (1)
- Alkaloide (1)
- Alkamiden (1)
- Alkamides (1)
- Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (1)
- Allotransplantation (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Ambrosiella (1)
- Ameise (1)
- Ameisen (1)
- American foulbrood (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Anderson-Lokalisation (1)
- Aneuploidy (1)
- Angeborene Immunität (1)
- Angst (1)
- Animal behavior IntelliCage system (1)
- Animal model (1)
- Anisandrus (1)
- Ant (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotic (1)
- Antibody clearance (1)
- Antidepressants (1)
- Antitrypanosomal (1)
- Antitrypanosomen (1)
- Anxiety (1)
- Aorta (1)
- Approximationsalgorithmus (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (1)
- Arbeitsmarkt (1)
- ArsZ (1)
- Arterie (1)
- Artery (1)
- Articular-Cartilage (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Arzneimitteldesign (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- AstA (1)
- Asylpolitik (1)
- Asymptotic Preserving (1)
- Atherosclerosis (1)
- Atmosphäre (1)
- Atomic and molecular interactions with photons (1)
- Atomketten (1)
- Atta vollenweideri (1)
- Attitudes towards immigrants (1)
- Auditory pathway (1)
- Aurora-A (1)
- Auto-Scaling (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automatisiertes Fahren (1)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (1)
- Axion (1)
- B-0 (1)
- B-Lymphozyt (1)
- BB bond activation (1)
- BB/BC Bond activation (1)
- BC bond activation (1)
- BCL6 (1)
- BRCA1 (1)
- BRCA2 (1)
- BRIP1 gene (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Baerveldt (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Bakteriophagen (1)
- Banach-Raum (1)
- Bank Credit Market (1)
- Bankgeschäft (1)
- Bariumtitanat (1)
- Bayes analysis (1)
- Bayes-Verfahren (1)
- Bayesian methods (1)
- Bayesian model comparison (1)
- Beatty sequence (1)
- Beauveria bassiana (1)
- Beige adipocytes (1)
- Benchmarking (1)
- Benutzerinteraktion (1)
- Bewusstsein (1)
- Bi2Se3 (1)
- Bildgebendes Verfahren (1)
- Bildverarbeitung (1)
- Bioabbaubarkeit (1)
- Biochemical-Diagnosis (1)
- Biodegradability (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (1)
- Biodiversitätsexploratorien (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Bioinformatik (1)
- Biokinetics (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Biologischer Abbau (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomechanical Properties (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (1)
- Bipolar Disorder (1)
- Bismutselenide (1)
- Bodipy (1)
- Body size (1)
- Body weight (1)
- Bone (1)
- Boolean signaling network (1)
- Bootstrap (1)
- Bor (1)
- Borylierung (1)
- Bottom-up (1)
- Breeding system (1)
- Breg (1)
- Bregman distance (1)
- Brushite (1)
- Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (1)
- Burgers-Gleichung (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- Butyrylcholinesterase (1)
- Bärtierchen (1)
- C-60 fullerene (1)
- C-C coupling (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- C. elegans (1)
- C/EBP (1)
- C5aR1 (1)
- CAGSSS (1)
- CCHamide1 (1)
- CCL4 (1)
- CCN2 (1)
- CD28 costimulation (1)
- CD28 superagonists (1)
- CD3/19 depletion (1)
- CD34 selection (1)
- CD4\(^{+}\) T helper cells (1)
- CD52 (1)
- CD74 (1)
- CD8+ T cells (1)
- CDH13 (1)
- CDR3 sequences (1)
- CIR aerial imagery (1)
- CLEC-2 (1)
- CML (1)
- CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (1)
- CNG channel (1)
- CNS (1)
- CO2 fixation (1)
- COMT (1)
- COPD (1)
- CPAF activation (1)
- CRAC (1)
- CRHR1 (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CXCL13 (1)
- Ca2+ (1)
- Ca2+ channels (1)
- Ca2+ sensors (1)
- Cadherin 13 (1)
- Cadherin-13 (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium Citrate (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Calciumphosphate (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Camponotus (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Cancer models (1)
- Cancer therapeutic resistance (1)
- Cannabinoid Receptor (1)
- CarO (1)
- Carbenes (1)
- Cardiovascular biology (1)
- Cardiovascular diseases (1)
- Cartilage Regeneration (1)
- Catheter Lock Solution (1)
- Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSI) (1)
- Cauchy-Born rule (1)
- Caudate nucleus (1)
- Cell differentiation (1)
- Cellular imaging (1)
- Central Spin (1)
- Ceramides (1)
- Cerebellar nuclei (1)
- ChIPseq (1)
- Chain-length distribution (1)
- Chains (1)
- Charged-Particles (1)
- Charm quark (1)
- Charmonia (1)
- Chemische Reaktion (1)
- Chemische Synthese (1)
- Chemistry (1)
- Chemotherapeutic resistance (1)
- Cherenkov detectors (1)
- Chimeric antigen receptor (1)
- Chinolonderivate (1)
- Chlamydia (1)
- Chlamydienkrankheit (1)
- Cholinesterase (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromatin and Epigenetics (1)
- Chromophor (1)
- Chronic heart-failure (1)
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia (1)
- Chronobiologie (1)
- Circadian Clock (1)
- Circadiane Uhr (1)
- Circadianer Rhythmus (1)
- Circular dichroism (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Clinical trial (1)
- Clonality (1)
- Cloud Computing (1)
- Coffin–Lowry syndrome (1)
- Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy (1)
- Coherent control (1)
- Cohesin complex (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collicions (1)
- Colloidal Stability (1)
- Color (1)
- Combination (1)
- Community ecology (1)
- Comparative genomics (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Component selectivity (1)
- Compressive Properties (1)
- Computational drug design (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Concealed Information Test (1)
- Confidence interval (1)
- Conformal Field Theory (1)
- Conical Intersection (1)
- Consistent partial least squares (1)
- Copal\(^®\) spacem (1)
- Copeptin (1)
- Copper (1)
- Copper catalysis (1)
- Copy number changes (1)
- Corneal confocal microscopy (1)
- Corticoliberin (1)
- Corynebacterium urealyticum (1)
- Counterfeit Medicines (1)
- Coupled Electron-Nuclear Dynamics (1)
- Cross-section (1)
- Cuticle (1)
- Cuticular water permeabilities (1)
- Cuticular waxes (1)
- Cyclics (1)
- Cyclotrimerisation (1)
- Cyropaidia (1)
- D665 (1)
- DCGAN (1)
- DECAY (1)
- DFNB68 (1)
- DFT-LDA (1)
- DHAP (1)
- DLBCL (1)
- DM2 (1)
- DNA Breaks (1)
- DNA catalyst (1)
- DNA complex (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA methylation (DNAm) age (1)
- DNA transcription (1)
- DNMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- DRG (1)
- DT40 cells (1)
- DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib (1)
- Dark-Matter (1)
- Dark-matter production (1)
- Data Science (1)
- DecaWave (1)
- Decay sequence (1)
- Decays (1)
- Decoherence (1)
- Deep Georeferencing (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformationsquantisierung (1)
- Delta Repertoire (1)
- Democracy Matrix (1)
- Dendra2 (1)
- Dendritic cells (1)
- Dendritische Zelle (1)
- Dependence (1)
- Depression (1)
- Design (1)
- Desynchronisation (1)
- Desynchronization (1)
- Diabetic nephropathies (1)
- Diagnose (1)
- Diagnosis (1)
- Dicarboximide (1)
- Dicarboximides (1)
- Dickkopf-1 (1)
- Dietary process-related contaminants (1)
- Differential Cross-Sections (1)
- Differentialgleichung (1)
- Dilatometrie (1)
- Diophantine approximation (1)
- Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (1)
- Discrete-to-continuum limits (1)
- Disney (1)
- Disorder (1)
- Dmrt1bY (1)
- Doppelquantenkohärenz (1)
- Drahtloses Sensornetz (1)
- Drosophila Myc transcription growth PAF1 (1)
- Drosophila melanogaster motoneuron (1)
- Drosophila model (1)
- Drug delivery (1)
- Dualstere Liganden (1)
- Dualsteric Ligands (1)
- Dyad (1)
- Dyade (1)
- Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dynamische MR Bildgebung (1)
- Dynamische Messung (1)
- EAE (1)
- ECG (1)
- ECV (1)
- EDC-NHS chemistry (1)
- EEG (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EU Governance (1)
- EW (1)
- Eccentricities (1)
- Ecological Networks (1)
- Ecological networks (1)
- Economic Growth (1)
- Ecosystem ecology (1)
- Effizienter Algorithmus (1)
- Efflux pump (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Einkommensverteilung (1)
- Einstellung gegenüber Immigranten (1)
- Einwanderung (1)
- Elasticity (1)
- Elasticity tensor (1)
- Elastizitätstensor (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electron Flux (1)
- Electroweak interaction (1)
- Elektroencephalogramm (1)
- Elektronenspektroskopie (1)
- Elektronentransfer (1)
- Elite Rowers (1)
- Elliptische Differentialgleichung (1)
- Empirical Economics (1)
- Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung (1)
- Employment (1)
- Endogenous clock (1)
- Endophytische Pilze (1)
- Energieaufnahme (1)
- Energies (1)
- Energy Transfer (1)
- Enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein-Reductase <Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-Reductase> (1)
- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (1)
- Entomology (1)
- Entropiebedingung (1)
- Entropielösung (1)
- Entropy admissibility condition (1)
- Entwicklung chimärer Antigenrezeptor T-Zellen (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Entzündungsschmerz (1)
- Enzymes (1)
- Enzyminhibitor (1)
- Epichloe (1)
- Epichloë (1)
- Epistemic Competences (1)
- Epistemische Kompetenzen (1)
- Epitope (1)
- Erythrozyt (1)
- Erythrozytenadhärenz (1)
- Euclidean plane (1)
- Euklidische Ebene (1)
- Euler equations (1)
- European Asylum System (1)
- European Union (1)
- European foulbrood (1)
- Europäische Zentralbank (1)
- Event (1)
- Exacerbation (1)
- Exazerbation (1)
- Excited states (1)
- Exciton dynamics (1)
- Excitons (1)
- Executive Compensation (1)
- Existenz und Eindeutigkeit (1)
- Exotic mesons (1)
- Experiment / Sozialpsychologie (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extensions of Higgs sector (1)
- Extensions of gauge sector (1)
- External exposure assessment (1)
- Extracellular matrix proteins (1)
- Exziton (1)
- F-actin (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FGF (1)
- FGF-2 (1)
- FGF21 (1)
- FV45 (1)
- Fabry-Krankheit (1)
- Factor messenger-RNA (1)
- Fagus sylvatica (1)
- Fahrerablenkung (1)
- Fahrerverhalten (1)
- Fanconi anaemia (1)
- Fanconi anemia (1)
- Farbensehen (1)
- Feedforward loop (1)
- Feldeffekttransistor (1)
- Femtosekundenlaser (1)
- Ferroelektrikum (1)
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (1)
- Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Field effect transistor (1)
- Finanzkrise (1)
- Finite-Volumen-Methode (1)
- Fitness (1)
- Flavoniden (1)
- Flavonoinds (1)
- Fluconazole (1)
- Fluid-Partikel-Strömung (1)
- Fluorescence Microscopy (1)
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (1)
- Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Flüchtlingskrise (1)
- Flüssigkristall (1)
- Foraging behaviour (1)
- Formulierungsentwicklung (1)
- Fortran code (1)
- Fourier-Spektroskopie (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fremdscham (1)
- Fremdschämen (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Fruit (1)
- Fulleren-Netzwerk (1)
- Fullerene (1)
- Functional differential equations (1)
- Fungal cell-walls (1)
- Fusarium fujikuroi (1)
- Fälschung (1)
- Förderung (1)
- G Protein-Coupled Receptors (1)
- G protein-coupled receptors (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptor (1)
- GABAA receptors (1)
- GABAerge Nervenzelle (1)
- GAMMA (1)
- GAN (1)
- GI (1)
- GLA (1)
- GLP-1 (1)
- GPVI (1)
- GPX4 (1)
- GWAS meta-analysis (1)
- Galactosidase <alpha-> (1)
- Galectin-1 (1)
- Gamma (1)
- Gamma-convergence (1)
- Gasgemisch (1)
- Gasionisationsdetektor (1)
- Gastrointestinal (1)
- Gauge-gravity correspondence (1)
- Gaussia princeps luciferase fusion protein (1)
- Gb3 accumulation (1)
- Gefühl (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle (1)
- Geitonogamy (1)
- Geldpolitik (1)
- Gene Regulation (1)
- Gene-expression (1)
- Gene-prediction (1)
- Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problem (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genome editing (1)
- Genomeditierung (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Geo-spatial behavior (1)
- Geografie (1)
- Geometric Phase (1)
- Georeferenzierung (1)
- German healthcare system (1)
- Germanium telluride (1)
- Germination (1)
- Geruchssinn (1)
- Gland (1)
- Global Change (1)
- Globaler Wandel (1)
- Globalisierung (1)
- Glomerular filtration (1)
- Gluon (1)
- Gluon Fusion (1)
- Glutamin (1)
- Glycoprotein GPV (1)
- Glykoproteine (1)
- God in 3 Macc (1)
- Gold-Nanoparticles (1)
- Golgi-Apparat (1)
- Governance (1)
- Graph (1)
- Gräser (1)
- Guinier-Preston zones (1)
- HCC (1)
- HECT (1)
- HFmrEF (1)
- HHV-6 (1)
- HIGGS (1)
- HIV (1)
- HLA class II (1)
- HLA peptidome (1)
- HP1432, Hpn2 (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HPLC-ESI-MS (1)
- HSP90 inhibitor (1)
- HUWE1 (1)
- Hadron Collider (1)
- Halbleiter (1)
- Haploidentical (1)
- Hardware (1)
- Heavy-Particles (1)
- Hekate (1)
- Helicität <Chemie> (1)
- Helicobacter pylori (1)
- Helix- and Zick-Zack-Konformere (1)
- Helix- and Zig-Zag-Conformers (1)
- Hellenistic kingship (1)
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell (1)
- Hemostasis (1)
- Herzinfarkt (1)
- Herzkatheter (1)
- Herzkathetereingriff (1)
- Heubacillus (1)
- Hexaarylbenzene (1)
- HgTe (1)
- Hibernation (1)
- Hic-5 (1)
- Hierarchische Matrix (1)
- Hierarchy problem (1)
- Higgs (1)
- Higgs boson (1)
- Higgs boson decays (1)
- Higgs boson mass (1)
- Higgs physics (1)
- High-throughput screening (1)
- Higher Education (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- Histatin 5 (1)
- Historical Maps (1)
- Historische Karte (1)
- Historische Landkarten (1)
- Hochauflösende Mikroskopie (1)
- Homöostase (1)
- Hospitalismus <Hygiene> (1)
- Host defense (1)
- Host-endosymbiont interactions (1)
- Host-pathogen interaction (1)
- Host-pathogen interactions (1)
- Housing Markets (1)
- Hsp90 (1)
- Human Knee (1)
- Human Medial Meniscus (1)
- Human Resource Management <Humanvermögen> <Personalentwicklung> (1)
- Human behavior (1)
- Human behaviour (1)
- Hurst Exponent (1)
- Hyaluronic acid (1)
- Hyaluronsäure (1)
- Hybrid (1)
- Hybrid GPCR Ligands (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hymenoptera (1)
- Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations (1)
- Hyperbolische Differentialgleichung (1)
- Hypothesis comparison (1)
- Hypothetical gauge bosons (1)
- Hypothetical particle physics models (1)
- IARS2 (1)
- ICD (1)
- IDO-1 (1)
- IFN-gamma (1)
- IFN‐γ ELISpot (1)
- IGF-I (1)
- IL-1β (1)
- IL-23 (1)
- IL-4 (1)
- Ibrutinib (1)
- Identification (1)
- Image Processing (1)
- Imatinib (1)
- Immun-Transkriptom (1)
- Immune Thrombocytopenia (1)
- Immunosuppression (1)
- Immunreaktion (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Immuntherapie (1)
- Immunthrombozytopenie (1)
- Importwettbewerb (1)
- Impulsformung (1)
- Impurity Profiling (1)
- Inbreeding depression (1)
- Inequality (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Information Extraction (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Injuries (1)
- Innere Uhr (1)
- Innervation (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insekt (1)
- Instrumentelle Analytik (1)
- Insulin-like Growth Factor (1)
- Integrated circuit (1)
- Integriert-optisches Bauelement (1)
- Integrodifferentialgleichung (1)
- Interactome (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Intergenerational income mobility (1)
- Intergenerative Einkommensmobilität (1)
- Interleukin 6 (1)
- Interleukine (1)
- Internet der Dinge (1)
- Intervention (1)
- Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocy (1)
- Intestinal stem cell (1)
- Intragenerational wage mobility (1)
- Intragenerative Lohnmobilität (1)
- Intrinsic charm (1)
- Invertebrate vision (1)
- IoT (1)
- Ion channel function (1)
- Ionenkanal (1)
- Iridium bis(phosphinite) pincer complexes (1)
- Iridiumkomplexe (1)
- Ischemic stroke (1)
- Isocrates (1)
- Itinerare (1)
- Itineraries (1)
- J- and H-Aggregate (1)
- J- and H-Aggregates (1)
- JNK (1)
- Jacobian matrix (1)
- Jmjd6 (1)
- Jolly bodies (1)
- Josephson junction (1)
- K* µ+μ− (1)
- KDIGO (1)
- KRAS mutation signature (1)
- Karte (1)
- Katalyse (1)
- Kation (1)
- Kirchhoff's law (1)
- Klima (1)
- Kloosterman sum (1)
- Klotho-related molecules (1)
- Knochenersatz (1)
- Knochenmark (1)
- Knochenzemente (1)
- Knockout (1)
- Knockout <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Knorpel (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre (1)
- Kohärente Kontrolle (1)
- Kohärente Multidimensionale Spektroskopie (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Kommunikationsprotokoll (1)
- Kompetenzen im Hochschulsektor (1)
- Komplexauge (1)
- Komplexität (1)
- Kontrollierte Wirkstofffreisetzung (1)
- Korrekt gestelltes Problem (1)
- Korrelative Mikroskopie (1)
- Krebs <Medizin> (1)
- Krebsimmuntherapie (1)
- Kritische Infrastruktur (1)
- Kultur (1)
- Kupfer katalyse (1)
- Kupplungsreaktion (1)
- LAD (1)
- LASP1 (1)
- LASP2 (1)
- LC3-associated phagocytosis (1)
- LDL cholesterol (1)
- LEDs (1)
- LHS (1)
- Labor Mobility (1)
- Laguerre-Gauss (1)
- LamB (1)
- Lambdoide Prophagen (1)
- Landnutzung (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics (1)
- Laser Pulse Shaping (1)
- Laser scanning (1)
- Laserimpulsformung (1)
- Lasermode (1)
- Latimeria menadoensis (1)
- Leaf (1)
- Leaf cutting ants (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Lepton (1)
- Leptons (1)
- Lewis acids (1)
- Lgr5 (1)
- LiDAR (1)
- Lidar (1)
- Ligand (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Light (1)
- Linagliptin (1)
- Linked Data (1)
- Lithography (1)
- Localization (1)
- Lock Locker (1)
- Locked-in-Syndrom (1)
- Logik (1)
- Lolium perenne (1)
- Long-term follow-up (1)
- Lower Reference Value (1)
- Lu-177 (1)
- Lumineszenz (1)
- Lutetium (1)
- Lymphoma (1)
- Löslichkeit (1)
- MAC Protocol (1)
- MAUP (1)
- MDD (1)
- MDR1 (1)
- ME/CFS (1)
- MIP-1β (1)
- MIPs (1)
- MPI (1)
- MRR1 (1)
- MRT (1)
- MS (1)
- MUD (1)
- MYC (1)
- Maccabees (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Machzahl (1)
- Macroscopic transport (1)
- Magnetfeldeffekt (1)
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (1)
- Magnetic Topological Insulator (1)
- Magnetic resonance (1)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- Magnetische Resonanz (1)
- Magnetresonanztomografie (1)
- Majorana bound state (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Malignancies (1)
- Malvaviscus arboreus (1)
- Manisch-depressive Krankheit (1)
- Marine sponge-derived actinomycetes (1)
- Marine sponges (1)
- Markarian 501 (1)
- Marrow (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Mass Spectrum (1)
- Masse (1)
- Materials chemistry (1)
- Mathematisches Modell (1)
- Measuring masses (1)
- Mechanisms (1)
- Mechanistic model (1)
- Medicago truncatula (1)
- Medullärer Schilddrüsenkrebs (1)
- Megakaryocyte (1)
- Megakaryocytes (1)
- Megakaryozyt (1)
- Mehrgitterverfahren (1)
- Meiose (1)
- Meiosis (1)
- Melanom (1)
- Melanoma (1)
- Melt electrospinning (1)
- Membranlipide (1)
- Men (1)
- Mensch (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (1)
- Merkel cell carcinoma (1)
- Merkelzellkarzinom (1)
- Merogone experiments (1)
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell (1)
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (1)
- Mesogen (1)
- Metabolismus (1)
- Metabolomic Imaging (1)
- Metabolomics (1)
- Metallorganische Chemie (1)
- Metallosupramolekulare Chemie (1)
- Metanephrine (1)
- Metapleural gland (1)
- Metarhizium anisopliae (1)
- Methotrexate (1)
- Metrics (1)
- MicroRNAs (1)
- Minimally invasive vascular intervention (1)
- Mitgliedsstaaten (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mitochondrium (1)
- MitraClip (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Mode propagation (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model simulation (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modenpropagation (1)
- Molecular biology (1)
- Molecular biophysics (1)
- Molecular neuroscience (1)
- Molecularly targeted therapy (1)
- Molekülzustand (1)
- Monetary Policy (1)
- Monocytes and macrophages (1)
- Motiliät (1)
- Motion detection (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Motivationspsychologie (1)
- Mrr1 (1)
- Multi-Hop Topologie (1)
- Multi-Hop Topology (1)
- Multicellular aggregates (1)
- Multifunctionalisability (1)
- Multiple Traits (1)
- Multipolar mitosis (1)
- Multizellulären Bakteriengemeinschaften (1)
- Munc13-3 (1)
- Muscidifurax (1)
- Muskelatrophie (1)
- Muskelzelle (1)
- Mutagenese (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA (1)
- Myokarditis (1)
- Myositis (1)
- N-MYC (1)
- N-heterocyclic carbenes (1)
- N6-methyladenosine (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NASH (1)
- ND10 complex (1)
- NIR-Spektroskopie (1)
- NK cells (1)
- NK-DC cross-talk (1)
- NNLO (1)
- NOS-I (1)
- NOS1AP (1)
- NOX-Inhibitoren (1)
- NP-schweres Problem (1)
- NRF2 (1)
- NT-proBNP (1)
- NTHi (1)
- NVLT (1)
- NaV1.9. oxidized phospholipids (1)
- Nahrungsaufnahme (1)
- Nanooptik (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanoporöser Stoff (1)
- Nanosegregation (1)
- Nanostruktur (1)
- Nash-Gleichgewicht (1)
- Nasonia (1)
- Naturgefahr (1)
- Naturkatastrophe (1)
- Navigation analysis (1)
- Neostriatum (1)
- Nerve fibers (1)
- Nerve growth-factorcopy (1)
- Nestbau (1)
- Network Function Virtualization (1)
- Netzhaut (1)
- Netzwerktopologie (1)
- Neuroanatomie (1)
- Neurobiologie (1)
- Neurobiology (1)
- Neurodevelopment (1)
- Neuroendocrine (1)
- Neuroendocrine Tumor (1)
- Neurogenese (1)
- Neuronale Plastizität (1)
- Neutrino (1)
- Neutrino Telescope (1)
- Neutrino detectors (1)
- Neutrophils (1)
- Nichtlineares System (1)
- Nickelkomplexe (1)
- Niederdimensionales Elektronengas (1)
- Nierenfunktionsstörung (1)
- Non-coding RNA (1)
- Non-viral genome engineering (1)
- Nonlinear systems (1)
- Normetanephrine (1)
- Nosocomial Infections (1)
- Nosokomiale Infektionen (1)
- Notch1 (1)
- Notenbank (1)
- Nuclear (1)
- Nucleus accumbens (1)
- Numerical Methods (1)
- Numerical analysis (1)
- OCT1 (1)
- OPT (1)
- OSM (1)
- OSMR (1)
- Oberflächenplasmon (1)
- Oberflächenzustand (1)
- Obstruktive Ventilationsstörung (1)
- Olfaction (1)
- Oligomere (1)
- Oligomers and Polymers (1)
- Omega-3-Fettsäuren (1)
- Oncology (1)
- Oncostatin M (1)
- OncotypeDX\(^{®}\) (1)
- Onkogen (1)
- OpenFlow (1)
- OpsA (1)
- Optical spectroscopy (1)
- Optimale Steuerung (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Optimierungsproblem (1)
- Optische Eigenschaft (1)
- Organische Synthese (1)
- Organometallic chemistry (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Osmia (1)
- Osteoarthritis (1)
- P(P)over-bar collicions (1)
- P300 (1)
- PABPs (1)
- PAI-1 (1)
- PB-PB Collisions (1)
- PCI-32765 (1)
- PDE (1)
- PEST (1)
- PF-05231023 (1)
- PKA (1)
- PKC (1)
- PKCζ, (1)
- PML (1)
- PML nuclear-bodies (1)
- PMMA bone cement (1)
- PMNs (1)
- PP Collicions (1)
- PP Collisions (1)
- PSMA (1)
- PSMA-RADS (1)
- PSMA-RADS-3A (1)
- PSMA-RADS-3B (1)
- PSMA-targeted PET (1)
- Paenibacterin (1)
- Pain (1)
- Pair Production (1)
- Pair Prodution (1)
- Pair-Production (1)
- Pan1 (1)
- Pancreas (1)
- Panel-Data Econometrics (1)
- Panelanalyse (1)
- Panic Disorder (1)
- Paniksyndrom (1)
- Paraganglioma (1)
- Parasite development (1)
- Parkinson disease (1)
- Parkinson's disease; (1)
- Parkinsonism (1)
- Parkinson’s disease (1)
- Partial Agonists (1)
- Partialagonismus (1)
- Particle dark matter (1)
- Particle production (1)
- Particle properties (1)
- Parton Ditributions (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pathway (1)
- Patron distributions (1)
- Peinlichkeit (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Period (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Perturbative QCD (1)
- Peyer's patch (1)
- Pflanzen (1)
- Pflanzenbildgebung (1)
- Pharmaceutical Analysis (1)
- Phase Transition (1)
- Phospholipase D (1)
- Phospholipide (1)
- Phosphorescence (1)
- Photochemie (1)
- Photochemistry (1)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (vacuum) (1)
- Photons (1)
- Physiologically based kinetic models (1)
- Phänomenologische Soziologie (1)
- Plasmon (1)
- Plasmonic (1)
- Platelet (1)
- Plus (1)
- Plus Plus (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Pollinators (1)
- Poly(2-oxazolin)e (1)
- Poly(2-oxazoline)s (1)
- Poly(glycidol) (1)
- Polyatomare Verbindungen (1)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- Polycyclische Aromaten (1)
- Polyethylene glycol (1)
- Polyethylenglycol (1)
- Polypeptoide (1)
- Polypeptoids (1)
- Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) (1)
- Polyspermy (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Positronenemissionstomografie (1)
- Post-transcriptional regulation (1)
- Postmarketing Experience (1)
- Practitioner's guide (1)
- Praktische Theologie (1)
- Preclinical (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictions (1)
- Preference for redistribution (1)
- Prevalence (1)
- Price equation (1)
- Probiotikum (1)
- Production Cross-Section (1)
- Production cross-section (1)
- Prognostic impact (1)
- Programm (1)
- Progressive Relaxation (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Propositional processing (1)
- Propositionale Verarbeitung (1)
- Prostatakrebs (1)
- Prostate cancer diagnostics (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein folding (1)
- Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) (1)
- Proteinkinasen (1)
- Proteom (1)
- Proton-Proton- Collisions (1)
- Protonen-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Protopterus annectens (1)
- Prototype (1)
- Pseudorapidity (1)
- Psychiatric disorders (1)
- Psychische Störung (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Pteromalidae (1)
- Pump-Probe Technik (1)
- Pump-Probe-Technik (1)
- Punktwolke (1)
- Purkinje cells (1)
- Pyrenderivate (1)
- Pyrene (1)
- Pyrrolidinderivate (1)
- Pyrrolidine carboxamides (1)
- QCD Corrections (1)
- QST-FST analysis (1)
- QoE Monitoring (1)
- Quality of Experience (1)
- Quanteninformatik (1)
- Quantentheorie (1)
- Quantum Spin Hall Effect (1)
- Quantum chromodynamics (1)
- Quark (1)
- Quark & gluon jets (1)
- Quark pair procuction (1)
- Quarkonium Production (1)
- Quarks (1)
- Quasi-1D Elektronensysteme (1)
- Quasi-Variational Inequality (1)
- Quasi-Variationsungleichung (1)
- RCT (1)
- REELS (1)
- REST-Complex (1)
- RGB-D (1)
- RHO (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA Aptamer (1)
- RNA metabolism (1)
- RNA modification (1)
- RNA polymerase II (1)
- RNA sequencing (1)
- RNA-binding proteins (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- RNS (1)
- RNase E (1)
- RRID: AB_2314041 (1)
- RRID: AB_2314242 (1)
- RRID: AB_2315311 (1)
- RRID: AB_2315460 (1)
- RRID: AB_300798 (1)
- RRID: AB_760350 (1)
- RSK (1)
- Ra-224 (1)
- Radiation calculations (1)
- Radionuclide Therapy (1)
- Radiotherapy (1)
- Raphe Kerne (1)
- Rapidity (1)
- Rashba effect (1)
- Rastertunnelmikroskopie (1)
- Raumdaten (1)
- Raumfüllung (1)
- Raumverhalten (1)
- Re-Annotation (1)
- Re-annotation (1)
- Reaction kinetics and dynamics (1)
- Receptors (1)
- Refugee Crisis (1)
- Registration (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Regulator of G protein signaling 2 (1)
- Regulatorischer Fokus (1)
- Regulatory T cells (1)
- Regulatory focus (1)
- Rekonstruktion (1)
- Relative Entropy (1)
- Release system (1)
- Remote Sensing (1)
- Renal abnormalities (1)
- Repair (1)
- Research design (1)
- Reservoir Strain (1)
- Resiliente Stadt (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Rgs2 (1)
- Rho-Proteine (1)
- RhoGTPase (1)
- Rhodacyclopentadiene (1)
- Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikomanagement (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk-factors (1)
- Ritual (1)
- River Basins (1)
- Robotics (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Root s=7 (1)
- Root-S=13 TEV (1)
- Rowing Ergometer (1)
- Ruthenium Komplexe (1)
- Räumliches Verhalten (1)
- Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse (1)
- S1PR2 (1)
- SDN (1)
- SDN Controllers (1)
- SDN Switches (1)
- SIM (1)
- SLC2A3 (1)
- SNP (1)
- SNP-microarray (1)
- SOCE (1)
- SSTR-PET (1)
- STAT6 (1)
- STIM1 (1)
- STIM2 (1)
- SUSHI (1)
- SWOT (1)
- Scale (1)
- Schafgarbe <Gattung> (1)
- Schilddrüse (1)
- Schlaf (1)
- Schlaganfall (1)
- Schleuderguss (1)
- Schmerz (1)
- Schwann-cells (1)
- Science history (1)
- Sea urchin development (1)
- Selbst (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Semantic Search (1)
- Semantic Technologies (1)
- Semantic cognition (1)
- Semantische Analyse (1)
- Semantische Verarbeitung (1)
- Sensorimotor Rhythms (1)
- Sequenzanalyse <Chemie> (1)
- Serotonerge Nervenzelle (1)
- Serotonin (1)
- Sesquiterpene lactones (1)
- Sesquiterpenlactonen (1)
- Sglt1 (1)
- Shaggy kinase (1)
- Shiga toxin producing E. coli (1)
- Shigella flexneri (1)
- Shin-Metiu Model (1)
- Showers (1)
- Siberian spurge (1)
- Silibinin (1)
- Silibinin ester (1)
- Simulation methods and programs (1)
- Simulator (1)
- Single-Photon Detectors (1)
- Single-Photon-Emissions-Computertomographie (1)
- Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Sleeping Beauty transposon (1)
- Small RNA (1)
- Smart User Interaction (1)
- SnRK1 (1)
- Social Media (1)
- Social neuroscience (1)
- Society (1)
- Software (1)
- Software Defined Networking (1)
- Sonogashira (1)
- Sonogashira coupling (1)
- Sonogashira-Hagihara-Reaktion (1)
- Sox5 (1)
- Soziale Insekten (1)
- Soziale Mobilität (1)
- Sozialstaat (1)
- Soziologie (1)
- Sozioökonomisches System (1)
- Space filling (1)
- Sparse Sampling (1)
- Spatial behavior (1)
- Spatiotemporal analysis (1)
- Species Traits (1)
- Sphingomyelinase (1)
- Spinal nerves (1)
- Spinkette (1)
- Spintronik (1)
- Spleen tyrosine kinase (1)
- Spontaneous symmetry breaking (1)
- Sprue (1)
- Squarain Farbstoffe (1)
- Squaraine Dyes (1)
- Stability (1)
- Stabilität (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (1)
- Star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (1)
- States (1)
- Statistical misconception (1)
- Statistische Hypothese (1)
- Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthase (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Stimulating factor (1)
- Stofftransport <Biologie> (1)
- Strain Assessment (1)
- Stress-Syndrom (1)
- Stressresistenz (1)
- Strong interaction (1)
- Structure-based (1)
- Strömung (1)
- Student (1)
- Super-resolution microscopy (1)
- Superpartners (1)
- Supraleitung (1)
- Supramolecular Chemistry (1)
- Surface plasmon (1)
- Surgery (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Symmetries (1)
- Synaptische Proteine (1)
- Synaptonemal complex (1)
- Synovial Fluid Aspiration (1)
- Synthese (1)
- System (1)
- T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1)
- T cell migration (1)
- T helper 1 cells (1)
- T-ALL (1)
- T-Lymphozyt (1)
- T-cell (1)
- T-cell engineering (1)
- T-cell responses (1)
- T-cell therapy (1)
- T-lymphocytes (1)
- T. brucei (1)
- T1 (1)
- T1-mapping (1)
- T2 (1)
- TAB08 (1)
- TFIIIC (1)
- TGF-β3 (1)
- TGN1412 (1)
- TK6 cells (1)
- TKI (1)
- TLR 9 (1)
- TMJ (1)
- TPC1/SV channel (1)
- TRDV2 (1)
- TRGV9 (1)
- TRPA1 (1)
- TRPV1 (1)
- Tagesrhythmik (1)
- Talbot–Lau interferometer (1)
- Targeted Therapies (1)
- Targeted drug delivery (1)
- Targeted therapies (1)
- Tau leptons (1)
- Tauola (1)
- Taurolidine (1)
- Technical Documentation (1)
- Technische Unterlage (1)
- Testing parameter difference (1)
- Tetrazoliumsalze (1)
- Thalamic nuclei (1)
- Themenpark (1)
- Theologie (1)
- Theoretical Chemistry (1)
- Theoretische Chemie (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Thioether-Poly(glycidol) (1)
- Thrombopoese (1)
- Thrombopoiesis (1)
- Thrombosis (1)
- Thrombozytenaggregation (1)
- Tian Shan (1)
- Tiermodell (1)
- Time Series Analyses (1)
- Time-Resolved Spectroscopy (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Tiotropium (1)
- Tissue Engineering (1)
- Tissue engineering (1)
- Tn1549 transposon (1)
- Tn916-like transposon family (1)
- To-leading order (1)
- Tool (1)
- Topological insulators (1)
- Training (1)
- Traits-Environment Relationships (1)
- Transkription (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Transkriptom (1)
- Translational research (1)
- Transparent motion (1)
- Transpiration barrier (1)
- Transporters (1)
- Transportkoeffizient (1)
- Transportprozess (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Transverse-momentum (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Treatment outcome (1)
- Trichomalopsis (1)
- TrkB (1)
- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (1)
- Trypanosoma (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei (1)
- Trypanosomes (1)
- Tuberkelbakterium (1)
- Tumor Microenvironment (1)
- Tumour angiogenesis (1)
- Tunnelspektroskopie (1)
- Two-dimensional Spectroscopy (1)
- UAV (1)
- UV-VIS-Spektroskopie (1)
- UV/Vis spectroscopy (1)
- UWB (1)
- Ultrafast information processing (1)
- Ultrakurzer Lichtpuls (1)
- Ultraschnelle Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Ultraschnelle Photochemie (1)
- Umverteilungspräferenz (1)
- Universität Würzburg. Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie (1)
- Urbane Resilienz (1)
- Ureaplasma species (1)
- Usage (1)
- Utility (1)
- V800 (1)
- VEMP (1)
- VSG (1)
- VSMC (1)
- Valvular heart-desease (1)
- Variables Oberflächen Glycoprotein (1)
- Variant surface glycoprotein (1)
- Variationsungleichung (1)
- Varieties of Democracy (1)
- Venusfliegenfalle (1)
- Verallgemeinertes Nash-Gleichgewichtsproblem (1)
- Vergütung (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verkehrspsychologie (1)
- Verteilungspolitik (1)
- Viral infections (1)
- Virtualisierung (1)
- Viscosity (1)
- Voltage-Clamp-Methode (1)
- Vγ9Vδ2 (1)
- WTAP (1)
- Wasser Fett Trennung (1)
- Wasseroxidation (1)
- Weakly interacting massive particles (1)
- Web navigation (1)
- Well-Balanced (1)
- Well-posedness (1)
- Wellenleiter (1)
- Westafrika (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Wire relaxation (1)
- Wirkstofffreisetzung (1)
- Wirtschaftsentwicklung (1)
- Wirtschaftsstruktur (1)
- Wirtschaftswachstum (1)
- Wissenschaftliche Literatur (1)
- Währungsunion (1)
- X-ray imaging (1)
- XPS (1)
- Xenophon (1)
- Xenopus laevis oocytes (1)
- Xylosandrus (1)
- Z Boson (1)
- ZDF rats (1)
- ZO-1 (1)
- Zahlentheorie (1)
- Zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie (1)
- Zeitauflösung (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zelloberfläche (1)
- Zellteilung (1)
- Zika virus (1)
- Zinsänderungsrisiko (1)
- Zwei-Prozess-Modell (1)
- Zweidimensionale Spektroskopie (1)
- [68Ga]DOTATOC (1)
- \(^{18}\)F-FDG (1)
- \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (1)
- \(^{99m}\)Tc-MAG3 (1)
- ab initio calculations (1)
- absorbed dose (1)
- absorbed dose to the blood (1)
- acetone (1)
- acquisition of host regulators (1)
- acrophobia (1)
- action potentials (1)
- activators/inhibitors of phosphorylation (1)
- active galactic nuclei (1)
- active zone (1)
- activity rhythms (1)
- activity tracker (1)
- acute graft-versus-host disease (1)
- acute lymphocytic leukaemia (1)
- acute myeloid leukemia (1)
- adaptive role (1)
- adrenal insufficiency (1)
- adsorption (1)
- adsorption-induced deformation (1)
- adult (1)
- adult treatment (1)
- adult-onset ADHD (1)
- advanced drug delivery system (1)
- aerobic fitness (1)
- aerobic training (1)
- affect (1)
- age-related macular degeneration (1)
- agricultural intensity (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agroecology (1)
- airborne laser scanning (ALS) (1)
- airflow (1)
- alcohol (1)
- alkaloids (1)
- allogeneic stem cell transplantation (1)
- allometric scaling (1)
- allosterism (1)
- allotype (1)
- alpha particles (1)
- alpha-synuclein (1)
- alternative macrophage polarization (1)
- altruism (1)
- altruistic compensation (1)
- altruistic punishment (1)
- aluminum copper alloys (1)
- ambrosia fungus (1)
- amino acid analysis (1)
- amount of invested mental effort (1)
- amygdala (1)
- amyloid-β (1)
- anaphylatoxins (1)
- anemia (1)
- aneurysm (1)
- anger (1)
- angiotensin II type 1 receptor (1)
- animal behaviour (1)
- anodic stimulation (1)
- anthocyanins (1)
- anti-hiv agents (1)
- anti-infective vaccination (1)
- anti-inflammatory (1)
- anti-microbial activit (1)
- anti-retroviral agents (1)
- antibacterial activity (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- anticoagulants (1)
- anticoagulation (1)
- antidepressant (1)
- antigenic recall (1)
- antimicrobials (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- anuria (1)
- aphasia (1)
- approximation algorithm (1)
- aqua material (1)
- arachidonic acid metabolic network (1)
- arial fibrillation (1)
- arousal (1)
- arrhythmia (1)
- arterial hypotension (1)
- artificial diet (1)
- artificial intelligence (1)
- asexuality (1)
- aspergillosis (1)
- assay (1)
- assay systems (1)
- assessment of cognitive disorders/dementia (1)
- assortative mating (1)
- astrocytes (1)
- asymmetry (1)
- athletes (1)
- atmospheric chemistry (1)
- atomistic models (1)
- atrial fibrillation (1)
- attention (1)
- attention bias (1)
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1)
- atypical chemokine receptor 3 (1)
- auditory P300-BCI (1)
- autoantibodies (1)
- autoantibody (1)
- autoimmune antibodies (1)
- autoimmune cardiomyopathy (1)
- autoimmunity (1)
- autologous stem cell transplantation (1)
- automated driving (1)
- autosomal recessive non-synstromic hearing loss (1)
- auxin (1)
- axon guidance genes (1)
- axonal degeneration (1)
- bPAC (1)
- bSSFP (1)
- bZIPs (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial genomics (1)
- bacterial transcription (1)
- bakanae (1)
- bank credit market (1)
- banking (1)
- bariatric surgery (1)
- barium titanate (1)
- bee communities (1)
- bee disease (1)
- beech forests (1)
- behavioral conditioning (1)
- behavioral rhythms (1)
- behavioral transition (1)
- behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (1)
- behaviour (1)
- behaviour therapy (1)
- behavioural ecology (1)
- bi-compartmental (1)
- bi-compartmental knee arthoplasty (1)
- big data (1)
- bile (1)
- binding studies (1)
- bioactive peptide (1)
- bioassay-guided fractionation (1)
- bioassays (1)
- bioavailability (1)
- biocatalysis (1)
- bioconjugation (1)
- biodegradable implant (1)
- biodiversity estimation (1)
- biofeedback (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- bioimaging (1)
- biokinetics (1)
- biological dosimetry (1)
- biological pest control (1)
- biologics (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomedical applications (1)
- biomedical engineering (1)
- biomedicine (1)
- biomimetic scaffolds (1)
- bioprinting (1)
- bioprocessing (1)
- bioreactor (1)
- bioresponsive (1)
- bird diversity (1)
- bitopic ligand (1)
- black woodpecker (1)
- blocking opsonization (1)
- blood (1)
- blood glucose regulation (1)
- blood plasma (1)
- blood-nerve barrier (1)
- body composition (1)
- body size distributions; (1)
- bond activation (1)
- bond market (1)
- bone development (1)
- bone marrow dosimetry (1)
- bone marrow niche (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein (1)
- boron chains (1)
- boronium cations (1)
- borylation (1)
- borylenes (1)
- brain metastasis (1)
- brain stimulation (1)
- breast cancer predisposition (1)
- brood rearing (1)
- brucei genome (1)
- building behavior (1)
- burden of disease (1)
- butyrophilin 3 (1)
- butyrophilins (1)
- cAMP (1)
- calcium phosphate (1)
- calcium phosphate cement (1)
- calcium signalling (1)
- calcium signals (1)
- camalexin (1)
- cancer genomics (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- cancer metabolism (1)
- cancer microenvironment (1)
- cancer models (1)
- cancer risk (1)
- candidalysin (1)
- canonical microcircuits (1)
- capecitabine (1)
- capsaicin (1)
- carabid beetles (1)
- carbanion (1)
- carbene-stabilized nickel complexes (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon fiber reinforcement (1)
- carbon nanotube microspheres (1)
- cardiac device therapy (1)
- cardiac hypertrophy (1)
- cardiac innervation imaging (1)
- cardiac nerve (1)
- cardiac surgery (1)
- cardiac sympathetic nerve system (1)
- cardiac sympathetic nervous system (1)
- cardiac variant (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiovascular morbidity (1)
- cardiovascular mortality (1)
- career self-management (1)
- careers (1)
- carmine (1)
- cartilage tissue engineering (1)
- catalysis (1)
- cataracts (1)
- cavitation (1)
- ceftriaxone (1)
- cell corpse clearance (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell death (1)
- cell growth (1)
- cell membranes (1)
- cell wall channel (1)
- cell wall synthesis (1)
- cellular neuroscience (1)
- cellular stress responses (1)
- cellular waveform (1)
- center of pressure (1)
- centrifugally casting (1)
- ceramides (1)
- cerebellar cortex (1)
- cerebral amyloid angiopathy (1)
- cerebral small vessel disease (1)
- chain structures (1)
- chalcogens (1)
- channel (1)
- chelates (1)
- chemical bonding (1)
- chemical communication (1)
- chemical ecology (1)
- chemical modification (1)
- chemoresistance (1)
- chemotherapy (1)
- child (1)
- children/adults (1)
- chlamydia (1)
- chlamydia serine proteases (1)
- chlamydial inclusion (1)
- chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- chlamyopsin (1)
- cholinergic system (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromosome movement (1)
- chromosome pairing (1)
- chronic constriction injury (1)
- chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (1)
- chronophin (1)
- cicatricial pemphigoid (1)
- circadian clock neurons (1)
- circadian clocks (1)
- claudin-1 (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- climate change (1)
- climate control (1)
- climate scenarios (1)
- climate-change (1)
- clonal fungiculture (1)
- co-delivery (1)
- coaptation line (1)
- cochlear nucleus (1)
- coevolution (1)
- cofilin (1)
- cognition (1)
- cognitive balance (1)
- cognitive dissonance (1)
- cognitive impairment (1)
- cognitive neuropsychology in dementia (1)
- coherence (1)
- cohesin (1)
- collagen-glycosaminoglycane matrix (CGM) (1)
- colon cancer (1)
- color vision (1)
- coloration (1)
- community assembly (1)
- comorbidity (1)
- comparison (1)
- complement (1)
- complement system (1)
- complex (1)
- complexity (1)
- complications (1)
- composition (1)
- compound eyes (1)
- compressive strength (1)
- computational biophysics (1)
- computational modelling (1)
- conditional sex allocation (1)
- conditioned response (1)
- conductive hybrid (1)
- condyle pathomorphology (1)
- conical intersections (1)
- conjugated polymers (1)
- conjugative transposition (1)
- conjunctival defect (1)
- conjunctival hole (1)
- conjunctival repair (1)
- consciousness (1)
- contactin (1)
- contactin-associated protein 1 (1)
- content cluster (1)
- content-analysis (1)
- continental (1)
- control-focused democracy (1)
- convergent star product (1)
- copeptin (1)
- copy number variation (1)
- copy number variation (CNV) (1)
- corneal endothelium (1)
- corneal epithelium (1)
- corneal storage (1)
- coronary artery disease (1)
- correlative methods (1)
- cortical thickness (1)
- costs (1)
- cotton (1)
- coupling (1)
- covalent organic frameworks (1)
- crimp structure (1)
- crop (1)
- crop diversity (1)
- cross-classified multilevel analysis (1)
- cross-talk (1)
- crown gall (1)
- cryostructuring (1)
- cryptochrome (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- crystallography (1)
- culturable command area (1)
- current-current correlation (1)
- cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (1)
- cycloaddition (1)
- cylic GMP (1)
- cystic fibrosis (1)
- cytarabine dose (1)
- cytokine (1)
- cytokine secretion (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytomegalovirus (1)
- cytoskeletal proteins (1)
- dMyc (1)
- dSTORM (1)
- dabrafenib (1)
- damage tolerant cement (1)
- darkfield imaging (1)
- data science (1)
- dead spot (1)
- dead tree (1)
- deadwood (1)
- debris-covered glaciers (1)
- decay (1)
- decision making (1)
- defense (1)
- deformation (1)
- deformation quantization (1)
- delayed cerebral infarction (1)
- delayed radiation effects (1)
- democracy (1)
- dendritic cells (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- deoxyribozymes (1)
- depolarization (1)
- depth (1)
- derivatives (1)
- dermatology (1)
- desymmetrization (1)
- development (1)
- developmental trajectory (1)
- device arm (1)
- device-related infections (1)
- dexamethasone (1)
- diabetes (1)
- diabetes insipidus (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- diagnostic criteria (1)
- diboranes (1)
- diboration (1)
- diboron (1)
- diboryne (1)
- dietary approaches to stop hypertension (1)
- differentiation (1)
- digitalization (1)
- diketopyrrolopyrroles (1)
- dilatometer (1)
- direct anterior approach (1)
- disease genetics (1)
- disease prevention (1)
- disfluency (1)
- distal radio-ulnar joint (1)
- distance measurement (1)
- distance-dependent decay (1)
- distributary (1)
- distribution modulo one (1)
- dmP53 (1)
- dog microbiome (1)
- dogs (1)
- dorsal instrumentation (1)
- dosimetry (1)
- double-strand DNA breaks (1)
- double-stranded (1)
- drainage tube (1)
- driver behavior (1)
- driver distraction (1)
- drug design (1)
- drug regulation (1)
- drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (1)
- dry lung syndrome (1)
- dualsteric ligand (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic (1)
- eHealth (1)
- early neural precursors (1)
- early-life stress (1)
- eco-evolutionary dynamics (1)
- eco-metabolomics (1)
- ecological intensification (1)
- ecology (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem function (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- educational psychology (1)
- educational tool (1)
- efficacy (1)
- egalitarian democracy (1)
- elderly (1)
- electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- electrocatalysis (1)
- electroencephalogram (1)
- electrohydrodynamic (1)
- electrohydrodynamic printing (1)
- electrometer (1)
- electronic and spintronic devices (1)
- electronic devices (1)
- electronic structure of atoms and molecules (1)
- electronics, photonics and device physics (1)
- electrophiles (1)
- elektronisch angeregte Zustände (1)
- elution (1)
- emergence (1)
- emotion processing (1)
- emotion regulation (1)
- emotional stability (1)
- emotional word use (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- encephalitis (1)
- endocytosis (1)
- endometriosis (1)
- endophytic fungi (1)
- endophytische Pilze (1)
- endoreplication (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- endovascular repair (1)
- energy metabolism (1)
- enoyl ACP reductase (1)
- entrepreneurship (1)
- entropy inequality (1)
- environmental degradation (1)
- environmental sciences (1)
- enzyme activator (1)
- enzymes (1)
- episcleral drainage device (1)
- erovalent diboron compounds (1)
- error estimate (1)
- erythrocyte adherence (1)
- evaluation (1)
- event (1)
- evolutionary genetics (1)
- exaptation (1)
- exclusion criteria (1)
- executive function (1)
- exercise intervention (1)
- expansion (1)
- experience taking (1)
- experimental evolution (1)
- expression (1)
- extended Kalman filter (1)
- extinction (1)
- extra cellular matrix (1)
- extremity trauma (1)
- eye cancer (1)
- eye tracking (1)
- eyetracking (1)
- fMRI (1)
- failure (1)
- fast decay (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fear behavior (1)
- fear conditioning (1)
- feral honey bees (1)
- fermentation (1)
- ferns (1)
- ferroelectrics and multiferroics (1)
- ferroptosis (1)
- fiber reinforcement (1)
- fiber–matrix interaction (1)
- fibroblast growth factor (1)
- field testing (1)
- finite volume method (1)
- flagellate (1)
- flame test (1)
- fluorescence resonance energy transfer (1)
- fluorescent protein (1)
- fluorescent resonance energy transfer (1)
- flupyradifurone (1)
- flux distributions (1)
- flybow (1)
- flytrap (1)
- foamy virus (1)
- foliar fungal community (1)
- food security (1)
- foreign companies (1)
- forest dynamics (1)
- forest ecology (1)
- forest succession (1)
- forestry (1)
- fracture (1)
- fracture-associated vascular damage (1)
- free energy (1)
- frequency modulation (1)
- frontal cortex (1)
- frontotemporal dementia (1)
- frühe neurale Vorläufer (1)
- fullerene network (1)
- functional genetics (1)
- functional genomics (1)
- functional mitral regurgitation (1)
- functional near-infrared spectroscopy (1)
- functional regurgitation (1)
- functional training (1)
- fungal biology (1)
- fungal endophytes (1)
- fungal rhodopsins (1)
- fungicidal activity (1)
- fungus-farming insects (1)
- fungus-plant interaction (1)
- gametogenesis (1)
- gamma gamma channel (1)
- gastric cancer (1)
- gels and hydrogels (1)
- gender gap (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- gene transfer (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- genetic association study (1)
- genetic cardiomyopathy (1)
- genetic diversity (1)
- genetic linkage study (1)
- genome annotation (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome evolution (1)
- genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (1)
- genomewide association study (1)
- genomic instability (1)
- genotype (1)
- genotype-phenotype patterns (1)
- genotyping arrays (1)
- gephyrin (1)
- germinal center (1)
- germline mutations (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glasses (1)
- glaucoma drainage device (1)
- glioblastoma multiforme (1)
- glioma (1)
- global (1)
- global DNA methylation (1)
- glucocerebrosidase mutation (1)
- glucose transporter (1)
- glucose transporter SGLT1 (1)
- glucosinolates (1)
- glycine receptors (1)
- glycoprotein GPV (1)
- gp130 (1)
- grain (1)
- granulocytes (1)
- graphs (1)
- grating interferometer (1)
- green light perception (1)
- green systems biology (1)
- ground dwelling predators (1)
- groundwater (1)
- group change (1)
- growth (1)
- growth hormone deficiency (1)
- growth pattern (1)
- guanylyl cyclase-A (1)
- guard cell (1)
- guidelines (1)
- gut microbiome (1)
- habitat fragmentation (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- habitat loss (1)
- habitat requirements (1)
- habitat suitability model (HSM) (1)
- haematological cancer (1)
- half-life (1)
- half-sandwich complexes (1)
- halothane (1)
- hardness (1)
- health care payers (1)
- health care resource utilization (1)
- health promotion (1)
- healthy volunteers (1)
- heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (1)
- helminths (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- hemorrhagic stroke (1)
- hepatitis C virus (1)
- hepatology (1)
- hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (1)
- hereditary breast cancer (1)
- hereditary hearing loss (1)
- heterologous (1)
- hexavalent vaccine (1)
- hibernation (1)
- hierarchical matrix (1)
- high performance liquid chromatography (1)
- high-intensity interval training (1)
- hip (1)
- histone variants (1)
- histones (1)
- history (1)
- hollow tree (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homogeneous catalysis (1)
- honey bees (1)
- host cell damage (1)
- host cell invasion (1)
- host screening (1)
- hub genes (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- human body weight (1)
- human brain microvascular endothelial cells (1)
- human herpesvirus 6 (1)
- human intervention (1)
- human learning (1)
- human microbiome (1)
- human pluripotent stem cells (1)
- human primary cells (1)
- human-automation interaction (1)
- human-computer interaction (1)
- humans (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hybrid molecules (1)
- hybrid pacemaker (1)
- hydrodynamic limits (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogels (1)
- hydrogenation (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydroxyephedrine (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypertensive arteriopathy (1)
- hypertensive cardiomyopathy (1)
- hyphae (1)
- hypothalamus (1)
- icaADBC (1)
- identification (1)
- identity integration (1)
- illumina (1)
- image analysis (1)
- image processing (1)
- imaginary quadratic field (1)
- imaging (1)
- imaging and sensing (1)
- imaging the immune system (1)
- imines (1)
- iminoboranes (1)
- immersion (1)
- immune cells (1)
- immune reconstitution (1)
- immune system (1)
- immunocytochemistry (1)
- immunoglobulin superfamily (1)
- immunomonitoring (1)
- immunosuppression (1)
- immunotherapy (1)
- impact force (1)
- impervious surface areas (1)
- implant fit (1)
- implant positioning (1)
- implants (1)
- implicit motives (1)
- impulse control disorders (1)
- in situ analysis (1)
- in situ forest monitoring (1)
- in vitro contracture test (1)
- in vitro diagnostic (1)
- in vitro selection (1)
- in vivo cell tracking (1)
- in-vitro (1)
- inactivity (1)
- index analysis (1)
- individualised modular treatment programme (1)
- individualized training (1)
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1)
- indoxyl sulfate (1)
- infections (1)
- infinium HumanOmni1-Quad (1)
- inflammasome activation (1)
- inflammation mediators (1)
- inflammatory pain (1)
- information technology (1)
- inhibitors (1)
- inhibitory post-synaptic specialization (1)
- injectable protein formulation (1)
- injury prevention (1)
- innate immune response (1)
- innate immunity (1)
- insect vision (1)
- insect-fungus mutualism (1)
- insecticides (1)
- insertion-site deep sequencing (1)
- insilico drug screening too (1)
- insulin receptor (1)
- insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (1)
- integrated optics (1)
- inter-rater reliability (1)
- interest rate risk (1)
- interface control (1)
- intergenerational contraction (1)
- intergroup bias (1)
- interleukin-10 (1)
- internet of things (1)
- interobserver (1)
- interreader (1)
- intervalence charge transfer (1)
- intervention (1)
- intestinal barrier (1)
- intra-limb anticipatory postural adjustments (1)
- intravital imaging (1)
- invasive disease (1)
- inventory (1)
- inverse parameterization (1)
- ion channels in the nervous system (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- irrigation pricing (1)
- ischaemic cardiomyopathy (1)
- ischemia-reperfusion injury (1)
- ischemic (1)
- ischemic stroke (1)
- islets of Langerhans (1)
- isolation (1)
- isomers (1)
- jasmonate (1)
- joint aspiration (1)
- juvenile idiopathic arthritis (1)
- ketogenic diet (1)
- ketone bodies (1)
- kidney or renal transplantation (1)
- killing (1)
- kinect (1)
- kinetic description of gases (1)
- knee (1)
- knee alignment (1)
- knee osteoarthritis (1)
- laboratory measurements (1)
- lambda-phages (1)
- lamin (1)
- laminin 332 (1)
- land surface temperature (1)
- landscape heterogeneity (1)
- laparoscopic right colectomy (1)
- large Stokes shift (1)
- laser scanner (1)
- laserscanner (1)
- latency (1)
- leaf-cutting ants (1)
- leaflet (1)
- learning (1)
- leukemic cells (1)
- leukocytes (1)
- level of evidence: IV (1)
- levosimendan (1)
- libertarian democracy (1)
- lifetime spectroscopy (1)
- likability (1)
- limbic system (1)
- linked open data (1)
- lipid bilayer membrane (1)
- lipid rafts (1)
- lipochitinoligosaccharides (1)
- literature review (1)
- liver diseases (1)
- liver oligometastases (1)
- loanable funds theory (1)
- local (1)
- local adaptation to climate (1)
- localization microscopy (1)
- locus coeruleus (1)
- locus coerulus (1)
- longitudinal relaxation (1)
- loss of chromosome Y (LOY); (1)
- low Mach number (1)
- low-cost spectrometer (1)
- low-valent main group chemistry (1)
- luminescent solar concentrators (1)
- lung remodeling (1)
- lymph nodes (1)
- lymphocyte activation (1)
- lymphocyte homing (1)
- lysosomal degradation (1)
- lysosomal storage disorder (1)
- lytic replication (1)
- mHealth (1)
- mRNA (1)
- macrophage (1)
- macrophage epigenomics (1)
- macrophages (1)
- macrophages immunobiology (1)
- magnesium (1)
- magnetic properties and materials (1)
- magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- main-group chemistry (1)
- major depression (1)
- malignant hyperthermia (1)
- mapping (1)
- marine biology (1)
- marine sponges (1)
- market entry decisions (1)
- mass (1)
- mass casualties (1)
- mass extinction (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- master sex-determining gene (1)
- mate recognition (1)
- matrix metalloproteases (1)
- matrix metalloproteinases (1)
- measurement of democracy (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- medaka (1)
- medical (1)
- medical research (1)
- medicinal plants (1)
- medicine authentication tools (1)
- meditation (1)
- medulloblastoma (1)
- melt electrospinning (1)
- melt electrospinning writing (1)
- melt electrowriting (MEW) (1)
- membrane potential (1)
- membrane proteins (1)
- meningitis (1)
- mental disorders (1)
- mental representation (1)
- mental training (1)
- mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- metabarcoding (1)
- metabolic modeling (1)
- metabolic pathways (1)
- metabolic profile (1)
- metabolic syndrome (1)
- metabolic theory (1)
- metacognitive control (1)
- metacognitive judgments (1)
- metacognitive monitoring (1)
- metacommunity (1)
- metacomprehension (1)
- metagenomics (1)
- metallosupramolecular chemistry (1)
- metapopulation (1)
- methanogens (1)
- methylation array analysis (1)
- mevalonate pathway (1)
- miR-146a (1)
- miR-193a (1)
- miR-26 (1)
- miRNA Biogenesis (1)
- micro pattern gaseous detectors (1)
- micro-ionization chambers (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbial diversity and composition (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microbot (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- microenvironment (1)
- micromegas detectors (1)
- micronuclei (1)
- microrna (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microswimmer (1)
- microtubes (1)
- mild (1)
- milk proteins (1)
- mineralization (1)
- mineralogy (1)
- minimal invasive surgery (1)
- minimally invasive (1)
- mitigation strategies (1)
- mitochondrial morphology (1)
- mitral valve (1)
- mixed hearing loss (1)
- mobile apps (1)
- model (1)
- model organism (1)
- modeling (1)
- moderate sedation (1)
- modulation kinetics (1)
- module (1)
- molecular docking (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular radiotherapy (1)
- monetary economy (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoamine oxidase A (1)
- monocyte-platelet aggregates (1)
- mood (1)
- mood induction (1)
- moonlighting protein (1)
- morphology (1)
- mortality (1)
- motility (1)
- motor control (1)
- mouse (1)
- mouse microbiome (1)
- mouse models (1)
- mouse platelets (1)
- movement ecology (1)
- moycardial sympathetic innervation (1)
- mucous membrane pemphigoid (1)
- multi-fluid mixture (1)
- multi-source forest health monitoring network (1)
- multidrug-resistant bacteria (1)
- multigene-array (1)
- multigrid (1)
- multimodal fusion (1)
- multimodal interface (1)
- multiple bonds (1)
- multiplicity of infection (1)
- muon spectrometer (1)
- muscarinic receptors (1)
- muscle (1)
- mutant ubiquitin (1)
- mutualism (1)
- mycobacteria (1)
- mycolic acid (1)
- myocardial nerve (1)
- myocardial perfusion imaging (1)
- myocarditis (1)
- nanodomain (1)
- nanostructured (1)
- nanowires (1)
- narratives (1)
- natriuretic peptides (1)
- natural interfaces (1)
- natural killer cells (1)
- natural variation (1)
- navigation (1)
- ncRNA (1)
- necrosis (1)
- neoepitope-derived peptides (1)
- neonatal renal failure (1)
- nest climate (1)
- net testing effect (1)
- network (1)
- networking (1)
- neural circuits (1)
- neural stem cells (1)
- neuroepithelial progenitors (1)
- neuroepitheliale Vorläufer (1)
- neurofascin (1)
- neurogenesis (1)
- neurology (1)
- neuronal dysfunction (1)
- neuronal nitric oxide synthase (1)
- neuronale Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase (1)
- neurons (1)
- neuropathic pain (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neurophysiology (1)
- neuroplasticity (1)
- neuroprotection (1)
- neuroprotective (1)
- neuropsychiatric disorders (1)
- neuropsychiatrische Störungen (1)
- neuroscience (1)
- neurotransmitters (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- nicht-viraler Gentransfer (1)
- nicotinic receptors (1)
- nine-banded armadillo (1)
- node of Ranvier (1)
- non-apoptotic programmed cell death (1)
- non-canonical autophagy (1)
- non-coding RNA (1)
- non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (1)
- non-responder (1)
- nonadiabatic dynamics (1)
- norepinephrine (1)
- nuclear envelope (1)
- nuclear role (1)
- nucleic acids (1)
- nucleosides (1)
- nuclesosome positioning (1)
- nucleus accumbens (1)
- null hypothesis testing (1)
- nutrients (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- objective assessment (1)
- occupation number fluctuations (1)
- oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (1)
- olfaction (1)
- oligo-recurrence (1)
- oligohydramnios sequence (1)
- oligometastases (1)
- ologen implant (1)
- omega-3 fatty acids (1)
- oncogenesis (1)
- optical physics (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optimal control (1)
- optimal control problem (1)
- optimal size (1)
- oral anticancer drugs (1)
- organic electronics (1)
- organometallic chemistry (1)
- orthodenticle homeobox 2 (1)
- osmotic stimulation (1)
- osteochondral implant (1)
- outcome (1)
- outpatients (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovary (1)
- oxidierte Phospholipide (1)
- oxygen reduction reaction (1)
- p-cresyl sulfate (1)
- p-value (1)
- p.Asn215Ser (1)
- p.N215S (1)
- pacemaker neuron (1)
- pancreatic carcinoma (1)
- pancreatic islet cytomorphology (1)
- pancreatic islet function (1)
- paraganglioma (1)
- paranode (1)
- parasite (1)
- parent training (1)
- partial differential equation (1)
- partial integro-differential equations (1)
- partially-supervised (1)
- partition noise (1)
- patch (1)
- patch-clamp (1)
- pathogen vector (1)
- pathology (1)
- patient-doctor-relationship (1)
- patient-specific (1)
- pea aphid (1)
- peak oxygen uptake (1)
- pediatric patients (1)
- peer review (1)
- pelvic trauma (1)
- pemphigoid (1)
- pemphigus (1)
- penetrance (1)
- peptidase inhibitor PI15 (1)
- peptide receptor (1)
- peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (1)
- peptide synthesis (1)
- perception (1)
- percutaneous mitral valve repair (1)
- periodization (1)
- peripartum cardiomyopathy (1)
- peripheral nervous system (1)
- permeation and transport (1)
- perylene dyes (1)
- pesticide (1)
- phaeochromocytoma (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phagolysosome tubulation (1)
- phagosome maturation (1)
- phase IV (1)
- phase contrast imaging (1)
- phase stepping (1)
- phenological response (1)
- phenological shift (1)
- phenols (1)
- phenotypic spectrum (1)
- pheochromocytoma (1)
- phloroglucinol aldehyde (1)
- phosphine ligands (1)
- phosphoantigens (1)
- phospholipase D (1)
- photo-cross-linkable elastomer (1)
- photoconversion (1)
- photodanamic therapy (1)
- photodynamics (1)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- photonic devices (1)
- photoreceptor (1)
- phototransduction (1)
- phototrophic growth (1)
- phylogenomics (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physiology (1)
- phytochemicals (1)
- pi-conjugation (1)
- picture comprehension (1)
- pig microbiome (1)
- pigment epithelium derived factor (1)
- pigment pattern (1)
- pigment-dispersing factor (1)
- pigs (1)
- pilot-point-approach (1)
- placental mammals (1)
- plant defence (1)
- plant-insect-microbe interactions (1)
- plasma cells (1)
- plasma membrane voltage (1)
- plasma modelling (1)
- plasmablasts (1)
- plasmodesmata (1)
- plasmonics (1)
- platelet (1)
- platelet biogenesis (1)
- platinum nanostructures (1)
- polar body (1)
- polaritons (1)
- polarity (1)
- polarization (1)
- policy (1)
- politics (1)
- polity (1)
- pollen (1)
- pollination (1)
- pollinator interactions (1)
- poly(I:C) (1)
- polyatomic molecules (1)
- polycaprolactone (1)
- polymer processing (1)
- polymorphonuclear neutrophils (1)
- population density (1)
- porin (1)
- porphyrins (1)
- pose estimation (1)
- post-processing (1)
- potassium (1)
- potassium channels (1)
- potter sequence (1)
- power training (1)
- precipitates (1)
- preclinical research (1)
- predictive markers (1)
- predictor analysis (1)
- predictors (1)
- prejudice (1)
- premature (1)
- premutation (1)
- presence (1)
- pressure sensor (1)
- prevalence (1)
- prevention (1)
- prezygotic reproductive isolation (1)
- primary polydipsia (1)
- primary vaccination (1)
- prime number (1)
- prior subject interest (1)
- probability of scoring a goal (1)
- probiotic (1)
- probiotica (1)
- procedural fusion methods (1)
- process optimization (1)
- processing speed (1)
- profile of democracy (1)
- progenitors (1)
- prognosis (1)
- program (1)
- progranulin (1)
- proliferation (1)
- propionic acid (1)
- prospective (1)
- prospective study (1)
- prostate-specific membrane antigen (1)
- prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (1)
- protease-sensitive release (1)
- protein and mRNA expression (1)
- protein hydrolysis (1)
- protein maturation (1)
- protein modification (1)
- protein therapeutics (1)
- proteolipid protein (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proton pump currents (1)
- proton-proton collision (1)
- proton-proton collisions (1)
- psychologists (1)
- psychometrics (1)
- public health medicine (1)
- pulse simulation (1)
- pulse width (1)
- pyroptosis (1)
- pyrrolidine carboxamides (1)
- quality assurance (1)
- quality evaluation (1)
- quality indicators (1)
- quality of democracy (1)
- quantification (1)
- quantitative analysis (1)
- quantitative imaging (1)
- question format (1)
- questionnaire (1)
- rac1 inhibitors (1)
- radiation (1)
- radiation effects (1)
- radiation response (1)
- radiation-induced genome instability (RIGI) (1)
- radionuclide therapy (1)
- radiotherapy (1)
- radium (1)
- random forest (1)
- randomised controlled trial (1)
- randomized trials (1)
- ras (1)
- rat hippocampal neurons (1)
- reaction mechanisms (1)
- reaction time (1)
- rearrangement (1)
- recategorization (1)
- receptor internalization (1)
- recombinant DNA (1)
- reconstruction (1)
- recurrence (1)
- redox reactions (1)
- regenerative medicine (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regularization (1)
- regulation of microglia activation (1)
- regulatory T cells (1)
- relative dosimetry (1)
- remnant tissue dosimetry (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- renal cancer (1)
- renal failure (1)
- renal tubular dysgenesis (1)
- renin-angiotensin system (1)
- repeated exercise (1)
- repeated sprint running (1)
- reporting and data system (1)
- reporting and data systems (1)
- repression (1)
- rescue mission (1)
- research software (1)
- resistive micromegas (1)
- resolution (1)
- resource mapping (1)
- resource suitability (1)
- respiratory distress (1)
- retinal development (1)
- retinal pigment epithelium (1)
- retrieval practice (1)
- reverse transcriptase inhibitors (1)
- revision (1)
- reward (1)
- ribozymes (1)
- rice–plant infection (1)
- ring-barking (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- robotic (1)
- rodent model (1)
- rotator cuff (1)
- rule discovery (1)
- ruthenium complexes (1)
- salivary alpha-amylase (1)
- salivary gland (1)
- salt (1)
- sampling method (1)
- sarcoidosis (1)
- scaffold (1)
- scaffold design (1)
- scalable culture system (1)
- scaling relationships (1)
- scanning probe microscopy (1)
- scapula (1)
- scatter radiation (1)
- schizophrenia (1)
- scientists (1)
- seahorse (1)
- search (1)
- second-tier cities (1)
- secretion (1)
- sedentary lifestyle (1)
- seed plants (1)
- segmentation (1)
- selective retina therapy (1)
- selectivity (1)
- self-concept (1)
- self-concept content (1)
- self-descriptions (1)
- self-reactivity (1)
- semantic fusion (1)
- semantic web (1)
- semaphorin (1)
- semiconductor devices (1)
- semiconductor lasers (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- sensorineural hearing loss (1)
- sensory cues (1)
- sensory neuropathy (1)
- sepsis (1)
- seropositive (1)
- sesame (1)
- sex chromosomes (1)
- sex differentiation (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexually antagonistic genes (1)
- shared genetic basis (1)
- short stature (1)
- signal integration (1)
- signal processing (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- significance testing (1)
- signs and symptoms (1)
- silk fibroin scaffolds (1)
- simulation (1)
- single molecule real time (SMRT) (1)
- single photon emission computed tomography: sympathetic nerve (1)
- single photons and quantum effects (1)
- single top quark (1)
- single-use bioreactors (1)
- single-wall carbon nanotubes (1)
- six-minute walk test (1)
- size-dependent movement (1)
- skeletal muscle (1)
- skin biopsy (1)
- skin conduction response (1)
- sleep (1)
- small-molecule activation (1)
- smart soccer boot (1)
- smartwatch (1)
- snags (1)
- social bees (1)
- social capital (1)
- social cognition (1)
- social comparison (1)
- social identification (1)
- social interaction (1)
- soil and water conservation (1)
- soil erosion (1)
- soluble factors (1)
- somatostatin receptor (SSTR) (1)
- somatostatin receptors (1)
- spacer (1)
- spatial (1)
- speciation (1)
- species density (1)
- species interactions (1)
- species spillover (1)
- spectral sensitivity (1)
- specular reflective (1)
- spiders (1)
- spin-orbitronics (1)
- spinal cord injury (1)
- spine trauma (1)
- spintronic (1)
- splenic function (1)
- splicing (1)
- spoiled gradient echo (1)
- spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (1)
- spumavirus (1)
- standardization (1)
- standardized major axis regression (1)
- standing deadwood (1)
- staphylinid beetles (1)
- state-based model (1)
- statins (1)
- statistical significance (1)
- steady-state dendritic cells (1)
- stereotactic body radiotherapy (1)
- stimulation parameters (1)
- stirred suspension culture (1)
- storage vesicle turnover (1)
- store-operated calcium entry (1)
- streptozotocin (1)
- structure elucidation (1)
- structure-activity relationship (1)
- structure-activity relationships (1)
- student evaluations of teaching (1)
- students (1)
- study system (1)
- stx-Phagen (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- subarachnoid hemorrhage (1)
- subphenotypes (1)
- substandard and falsified medicines (1)
- substantia nigra (1)
- subthalamic (1)
- subthalamic nucleus (1)
- supervisors (1)
- support vector machines (1)
- supramolecular chemistry (1)
- surface reflectances (1)
- surfaces, interfaces and thin films (1)
- surgical trauma room (1)
- surveillance (1)
- survey (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable irrigation system (1)
- swarming (1)
- sweat osmolality (1)
- sweat secretion rate (1)
- sweet spot (1)
- symmetries (1)
- sympathetic nervous system (1)
- synaptic development (1)
- synaptic proteins (1)
- synaptic vesicles (1)
- sync-oligometastases (1)
- synthetic methodology (1)
- systemic micro-inflammation oxidative stress (1)
- systems biology (1)
- tDCS (1)
- tVNS (1)
- tanzania (1)
- task complexity (1)
- taste (1)
- teleost fish (1)
- telephone-assisted self-help (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperate zones (1)
- temporal (1)
- temporal organization (1)
- tenting (1)
- teriflunomide (1)
- terror attack (1)
- testing effect (1)
- testis (1)
- text comprehension (1)
- the microtubule-organizing center (1)
- theme park (1)
- theoretical calculations (1)
- theory and computation (1)
- theory of mind (1)
- therapeutic approach (1)
- therapeutic vaccines (1)
- thermal camera (1)
- thermal proteome profiling (1)
- thermal stresses (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- three-dimensional echocardiography (1)
- three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (1)
- thrombosis (1)
- thyroid ablation treatment (1)
- thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (1)
- tight junction protein (1)
- tight junctions (1)
- tikhonov regularization (1)
- timing (1)
- tissue culture (1)
- tissue nutrient contents (1)
- toe region mechanical behaviour (1)
- tolerogenic dendritic cells (1)
- topological insulator (1)
- topological matter (1)
- topological superconductor (1)
- total hip arthroplasty (1)
- toxic cardiomyopathy (1)
- toxicology (1)
- track and trace (1)
- trade-off (1)
- trafficking pathways (1)
- trail making test (1)
- training curriculum (1)
- training intensity (1)
- trans-Golgi network (1)
- transcription (1)
- transcriptional profiling (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transcriptional rewiring (1)
- transcriptional termination (1)
- transcriptomics (1)
- transgluteal approach (1)
- transient absorption spectroscopy (1)
- transition metal complex (1)
- translocation (1)
- transmitter release (1)
- transparent (1)
- transplantation (1)
- transport coefficients (1)
- transportation (1)
- treated metastases control (1)
- treatment (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- tree species (1)
- triple-negative breast cancer (1)
- tropical peat swamp forest (1)
- trypanobot (1)
- trypanosoma (1)
- tsetse (1)
- tumor (1)
- tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (1)
- tumor necrosis factor (1)
- tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (1)
- tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (1)
- tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (1)
- turnover (1)
- two-color microscopy (1)
- two-component system (1)
- two-dimensional electron gas (1)
- type 2 (1)
- type I IFN receptor signaling (1)
- type II esophageal achalasia (1)
- tyrosine recombinase (1)
- uPA (1)
- ubiquitin-proteasome system (1)
- ulnar-shortening osteotomy (1)
- ultrafast photochemistry (1)
- ultrasound strain elastography (1)
- unilateral ureteral obstruction (1)
- university teaching (1)
- vacuolar pH (1)
- vacuolar proton-ATPase (V-ATPase) (1)
- vacuolar proton-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) (1)
- vacuole membrane voltage (1)
- valence (1)
- valsartan (1)
- value of water (1)
- vancomycin (1)
- variance components (1)
- variational fracture (1)
- varroa (1)
- vascular disease (1)
- vascular endothelial growth factor (1)
- vaskuläre glatte Muskelzelle (1)
- vasopressin (1)
- vector tropism (1)
- vector-like quarks (1)
- vemurafenib (1)
- vena contracta area (1)
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex (1)
- venus (1)
- vertical transmission (1)
- vertigo (1)
- very high energy (1)
- vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) (1)
- viral cardiomyopathy (1)
- viral vector (1)
- virus-infection (1)
- viruses (1)
- visual P300-BCI (1)
- visual complexity (1)
- visual pigments (1)
- visuomotor coordination (1)
- vitamin metabolism (1)
- voltage sensor (1)
- volumetric MRI (1)
- volvox carteri (1)
- vorticity preserving (1)
- waggle dance (1)
- water fat separation (1)
- water microbiology (1)
- water oxidation (1)
- water-use efficiency (1)
- wearable (1)
- wearable technology (1)
- web-based apps (1)
- weighted gene co-expression network (1)
- well posedness (1)
- whole exome sequencing (1)
- whole-blood infection assay (1)
- whole-blood model (1)
- whole-cell currents (1)
- whole-exome sequencing (1)
- wild bees (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- work behavior (1)
- work capacity evaluation (1)
- working memory (1)
- workplace (1)
- world health organization (1)
- xenobiotic metabolism (1)
- ylides (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zeitgeber (1)
- zeitliche Organisation (1)
- Ökonometrisches Modell (1)
- Übergangsmetall (1)
- Übergangsmetallkomplexe (1)
- α-cell (1)
- α-emitter (1)
- β-Hydroxybutyrate (1)
- β-cell (1)
- β-cells (1)
- β-diversity (1)
- β3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) (1)
- β8-β9 loop (1)
- γ-H2AX (1)
- γ-secretase (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (107)
- Physikalisches Institut (94)
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (65)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin (36)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (31)
- Institut für Psychologie (25)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (24)
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (22)
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie (20)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (20)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (15)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (5)
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan (2)
- Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita Japan (2)
- Institut for Molecular Biology and CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (2)
- International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biology, University of Göttingen, Germany (2)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD, USA (2)
- ACC GmbH Analytical Clinical Concepts (1)
- BMBF (1)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG (1)
ResearcherID
- J-8841-2015 (1)
Poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) regulate mRNA fate by controlling stability and translation through interactions with both the poly(A) tail and eIF4F complex. Many organisms have several paralogs of PABPs and eIF4F complex components and it is likely that different eIF4F/PABP complex combinations regulate distinct sets of mRNAs. Trypanosomes have five eIF4G paralogs, six of eIF4E and two PABPs, PABP1 and PABP2. Under starvation, polysomes dissociate and the majority of mRNAs, most translation initiation factors and PABP2 reversibly localise to starvation stress granules. To understand this more broadly we identified a protein interaction cohort for both T. brucei PABPs by cryo-mill/affinity purification-mass spectrometry. PABP1 very specifically interacts with the previously identified interactors eIF4E4 and eIF4G3 and few others. In contrast PABP2 is promiscuous, with a larger set of interactors including most translation initiation factors and most prominently eIF4G1, with its two partners TbG1-IP and TbG1-IP2. Only RBP23 was specific to PABP1, whilst 14 RNA-binding proteins were exclusively immunoprecipitated with PABP2. Significantly, PABP1 and associated proteins are largely excluded from starvation stress granules, but PABP2 and most interactors translocate to granules on starvation. We suggest that PABP1 regulates a small subpopulation of mainly small-sized mRNAs, as it interacts with a small and distinct set of proteins unable to enter the dominant pathway into starvation stress granules and localises preferentially to a subfraction of small polysomes. By contrast PABP2 likely regulates bulk mRNA translation, as it interacts with a wide range of proteins, enters stress granules and distributes over the full range of polysomes.
Semantic Fusion for Natural Multimodal Interfaces using Concurrent Augmented Transition Networks
(2018)
Semantic fusion is a central requirement of many multimodal interfaces. Procedural methods like finite-state transducers and augmented transition networks have proven to be beneficial to implement semantic fusion. They are compliant with rapid development cycles that are common for the development of user interfaces, in contrast to machine-learning approaches that require time-costly training and optimization. We identify seven fundamental requirements for the implementation of semantic fusion: Action derivation, continuous feedback, context-sensitivity, temporal relation support, access to the interaction context, as well as the support of chronologically unsorted and probabilistic input. A subsequent analysis reveals, however, that there is currently no solution for fulfilling the latter two requirements. As the main contribution of this article, we thus present the Concurrent Cursor concept to compensate these shortcomings. In addition, we showcase a reference implementation, the Concurrent Augmented Transition Network (cATN), that validates the concept’s feasibility in a series of proof of concept demonstrations as well as through a comparative benchmark. The cATN fulfills all identified requirements and fills the lack amongst previous solutions. It supports the rapid prototyping of multimodal interfaces by means of five concrete traits: Its declarative nature, the recursiveness of the underlying transition network, the network abstraction constructs of its description language, the utilized semantic queries, and an abstraction layer for lexical information. Our reference implementation was and is used in various student projects, theses, as well as master-level courses. It is openly available and showcases that non-experts can effectively implement multimodal interfaces, even for non-trivial applications in mixed and virtual reality.
Forest biodiversity conservation requires precise, area-wide information on the abundance and distribution of key habitat structures at multiple spatial scales. We combined airborne laser scanning (ALS) data with color-infrared (CIR) aerial imagery for identifying individual tree characteristics and quantifying multi-scale habitat requirements using the example of the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (TTW) in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany). This bird, a keystone species of boreal and mountainous forests, is highly reliant on bark beetles dwelling in dead or dying trees. While previous studies showed a positive relationship between the TTW presence and the amount of deadwood as a limiting resource, we hypothesized a unimodal response with a negative effect of very high deadwood amounts and tested for effects of substrate quality. Based on 104 woodpecker presence or absence locations, habitat selection was modelled at four spatial scales reflecting different woodpecker home range sizes. The abundance of standing dead trees was the most important predictor, with an increase in the probability of TTW occurrence up to a threshold of 44–50 dead trees per hectare, followed by a decrease in the probability of occurrence. A positive relationship with the deadwood crown size indicated the importance of fresh deadwood. Remote sensing data allowed both an area-wide prediction of species occurrence and the derivation of ecological threshold values for deadwood quality and quantity for more informed conservation management.
For the differentiation of a embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neuronal cells (NCs) a complex and coordinated gene regulation program is needed. One important control element for neuronal differentiation is the repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) complex, which represses neuronal gene expression in non-neuronal cells. Crucial effector proteins of the REST complex are small phosphatases such as the CTDSPs (C-terminal domain small phosphatases) that regulate polymerase II activity by dephosphorylating the C-terminal domain of the polymerase, thereby repressing target genes. The stepwise inactivation of REST, including the CTDSPs, leads to the induction of a neuron-specific gene program, which ultimately induces the formation of neurons. The spatio-temporal control of REST and its effector components is therefore a crucial step for neurogenesis.
In zebrafish it was shown that the REST-associated CTDSP2 is negatively regulated by the micro RNA (miR) -26b. Interestingly, the miR-26b is encoded in an intron of the primary transcript of CTDSP2. This gives the fundament of an intrinsic regulatory negative feedback loop, which is essential for the proceeding of neurogenesis. This feedback loop is active during neurogenesis, but inactive in non-neuronal cells. The reason for this is that the maturation of the precursor miR (pre-miR) to the mature miR-26 is arrested in non neuronal cells, but not in neurons. As only mature miRs are actively repressing genes, the regulation of miR-26 processing is an essential step in neurogenesis.
In this study, the molecular basis of miR-26 processing regulation in the context of neurogenesis was addressed. The mature miR is processed from two larger precursors: First the primary transcript is cleaved by the enzyme DROSHA in the nucleus to form the pre-miR. The pre-miR is exported from the nucleus and processed further through the enzyme DICER to yield the mature miR. The mature miR can regulate gene expression in association with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
Multiple different scenarios in which miR processing was regulated were proposed and experimentally tested. Microinjection studies using Xenopus leavis oocytes showed that slowdown or blockage of the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport are not the reason for delayed pre-miR-26 processing. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo miR-processing assays showed that maturation is most likely regulated through a in trans acting factor, which blocks processing in non neuronal cells.
Through RNA affinity chromatographic assays using zebrafish and murine lysates I was able to isolate and identify proteins that interact specifically with pre-miR-26 and could by this influence its biogenesis. Potential candidates are FMRP/FXR1/2, ZNF346 and Eral1, whose functional characterisation in the context of miR-biogenesis could now be addressed.
The second part of my thesis was executed in close colaboration with the laboratory of Prof. Albrecht Müller. The principal question was addressed how miR-26 influences neuronal gene expression and which genes are primarily affected. This research question could be addressed by using a cell culture model system, which mimics ex vivo the differentiation of ESCs to NCs via neuronal progenitor.
For the functional analysis of miR-26 knock out cell lines were generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. miR-26 deficient ESC keep their pluripotent state and are able to develop NPC, but show major impairment in differentiating to NCs. Through RNA deep sequencing the miR-26 induced transcriptome differences could be analysed.
On the level of mRNAs it could be shown, that the expression of neuronal gene is downregulated in miR-26 deficient NCs. Interestingly, the deletion of miR-26 leads to selectively decreased levels of miRs, which on one hand regulate the REST complex and on the other hand are under transcriptional control by REST themself. This data and the discovery that induction of miR-26 leads to enrichment of other REST regulating miRs indicates that miR-26 initiates neurogenesis through stepwise inactivation of the REST complex.
Here, the formation of high surface area microscale assemblies of nanocarbon through phosphate and ultrasound cavitation treatment is reported. Despite high conductivity and large surface area, potential health and safety concerns limit the use of nanocarbon and add challenges to handling. Previously, it is shown that phosphate ultrasonic bonding is ineffective for organic materials but in this study, it is found that by a preliminary oxidizing treatment, several carbons can be readily assembled from xerogels. Assembling nanocarbon into microparticles can usually require a binder or surfactants, which can reduce surface area or conductivity and generate a low microsphere yield. Carbon nanotube microspheres are nitrogen-doped and flower-like nanostructured Pt deposited on their surface, and finally showcased as efficient cathode electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (half-wave potential 0.78 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode) and methanol oxidation (417 mA mg−1). In particular, no significant degradation of the catalysts is detected after 12 000 cycles (26.6 h). These results indicate the potential of this multimaterial assembly method and open a new way to improve handling of nanoscale materials.
This work is concerned with the numerical approximation of solutions to models that are used to describe atmospheric or oceanographic flows. In particular, this work concen- trates on the approximation of the Shallow Water equations with bottom topography and the compressible Euler equations with a gravitational potential. Numerous methods have been developed to approximate solutions of these models. Of specific interest here are the approximations of near equilibrium solutions and, in the case of the Euler equations, the low Mach number flow regime. It is inherent in most of the numerical methods that the quality of the approximation increases with the number of degrees of freedom that are used. Therefore, these schemes are often run in parallel on big computers to achieve the best pos- sible approximation. However, even on those big machines, the desired accuracy can not be achieved by the given maximal number of degrees of freedom that these machines allow. The main focus in this work therefore lies in the development of numerical schemes that give better resolution of the resulting dynamics on the same number of degrees of freedom, compared to classical schemes.
This work is the result of a cooperation of Prof. Klingenberg of the Institute of Mathe- matics in Wu¨rzburg and Prof. R¨opke of the Astrophysical Institute in Wu¨rzburg. The aim of this collaboration is the development of methods to compute stellar atmospheres. Two main challenges are tackled in this work. First, the accurate treatment of source terms in the numerical scheme. This leads to the so called well-balanced schemes. They allow for an accurate approximation of near equilibrium dynamics. The second challenge is the approx- imation of flows in the low Mach number regime. It is known that the compressible Euler equations tend towards the incompressible Euler equations when the Mach number tends to zero. Classical schemes often show excessive diffusion in that flow regime. The here devel- oped scheme falls into the category of an asymptotic preserving scheme, i.e. the numerical scheme reflects the behavior that is computed on the continuous equations. Moreover, it is shown that the diffusion of the numerical scheme is independent of the Mach number.
In chapter 3, an HLL-type approximate Riemann solver is adapted for simulations of the Shallow Water equations with bottom topography to develop a well-balanced scheme. In the literature, most schemes only tackle the equilibria when the fluid is at rest, the so called Lake at rest solutions. Here a scheme is developed to accurately capture all the equilibria of the Shallow Water equations. Moreover, in contrast to other works, a second order extension is proposed, that does not rely on an iterative scheme inside the reconstruction procedure, leading to a more efficient scheme.
In chapter 4, a Suliciu relaxation scheme is adapted for the resolution of hydrostatic equilibria of the Euler equations with a gravitational potential. The hydrostatic relations are underdetermined and therefore the solutions to that equations are not unique. However, the scheme is shown to be well-balanced for a wide class of hydrostatic equilibria. For specific classes, some quadrature rules are computed to ensure the exact well-balanced property. Moreover, the scheme is shown to be robust, i.e. it preserves the positivity of mass and energy, and stable with respect to the entropy. Numerical results are presented in order to investigate the impact of the different quadrature rules on the well-balanced property.
In chapter 5, a Suliciu relaxation scheme is adapted for the simulations of low Mach number flows. The scheme is shown to be asymptotic preserving and not suffering from excessive diffusion in the low Mach number regime. Moreover, it is shown to be robust under certain parameter combinations and to be stable from an Chapman-Enskog analysis.
Numerical results are presented in order to show the advantages of the new approach.
In chapter 6, the schemes developed in the chapters 4 and 5 are combined in order to investigate the performance of the numerical scheme in the low Mach number regime in a gravitational stratified atmosphere. The scheme is shown the be well-balanced, robust and stable with respect to a Chapman-Enskog analysis. Numerical tests are presented to show the advantage of the newly proposed method over the classical scheme.
In chapter 7, some remarks on an alternative way to tackle multidimensional simulations are presented. However no numerical simulations are performed and it is shown why further research on the suggested approach is necessary.
Abstract
Despite multidisciplinary local and systemic therapeutic approaches, the prognosis for most patients with brain metastases is still dismal. The role of adaptive and innate anti-tumor response including the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) machinery of antigen presentation is still unclear. We present data on the HLA class II-chaperone molecule CD74 in brain metastases and its impact on the HLA peptidome complexity.
We analyzed CD74 and HLA class II expression on tumor cells in a subset of 236 human brain metastases, primary tumors and peripheral metastases of different entities in association with clinical data including overall survival. Additionally, we assessed whole DNA methylome profiles including CD74 promoter methylation and differential methylation in 21 brain metastases. We analyzed the effects of a siRNA mediated CD74 knockdown on HLA-expression and HLA peptidome composition in a brain metastatic melanoma cell line.
We observed that CD74 expression on tumor cells is a strong positive prognostic marker in brain metastasis patients and positively associated with tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs). Whole DNA methylome analysis suggested that CD74 tumor cell expression might be regulated epigenetically via CD74 promoter methylation. CD74\(^{high}\) and TIL\(^{high}\) tumors displayed a differential DNA methylation pattern with highest enrichment scores for antigen processing and presentation. Furthermore, CD74 knockdown in vitro lead to a reduction of HLA class II peptidome complexity, while HLA class I peptidome remained unaffected.
In summary, our results demonstrate that a functional HLA class II processing machinery in brain metastatic tumor cells, reflected by a high expression of CD74 and a complex tumor cell HLA peptidome, seems to be crucial for better patient prognosis.
To understand the gene regulation of an organism of interest, a comprehensive genome annotation is essential. While some features, such as coding sequences, can be computationally predicted with high accuracy based purely on the genomic sequence, others, such as promoter elements or noncoding RNAs, are harder to detect. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has proven to be an efficient method to identify these genomic features and to improve genome annotations. However, processing and integrating RNA-seq data in order to generate high-resolution annotations is challenging, time consuming, and requires numerous steps. We have constructed a powerful and modular tool called ANNOgesic that provides the required analyses and simplifies RNA-seq-based bacterial and archaeal genome annotation. It can integrate data from conventional RNA-seq and differential RNA-seq and predicts and annotates numerous features, including small noncoding RNAs, with high precision. The software is available under an open source license (ISCL) at https://pypi.org/project/ANNOgesic/.
Purpose: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has become commonly utilized in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). The PSMA reporting and data system version 1.0 (PSMA-RADS version 1.0) categorizes lesions on the basis of the likelihood of PCa involvement, with PSMA-RADS-3A (soft tissue) and PSMA-RADS-3B (bone) lesions being indeterminate for the presence of disease. We retrospectively reviewed the imaging follow-up of such lesions to determine the rate at which they underwent changes suggestive of underlying PCa.
Methods: PET/CT imaging with \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL was carried out in 110 patients with PCa and lesions were categorized according to PSMA-RADS Version 1.0. 56/110 (50.9%) patients were determined to have indeterminate PSMA-RADS-3A or PSMA-RADS-3B lesions and 22/56 (39.3%) patients had adequate follow-up to be included in the analysis. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUV\(_{max}\)) of the lesions were obtained and the ratios of SUV\(_{max}\) of the lesions to SUV\(_{mean}\) of blood pool (SUV\(_{max}\)-lesion/SUV\(_{mean}\)-bloodpool) were calculated. Pre-determined criteria were used to evaluate the PSMA-RADS-3A and PSMA-RADS-3B lesions on follow-up imaging to determine if they demonstrated evidence of underlying malignancy.
Results: A total of 46 lesions in 22 patients were considered indeterminate for PCa (i.e. PSMA-RADS-3A (32 lesions) or PSMA-RADS-3B (14 lesions)) and were evaluable on follow-up imaging. 27/46 (58.7%) lesions demonstrated changes on follow-up imaging consistent with the presence of underlying PCa at baseline. These lesions included 24/32 (75.0%) PSMA-RADS-3A lesions and 3/14 (21.4%) lesions categorized as PSMA-RADS-3B. The ranges of SUVmax and SUVmax-lesion/SUVmean-bloodpool overlapped between those lesions demonstrating changes consistent with malignancy on follow-up imaging and those lesions that remained unchanged on follow-up.
Conclusion: PSMA-RADS-3A and PSMA-RADS-3B lesions are truly indeterminate in that proportions of findings in both categories demonstrate evidence of malignancy on follow-up imaging. Overall, PSMA-RADS-3A lesions are more likely than PSMA-RADS-3B lesions to represent sites of PCa and this information should be taken into when guiding patient therapy.
The HECT-type ubiquitin ligase HECT, UBA and WWE Domain Containing 1, (HUWE1) regulates key cancer-related pathways, including the Myc oncogene. It affects cell proliferation, stress and immune signaling, mitochondria homeostasis, and cell death. HUWE1 is evolutionarily conserved from Caenorhabditis elegance to Drosophila melanogaster and Humans. Here, we report that the Drosophila ortholog, dHUWE1 (CG8184), is an essential gene whose loss results in embryonic lethality and whose tissue-specific disruption establishes its regulatory role in larval salivary gland development. dHUWE1 is essential for endoreplication of salivary gland cells and its knockdown results in the inability of these cells to replicate DNA. Remarkably, dHUWE1 is a survival factor that prevents premature activation of JNK signaling, thus preventing the disintegration of the salivary gland, which occurs physiologically during pupal stages. This function of dHUWE1 is general, as its inhibitory effect is observed also during eye development and at the organismal level. Epistatic studies revealed that the loss of dHUWE1 is compensated by dMyc proeitn expression or the loss of dmP53. dHUWE1 is therefore a conserved survival factor that regulates organ formation during Drosophila development.
Background:
Until now there has been a reported lack of systematic reports and scientific evaluations of rescue missions during terror attacks. This however is urgently required in order to improve the performance of emergency medical services and to be able to compare different missions with each other. Aim of the presented work was to report the systematic evaluation and the lessons learned from the response to a terror attack that happened in Wuerzburg, Germany in 2016.
Methods:
A team of 14 experts developed a template of quality indicators and operational characteristics, which allow for the description, assessment and comparison of civil emergency rescue missions during mass killing incidents. The entire systematic evaluation process consisted of three main steps. The first step was the systematic data collection according to the quality indicators and operational characteristics. Second was the systematic stratification and assessment of the data. The last step was the prioritisation of the identified weaknesses and the definition of the lessons learned.
Results:
Five important “lessons learned” have been defined. First of all, a comprehensive concept for rescue missions during terror attacks is essential. Furthermore, the establishment of a defined high priority communication infrastructure between the different dispatch centres (“red phone”) is vital. The goal is to secure the continuity of information between a few well-defined individuals. Thirdly, the organization of the incident scene needs to be commonly decided and communicated between police, medical services and fire services during the mission. A successful mission tactic requires continuous flux of reports to the on-site command post. Therefore, a predefined and common communication infrastructure for all operational forces is a crucial point. Finally, all strategies need to be extensively trained before the real life scenario hits.
Conclusion:
According to a systematic evaluation, we defined the lessons learned from a terror attack in 2016. Further systematic reports and academic work surrounding life threatening rescue missions and mass killing incidents are needed in order to ultimately improve such mission outcomes. In the future, a close international collaboration might help to find the best database to report and evaluate major incidents but also mass killing events.
In today’s world of work, networking behaviors are an important and viable strategy to enhance success in work and career domains. Concerning personality as an antecedent of networking behaviors, prior studies have exclusively relied on trait perspectives that focus on how people feel, think, and act. Adopting a motivational perspective on personality, we enlarge this focus and argue that beyond traits predominantly tapping social content, motives shed further light on instrumental aspects of networking – or why people network. We use McClelland’s implicit motives framework of need for power (nPow), need for achievement (nAch), and need for affiliation (nAff) to examine instrumental determinants of networking. Using a facet theoretical approach to networking behaviors, we predict differential relations of these three motives with facets of (1) internal vs. external networking and (2) building, maintaining, and using contacts. We conducted an online study, in which we temporally separate measures (N = 539 employed individuals) to examine our hypotheses. Using multivariate latent regression, we show that nAch is related to networking in general. In line with theoretical differences between networking facets, we find that nAff is positively related to building contacts, whereas nPow is positively related to using internal contacts. In sum, this study shows that networking is not only driven by social factors (i.e., nAff), but instead the achievement motive is the most important driver of networking behaviors.
As a cradle of ancient Chinese civilization, the Yellow River Basin has a very long human-environment interrelationship, where early anthropogenic activities re- sulted in large scale landscape modifications. Today, the impact of this relationship
has intensified further as the basin plays a vital role for China’s continued economic
development. It is one of the most densely-populated, fastest growing, and most dynamic
regions of China with abundant natural and environmental resources providing a livelihood for almost 190 million people. Triggered by fundamental economic reforms, the
basin has witnessed a spectacular economic boom during the last decades and can be
considered as an exemplary blueprint region for contemporary dynamic Global Change
processes occurring throughout the country, which is currently transitioning from an
agrarian-dominated economy into a modern urbanized society. However, this resourcesdemanding growth has led to profound land use changes with adverse effects on the Yellow
River social-ecological systems, where complex challenges arise threatening a long-term
sustainable development.
Consistent and continuous remote sensing-based monitoring of recent and past land
cover and land use change is a fundamental requirement to mitigate the adverse impacts
of Global Change processes. Nowadays, technical advancement and the multitude of
available satellite sensors, in combination with the opening of data archives, allow the
creation of new research perspectives in regional land cover applications over heterogeneous landscapes at large spatial scales. Despite the urgent need to better understand the
prevailing dynamics and underlying factors influencing the current processes, detailed
regional specific land cover data and change information are surprisingly absent for this
region.
In view of the noted research gaps and contemporary developments, three major objectives are defined in this thesis. First (i), the current and most pressing social-ecological
challenges are elaborated and policy and management instruments towards more sustainability are discussed. Second (ii), this thesis provides new and improved insights on
the current land cover state and dynamics of the entire Yellow River Basin. Finally (iii),
the most dominant processes related to mining, agriculture, forest, and urban dynamics
are determined on finer spatial and temporal scales.
The complex and manifold problems and challenges that result from long-term abuse
of the water and land resources in the basin have been underpinned by policy choices,
cultural attitude, and institutions that have evolved over centuries in China. The tremendous economic growth that has been mainly achieved by extracting water and exploiting
land resources in a rigorous, but unsustainable manner, might not only offset the economic benefits, but could also foster social unrest. Since the early emergence of the first Chinese dynasties, flooding was considered historically as a primary issue in river management and major achievements have been made to tame the wild nature of the Yellow
River. Whereas flooding is therefore largely now under control, new environmental and
social problems have evolved, including soil and water pollution, ecological degradation,
biodiversity decline, and food security, all being further aggravated by anthropogenic
climate change. To resolve the contemporary and complex challenges, many individual
environmental laws and regulations have been enacted by various Chinese ministries.
However, these policies often pursue different, often contradictory goals, are too general
to tackle specific problems and are usually implemented by a strong top-down approach.
Recently, more flexible economic and market-based incentives (pricing, tradable permits,
investments) have been successfully adopted, which are specifically tailored to the respective needs, shifting now away from the pure command and regulating instruments.
One way towards a more holistic and integrated river basin management could be the
establishment of a common platform (e.g. a Geographical Information System) for data
handling and sharing, possibly operated by the Yellow River Basin Conservancy Commission (YRCC), where available spatial data, statistical information and in-situ measures
are coalesced, on which sustainable decision-making could be based. So far, the collected
data is hardly accessible, fragmented, inconsistent, or outdated.
The first step to address the absence and lack of consistent and spatially up-to-date
information for the entire basin capturing the heterogeneous landscape conditions was
taken up in this thesis. Land cover characteristics and dynamics were derived from
the last decade for the years 2003 and 2013, based on optical medium-resolution hightemporal MODIS Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series at 250 m.
To minimize the inherent influence of atmospheric and geometric interferences found in
raw high temporal data, the applied adaptive Savitzky-Golay filter successfully smoothed
the time series and substantially reduced noise. Based on the smoothed time series
data, a large variety of intra-annual phenology metrics as well as spectral and multispectral annual statistics were derived, which served as input variables for random
forest (RF) classifiers. High quality reference data sets were derived from very high
resolution imagery for each year independently of which 70 % trained the RF models. The
accuracy assessments for all regionally specific defined thematic classes were based on the
remaining 30 % reference data split and yielded overall accuracies of 87 % and 84 % for
2003 and 2013, respectively. The first regional adapted Yellow River Land Cover Products
(YRB LC) depict the detail spatial extent and distribution of the current land cover status
and dynamics. The novel products overall differentiate overall 18 land cover and use
classes, including classes of natural vegetation (terrestrial and aquatic), cultivated classes,
mosaic classes, non-vegetated, and artificial classes, which are not presented in previous
land cover studies so far.
Building on this, an extended multi-faceted land cover analysis on the most prominent
land cover change types at finer spatial and temporal scales provides a better and more
detailed picture of the Yellow River Basin dynamics. Precise spatio-temporal products
about mining, agriculture, forest, and urban areas were examined from long-trem Landsat
satellite time series monitored at annual scales to capture the rapid rate of change in four
selected focus regions. All archived Landsat images between 2000 and 2015 were used to
derive spatially continuous spectral-temporal, multi-spectral, and textural metrics. For
each thematic region and year RF models were built, trained and tested based on a stablepixels reference data set. The automated adaptive signature (AASG) algorithm identifies those pixels that did not change between the investigated time periods to generate a
mono-temporal reference stable-pixels data set to keep manual sampling requirements
to a minimum level. Derived results gained high accuracies ranging from 88 % to 98 %.
Throughout the basin, afforestation on the Central Loess Plateau and urban sprawl are
identified as most prominent drivers of land cover change, whereas agricultural land
remained stable, only showing local small-scale dynamics. Mining operations started in
2004 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which resulted in a substantial loss of pristine alpine
meadows and wetlands.
In this thesis, a novel and unique regional specific view of current and past land cover
characteristics in a complex and heterogeneous landscape was presented by using a
multi-source remote sensing approach. The delineated products hold great potential for
various model and management applications. They could serve as valuable components
for effective and sustainable land and water management to adapt and mitigate the
predicted consequences of Global Change processes.
This thesis describes the studies of topological superconductivity, which is predicted to
emerge when pair correlations are induced into the surface states of 2D and 3D topolog-
ical insulators (TIs). In this regard, experiments have been designed to investigate the
theoretical ideas first pioneered by Fu and Kane that in such system Majorana bound
states occur at vortices or edges of the system [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 096407 (2008), Phys.
Rev. B 79, 161408 (2009)]. These states are of great interest as they constitute a new
quasiparticle which is its own antiparticle and can be used as building blocks for fault
tolerant topological quantum computing.
After an introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 of the thesis lays the foundation for the
understanding of the field of topology in the context of condensed matter physics with a
focus on topological band insulators and topological superconductors. Starting from a
Chern insulator, the concepts of topological band theory and the bulk boundary corre-
spondence are explained. It is then shown that the low energy Hamiltonian of mercury
telluride (HgTe) quantum wells of an appropriate thickness can be written as two time
reversal symmetric copies of a Chern insulator. This leads to the quantum spin Hall effect.
In such a system, spin-polarized one dimensional conducting states form at the edges
of the material, while the bulk is insulating. This concept is extended to 3D topological
insulators with conducting 2D surface states. As a preliminary step to treating topological
superconductivity, a short review of the microscopic theory of superconductivity, i.e. the
theory of Bardeen, Cooper, and Shrieffer (BCS theory) is presented. The presence of
Majorana end modes in a one dimensional superconducting chain is explained using the
Kitaev model. Finally, topological band insulators and conventional superconductivity
are combined to effectively engineer p-wave superconductivity. One way to investigate
these states is by measuring the periodicity of the phase of the Josephson supercurrent
in a topological Josephson junction. The signature is a 4π-periodicity compared to the
2π-periodicity in conventional Josephson junctions. The proof of the presence of this
effect in HgTe based Josephson junction is the main goal of this thesis and is discussed in
chapters 3 to 6.
Chapter 3 describes in detail the transport of a 3D topological insulator based weak
link under radio-frequency radiation. The chapter starts with a review of the state of
research of (i) strained HgTe as 3D topological insulator and (ii) the progress of induc-
ing superconducting correlations into the topological surface states and the theoretical
predictions of 3D TI based Josephson junctions. Josephson junctions based on strained
HgTe are successfully fabricated. Before studying the ac driven Josephson junctions, the
dc transport of the devices is analysed. The critical current as a function of temperature
is measured and it is possible to determine the induced superconducting gap. Under
rf illumination Shapiro steps form in the current voltage characteristic. A missing first
step at low frequencies and low powers is found in our devices. This is a signature of
a 4π-periodic supercurrent. By studying the device in a wide parameter range - as a
147148 SUMMARY
function of frequency, power, device geometry and magnetic field - it is shown that the
results are in agreement with the presence of a single gapless Andreev doublet and several
conventional modes.
Chapter 4 gives results of the numerical modelling of the I −V dynamics in a Josephson
junction where both a 2π- and a 4π-periodic supercurrents are present. This is done in
the framework of an equivalent circuit representation, namely the resistively shunted
Josephson junction model (RSJ-model). The numerical modelling is in agreement with
the experimental results in chapter 3. First, the missing of odd Shapiro steps can be
understood by a small 4π-periodic supercurrent contribution and a large number of
modes which have a conventional 2π-periodicity. Second, the missing of odd Shapiro
steps occurs at low frequency and low rf power. Third, it is shown that stochastic processes
like Landau Zener tunnelling are most probably not responsible for the 4π contribution.
In a next step the periodicity of Josephson junctions based on quantum spin Hall
insulators using are investigated in chapter 5. A fabrication process of Josephson junctions
based on inverted HgTe quantum wells was successfully developed. In order to achieve a
good proximity effect the barrier material was removed and the superconductor deposited
without exposing the structure to air. In a next step a gate electrode was fabricated which
allows the chemical potential of the quantum well to be tuned. The measurement of the
diffraction pattern of the critical current Ic due to a magnetic field applied perpendicular
to the sample plane was conducted. In the vicinity to the expected quantum spin Hall
phase, the pattern resembles that of a superconducting quantum interference device
(SQUID). This shows that the current flows predominantly on the edges of the mesa.
This observation is taken as a proof of the presence of edge currents. By irradiating the
sample with rf, missing odd Shapiro steps up to step index n = 9 have been observed. This
evidences the presence of a 4π-periodic contribution to the supercurrent. The experiment
is repeated using a weak link based on a non-inverted HgTe quantum well. This material
is expected to be a normal band insulator without helical edge channels. In this device,
all the expected Shapiro steps are observed even at low frequencies and over the whole
gate voltage range. This shows that the observed phenomena are directly connected
to the topological band structure. Both features, namely the missing of odd Shapiro
steps and the SQUID like diffraction pattern, appear strongest towards the quantum spin
Hall regime, and thus provide evidence for induced topological superconductivity in the
helical edge states.
A more direct way to probe the periodicity of the Josephson supercurrent than using
Shapiro steps is the measurement of the emitted radiation of a weak link. This experiment
is presented in chapter 6. A conventional Josephson junction converts a dc bias V to
an ac current with a characteristic Josephson frequency fJ
= eV /h. In a topological
Josephson junction a frequency at half the Josephson frequency fJ /2 is expected. A
new measurement setup was developed in order to measure the emitted spectrum of a
single Josephson junction. With this setup the spectrum of a HgTe quantum well based
Josephson junction was measured and the emission at half the Josephson frequency fJ /2
was detected. In addition, fJ emission is also detected depending on the gate voltage and
detection frequency. The spectrum is again dominated by half the Josephson emission at
low voltages while the conventional emission is determines the spectrum at high voltages.
A non-inverted quantum well shows only conventional emission over the whole gateSUMMARY 149
voltage and frequency range. The linewidth of the detected frequencies gives a measure
on the lifetime of the bound states: From there, a coherence time of 0.3–4ns for the fJ /2
line has been deduced. This is generally shorter than for the fJ line (3–4ns).
The last part of the thesis, chapter 7, reports on the induced superconducting state
in a strained HgTe layer investigated by point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy.
For the experiment, a HgTe mesa was fabricated with a small constriction. The diameter
of the orifice was chosen to be smaller than the mean free path estimated from magne-
totransport measurements. Thus one gets a ballistic point-contact which allows energy
resolved spectroscopy. One part of the mesa is covered with a superconductor which
induces superconducting correlations into the surface states of the topological insulator.
This experiment therefore probes a single superconductor normal interface. In contrast to
the Josephson junctions studied previously, the geometry allows the acquisition of energy
resolved information of the induced superconducting state through the measurement
of the differential conductance dI/dV as a function of applied dc bias for various gate
voltages, temperatures and magnetic fields. An induced superconducting order parame-
ter of about 70µeV was extracted but also signatures of the niobium gap at the expected
value around Δ Nb
≈ 1.1meV have been found. Simulations using the theory developed by
Blonder, Tinkham and Klapwijk and an extended model taking the topological surface
states into account were used to fit the data. The simulations are in agreement with a
small barrier at the topological insulator-induced topological superconductor interface
and a high barrier at the Nb to topological insulator interface. To understand the full con-
ductance curve as a function of applied voltage, a non-equilibrium driven transformation
is suggested. The induced superconductivity is suppressed at a certain bias value due to
local electron population. In accordance with this suppression, the relevant scattering
regions change spatially as a function of applied bias.
To conclude, it is emphasized that the experiments conducted in this thesis found
clear signatures of induced topological superconductivity in HgTe based quantum well
and bulk devices and opens up the avenue to many experiments. It would be interesting
to apply the developed concepts to other topological matter-superconductor hybrid
systems. The direct spectroscopy and manipulation of the Andreev bound states using
circuit quantum electrodynamic techniques should be the next steps for HgTe based
samples. This was already achieved in superconducting atomic break junctions by the
group in Saclay [Science 2015, 349, 1199-1202 (2015)]. Another possible development
would be the on-chip detection of the emitted spectrum as a function of the phase φ
through the junction. In this connection, the topological junction needs to be shunted
by a parallel ancillary junction. Such a setup would allow the current phase relation
I(φ) directly and the lifetime of the bound states to be measured directly. By coupling
this system to a spectrometer, which can be another Josephson junction, the energy
dependence of the Andreev bound states E(φ) could be obtained. The experiments on
the Andreev reflection spectroscopy described in this thesis could easily be extended to
two dimensional topological insulators and to more complex geometries, like a phase
bias loop or a tunable barrier at the point-contact. This work might also be useful for
answering the question how and why Majorana bound states can be localized in quantum
spin Hall systems.
Emerging pathogens are a major threat to public health, however understanding how pathogens adapt to new niches remains a challenge. New methods are urgently required to provide functional insights into pathogens from the massive genomic data sets now being generated from routine pathogen surveillance for epidemiological purposes. Here, we measure the burden of atypical mutations in protein coding genes across independently evolved Salmonella enterica lineages, and use these as input to train a random forest classifier to identify strains associated with extraintestinal disease. Members of the species fall along a continuum, from pathovars which cause gastrointestinal infection and low mortality, associated with a broad host-range, to those that cause invasive infection and high mortality, associated with a narrowed host range. Our random forest classifier learned to perfectly discriminate long-established gastrointestinal and invasive serovars of Salmonella. Additionally, it was able to discriminate recently emerged Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium lineages associated with invasive disease in immunocompromised populations in sub-Saharan Africa, and within-host adaptation to invasive infection. We dissect the architecture of the model to identify the genes that were most informative of phenotype, revealing a common theme of degradation of metabolic pathways in extraintestinal lineages. This approach accurately identifies patterns of gene degradation and diversifying selection specific to invasive serovars that have been captured by more labour-intensive investigations, but can be readily scaled to larger analyses.
Inter-comparison of quantitative imaging of lutetium-177 (\(^{177}\)Lu) in European hospitals
(2018)
Background
This inter-comparison exercise was performed to demonstrate the variability of quantitative SPECT/CT imaging for lutetium-177 (\(^{177}\)Lu) in current clinical practice. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of using international inter-comparison exercises as a means to ensure consistency between clinical sites whilst enabling the sites to use their own choice of quantitative imaging protocols, specific to their systems.
Dual-compartment concentric spherical sources of accurately known activity concentrations were prepared and sent to seven European clinical sites. The site staff were not aware of the true volumes or activity within the sources—they performed SPECT/CT imaging of the source, positioned within a water-filled phantom, using their own choice of parameters and reported their estimate of the activities within the source.
Results
The volumes reported by the participants for the inner section of the source were all within 29% of the true value and within 60% of the true value for the outer section. The activities reported by the participants for the inner section of the source were all within 20% of the true value, whilst those reported for the outer section were up to 83% different to the true value.
Conclusions
A variety of calibration and segmentation methods were used by the participants for this exercise which demonstrated the variability of quantitative imaging across clinical sites. This paper presents a method to assess consistency between sites using different calibration and segmentation methods.
Background: Precise regional quantitative assessment of renal function is limited with conventional \(^{99m}\)Tc-labeled renal radiotracers. A recent study reported that the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-(\(^{18}\)F-fluorosorbitol (\(^{18}\)F-FDS) has ideal pharmacokinetics for functional renal imaging. Furthermore, (\(^{18}\)F-FDS is available via simple reduction from routinely used 2-deoxy-2-(\(^{18}\)F-fluoro-D-glucose ((\(^{18}\)F-FDG). We aimed to further investigate the potential of (\(^{18}\)F-FDS PET as a functional renal imaging agent using rat models of kidney diseases.
Methods: Two different rat models of renal impairment were investigated: Glycerol induced acute renal failure (ARF) by intramuscular administration of glycerol in hind legs and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) by ligation of the left ureter. 24h after these treatments, dynamic 30 min 18F-FDS PET data were acquired using a dedicated small animal PET system. Urine 18F-FDS radioactivity 30 min after radiotracer injection was measured together with co-injected \(^{99m}\)Tc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (\(^{99m}\)Tc-DTPA) urine activity. Results: Dynamic PET imaging demonstrated rapid (\(^{18}\)F-FDS accumulation in the renal cortex and rapid radiotracer excretion via kidneys in control healthy rats. On the other hand, significantly delayed renal radiotracer uptake (continuous slow uptake) was observed in ARF rats and UUO-treated kidneys. Measured urine radiotracer concentrations of (\(^{18}\)F-FDS and \(^{99m}\)Tc-DTPA were well correlated (R=0.84, P<0.05).
Conclusions: (\(^{18}\)F-FDS PET demonstrated favorable kinetics for functional renal imaging in rat models of kidney diseases. Advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution of PET imaging and simple tracer production could potentially complement or replace conventional renal scintigraphy in select cases and significantly improve the diagnostic performance of renal functional imaging.
Aims: Although mortality rate is very high, diagnosis of acute myocarditis remains challenging with conventional tests. We aimed to elucidate the potential role of longitudinal 2-Deoxy-2-\(^{18}\)F-fluoro-D-glucose (\(^{18}\)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) inflammation monitoring in a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis.
Methods and results: Autoimmune myocarditis was induced in Lewis rats by immunizing with porcine cardiac myosin emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Time course of disease was assessed by longitudinal \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging. A correlative analysis between in- and ex vivo \(^{18}\)F-FDG signalling and macrophage infiltration using CD68 staining was conducted. Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis of the cell-adhesion markers CD34 and CD44 was performed at different disease stages determined by longitudinal \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging. After immunization, myocarditis rats revealed a temporal increase in 18F-FDG uptake (peaked at week 3), which was followed by a rapid decline thereafter. Localization of CD68 positive cells was well correlated with in vivo \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET signalling (R\(^2\) = 0.92) as well as with ex vivo 18F-FDG autoradiography (R\(^2\) = 0.9, P < 0.001, respectively). CD44 positivity was primarily observed at tissue samples obtained at acute phase (i.e. at peak 18F-FDG uptake), while CD34-positive staining areas were predominantly identified in samples harvested at both sub-acute and chronic phases (i.e. at \(^{18}\)F-FDG decrease).
Conclusion: \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging can provide non-invasive serial monitoring of cardiac inflammation in a rat model of acute myocarditis.
Reliable standards and criteria for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) positron emission tomography (PET) are still lacking. We herein propose a structured reporting system on a 5-point scale for SSTR-PET imaging, titled SSTR-RADS version 1.0, which might serve as a standardized assessment for both diagnosis and treatment planning in neuroendocrine tumors (NET). SSTR-RADS could guide the imaging specialist in interpreting SSTR-PET scans, facilitate communication with the referring clinician so that appropriate work-up for equivocal findings is pursued, and serve as a reliable tool for patient selection for planned Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy.
Introduction: Therapeutic options in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) have markedly improved since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We
aimed to assess the role of metabolic imaging using 2-deoxy-2-(\(^{18}\)F)fluoro-D-glucose (\(^{18}\)F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) shortly before and 3 months after initiation of TKI treatment.
Methods: Eighteen patients with advanced and progressive MTC scheduled for vandetanib treatment underwent baseline \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET/CT prior to and 3 months after TKI treatment initiation. During follow-up, CT scans were performed every 3 months and analyzed according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST). The predictive value for estimating progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was examined by investigating \(^{18}\)F-FDG mean/maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmean/max) of the metabolically most active lesion as well as by analyzing clinical parameters (tumor marker doubling times {calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)}, prior therapies, RET (rearranged during transfection) mutational status, and disease type).
Results: Within a median follow-up of 5.2 years, 9 patients experienced disease progression after a median time interval of 2.1y whereas the remainder had ongoing disease control (n=5 partial response and n=4 stable disease). Eight of the 9 patients with progressive disease died from MTC after a median of 3.5y after TKI initiation.
Pre-therapeutic SUVmean >4.0 predicted a significantly shorter PFS (PFS: 1.9y vs. 5.2y; p=0.04). Furthermore, sustained high 18F-FDG uptake at 3 months with a SUVmean>2.8 tended to portend an unfavorable prognosis with a PFS of 1.9y (vs. 3.5y; p=0.3). Prolonged CEA doubling times were significantly correlated with longer PFS (r=0.7) and OS (r=0.76, p<0.01, respectively). None of the other clinical parameters had prognostic significance.
Conclusions: Pre-therapeutic \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET/CT holds prognostic information in patients with advanced MTC scheduled for treatment with the TKI vandetanib. Low tumor metabolism of SUVmean < 4.0 prior to treatment predicts longer progression-free survival.
Purpose: As has been previously reported, the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging agent [\(^{68}\)Ga]-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid-d-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotate ([\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATATE) demonstrates lower uptake in normal organs in patients with a high neuroendocrine tumor (NET) burden. Given the higher SSTR affinity of [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATATE, we aimed to quantitatively investigate the biodistribution of [\(^{68}\)Ga]-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid-d-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide ([68Ga]DOTATOC) to determine a potential correlation between uptake in normal organs and NET burden.
Procedures: Of the 44 included patients, 36/44 (82%) patients demonstrated suspicious radiotracer uptake on [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC positron emission tomography (PET)/x-ray computed tomography (CT). Volumes of Interest (VOIs) were defined for tumor lesions and normal organs (spleen, liver, kidneys, adrenals). Mean body weight corrected standardized uptake value (SUV\(_{mean}\)) for normal organs was assessed and was used to calculate the corresponding mean specific activity uptake (Upt: fraction of injected activity per kg of tissue). For the entire tumor burden, SUV\(_{mean}\), maximum standardized uptake value (SUV\(_{max}\)), and the total mass (TBM) was calculated and the decay corrected tumor fractional uptake (TBU) was assessed. A Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlations between normal organ uptake and tumor burden.
Results: The median SUV\(_{mean}\) was 18.7 for the spleen (kidneys, 9.2; adrenals, 6.8; liver, 5.6). For tumor burden, the median values were SUV\(_{mean}\) 6.9, SUV\(_{max}\) 35.5, TBM 42.6g, and TBU 1.2%. With increasing volume of distribution, represented by lean body mass and body surface area (BSA), Upt decreased in kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands and SUV\(_{mean}\) increased in the spleen. Correlation improved only for both kidneys and adrenals when the influence of the tumor uptake on the activity available for organ uptake was taken into account by the factor 1/(1-TBU). TBU was neither predictive for SUV\(_{mean}\) nor for Upt in any of the organs. The distribution of organ Upt vs. BSA/(1-TBU) were not different for patients with minor TBU (<3%) vs. higher TBU (>7%), indicating that the correlations observed in the present study are explainable by the body size effect. High tumor mass and uptake mitigated against G1 NET.
Conclusions: There is no significant impact on normal organ biodistribution with increasing tumor burden on [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC PET/CT. Potential implications include increased normal organ dose with [\(^{177}\)Lu-DOTA]\(^0\)-D-Phe\(^1\)-Tyr\(^3\)-Octreotide and decreased absolute lesion detection with [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC in high NET burden.
More than 25 years after the first peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), the concept of somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-directed imaging and therapy for neuroendocrine tumors (NET) is seeing rapidly increasing use. To maximize the full potential of its theranostic promise, efforts in recent years have expanded recommendations in current guidelines and included the evaluation of novel theranostic radiotracers for imaging and treatment of NET. Moreover, the introduction of standardized reporting framework systems may harmonize PET reading, address pitfalls in interpreting SSTR-PET/CT scans and guide the treating physician in selecting PRRT candidates. Notably, the concept of PRRT has also been applied beyond oncology, e.g. for treatment of inflammatory conditions like sarcoidosis. Future perspectives may include the efficacy evaluation of PRRT compared to other common treatment options for NET, novel strategies for closer monitoring of potential side effects, the introduction of novel radiotracers with beneficial pharmacodynamic and kinetic properties or the use of supervised machine learning approaches for outcome prediction. This article reviews how the SSTR-directed theranostic concept is currently applied and also reflects on recent developments that hold promise for the future of theranostics in this context.
PURPOSE:
We aimed to (a) elucidate the concordance of visual assessment of an initial I-ioflupane scan by a human interpreter with comparison to results using a fully automatic semiquantitative method and (b) to assess the accuracy compared to follow-up (f/u) diagnosis established by movement disorder specialists.
METHODS:
An initial I-ioflupane scan was performed in 382 patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndrome. An experienced reader performed a visual evaluation of all scans independently. The findings of the visual read were compared with semiquantitative evaluation. In addition, available f/u clinical diagnosis (serving as a reference standard) was compared with results of the human read and the software.
RESULTS:
When comparing the semiquantitative method with the visual assessment, discordance could be found in 25 (6.5%) of 382 of the cases for the experienced reader (ĸ = 0.868). The human observer indicated region of interest misalignment as the main reason for discordance. With neurology f/u serving as reference, the results of the reader revealed a slightly higher accuracy rate (87.7%, ĸ = 0.75) compared to semiquantification (86.2%, ĸ = 0.719, P < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference in the diagnostic performance of the visual read versus software-based assessment was found.
CONCLUSIONS:
In comparison with a fully automatic semiquantitative method in I-ioflupane interpretation, human assessment obtained an almost perfect agreement rate. However, compared to clinical established diagnosis serving as a reference, visual read seemed to be slightly more accurate as a solely software-based quantitative assessment.
Background: \(^{123}\)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) provides independent prognostic value for risk stratification among heart failure patients, but the use of concomitant medication should not impact its quantitative information. We aimed to evaluate the four most-prescribed antidepressants currently used as a first‑line treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and their potential on altering mIBG imaging results.
Methods: The inhibition effect of four different types of antidepressants (desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine and bupropion) for MDD treatment on \(^{131}\)I-mIBG uptake was assessed by in-vitro cell uptake assays using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of tracer uptake was determined from dose-response curves. To evaluate the effects of IV pretreatment with desipramine (1.5 mg/kg) and escitalopram (2.5, 15 mg/kg) on mIBG cardiac uptake, in-vivo planar 123I-mIBG scans in healthy New Zealand White Rabbits were conducted. Results: The IC50 values of desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine and bupropion on \(^{131}\)I-mIBG cellular uptake were 11.9 nM, 7.5 μM, 4.92 μM, and 12.9 μM, respectively. At the maximum serum concentration (Cmax, as derived by previous clinical trials), the inhibition rates of 131I-mIBG uptake were 90.6 % for desipramine, 25.5 % for venlafaxine, 11.7 % for bupropion and 0.72 % for escitalopram. A low inhibition rate for escitalopram in the cell uptake study triggered investigation of an in-vivo rabbit model: with dosage considerably higher than clinical practice, the non-inhibitory effect of escitalopram was confirmed. Furthermore, pretreatment with desipramine led to a marked reduction of cardiac 123I-mIBG uptake.
Conclusions: In the present in-vitro binding assay and in-vivo rabbit study, the selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram had no major impact on neuronal cardiac mIBG uptake within therapeutic dose ranges, while other types of first-line antidepressants for MDD treatment led to a significant decrease. These preliminary results warrant further confirmatory clinical trials regarding the reliability of cardiac mIBG imaging, in particular, if the patient’s neuropsychiatric status would not tolerate withdrawal of a potentially norepinephrine interfering antidepressant.
Purpose: Early identification of aggressive disease could improve decision-support in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) patients prior to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The prognostic value of intratumoral textural features (TF) determined by baseline somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-PET before PRRT was analyzed.
Procedures: 31 patients with G1/G2 pNET were enrolled (G2, n=23/31). Prior to PRRT with [\(^{177}\)Lu]DOTATATE (mean, 3.6 cycles), baseline SSTR-PET/CT was performed. By segmentation of 162 (median per patient, 5) metastases, intratumoral TF were computed. The impact of conventional PET parameters (SUV\(_{mean/max}\)), imaging-based TF as well as clinical parameters (Ki67, CgA) for prediction of both progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after PRRT was evaluated.
Results: Within a median follow-up of 3.7y, tumor progression was detected in 21 patients (median, 1.5y) and 13/31 deceased (median, 1.9y). In ROC analysis, the TF Entropy, reflecting derangement on a voxel-by-voxel level, demonstrated predictive capability for OS (cutoff=6.7, AUC=0.71, p=0.02). Of note, increasing Entropy could predict a longer survival (>6.7, OS=2.5y, 17/31), whereas less voxel-based derangement portended inferior outcome (<6.7, OS=1.9y, 14/31). These findings were supported in a G2 subanalysis (>6.9, OS=2.8y, 9/23 vs. <6.9, OS=1.9y, 14/23). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant distinction between high- and low-risk groups using Entropy (n=31, p<0.05). For those patients below the ROC-derived threshold, the relative risk of death after PRRT was 2.73 (n=31, p=0.04). Ki67 was negatively associated with PFS (p=0.002); however, SUVmean/max failed in prognostication (n.s.).
Conclusions: In contrast to conventional PET parameters, assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity demonstrated superior prognostic performance in pNET patients undergoing PRRT. This novel PET-based strategy of outcome prediction prior to PRRT might be useful for patient risk stratification.
Purpose: Early identification of aggressive disease could improve decision-support in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) patients prior to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The prognostic value of intratumoral textural features (TF) determined by baseline somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-PET before PRRT was analyzed.
Procedures: 31 patients with G1/G2 pNET were enrolled (G2, n=23/31). Prior to PRRT with [\(^{177}\)Lu]DOTATATE (mean, 3.6 cycles), baseline SSTR-PET/CT was performed. By segmentation of 162 (median per patient, 5) metastases, intratumoral TF were computed. The impact of conventional PET parameters (SUV\(_{mean/max}\)), imaging-based TF as well as clinical parameters (Ki67, CgA) for prediction of both progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after PRRT was evaluated.
Results: Within a median follow-up of 3.7y, tumor progression was detected in 21 patients (median, 1.5y) and 13/31 deceased (median, 1.9y). In ROC analysis, the TF Entropy, reflecting derangement on a voxel-by-voxel level, demonstrated predictive capability for OS (cutoff=6.7, AUC=0.71, p=0.02). Of note, increasing Entropy could predict a longer survival (>6.7, OS=2.5y, 17/31), whereas less voxel-based derangement portended inferior outcome (<6.7, OS=1.9y, 14/31). These findings were supported in a G2 subanalysis (>6.9, OS=2.8y, 9/23 vs. <6.9, OS=1.9y, 14/23). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant distinction between high- and low-risk groups using Entropy (n=31, p<0.05). For those patients below the ROC-derived threshold, the relative risk of death after PRRT was 2.73 (n=31, p=0.04). Ki67 was negatively associated with PFS (p=0.002); however, SUVmean/max failed in prognostication (n.s.).
Conclusions: In contrast to conventional PET parameters, assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity demonstrated superior prognostic performance in pNET patients undergoing PRRT. This novel PET-based strategy of outcome prediction prior to PRRT might be useful for patient risk stratification.
In diabetic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is one of the earliest signs of cardiac involvement prior to the definitive development of heart failure (HF). We aimed to explore the LV diastolic function using electrocardiography (ECG)-gated \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (\(^{18}\)F-FDG PET) imaging beyond the assessment of cardiac glucose utilization in a diabetic rat model. ECG-gated \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging was performed in a rat model of type 2 diabetes (ZDF fa/fa) and ZL control rats at age of 13 weeks (n=6, respectively). Under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to enhance cardiac activity, \(^{18}\)F-FDG was administered and subsequently, list-mode imaging using a dedicated small animal PET system with ECG signal recording was performed. List-mode data were sorted and reconstructed into tomographic images of 16 frames per cardiac cycle. Left ventricular functional parameters (systolic: LV ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR) vs. diastolic: peak filling rate (PFR)) were obtained using an automatic ventricular edge detection software. No significant difference in systolic function could be obtained (ZL controls vs. ZDF rats: LVEF, 62.5±4.2 vs. 59.4±4.5%; HR: 331±35 vs. 309±24 bpm; n.s., respectively). On the contrary, ECG-gated PET imaging showed a mild but significant decrease of PFR in the diabetic rats (ZL controls vs. ZDF rats: 12.1±0.8 vs. 10.2±1 Enddiastolic Volume/sec, P<0.01). Investigating a diabetic rat model, ECG-gated \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging detected LV diastolic dysfunction while systolic function was still preserved. This might open avenues for an early detection of HF onset in high-risk type 2 diabetes before cardiac symptoms become apparent.
The heart failure (HF) epidemic continues to rise with coronary artery disease (CAD) as one of its main causes. Novel concepts for risk stratification to guide the referring cardiologist towards revascularization procedures are of significant value. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) agents has demonstrated high accuracy for the detection of clinically relevant stenoses. With positron emission tomography (PET) becoming more widely available, mainly due to its diagnostic performance in oncology, perfusion imaging with that modality is more practical than in the past and overcomes existing limitations of SPECT MPI. Advantages of PET include more reliable quantification of absolute myocardial blood flow, the routine use of computed tomography for attenuation correction, a higher spatiotemporal resolution and a higher count sensitivity. Current PET radiotracers such as rubidium-82 (half-life, 76 sec), oxygen-15 water (2 min) or nitrogen-13 ammonia (10 min) are labeled with radionuclides with very short half-lives, necessitating that stress imaging is performed under pharmacological vasodilator stress instead of exercise testing. However, with the introduction of novel 18F-labeled MPI PET radiotracers (half-life, 110 min), the intrinsic advantages of PET can be combined with exercise testing. Additional advantages of those radiotracers include, but are not limited to: potentially improved cost-effectiveness due to the use of pre-existing delivery systems and superior imaging qualities, mainly due to the shortest positron range among available PET MPI probes. In the present review, widely used PET MPI radiotracers will be reviewed and potential novel 18F-labeled perfusion radiotracers will be discussed.
We aimed to explore the impact of ageing on 11C-Hydroxyephedrine (11C-HED) uptake in the healthy rat heart in a longitudinal setting. To investigate a potential cold mass effect, the influence of specific activity on cardiac 11C-HED uptake was evaluated: 11C-HED was synthesized by N-methylation of (−)-metaraminol as the free base (radiochemical purity >95%) and a wide range of specific activities (0.2–141.9 GBq/μmol) were prepared. \(^{11}\)C-HED (48.7±9.7MBq, ranged 0.2–60.4μg/kg cold mass) was injected in healthy Wistar Rats. Dynamic 23-frame PET images were obtained over 30 min. Time activity curves were generated for the blood input function and myocardial tissue. Cardiac 11C-HED retention index (%/min) was calculated as myocardial tissue activity at 20-30 min divided by the integral of the blood activity curves. Additionally, the impact of ageing on myocardial 11CHED uptake was investigated longitudinally by PET studies at different ages of healthy Wistar Rats. A dose-dependent reduction of cardiac 11C-HED uptake was observed: The estimated retention index as a marker of norepinephrine function decreased at a lower specific activity (higher amount of cold mass). This observed high affinity of 11C-HED to the neural norepinephrine transporter triggered a subsequent study: In a longitudinal setting, the 11C-HED retention index decreased with increasing age. An age-related decline of cardiac sympathetic innervation could be demonstrated. The herein observed cold mass effect might increase in succeeding scans and therefore, 11C-HED microPET studies should be planned with extreme caution if one single radiosynthesis is scheduled for multiple animals.
Purpose: We aim to provide an overview of the conventional single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and emerging positron emission tomography (PET) catecholamine analogue tracers for assessing myocardial nerve integrity, in particular focusing on \(^{18}\)F-labeled tracers.
Results: Increasingly, the cardiac sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is being studied by non-invasive molecular imaging approaches. Forming the backbone of myocardial SNS imaging, the norepinephrine (NE) transporter at the sympathetic nerve terminal plays a crucial role for visualizing denervated myocardium: in particular, the single-photon-emitting NE analogue \(^{123}\)I-meta-Iodobenzylguanidine (\(^{123}\)I-mIBG) has demonstrated favorable results in the identification of patients at a high risk for cardiac death. However, cardiac neuronal PET agents offer several advantages inlcuding improved spatio-temporal resolution and intrinsic quantifiability. Compared to their \(^{11}\)C-labeled counterparts with a short half-life (20.4 min), novel \(^{18}\)F-labeled PET imaging agents to assess myocardial nerve integrity have the potential to revolutionize the field of SNS molecular imaging: The longer half-life of \(^{18}\)F (109.8 min) allows for more flexibility in the study design and delivery from central cyclotron facilities to smaller hospitals may lead to further cost reduction. A great deal of progress has been made by the first in-human studies of such \(^{18}\)F-labeled SNS imaging agents. Moreover, dedicated animal platforms open avenues for further insights into the handling of radiolabeled catecholamine analogues at the sympathetic nerve terminal. Conclusions: \(^{18}\)F-labeled imaging agents demonstrate key properties for mapping cardiac sympathetic nerve integrity and might outperform current SPECT-based or \(^{11}\)C-labeled tracers in the long run.
Purpose: The metabolically most active lesion in 2-deoxy-2-(\(^{18}\)F)fluoro-D-glucose (\(^{18}\)F-FDG) PET/CT can predict progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) starting treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) vandetanib. However, this metric failed in overall survival (OS) prediction. In the present proof of concept study, we aimed to explore the prognostic value of intratumoral textural features (TF) as well as volumetric parameters (total lesion glycolysis, TLG) derived by pre-therapeutic \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET.
Methods: Eighteen patients with progressive MTC underwent baseline \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET/CT prior to and 3 months after vandetanib initiation. By manual segmentation of the tumor burden at baseline and follow-up PET, intratumoral TF and TLG were computed. The ability of TLG, imaging-based TF, and clinical parameters (including age, tumor marker doubling times, prior therapies and RET (rearranged during transfection) mutational status) for prediction of both PFS and OS were evaluated.
Results: The TF Complexity and the volumetric parameter TLG obtained at baseline prior to TKI initiation successfully differentiated between low- and high-risk patients. Complexity allocated 10/18 patients to the high-risk group with an OS of 3.3y (vs. low-risk group, OS=5.3y, 8/18, AUC=0.78, P=0.03). Baseline TLG designated 11/18 patients to the high-risk group (OS=3.5y vs. low-risk group, OS=5y, 7/18, AUC=0.83, P=0.005). The Hazard Ratio for cancer-related death was 6.1 for Complexity (TLG, 9.5). Among investigated clinical parameters, the age at initiation of TKI treatment reached significance for PFS prediction (P=0.02, OS, n.s.).
Conclusions: The TF Complexity and the volumetric parameter TLG are both independent parameters for OS prediction.
Objectives: Recently, the standardized reporting and data system for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies, termed PSMA-RADS version 1.0, was introduced. We aimed to determine the interobserver agreement for applying PSMA-RADS to imaging interpretation of 18F-DCFPyL PET examinations in a prospective setting mimicking the typical clinical work-flow at a prostate cancer referral center.
Methods: Four readers (two experienced readers (ER, > 3 years of PSMA-targeted PET interpretation experience) and two inexperienced readers (IR, < 1 year of experience)), who had all read the initial publication on PSMA-RADS 1.0, assessed 50 18F-DCFPyL PET/computed tomography (CT) studies independently. Per scan, a maximum of 5 target lesions were selected by the observers and a PSMA-RADS score for every target lesion was recorded. No specific pre-existing conditions were placed on the selection of the target lesions, although PSMA-RADS 1.0 suggests that readers focus on the most highly avid or largest lesions. An overall scan impression based on PSMA-RADS was indicated and interobserver agreement rates on a target lesion-based, on an organ-based, and on an overall PSMA-RADS score-based level were computed.
Results: The number of target lesions identified by each observer were as follows: ER 1, 123; ER 2, 134; IR 1, 123; and IR 2, 120. Among those selected target lesions, 125 were chosen by at least two individual observers (all four readers selected the same target lesion in 58/125 (46.4%) instances, three readers in 40/125 (32%) and two observers in 27/125 (21.6%) instances). The interobserver agreement for PSMA-RADS scoring among identical target lesions was good (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for four, three and two identical target lesions, ≥0.60, respectively). For lymph nodes, an excellent interobserver agreement was derived (ICC=0.79). The interobserver agreement for an overall scan impression based on PSMA-RADS was also excellent (ICC=0.84), with a significant difference for ER (ICC=0.97) vs. IR (ICC=0.74, P=0.005).
Conclusions: PSMA-RADS demonstrates a high concordance rate in this study, even among readers with different levels of experience. This suggests that PSMA-RADS can be effectively used for communication with clinicians and can be implemented in the collection of data for large prospective trials.
Both prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)- and somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents for staging and restaging of prostate carcinoma or neuroendocrine tumors, respectively, are seeing rapidly expanding use. In addition to diagnostic applications, both classes of radiotracers can be used to triage patients for theranostic endoradiotherapy. While interpreting PSMA- or SSTR-targeted PET/computed tomography (CT) scans, the reader has to be aware of certain pitfalls. Adding to the complexity of the interpretation of those imaging agents, both normal biodistribution, and also false-positive and -negative findings differ between PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET radiotracers. Herein summarized under the umbrella term molecular imaging reporting and data systems (MI-RADS), two novel RADS classifications for PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET imaging are described (PSMA- and SSTR-RADS). Both framework systems may contribute to increase the level of a reader’s confidence and to navigate the imaging interpreter through indeterminate lesions, so that appropriate workup for equivocal findings can be pursued. Notably, PSMA- and SSTR-RADS are structured in a reciprocal fashion, i.e. if the reader is familiar with one system, the other system can readily be applied as well. In the present review we will discuss the most common pitfalls on PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET/CT, briefly introduce PSMA- and SSTR-RADS, and define a future role of the umbrella framework MI-RADS compared to other harmonization systems.
As a scintigraphic approach evaluating cardiac nerve integrity, \(^{123}\)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG) has been recently Food and Drug Administration approved. A great deal of progress has been made by the prospective ADMIRE-HF trial, which primarily demonstrated the association of denervated myocardium assessed by \(^{123}\)I-mIBG and cardiac events. However, apart from risk stratification, myocardial nerve function evaluated by molecular imaging should also be expanded to other clinical contexts, in particular to guide the referring cardiologist in selecting appropriate candidates for specific therapeutic interventions. In the present issue of the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, the use of 123I-mIBG for identifying cardiomyopathy patients, which would most likely not benefit from ICD due low risk of arrhythmias, is described. If we aim to deliver on the promise of cardiac innervation imaging as a powerful tool for risk stratification in a manner similar to nuclear oncology, studies such as the one reviewed here may imply an important step to lay the proper groundwork for a more widespread adoption in clinical practice.
The clustering of different types of B-cell malignancies in families raises the possibility of shared aetiology. To examine this, we performed cross-trait linkage disequilibrium (LD)-score regression of multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) genome-wide association study (GWAS) data sets, totalling 11,734 cases and 29,468 controls. A significant genetic correlation between these two B-cell malignancies was shown (Rg = 0.4, P = 0.0046). Furthermore, four of the 45 known CLL risk loci were shown to associate with MM risk and five of the 23 known MM risk loci associate with CLL risk. By integrating eQTL, Hi-C and ChIP-seq data, we show that these pleiotropic risk loci are enriched for B-cell regulatory elements and implicate B-cell developmental genes. These data identify shared biological pathways influencing the development of CLL and, MM and further our understanding of the aetiological basis of these B-cell malignancies.
A shear-dependent NO-cGMP-cGKI cascade in platelets acts as an auto-regulatory brake of thrombosis
(2018)
Mechanisms that limit thrombosis are poorly defined. One of the few known endogenous platelet inhibitors is nitric oxide (NO). NO activates NO sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) in platelets, resulting in an increase of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Here we show, using cGMP sensor mice to study spatiotemporal dynamics of platelet cGMP, that NO-induced cGMP production in pre-activated platelets is strongly shear-dependent. We delineate a new mode of platelet-inhibitory mechanotransduction via shear-activated NO-GC followed by cGMP synthesis, activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI), and suppression of Ca2+ signaling. Correlative profiling of cGMP dynamics and thrombus formation in vivo indicates that high cGMP concentrations in shear-exposed platelets at the thrombus periphery limit thrombosis, primarily through facilitation of thrombus dissolution. We propose that an increase in shear stress during thrombus growth activates the NO-cGMP-cGKI pathway, which acts as an auto-regulatory brake to prevent vessel occlusion, while preserving wound closure under low shear.
CD8 T cells protect the liver against viral infection, but can also cause severe liver damage that may even lead to organ failure. Given the lack of mechanistic insights and specific treatment options in patients with acute fulminant hepatitis, we develop a mouse model reflecting a severe acute virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated hepatitis. Here we show that antigen-specific CD8 T cells induce liver damage in a perforin-dependent manner, yet liver failure is not caused by effector responses targeting virus-infected hepatocytes alone. Additionally, CD8 T cell mediated elimination of cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells causes endothelial damage that leads to a dramatically impaired sinusoidal perfusion and indirectly to hepatocyte death. With the identification of perforin-mediated killing as a critical pathophysiologic mechanism of liver failure and the protective function of a new class of perforin inhibitor, our study opens new potential therapeutic angles for fulminant viral hepatitis.
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus that mainly affects immunocompromised hosts. To investigate immune cell cross-talk during infection with A. fumigatus, we co-cultured natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC) after stimulation with whole fungal structures, components of the fungal cell wall, fungal lysate or ligands for distinct fungal receptors. Both cell types showed activation after stimulation with fungal components and were able to transfer activation signals to the counterpart not stimulated cell type. Interestingly, DCs recognized a broader spectrum of fungal components and thereby initiated NK cell activation when those did not recognize fungal structures. These experiments highlighted the supportive function of DCs in NK cell activation. Furthermore, we focused on soluble DC mediated NK cell activation and showed that DCs stimulated with the TLR2/Dectin-1 ligand zymosan could maximally stimulate the expression of CD69 on NK cells. Thus, we investigated the influence of both receptors for zymosan, Dectin-1 and TLR2, which are highly expressed on DCs but show only minimal expression on NK cells. Specific focus was laid on the question whether Dectin-1 or TLR2 signaling in DCs is important for the secretion of soluble factors leading to NK cell activation. Our results show that Dectin-1 and TLR2 are negligible for NK cell activation. We conclude that besides Dectin-1 and TLR2 other receptors on DCs are able to compensate for the missing signal.
In this study, we evaluate hydrogels based on oxidized hyaluronic acid, cross-linked with adipic acid dihydrazide, for their suitability as bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Aldehyde containing hyaluronic acid (AHA) is synthesized and cross-linked via Schiff Base chemistry with bifunctional adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) to form a mechanically stable hydrogel with good printability. Mechanical and rheological properties of the printed and casted hydrogels are tunable depending on the concentrations of AHA and ADH cross-linkers.
Pacemaker systems are an essential tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the immune system’s natural response to a foreign body results in the encapsulation of a pacemaker electrode and an impaired energy efficiency by increasing the excitation threshold. The integration of the electrode into the tissue is affected by implant properties such as size, mechanical flexibility, shape, and dimensionality. Three-dimensional, tissue-like electrode scaffolds render an alternative to currently used planar metal electrodes. Based on a modified electrospinning process and a high temperature treatment, a conductive, porous fiber scaffold was fabricated. The electrical and immunological properties of this 3D electrode were compared to 2D TiN electrodes. An increased surface of the fiber electrode compared to the planar 2D electrode, showed an enhanced electrical performance. Moreover, the migration of cells into the 3D construct was observed and a lower inflammatory response was induced. After early and late in vivo host response evaluation subcutaneously, the 3D fiber scaffold showed no adverse foreign body response. By embedding the 3D fiber scaffold in human cardiomyocytes, a tissue-electrode hybrid was generated that facilitates a high regenerative capacity and a low risk of fibrosis. This hybrid was implanted onto a spontaneously beating, tissue-engineered human cardiac patch to investigate if a seamless electronic-tissue interface is generated. The fusion of this hybrid electrode with a cardiac patch resulted in a mechanical stable and electrical excitable unit. Thereby, the feasibility of a seamless tissue-electrode interface was proven.
The work presented in this thesis covers the effects of early-life adversity in the context of altered serotonin (5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine) system functioning in mice. The main body is focussing on a screening approach identifying molecular processes, potentially involved in distinct behavioural manifestations that emerge from or are concomitant with early adversity and, with regard to some behavioural manifestations, dependent on the functioning of the 5-HT system.
Impervious surface areas (ISA) are heavily influenced by urban structure and related structural features. We examined the effects of object-based impervious surface spatial pattern analysis on land surface temperature and population density in Guangzhou, China, in comparison to classic per-pixel analyses. An object-based support vector machine (SVM) and a linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) were integrated to estimate ISA fraction using images from the Chinese HJ-1B satellite for 2009 to 2011. The results revealed that the integrated object-based SVM-LSMA algorithm outperformed the traditional pixel-wise LSMA algorithm in classifying ISA fraction. More specifically, the object-based ISA spatial patterns extracted were more suitable than pixel-wise patterns for urban heat island (UHI) studies, in which the UHI areas (landscape surface temperature >37 °C) generally feature high ISA fraction values (ISA fraction >50%). In addition, the object-based spatial patterns enable us to quantify the relationship of ISA with population density (correlation coefficient >0.2 in general), with global human settlement density (correlation coefficient >0.2), and with night-time light map (correlation coefficient >0.4), and, whereas pixel-wise ISA did not yield significant correlations. These results indicate that object-based spatial patterns have a high potential for UHI detection and urbanization monitoring. Planning measures that aim to reduce the urbanization impacts and UHI intensities can be better supported.
Soft tissue tumors of infancy encompass an overlapping spectrum of diseases that pose unique diagnostic and clinical challenges. We studied genomes and transcriptomes of cryptogenic congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN), and extended our findings to five anatomically or histologically related soft tissue tumors: infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS), nephroblastomatosis, Wilms tumor, malignant rhabdoid tumor, and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. A key finding is recurrent mutation of EGFR in CMN by internal tandem duplication of the kinase domain, thus delineating CMN from other childhood renal tumors. Furthermore, we identify BRAF intragenic rearrangements in CMN and IFS. Collectively these findings reveal novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies and highlight a prominent role of isolated intragenic rearrangements as drivers of infant tumors.
Relative dose measurements with small ionization chambers in combination with an electrometer placed in the treatment room (“internal electrometer”) show a large dependence on the polarity used. While this was observed previously for percent depth dose curves (PDDs), the effect has not been understood or preventable. To investigate the polarity dependence of internal electrometers used in conjunction with a small‐volume ionization chamber, we placed an internal electrometer at a distance of 1 m from the isocenter and exposed it to different amounts of scattered radiation by varying the field size. We identified irradiation of the electrometer to cause a current of approximately −1 pA, regardless of the sign of the biasing voltage. For low‐sensitivity detectors, such a current noticeably distorts relative dose measurements. To demonstrate how the current systematically changes PDDs, we collected measurements with nine ionization chambers of different volumes. As the chamber volume decreased, signal ratios at 20 and 10 cm depth (M20/M10) became smaller for positive bias voltage and larger for negative bias voltage. At the size of the iba CC04 (40 mm\(^{3}\)) the difference of M20/M10 was around 1% and for the smallest studied chamber, the iba CC003 chamber (3 mm\(^{3}\)), around 7% for a 10 × 10 cm² field. When the electrometer was moved further from the source or shielded, the additional current decreased. Consequently, PDDs at both polarities were brought into alignment at depth even for the 3 mm\(^{3}\) ionization chamber. The apparent polarity effect on PDDs and lateral beam profiles was reduced considerably by shielding the electrometer. Due to normalization the effect on output values was low. When measurements with a low‐sensitivity probe are carried out in conjunction with an internal electrometer, we recommend careful monitoring of the particular setup by testing both polarities, and if deemed necessary, we suggest shielding the electrometer.
For cellular viability, transcription is a fundamental process. Hereby, the DNA plays the most elemental and highly versatile role. It has long been known that promoters contain conserved and often well-defined motifs, which dictate the site of transcription initiation by providing binding sites for regulatory proteins. However, research within the last decade revealed that it is promoters lacking conserved promoter motifs and transcribing constitutively expressed genes that constitute the majority of promoters in eukaryotes. While the process of transcription initiation is well studied, whether defined DNA sequence motifs are required for the transcription of constitutively expressed genes in eukaryotes remains unknown. In the highly divergent protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, most of the proteincoding genes are organized in large polycistronic transcription units. The genes within one polycistronic transcription unit are generally unrelated and transcribed by a common transcription start site for which no RNA polymerase II promoter motifs have been identified so far. Thus, it is assumed that transcription initiation is not regulated but how transcription is initiated in T. brucei is not known. This study aimed to investigate the requirement of DNA sequence motifs and chromatin structures for transcription initiation in an organism lacking transcriptional regulation. To this end, I performed a systematic analysis to investigate the dependence of transcription initiation on the DNA sequence. I was able to identify GT-rich promoter elements required for directional transcription initiation and targeted deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z, a conserved component during transcription initiation. Furthermore, nucleosome positioning data in this work provide evidence that sites of transcription initiation are rather characterized by broad regions of open and more accessible chromatin than narrow nucleosome depleted regions as it is the case in other eukaryotes. These findings highlight the importance of chromatin during transcription initiation. Polycistronic RNA in T. brucei is separated by adding an independently transcribed miniexon during trans-splicing. The data in this work suggest that nucleosome occupancy plays an important role during RNA maturation by slowing down the progressing polymerase and thereby facilitating the choice of the proper splice site during trans-splicing. Overall, this work investigated the role of the DNA sequence during transcription initiation and nucleosome positioning in a highly divergent eukaryote. Furthermore, the findings shed light on the conservation of the requirement of DNA motifs during transcription initiation and the regulatory potential of chromatin during RNA maturation. The findings improve the understanding of gene expression regulation in T. brucei, a eukaryotic parasite lacking transcriptional Regulation.