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- Adenosinrezeptor (12)
- Adhäsion (12)
- Altern (12)
- Arabidopsis (12)
- Arzneimittelüberwachung (12)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (12)
- Click-Chemie (12)
- Comet Assay (12)
- Computer Center University of Wuerzburg (12)
- Dialyse (12)
- Diboren (12)
- Dopamin (12)
- Durchflusscytometrie (12)
- EGFR (12)
- ERP (12)
- Enzym (12)
- FRET (12)
- Fibrose (12)
- Fluorescence (12)
- Gen (12)
- Grundschule (12)
- Hirntumor (12)
- Immunotherapy (12)
- Kinderheilkunde (12)
- Klima (12)
- Klimawandel (12)
- Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre (12)
- Komplikationen (12)
- Kulturwissenschaften (12)
- Kutikula (12)
- Lymphom (12)
- Magnetische Kernresonanz (12)
- Medienkompetenz (12)
- Metastase (12)
- Modell (12)
- Monitoring (12)
- NFAT (12)
- Nanostrukturiertes Material (12)
- Netzhaut (12)
- Nigeria (12)
- Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom (12)
- Onkogen (12)
- PCR (12)
- PRRT (12)
- Pharmakologie (12)
- Pilzkörper (12)
- Polytrauma (12)
- Quality of Experience (12)
- Quantenchemie (12)
- Rekonstruktion (12)
- Religion (12)
- Replikation (12)
- Rotatorenmanschette (12)
- Ruthenium (12)
- SMN (12)
- SNP (12)
- Schule (12)
- Siliciumorganische Verbindungen (12)
- Spracherwerb (12)
- Supraleitung (12)
- T cell (12)
- Toll-like-Rezeptoren (12)
- Transplantat-Wirt-Reaktion (12)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor <alpha> (12)
- Ubiquitin (12)
- Ultrakurzer Lichtimpuls (12)
- Validierung (12)
- Westafrika (12)
- Zelladhäsion (12)
- adhesion (12)
- antibody (12)
- blood–brain barrier (12)
- carbenes (12)
- catalysis (12)
- clinical trial (12)
- colorectal carcinoma (12)
- complications (12)
- database (12)
- dementia (12)
- drug delivery (12)
- dynamics (12)
- emotions (12)
- endothelium (12)
- genomics (12)
- heart rate (12)
- immunology (12)
- interaction (12)
- lung (12)
- malignant hyperthermia (12)
- measles (12)
- mechanism (12)
- microarray (12)
- microbiome (12)
- molecular beam epitaxy (12)
- molecular biology (12)
- monoclonal antibodies (12)
- neural networks (12)
- neuropathy (12)
- nuclear envelope (12)
- oncology (12)
- optimization (12)
- periodontitis (12)
- phenotype (12)
- plasticity (12)
- pollen (12)
- polymers (12)
- recombination (12)
- review (12)
- screening (12)
- synaptic plasticity (12)
- systematic review (12)
- tinnitus (12)
- topological insulator (12)
- total knee arthroplasty (12)
- trabeculectomy (12)
- tumor microenvironment (12)
- ultrasound (12)
- water oxidation (12)
- ++ (11)
- 3D (11)
- Alzheimer's disease (11)
- Alzheimer’s disease (11)
- Anorexia nervosa (11)
- Antigen CD8 (11)
- Atherosclerosis (11)
- B-Zelle (11)
- Bakterielle Infektion (11)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (11)
- Bioisosterie (11)
- Biosynthese (11)
- Bioverfügbarkeit (11)
- Blazar (11)
- Bruchpilot (11)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (11)
- Chromatin (11)
- Computertomografie (11)
- Dynamik (11)
- Elektronentransfer (11)
- Epidemiologie (11)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (11)
- Flavonoide (11)
- Fließverhalten (11)
- Fotovoltaik (11)
- Genom (11)
- Geschlecht (11)
- Handlungsorientierung (11)
- Hypoxie (11)
- Immuncytochemie (11)
- Immunology (11)
- Japankärpfling (11)
- Knochen (11)
- Knochenersatz (11)
- Kolorektales Karzinom (11)
- Kommunikation (11)
- LASP1 (11)
- LPS (11)
- Laser (11)
- Längsschnittuntersuchung (11)
- MS (11)
- Mais (11)
- Mathematik (11)
- Megakaryozyt (11)
- Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (11)
- Mesenchymale Stammzellen (11)
- Mesenchymzelle (11)
- Model (11)
- Multiple Myeloma (11)
- Mutagenität (11)
- NIRS (11)
- Nanodiamant (11)
- Neuropathie (11)
- Niereninsuffizienz (11)
- Operation (11)
- Osteoinduktion (11)
- Parasit (11)
- Parathormon (11)
- Perylenbisimid (11)
- Phylogenie (11)
- Proteaseinhibitor (11)
- Proteasen (11)
- Psychotherapie (11)
- Pulmonale Hypertonie (11)
- Quality of life (11)
- Quanten-Hall-Effekt (11)
- Reperfusion (11)
- Risikofaktoren (11)
- Salmonella (11)
- Schizophrenia (11)
- Schlafapnoe (11)
- Schließzelle (11)
- Schultergelenk (11)
- Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (11)
- Sentinel-1 (11)
- Silicate (11)
- Skala (11)
- Small RNA (11)
- Sprache (11)
- Squark (11)
- Stammzellen (11)
- Sterblichkeit (11)
- Symbiose (11)
- TWEAK (11)
- Training (11)
- Tuberkelbakterium (11)
- USA (11)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (11)
- Wahrnehmung (11)
- X-ray crystallography (11)
- Zebrabärbling (11)
- Zelltod (11)
- allergy (11)
- biocompatibility (11)
- biofilm (11)
- cancer therapy (11)
- cancer treatment (11)
- cell adhesion (11)
- chemokines (11)
- cochlear implant (11)
- communication (11)
- coping (11)
- dosimetry (11)
- emotion regulation (11)
- fatigue (11)
- fear (11)
- fluorescence microscopy (11)
- glioblastoma multiforme (11)
- hydrogels (11)
- kinetics (11)
- membrane proteins (11)
- microglia (11)
- molecular dynamics (11)
- nervous system (11)
- neuroendocrine tumor (11)
- next generation sequencing (11)
- oncolytic virus (11)
- psychiatric disorders (11)
- randomized controlled trial (11)
- reactive oxygen species (11)
- relapse (11)
- signaling (11)
- tight junctions (11)
- transport (11)
- university (11)
- Alkohol (10)
- Alps (10)
- Antigen CD28 (10)
- BERA (10)
- BMP-2 (10)
- Bacteria (10)
- Beschichtung (10)
- Bildverarbeitung (10)
- Bioinformatics (10)
- Biokompatibilität (10)
- Borole (10)
- Cadherine (10)
- Calciumphosphate (10)
- Carbene (10)
- Children (10)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (10)
- Chronische Niereninsuffizienz (10)
- Churritisch (10)
- Cochlear-Implantat (10)
- Computational chemistry (10)
- Coronaviren (10)
- Covid-19 (10)
- Cyclo-GMP (10)
- Depressivität (10)
- Diamant (10)
- Digital Humanities (10)
- Dimerisierung (10)
- Dotierung (10)
- Echokardiographie (10)
- Eierstockkrebs (10)
- Elektrochemie (10)
- Elektronenkorrelation (10)
- Englisch (10)
- Enzyminhibitor (10)
- Erbkrankheit (10)
- Ereigniskorreliertes Potenzial (10)
- Erwachsener (10)
- Franken (10)
- Frau (10)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (10)
- Funktionelle Kernspintomografie (10)
- Förderung (10)
- Geldpolitik (10)
- Glatter Krallenfrosch (10)
- Grenzfläche (10)
- HSM-Satztest (10)
- Herzmuskelzelle (10)
- Honigbiene (10)
- Hypophosphatasie (10)
- IL-4 (10)
- Immunfluoreszenz (10)
- Impfstoff (10)
- Induzierte pluripotente Stammzelle (10)
- Interleukin 4 (10)
- Interview (10)
- JNK (10)
- Klassifikation (10)
- Kleinsatellit (10)
- Kniegelenk (10)
- Kohlenstoff (10)
- Komplikation (10)
- Kooperation (10)
- Kultur (10)
- LC-MS (10)
- Ladungstransfer (10)
- Ligand (10)
- Lokalisation (10)
- Magnesiumphosphate (10)
- Magnetismus (10)
- Mathematikunterricht (10)
- Mathematisches Modell (10)
- Medulloblastom (10)
- Metakognition (10)
- Metallocene (10)
- Methylphenidat (10)
- Mikrokerne (10)
- Musik (10)
- NAFLD (10)
- Nahrungserwerb (10)
- Nebennierenrindenkarzinom (10)
- Neolithikum (10)
- Neuropathischer Schmerz (10)
- Niger (10)
- Osteosynthese (10)
- PD-1 (10)
- PD-L1 (10)
- Pain (10)
- Panikstörung (10)
- Parodontitis (10)
- Pathogenität (10)
- Platelets (10)
- Plattenepithelkarzinom (10)
- Prevalence (10)
- Prostaglandine (10)
- Präfrontaler Cortex (10)
- Pädagogik (10)
- Qualitätskontrolle (10)
- RNA interference (10)
- RNA-seq (10)
- RNS-Spleißen (10)
- Radiotherapy (10)
- Remote Sensing (10)
- Rhodium (10)
- Rituximab (10)
- SAR (10)
- Schilddrüse (10)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (10)
- Silaanaloga (10)
- Silber (10)
- Silicon (10)
- South Africa (10)
- Sprachverstehen (10)
- Staphylococcus (10)
- Starke Kopplung (10)
- Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthase (10)
- Stressreaktion (10)
- Stroke (10)
- Struktur (10)
- T-Lymphozyten (10)
- T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor (10)
- Tagesrhythmus (10)
- Theologie (10)
- Totalsynthese (10)
- Toxizität (10)
- Transthorakale Echokardiographie (10)
- Treg (10)
- Trypanosomen (10)
- Verwaltungsrecht (10)
- Vitamin D (10)
- Vor- und Frühgeschichte (10)
- Vorschulkind (10)
- Wachstum (10)
- agriculture (10)
- aldosterone (10)
- amino acids (10)
- antimicrobial resistance (10)
- bariatric surgery (10)
- bioinformatics (10)
- biosynthesis (10)
- body size (10)
- boranes (10)
- cell wall (10)
- chronic heart failure (10)
- circadian rhythms (10)
- cognitive impairment (10)
- collagen (10)
- comparison (10)
- complex (10)
- coronary artery disease (10)
- cortisol (10)
- decision-making (10)
- density functional calculations (10)
- dispersal (10)
- eNOS (10)
- education (10)
- efficacy (10)
- forest (10)
- gene therapy (10)
- genome-wide association (10)
- glioma (10)
- global change (10)
- glycine receptor (10)
- human behaviour (10)
- immunomodulation (10)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (10)
- injury (10)
- insect (10)
- knockout (10)
- leaf-cutting ants (10)
- leukemia (10)
- lymph nodes (10)
- mapping (10)
- membrane potential (10)
- metapopulation (10)
- motivation (10)
- near-infrared spectroscopy (10)
- neuroscience (10)
- oncolytic virotherapy (10)
- oxidativer Stress (10)
- quality assurance (10)
- quantification (10)
- regulatorische T-Zellen (10)
- remodeling (10)
- senescence (10)
- silicon (10)
- social interaction (10)
- stem cell transplantation (10)
- subthalamic nucleus (10)
- synapse (10)
- tDCS (10)
- transcriptomics (10)
- transient absorption (10)
- tumors (10)
- vaccination (10)
- vertigo (10)
- walking (10)
- Östrogene (10)
- 3 (9)
- Adenosin (9)
- Adenosine receptors (9)
- Affekt (9)
- Afrika (9)
- Analyse (9)
- Angeregter Zustand (9)
- Antigen CD40 (9)
- Anxiety (9)
- Aorta (9)
- Aortenstenose (9)
- Autoaggressionskrankheit (9)
- Autophagie (9)
- Beyond Standard Model (9)
- Biotransformation (9)
- Biradikal (9)
- Bordetella pertussis (9)
- Borylierung (9)
- Boğazkale (9)
- Butyrat (9)
- CT (9)
- Carcinogenese (9)
- Catalysis (9)
- Cloud Computing (9)
- Deep learning (9)
- Dendritic cells (9)
- Diagnose (9)
- Diborane (9)
- Diskursanalyse (9)
- Dünndarm (9)
- Einzelphotonenemission (9)
- Elektroencephalographie (9)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (9)
- Elektronenstruktur (9)
- Elementarteilchenphysik (9)
- Epithel (9)
- Ernährung (9)
- Europe (9)
- Experimentelle Psychologie (9)
- Extremwertstatistik (9)
- Familie (9)
- Fanconi Anämie (9)
- Fettgewebe (9)
- Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor (9)
- Fibromyalgie (9)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (9)
- Frühgeborene (9)
- GIS (9)
- Geistigbehindertenpädagogik (9)
- Gentherapie (9)
- Geoinformationssystem (9)
- Geruchswahrnehmung (9)
- Glioblastoma (9)
- Google Earth Engine (9)
- Grammatik (9)
- Haut (9)
- Herzmuskelkrankheit (9)
- Hethiter (9)
- Hyaluronsäure (9)
- Immunisierung (9)
- Impulsivität (9)
- Innovation (9)
- Instrumentelle Analytik (9)
- Integrine (9)
- Iran (9)
- Isolierung <Chemie> (9)
- Jugendliche (9)
- Juvenile chronische Arthritis (9)
- Kapillarelektrophorese (9)
- Knorpel (9)
- Konflikt (9)
- Koordinationslehre (9)
- Korpus <Linguistik> (9)
- LC-MS/MS (9)
- Landsat (9)
- Leber (9)
- Lehre (9)
- Linguistik (9)
- Löslichkeit (9)
- MAPK (9)
- Macrophage (9)
- Magnetische Resonanz (9)
- Mehrfachbindung (9)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (9)
- Messenger-RNS (9)
- Mice (9)
- Molekulare Erkennung (9)
- Monozyt (9)
- Morphologie (9)
- Mukoviszidose (9)
- Myokardprotektion (9)
- NO (9)
- NSCLC (9)
- Nebennierenrindenkrebs (9)
- Neuroinflammation (9)
- Nierentransplantation (9)
- Oberfläche (9)
- Oberflächenphysik (9)
- Optoelektronik (9)
- Pankreaskarzinom (9)
- Pathogenese (9)
- Persönlichkeit (9)
- Pharmakotherapie (9)
- Photolumineszenzspektroskopie (9)
- Physiologie (9)
- Plasmamembran (9)
- Polycyclische Aromaten (9)
- Protein (9)
- Pseudomonas syringae (9)
- Psychoonkologie (9)
- Quantenmechanik (9)
- Rechenzentrum (9)
- Rechtsvergleich (9)
- Regeneration (9)
- Regionalentwicklung (9)
- Revision (9)
- Sarkoidose (9)
- Satellit (9)
- Schwindel (9)
- Schüttgut (9)
- Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung (9)
- Squaraine (9)
- Stathmin (9)
- Stereoselektive Synthese (9)
- Supply Chain Management (9)
- Syntax (9)
- Systembiologie (9)
- Südafrika (9)
- TDM (9)
- Textverstehen (9)
- Therapy (9)
- Tourismus (9)
- Trabekulektomie (9)
- Transplantat (9)
- Transport (9)
- Trypanosoma (9)
- Tumorantigen (9)
- Vakuole (9)
- Vergleich (9)
- Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit (9)
- Wurzel (9)
- Zellkern (9)
- Zentralnervensystem (9)
- Zinkselenid (9)
- actin cytoskeleton (9)
- adolescence (9)
- aggregation (9)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (9)
- antennal lobe (9)
- anxiety disorders (9)
- aromaticity (9)
- astrocytes (9)
- biomechanics (9)
- bladder cancer (9)
- blood brain barrier (9)
- bone cement (9)
- bone marrow (9)
- cardiac surgery (9)
- cardiovascular disease (9)
- cell culture (9)
- cell migration (9)
- central nervous system (9)
- ceramide (9)
- cerebrospinal fluid (9)
- chromatin (9)
- computed tomography (9)
- coronary heart disease (9)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (9)
- cystic fibrosis (9)
- cytotoxic T cells (9)
- decision making (9)
- dendritische Zellen (9)
- dialysis (9)
- earth observation (9)
- electroencephalography (9)
- electron microscopy (9)
- electrophysiology (9)
- energy (9)
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (9)
- family (9)
- foamy virus (9)
- genes (9)
- gephyrin (9)
- glucose (9)
- high energy physics (9)
- hip (9)
- hyaluronic acid (9)
- hydrogel (9)
- impact (9)
- incidence (9)
- inhibitor (9)
- interferon (9)
- latency (9)
- macrophage (9)
- major depression (9)
- mechanotransduction (9)
- mesenchymale Stammzellen (9)
- methylation (9)
- mitosis (9)
- monitoring (9)
- monoklonale Antikörper (9)
- myocardium (9)
- navigation (9)
- neurogenesis (9)
- optical spectroscopy (9)
- organic chemistry (9)
- organic semiconductors (9)
- pathogens (9)
- pathway (9)
- perfusion (9)
- peripheral nervous system (9)
- permeability (9)
- personality (9)
- pharmacology (9)
- photocatalysis (9)
- platelet activation (9)
- platelet aggregation (9)
- prognostic factors (9)
- quantum dots (9)
- radiation (9)
- rectal cancer (9)
- reveals (9)
- selection (9)
- serum (9)
- sleep (9)
- species richness (9)
- spinal muscular atrophy (9)
- stomata (9)
- systematic uncertainty (9)
- temperature (9)
- tolerance (9)
- transcription factor (9)
- transmission (9)
- type 2 diabetes (9)
- vaccine (9)
- water (9)
- wound healing (9)
- Übersetzung (9)
- ATLAS (8)
- AdS-CFT-Korrespondenz (8)
- Adhärenz (8)
- Aggregat <Chemie> (8)
- Akt (8)
- Aktiver galaktischer Kern (8)
- Algorithmus (8)
- Alltagskultur (8)
- Ancistrocladaceae (8)
- Anthocyane (8)
- Antibiotika (8)
- Antigen (8)
- Aortenklappenersatz (8)
- Arthrose (8)
- Arthroskopie (8)
- Arzneimittelforschung (8)
- Astrophysik (8)
- Asymmetrie (8)
- Asymmetrische Synthese (8)
- Auge (8)
- Autonomer Roboter (8)
- Bauchspeicheldrüse (8)
- Blimp-1 (8)
- Blutdruck (8)
- Blutstammzelle (8)
- Botanik (8)
- Brain (8)
- Burkina Faso (8)
- CD28 (8)
- CD40 (8)
- CD95 (8)
- COMT (8)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (8)
- Camponotus floridanus (8)
- Chlamydia (8)
- Compressed Sensing (8)
- Cross-Section (8)
- Cysteinproteasen (8)
- Cytomegalie-Virus (8)
- DLBCL (8)
- Darm (8)
- Data Mining (8)
- Datenbank (8)
- Degradation (8)
- Demenz (8)
- Deutschunterricht (8)
- Diborene (8)
- Didaktik (8)
- ELISA (8)
- ELISPOT (8)
- ERK (8)
- Elektronenspin (8)
- Elektronenspinresonanz (8)
- Emotionsregulation (8)
- Endothelzellen (8)
- Engagement (8)
- Erbrechen (8)
- Europa (8)
- Exziton-Polariton (8)
- FISH (8)
- Fachdidaktik (8)
- Femtosekundenbereich (8)
- Fibroblasten (8)
- Fitness (8)
- Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (8)
- Forschung (8)
- Fußball (8)
- GABA (8)
- Gammastrahlung (8)
- Gedächtnisleistung (8)
- Geistige Behinderung (8)
- Genotoxicity (8)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (8)
- Gewebe (8)
- Gliom (8)
- Graphen (8)
- HPLC-MS (8)
- Habichtskraut (8)
- Haemophilus influenzae (8)
- Harnwegsinfektion (8)
- Hernie (8)
- Hochbegabung (8)
- Hubbard-Modell (8)
- Humangenetik (8)
- Hymenoptera (8)
- Hypertrophie (8)
- Hüftgelenk (8)
- IL-10 (8)
- Immunantwort (8)
- In vivo (8)
- India (8)
- Indien (8)
- Inklusion (8)
- Keilschrifttext (8)
- Kephalometrie (8)
- Kieferorthopädie (8)
- Kinetik (8)
- Knochenersatzmaterial (8)
- Knockout (8)
- Komposit <Zahnmedizin> (8)
- Kondo-Effekt (8)
- Korrelation (8)
- Kreuzband (8)
- Kristallstruktur (8)
- Landwirtschaft (8)
- Langerhans-Inseln (8)
- Lanthanoide (8)
- Leishmania (8)
- Lernautonomie (8)
- Lower Franconia (8)
- Lumineszenz (8)
- Lungenfibrose (8)
- Machine Learning (8)
- Magenbypass (8)
- Makuladegeneration (8)
- Mass (8)
- Meeresschwämme (8)
- Meiosis (8)
- Meningitis (8)
- Meningokokken (8)
- Metaanalyse (8)
- Methode (8)
- Mikroglia (8)
- Mikrokerntest (8)
- Mikrostruktur (8)
- Mitochondrien (8)
- Mobiler Roboter (8)
- Molekül (8)
- Monozyten (8)
- Multiple myeloma (8)
- Myokarditis (8)
- N-heterocyclic carbenes (8)
- Nachsorge (8)
- Nanodraht (8)
- Naturstoff (8)
- Nervendegeneration (8)
- Neugeborenes (8)
- Neutrino (8)
- Notfallmedizin (8)
- Obesity (8)
- Onkolyse (8)
- Optogenetik (8)
- Organisches Molekül (8)
- Oxylipine (8)
- PONV (8)
- Parton distributions (8)
- Pemphigus (8)
- Peptide (8)
- Periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (8)
- Permeabilität (8)
- Pharmakodynamik (8)
- Photodissoziation (8)
- Photovoltaik (8)
- Platin (8)
- Pollen (8)
- Protein p53 (8)
- Protein-Tyrosin-Kinasen (8)
- Proteinbindung (8)
- Protonen-NMR-Spektroskopie (8)
- Präkonditionierung (8)
- Psychische Störung (8)
- Pump-Probe-Technik (8)
- Quantendynamik (8)
- Quelle (8)
- Quran (8)
- RNA sequencing (8)
- Radikal <Chemie> (8)
- Raf <Biochemie> (8)
- Raf-Kinasen (8)
- Raman spectroscopy (8)
- Rastertunnelmikroskop (8)
- Rechenzentrum Universität Würzburg (8)
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- MALT (4)
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- MIBG (4)
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- MMB (4)
- MMP (4)
- MOLLI (4)
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- M-1240-2017 (1)
- N-2030-2015 (1)
A search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the H→WW(⋆)→ℓνℓνH→WW(⋆)→ℓνℓν (ℓ=e,μℓ=e,μ) decay mode is presented. The search is performed using proton–proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb\(^{−1}\) at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV collected during 2011 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. No significant excess of events over the expected background is observed. An upper bound is placed on the Higgs boson production cross section as a function of its mass. A Standard Model Higgs boson with mass in the range between 133 GeV and 261 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level, while the expected exclusion range is from 127 GeV to 233 GeV.
Detailed measurements of the electron performance of the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported, using decays of the Z, W and J/ψ particles. Data collected in 2010 at s√=7 TeV are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of almost 40 pb\(^{−1}\). The inter-alignment of the inner detector and the electromagnetic calorimeter, the determination of the electron energy scale and resolution, and the performance in terms of response uniformity and linearity are discussed. The electron identification, reconstruction and trigger efficiencies, as well as the charge misidentification probability, are also presented.
Proton–proton collisions at √s=7 TeV and heavy ion collisions at \(\sqrt{sNN}\)=2.76 TeV were produced by the LHC and recorded using the ATLAS experiment’s trigger system in 2010. The LHC is designed with a maximum bunch crossing rate of 40 MHz and the ATLAS trigger system is designed to record approximately 200 of these per second. The trigger system selects events by rapidly identifying signatures of muon, electron, photon, tau lepton, jet, and B meson candidates, as well as using global event signatures, such as missing transverse energy. An overview of the ATLAS trigger system, the evolution of the system during 2010 and the performance of the trigger system components and selections based on the 2010 collision data are shown. A brief outline of plans for the trigger system in 2011 is presented.
Using inelastic proton-proton interactions at s√=900 GeV and 7 TeV, recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC, measurements have been made of the correlations between forward and backward charged-particle multiplicities and, for the first time, between forward and backward charged-particle summed transverse momentum. In addition, jet-like structure in the events is studied by means of azimuthal distributions of charged particles relative to the charged particle with highest transverse momentum in a selected kinematic region of the event. The results are compared with predictions from tunes of the pythia and herwig++ Monte Carlo generators, which in most cases are found to provide a reasonable description of the data.
Die adjuvante Radiochemotherapie des Rektumkarzinoms im UICC-Stadium II/III wird seit 1991 vom National Cancer Institute (NCI) und in Deutschland seit 1994 als Standard empfohlen. Die Qualität und Ergebnisse der postoperativen Therapie in der täglichen klinischen Praxis wurden flächendeckend retrospektiv untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 534 Patienten aus sechs Institutionen ausgewertet, die zwischen 1993 und 1998 behandelt wurden. Die beteiligten Kliniken versorgten strahlentherapeutisch flächendeckend große Teile des nordbayerischen Raumes. Die Stadienverteilung der Patienten war: UICC I 1%, II 28%, III 69% und IV 2%. 92% erhielten eine RChT, 8% eine alleinige RT. Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit der Patienten betrug 40 Monate. Ergebnisse (Teil A): Nur etwa 37% der epidemiologisch erwarteten Patienten wurden entsprechend der Konsensusvereinbarung einer postoperativen Therapie zugewiesen. Nach 5 Jahren betrug die aktuarische lokale Kontrolle 75%, die Freiheit von Fernmetastasen 56%, das krankheitsfreie Überleben 53% und das Gesamtüberleben 57%. Weitere Ergebnisse siehe Teil B. Schlussfolgerung: Der niedrige Anteil von der adjuvanten Therapie zugewiesenen Patienten sowie die im Vergleich zu randomisierten Studien ungünstigeren Ergebnisse weisen auf die Auswahl eines Risikokollektivs hin. Anstelle einer stadienbezogenen Zuweisung scheint eine Auswahl mit individueller Risikoabschätzung bevorzugt zu werden. Neben Therapieverbesserungen durch randomisierte Studien sollten ebenso Anstrengungen zur Übertragung dieser Ergebnisse in die flächendeckende Praxis übernommen werden.
The current study presents a new a group of Demotic ostraca in the belongings of the Cairo Museum. A large part of this group stem from Medinet Habu in the western bank of modern Luxor in Upper Egypt and was discovered in the beginning of the thirties of the last century by the Chicago Oriental Institute (recently renamed as Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures ‘ISAC’). A small portion of the collection under consideration come from other Upper Egyptian provenances including Gebelein, Edfu, Kom Ombo, and possibly elsewhere in Thebes. The main goal of the present dissertation is to decipher, translate, and provide a philological, paleographical, and cultural analysis of the group of texts in question. The results of this study are spread over two main parts, the first of which is dedicated to the main and largest part of the collection, i.e. ostraca from Medinet Habu, while the second is concerned with ostraca from other places. The first part comprises of five sections beginning with receipts of money and in-kind payments including some receipts for the payments of the different capitation charges in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, a few for land-related payments, as well as others related to different Ptolemaic monopolies or trades such as a receipt for the price of oil, one for the linen tax, in addition to a unique receipt for the rarely attested fish tax. The second section includes accounts and lists of different kinds be it monetary, in-kind, agriculture, or any other type of lists or accounts that record different everyday transactions. The following section presents a relatively different type of lists, namely lists of personal names. The fourth section incorporates a variety of texts of different concerns, e.g. texts of religious nature, letters, temples oaths, or other private documents. Unidentified texts occupy the fifth and final section of the first part. The second part of the study, which comprises texts that originate from different Upper Egyptian localities, includes three sections, i.e. receipts, accounts, and lists of names.
Background: Monitoring of motor function during surgery for supratentorial tumors under general anesthesia applies either transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) or direct cortical stimulation (DCS) to elicit motor-evoked potentials. To date, there is no guideline that favor one method over the other. Therefore, we designed this randomized study to compare between both methods regarding the prediction of postoperative motor deficits and extent of tumor resection. Methods: This is a multicenter (six centers in Germany and one in Switzerland), double blind, parallel group, exploratory, randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients without or with mild paresis, who are scheduled for surgical resection of motor-eloquent brain tumors under general anesthesia will be randomized to surgical resection under TES or surgical resection under DCS. The primary endpoint is sensitivity and specificity in prognosis of motor function 7 days after surgery. The main secondary endpoint is the extent of tumor resection. The study is planned to include 120 patients within 2 years. Discussion: The present exploratory study should compare TES and DCS regarding sensitivity and specificity in predicting postoperative motor deficit and extent of tumor resection to calculate the required number of patients in a confirmatory trial to test the superiority of one method over the other.
Electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which were modified with hydroxyapatite, were fabricated to be used as a substrate for bone cell proliferation. The CNFs were derived from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers after two steps of heat treatment: stabilization and carbonization. Carbon nanofibrous (CNF)/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites were prepared by two different methods; one of them being modification during electrospinning (CNF-8HA) and the second method being hydrothermal modification after carbonization (CNF-8HA; hydrothermally) to be used as a platform for bone tissue engineering. The biological investigations were performed using in-vitro cell counting, WST cell viability and cell morphology after three and seven days. L929 mouse fibroblasts were found to be more viable on the hydrothermally-modified CNF scaffolds than on the unmodified CNF scaffolds. The biological characterizations of the synthesized CNF/HA nanofibrous composites indicated higher capability of bone regeneration.
Phenotypic heterogeneity at the cellular level in response to various stresses, e.g., antibiotic treatment has been reported for a number of bacteria. In a clonal population, cell-to-cell variation may result in phenotypic heterogeneity that is a mechanism to survive changing environments including antibiotic therapy. Stenotrophomonas rnaltophilia has been frequently isolated from cystic fibrosis patients, can cause numerous infections in other organs and tissues, and is difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistances. S. maltophilia K279a produces the Li and L2 beta-lactamases in response to beta-lactam treatment. Here we report that the patient isolate S. rnaltophilia K279a diverges into cellular subpopulations with distinct but reversible morphotypes of small and big colonies when challenged with ampicillin. This observation is consistent with the formation of elongated chains of bacteria during exponential growth phase and the occurrence of mainly rod-shaped cells in liquid media. RNA-seq analysis of small versus big colonies revealed differential regulation of at least seven genes among the colony morphotypes. Among those, bleu and bla(L2) were transcriptionally the most strongly upregulated genes. Promoter fusions of b/a(L1) and b/a(L2) genes indicated that expression of both genes is also subject to high levels of phenotypic heterogeneous expression on a single cell level. Additionally, the comE homolog was found to be differentially expressed in homogenously versus heterogeneously bla(L2) expressing cells as identified by RNA(seq) analysis. Overexpression of cornE in S. maltophilia K279a reduced the level of cells that were in a bla(L2)-ON mode to 1% or lower. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that S. maltophilia K279a populations develop phenotypic heterogeneity in an ampicillin challenged model. This cellular variability is triggered by regulation networks including b/a(L1), b/a(L2), and comE.
Corynebacterium jeikeium, a resident of human skin, is often associated with multidrug resistant nosocomial infections in immunodepressed patients. C. jeikeium K411 belongs to mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes, the mycolata and contains a channel-forming protein as judged from reconstitution experiments with artificial lipid bilayer experiments. The channel-forming protein was present in detergent treated cell walls and in extracts of whole cells using organic solvents. A gene coding for a 40 amino acid long polypeptide possibly responsible for the pore-forming activity was identified in the known genome of C. jeikeium by its similar chromosomal localization to known porH and porA genes of other Corynebacterium strains. The gene jk0268 was expressed in a porin deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. For purification temporarily histidine-tailed or with a GST-tag at the N-terminus, the homogeneous protein caused channel-forming activity with an average conductance of 1.25 nS in 1M KCl identical to the channels formed by the detergent extracts. Zero-current membrane potential measurements of the voltage dependent channel implied selectivity for anions. This preference is according to single-channel analysis caused by some excess of cationic charges located in the channel lumen formed by oligomeric alpha-helical wheels. The channel has a suggested diameter of 1.4 nm as judged from the permeability of different sized hydrated anions using the Renkin correction factor. Surprisingly, the genome of C. jeikeium contained only one gene coding for a cell wall channel of the PorA/PorH type found in other Corynebacterium species. The possible evolutionary relationship between the heterooligomeric channels formed by certain Corynebacterium strains and the homooligomeric pore of C. jeikeium is discussed.
Background: Corynebacterium urealyticum, a pathogenic, multidrug resistant member of the mycolata, is known as causative agent of urinary tract infections although it is a bacterium of the skin flora. This pathogenic bacterium shares with the mycolata the property of having an unusual cell envelope composition and architecture, typical for the genus Corynebacterium. The cell wall of members of the mycolata contains channel-forming proteins for the uptake of solutes. Results: In this study, we provide novel information on the identification and characterization of a pore-forming protein in the cell wall of C. urealyticum DSM 7109. Detergent extracts of whole C. urealyticum cultures formed in lipid bilayer membranes slightly cation-selective pores with a single-channel conductance of 1.75 nS in 1 M KCl. Experiments with different salts and non-electrolytes suggested that the cell wall pore of C. urealyticum is wide and water-filled and has a diameter of about 1.8 nm. Molecular modelling and dynamics has been performed to obtain a model of the pore. For the search of the gene coding for the cell wall pore of C. urealyticum we looked in the known genome of C. urealyticum for a similar chromosomal localization of the porin gene to known porH and porA genes of other Corynebacterium strains. Three genes are located between the genes coding for GroEL2 and polyphosphate kinase (PKK2). Two of the genes (cur_1714 and cur_1715) were expressed in different constructs in C. glutamicum Delta porA Delta porH and in porin-deficient BL21 DE3 Omp8 E. coli strains. The results suggested that the gene cur_1714 codes alone for the cell wall channel. The cell wall porin of C. urealyticum termed PorACur was purified to homogeneity using different biochemical methods and had an apparent molecular mass of about 4 kDa on tricine-containing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Conclusions: Biophysical characterization of the purified protein (PorACur) suggested indeed that cur_1714 is the gene coding for the pore-forming protein in C. urealyticum because the protein formed in lipid bilayer experiments the same pores as the detergent extract of whole cells. The study is the first report of a cell wall channel in the pathogenic C. urealyticum.
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the major cause of blindness in the developed world. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are not well understood although in recent years a primary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has become evident. The aim of the present study is to systematically analyse genes which are differentially expressed in the RPE, and to assess their possible association with mechanisms and pathways likely to be related to retinal disease, in particular AMD. Towards this goal, 2379 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were established from an inhouse generated RPE cDNA library. This library was constructed by using the suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique which normalises redundant sequences and ensures enrichment of rare transcripts. In a first phase, 1002 ESTs were sequenced and subjected to comprehensive alignment with public nucleotide and protein databases. A search of the 1002 ESTs against the human genome draft sequence yielded 168 known genes, 51 predicted genes, 15 unknown transcripts and 41 clones with no significant similarity. Reverse Northern blot hybridization was performed for 318 EST clusters to identify abundantly expressed genes in the RPE and to prioritize subsequent analyses. Representative clones were spotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with cDNA probes of driver (heart and liver) and tester (RPE) used in the cDNA library construction. Subsequently, 107 EST clusters were subjected to Northern blot hybridizations. These analyses identified 7 RPE-specific, 3 retina-specific, 7 RPE/retina-specific, and 7 tissue restricted transcripts, while 29 EST clusters were ubiquitously expressed, and evaluation was not possible for another 54 EST clusters. Of the 24 transcripts with specific or restricted expression, 16 clones were selected for further characterization. The predicted gene MGC2477 and 2 novel isoforms of the human transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 3 (TRPM3) were cloned and further described in detail. In addition, polymorphic variations for these 2 genes as well as for the human MT-Protocadherin gene were determined. For MGC2477, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, with 13 having a frequency of the minor allele greater than 20%. 10 of the 15 SNPs have not been reported in so far in public SNP repertoires. Partial assessment of the TRPM3 gene yielded 35 SNPs. Of these, 30 (85.7%) were highly frequent (0.17-0.5%), and 14 (40%) were novel. The MT-Protocadherin gene revealed 35 SNPs, including 28 (80%) with high frequency of the minor allele. 23 (65.7%) were novel SNPs. These SNPs will be used to construct the most common haplotypes. These will be used in case/control association studies in 400 AMD patients and 200 ethnically and aged matched controls to assess a possible contribution of these genes in the etiology of AMD.
Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its potential side effects, including gonadotoxicity and infertility, are a critical problem. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced testicular dysfunction. We investigated whether kinetin use at different concentrations could alleviate gonadal injury associated with cisplatin treatment, with an exploration of the involvement of its antioxidant capacity. Kinetin was administered in different doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, alone or along with cisplatin for 10 days. Cisplatin toxicity was induced via a single IP dose of 7 mg/kg on day four. In a dose-dependent manner, concomitant administration of kinetin with cisplatin significantly restored testicular oxidative stress parameters, corrected the distorted sperm quality parameters and histopathological changes, enhanced levels of serum testosterone and testicular StAR protein expression, as well as reduced the up-regulation of testicular TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6, and caspase-3, caused by cisplatin. It is worth noting that the testicular protective effect of the highest kinetin dose was comparable/more potent and significantly higher than the effects of vitamin C and the lowest kinetin dose, respectively. Overall, these data indicate that kinetin may offer a promising approach for alleviating cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicity and organ damage, via ameliorating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation and apoptosis.
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. is a medicinal plant belonging to family Malvaceae with both ethnomedical and culinary value; however, its phytochemical and biological profiles have been scarcely studied. Accordingly, this work was designed to explore the chemical composition and the hepatoprotective potential of M. arboreus against carbon tetrachloride (CCl\(_4\))-induced hepatotoxicity. The total extract of the aerial parts and its derived fractions (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous) were orally administered to rats for six consecutive days, followed by injection of CCl\(_4\) (1:1 v/v, in olive oil, 1.5 ml/kg, i.p.) on the next day. Results showed that the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions significantly alleviated liver injury in rats as indicated by the reduced levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with enhancement of the total antioxidant capacities of their livers, with the maximum effects were recorded by the ethyl acetate fraction. Moreover, the protective actions of both fractions were comparable to those of silymarin (100 mg/kg), and have been also substantiated by histopathological evaluations. On the other hand, liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‒HR‒ESI‒MS) metabolomic profiling of the crude extract of M. arboreus aerial parts showed the presence of a variety of phytochemicals, mostly phenolics, whereas the detailed chemical analysis of the most active fraction (i.e. ethyl acetate) resulted in the isolation and identification of six compounds for the first time in the genus, comprising four phenolic acids; β-resorcylic, caffeic, protocatechuic, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, in addition to two flavonoids; trifolin and astragalin. Such phenolic principles, together with their probable synergistic antioxidant and liver-protecting properties, seem to contribute to the observed hepatoprotective potential of M. arboreus.
Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a methanolic extract of the Red Sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera and LC-HRESIMS-assisted dereplication resulted in the isolation of four compounds, three new cerebrosides, spiniferosides A (1), B (2), and C (3), and cholesterol sulfate (4). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established on the basis of their 1D NMR and HRMS spectral data. Metabolic profiling of the H. spinifera extract indicated the presence of diverse secondary metabolites, mostly hydroxy fatty acids, diterpenes, triterpenes, and cerebrosides. The isolated compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicities against the breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 displayed promising cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cells, with IC\(_{50}\) values of 13.83, 8.13, 8.27, and 35.56 µM, respectively, compared to that of the standard drug doxorubicin (IC\(_{50}\) 8.64 µM). Additionally, docking studies were performed for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 to elucidate their binding interactions with the active site of the SET protein, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which could explain their cytotoxic activity. This study highlights the important role of these metabolites in the defense mechanism of the sea cucumber against fouling organisms and the potential uses of these active molecules in the design of new anticancer agents.
Bioactivity-guided isolation supported by LC-HRESIMS metabolic profiling led to the isolation of two new compounds, a ceramide, stylissamide A (1), and a cerebroside, stylissoside A (2), from the methanol extract of the Red Sea sponge Stylissa carteri. Structure elucidation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. The bioactive extract’s metabolomic profiling showed the existence of various secondary metabolites, mainly oleanane-type saponins, phenolic diterpenes, and lupane triterpenes. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was tested against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and HepG2. Both compounds, 1 and 2, displayed strong cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line, with IC\(_{50}\) values at 21.1 ± 0.17 µM and 27.5 ± 0.18 µM, respectively. They likewise showed a promising activity against HepG2 with IC\(_{50}\) at 36.8 ± 0.16 µM for 1 and IC\(_{50}\) 30.5 ± 0.23 µM for 2 compared to the standard drug cisplatin. Molecular docking experiments showed that 1 and 2 displayed high affinity to the SET protein and to inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), which could be a possible mechanism for their cytotoxic activity. This paper spreads light on the role of these metabolites in holding fouling organisms away from the outer surface of the sponge, and the potential use of these defensive molecules in the production of novel anticancer agents.
Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) Den Hartog is a seagrass belonging to the plant family Cymodoceaceae with ubiquitous phytoconstituents and important pharmacological potential, including antioxidant, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities. In this work, a new ergosterol derivative named thalassosterol (1) was isolated from the methanolic extract of T. ciliatum growing in the Red Sea, along with two known first-reported sterols, namely ergosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3), using different chromatographic techniques. The structure of the new compound was established based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and by comparison with the literature data. The new ergosterol derivative showed significant in vitro antiproliferative potential against the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, with IC\(_{50}\) values of 8.12 and 14.24 µM, respectively. In addition, docking studies on the new sterol 1 explained the possible binding interactions with an aromatase enzyme; this inhibition is beneficial in both cervical and breast cancer therapy. A metabolic analysis of the crude extract of T. ciliatum using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HR-MS) revealed the presence of an array of phenolic compounds, sterols and ceramides, as well as di- and triglycerides.
This thesis is divided into three parts with the main goal allocating novel antimicrobial compounds that could be used as future antibiotics. The first part aimed to evaluate the potential of plant suspension cultures for the production of antimicrobial proteins. The extracellular, intracellular and cell wall bound fractions of seven heterotrophic and photomixotrophic plant cell suspension cultures treated with nine different elicitors were tested for the elicitor dependent production of antimicrobial proteins. Bioactivities were tested against a selected panel of human isolates including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi using the disc diffusion assay. The intracellular fractions of elicited cell cultures were more active than extracellular fractions while the cell wall bound fractions showed lowest activities. Among the 21 fractions tested, the intracellular fraction of Lavendula angustifolia elicited with DC3000 was most active against Candida maltosa. The second most active fraction was the intracellular fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana elicited with salicylic acid which was moreover active against all test strains. The antimicrobial activity of elicited Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures was tested by bioautography to locate the antimicrobial proteins in the crude extract. The intracellular fraction of photomixotrophic Arabidopsis thaliana cells elicited with salicylic acid was selected for further gel filtration chromatography on S-200 column leading to the purification of one 19 kDa antimicrobially active protein, designated, AtAMP. Our findings suggest that elicited plant cell cultures may present a new promising alternative source of antimicrobial proteins. The second part comprises the isolation of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges and testing the bioactivities of new species for further investigations. Actinobacterial communities of eleven taxonomically different sponges that had been collected from offshore Ras Mohamed (Egypt) and from Rovinj (Croatia) were investigated by a culture-based approach using different standard media for isolation of actinomycetes and media enriched with aqueous sponge extract to target rare and new actinomycete species. Phylogenetic characterization of 52 representative isolates out of 90 based on almost complete sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA supported their assignment to 18 different actinomycete genera. Altogether 14 putatively new species were identified based on sequence similarity values below 98.2% to other strains in the NCBI database. The use of M1 agar amended with aqueous sponge extract yielded a putative new genus related to Rubrobacter which highlighting the need for innovative cultivation protocols. Biological activity testing showed that five isolates were active against Gram-positives only, one isolate was active against Candida albicans only and one isolate showed activity against both groups of pathogens. Moreover, the antiparasistic activity was documented for four isolates. These results showed a high diversity of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges as well as highlighted their potential to produce anti-infective agents. The third part of the thesis focused on the isolation and structure elucidation of new bioactive compounds. Streptomyces strain RV15 recovered from sponge Dysidea tupha, was selected for further chemical analysis by virtue of the fact that it exhibited the greatest antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Candida albicans among the all tested strains. Moreover, members of the genus Streptomyces are well known as prolific producers of interesting pharmacologically active metabolites. Chemical analysis of the methanolic crude extract using different chromatographic tools yielded four new compounds. The structures of the new compounds were spectroscopically elucidated to be four new cyclic peptides, namely, cyclodysidins A-D. Their bioactivity was tested against different proteases, bacteria and Candida as well as tumor cell lines. The compounds did not show any significant activities at this point.
High resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (HRFTMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were employed as complementary metabolomic tools to dereplicate the chemical profile of the new and antitrypanosomally active sponge-associated bacterium Actinokineospora sp. EG49 extract. Principal Component (PCA), hierarchical clustering (HCA), and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to evaluate the HRFTMS and NMR data of crude extracts from four different fermentation approaches. Statistical analysis identified the best culture one-strain-many-compounds (OSMAC) condition and extraction procedure, which was used for the isolation of novel bioactive metabolites. As a result, two new O-glycosylated angucyclines, named actinosporins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the broth culture of Actinokineospora sp. strain EG49, which was cultivated from the Red Sea sponge Spheciospongia vagabunda. The structures of actinosporins A and B were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, as well as high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Testing for antiparasitic properties showed that actinosporin A exhibited activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with an IC₅₀ value of 15 µM; however no activity was detected against Leishmania major and Plasmodium falciparum, therefore suggesting its selectivity against the parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei; the causative agent of sleeping sickness.
Terrestrial actinomycetes are noteworthy producers of a multitude of antibiotics, however the marine representatives are much less studied in this regard. In this study, 90 actinomycetes were isolated from 11 different species of marine sponges that had been collected from offshore Ras Mohamed (Egypt) and from Rovinj (Croatia). Phylogenetic characterization of the isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing supported their assignment to 18 different actinomycete genera representing seven different suborders. Fourteen putatively novel species were identified based on sequence similarity values below 98.2% to other strains in the NCBI database. A putative new genus related to Rubrobacter was isolated on M1 agar that had been amended with sponge extract, thus highlighting the need for innovative cultivation protocols. Testing for anti-infective activities was performed against clinically relevant, Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, fungi (Candida albicans) and human parasites (Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei). Bioactivities against these pathogens were documented for 10 actinomycete isolates. These results show a high diversity of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges as well as highlight their potential to produce anti-infective agents.
Diazepinomicin is a dibenzodiazepine alkaloid with an unusual structure among the known microbial metabolites discovered so far. Diazepinomicin was isolated from the marine sponge-associated strain Micromonospora sp. RV115 and was identified by spectroscopic analysis and by comparison to literature data. In addition to its interesting preclinical broad-spectrum antitumor potential, we report here new antioxidant and anti-protease activities for this compound. Using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, a strong antioxidant potential of diazepinomicin was demonstrated. Moreover, diazepinomicin showed a significant antioxidant and protective capacity from genomic damage induced by the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide in human kidney (HK-2) and human promyelocytic (HL-60) cell lines. Additionally, diazepinomicin inhibited the proteases rhodesain and cathepsin L at an IC50 of 70–90 μM. It also showed antiparasitic activity against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei with an IC50 of 13.5 μM. These results showed unprecedented antioxidant and anti-protease activities of diazepinomicin, thus further highlighting its potential as a future drug candidate.
The diversity of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges collected off Fsar Reef (Saudi Arabia) was investigated in the present study. Forty-seven actinomycetes were cultivated and phylogenetically identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and were assigned to 10 different actinomycete genera. Eight putatively novel species belonging to genera Kocuria, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus were identified based on sequence similarity values below 98.2% to other 16S rRNA gene sequences available in the NCBI database. PCR-based screening for biosynthetic genes including type I and type II polyketide synthases (PKS-I, PKS-II) as well as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) showed that 20 actinomycete isolates encoded each at least one type of biosynthetic gene. The organic extracts of nine isolates displayed bioactivity against at least one of the test pathogens, which were Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, human parasites, as well as in a West Nile Virus protease enzymatic assay. These results emphasize that marine sponges are a prolific resource for novel bioactive actinomycetes with potential for drug discovery.
Estimating penetration-related X-band InSAR elevation bias: a study over the Greenland ice sheet
(2019)
Accelerating melt on the Greenland ice sheet leads to dramatic changes at a global scale. Especially in the last decades, not only the monitoring, but also the quantification of these changes has gained considerably in importance. In this context, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) systems complement existing data sources by their capability to acquire 3D information at high spatial resolution over large areas independent of weather conditions and illumination. However, penetration of the SAR signals into the snow and ice surface leads to a bias in measured height, which has to be corrected to obtain accurate elevation data. Therefore, this study purposes an easy transferable pixel-based approach for X-band penetration-related elevation bias estimation based on single-pass interferometric coherence and backscatter intensity which was performed at two test sites on the Northern Greenland ice sheet. In particular, the penetration bias was estimated using a multiple linear regression model based on TanDEM-X InSAR data and IceBridge laser-altimeter measurements to correct TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model (DEM) scenes. Validation efforts yielded good agreement between observations and estimations with a coefficient of determination of R\(^2\) = 68% and an RMSE of 0.68 m. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the benefits of X-band penetration bias estimation within the application context of ice sheet elevation change detection.
Die Bodenfeuchte stellt eine essenzielle Variable für den Energie-, Feuchte- und Stoffaustausch zwischen Landoberfläche und Atmosphäre dar. Ihre Auswirkungen auf Temperatur und Niederschlag sind vielfältig und komplex. Die in Klimamodellen verwendeten Schemata zur Simulation der Bodenfeuchte, auch bodenhydrologische Schemata genannt, sind aufgrund des Ursprungs der Klimamodelle aus Wettermodellen jedoch häufig sehr stark vereinfacht dargestellt.
Bei Klimamodellen, die Simulationen mit einer groben Auflösung von mehreren Zehner- oder Hunderterkilometern rechnen, können viele Prozesse vernachlässigt werden. Da die Auflösung der Klimamodelle jedoch stetig steigt und mittlerweile beim koordinierten Projekt regionaler Klimamodelle CORDEX-CORE standardmäßig bei 0.22° Kantenlänge liegt, müssen auch höher aufgelöste Daten und mehr Prozesse simuliert werden. Dies gilt erst recht mit Blick auf konvektionsauflösende Simulationen mit wenigen Kilometern Kantenlänge. Mit steigenden Modellauflösungen steigt zugleich die Komplexität und Differenziertheit der Fragestellungen, die mit Hilfe von Klimamodellen beantwortet werden sollen. An diesem Punkt setzt auch das Projekt BigData@Geo an, in dessen Rahmen die vorliegende Arbeit entstand. Ziel dieses Projektes ist es, hochaufgelöste Klimainformationen für den bayerischen Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken für Akteure aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie dem Weinbau zur Verfügung zu stellen.
Auf diesen angewandten und grundlegenden Anforderungen und Zielsetzungen basierend, bedarf auch das in dieser Arbeit verwendete regionale Klimamodell REMO (Version 2015) der weiteren Entwicklung. So ist das Hauptziel der Arbeit das bestehende einschichtige bodenhydrologische Schema durch ein mehrschichtiges zu ersetzen. Der Vorteil mehrerer simulierter Bodenschichten besteht darin, dass nun die vertikale Bewegung des Wassers in Form von Versickerung und kapillarem Aufstieg simuliert werden kann. Dies geschieht auf der Basis bodenhydrologischer Parameter, deren Wert in Abhängigkeit vom Boden und der Bodenfeuchte über die Wasserrückhaltekurve bestimmt wird. Für diese Kurve existieren verschiedene Parametrisierungen, von denen die Ansätze von Clapp-Hornberger und van Genuchten verwendet wurden. Außerdem kann die Bodenfeuchte nun bis zu einer Tiefe von circa 10 m beziehungsweise der Tiefe des anstehenden Gesteins simuliert werden. Damit besteht im Gegensatz zum vorherigen Schema, dessen Tiefe auf die Wurzeltiefe beschränkt ist, die Möglichkeit, dass Wasser auch unterhalb der Wurzeln zur Verfügung stehen kann und somit die absolute im Boden verfügbare Wassermenge zunimmt. Die Schichtung erlaubt darüber hinaus die Verdunstung aus unbewachsenem Boden lediglich auf Basis des in der obersten Schicht verfügbaren Wassers. Ein weiterer Prozess, der dank der Schichtung und der weiter unten erläuterten Datensätze neu parametrisiert werden kann, ist die Infiltration.
Für die Verwendung des Schemas sind Informationen über bodenhydrologische Parameter, die Wurzeltiefe und die Tiefe bis zum anstehenden Gestein erforderlich. Entsprechende Datensätze müssen hierfür aufbereitet und in das Modell eingebaut werden. Bezüglich der Wurzeltiefe wurden drei sich bezüglich der Tiefe, der Definition und der verfügbaren Auflösung stark voneinander unterscheidende Datensätze verglichen. Letztendlich wird die Wurzeltiefe aus dem mit einer anderen REMO-Version gekoppelten Vegetationsmodul iMOVE verwendet, da zukünftig eine Kopplung dieses Moduls mit dem mehrschichtigen Boden geplant ist und die Wurzeltiefen damit konsistent sind. Zudem ist die zugrundeliegende Auflösung der Daten hoch und es werden maximale Wurzeltiefen berücksichtigt, die besonders wichtig für die Simulation von Landoberfläche-Atmosphäre-Interaktionen sind. Diese Vorteile brachten die anderen Datensätze nicht mit. In der finalen Modellversion werden für die Tiefe bis zum anstehenden Gestein und die Korngrößenverteilungen die Daten von SoilGrids verwendet. Ein Vergleich mit anderen Bodendatensätzen fand in einer parallel laufenden Dissertation statt (Ziegler 2022). Bei SoilGrids ist hervorzuheben, dass die Korngrößenverteilungen in einer hohen räumlichen Auflösung (1 km^2 oder höher) und mit mehreren vertikalen Schichten vorliegen. Gegenüber dem ursprünglich in REMO verwendeten Datensatz mit einer Kantenlänge von 0.5° und ohne vertikale Differenzierung ist dies eine starke Verbesserung der Eingangsdaten. Dazu kommt, dass die Korngrößenverteilungen die Verwendung kontinuierlicher Pedotransferfunktionen statt fünf diskreter Texturklassen, denen für die bodenhydrologischen Parameter fixe Tabellenwerte zugewiesen werden, ermöglichen. Dies führt zu einer deutlich besseren Differenzierung des heterogenen Bodens.
Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden insgesamt 19 Simulationen für Europa und ein erweitertes Deutschlandgebiet mit Auflösungen von 0.44° beziehungsweise 0.11° für den Zeitraum 2000 bis 2018 gerechnet. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Einführung des mehrschichtigen Bodenschemas gegenüber dem einschichtigen Schema zu einer Verringerung der Bodenfeuchte in der Wurzeltiefe führt. Nichtsdestotrotz nimmt die absolute Wassermenge des Bodens durch die Berücksichtigung des Bodens unterhalb der Wurzelzone zu. Bezogen auf die einzelnen Schichten wird die Bodenfeuchte damit zwar unterschätzt, im Laufe der Modellentwicklung kann jedoch eine Verbesserung im Vergleich zu ERA5 erzielt werden. Das neue Schema führt zu einer Verringerung der Evapotranspiration, die über alle Schritte der Modellentwicklung und besonders während der Sommermonate auftritt. Im Vergleich zu Validationsdaten von ERA5 und GLEAM zeigt sich, dass dies eine Verbesserung dieser Größe bedeutet, die sowohl in der Fläche als auch beim Fehler und in der Verteilung auftritt.
Gleiches lässt sich für den Oberflächenabfluss sagen. Hierfür implementierte Schemata (Philip, Green-Ampt), die anders als das standardmäßig verwendete Improved-Arno-Schema bodenhydrologische Parameter berücksichtigen, konnten eine weitere Verbesserung im Flachland zeigen. In Gebirgsregionen nahm der Fehler durch die nicht enthaltene Berücksichtigung der Hangneigung jedoch zu, sodass in der finalen Modellversion auf das Improved-Arno-Schema zurückgegriffen wurde. Die Temperatur steigt durch die ursprüngliche Version des mehrschichtigen Schemas zunächst an, was zu einer Über- statt der vorherigen Unterschätzung gegenüber E-OBS führt. Die Modellentwicklung resultiert zwar in einer Reduzierung der Temperatur, jedoch fällt diese zu stark aus, sodass der Temperaturfehler letztendlich größer als in der einschichtigen Modellversion ist. Da die Evapotranspiration jedoch maßgeblich verbessert wurde, kann dieser Fehler eventuell auf ein übermäßiges Tuning der Temperatur zurückgeführt werden.
Die Betrachtung von Hitzeereignissen am Beispiel der Sommer 2003 und 2018 hat gezeigt, dass die Modellentwicklung dazu beiträgt, diese Ereignisse besser als das einschichtige Schema zu simulieren. Zwar trifft dies nicht auf das räumliche Verhalten der mittleren Temperatur zu, jedoch auf deren zeitlichen Verlauf. Hinzu kommt die bessere Simulation der täglichen Extrem- und besonders der Minimaltemperatur, was zu einer Erhöhung der täglichen Temperaturspanne führt. Diese wird von Klimamodellen in der Regel zu stark unterschätzt.
Durch die Berücksichtigung der vertikalen Wasserflüsse hat sich jedoch auch gezeigt, dass noch enormes Entwicklungspotenzial mit Blick auf (boden)hydrologische Prozesse besteht. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für zukünftige Simulationen mit konvektionserlaubender Auflösung. So sollten subskalige Informationen des Bodens und der Orographie berücksichtigt werden. Dies dient einerseits der Repräsentation vorliegender Heterogenitäten und kann andererseits, wie am Beispiel der Infiltrationsschemata dargelegt, zur Verbesserung bestehender Prozesse beitragen. Da die simulierte Drainage durch das mehrschichtige Bodenschema im gleichen Maße zu- wie der Oberflächenabfluss abnimmt und das Wasser dem Modell in der Folge nicht weiter zur Verfügung steht, sollte zukünftig auch Grundwasser im Modell berücksichtigt werden. Eine Vielzahl von Studien konnte einen Mehrwert durch die Implementierung dieser Variable und damit verbundener Prozesse feststellen. Mittelfristig ist jedoch insgesamt die Kopplung an ein hydrologisches Modell zu empfehlen, um die bei hochauflösenden Simulationen relevanten Prozesse angemessen repräsentieren zu können. Hierfür bieten sich beispielsweise ParFlow oder mHM an.
Insgesamt ist festzuhalten, dass das mehrschichtige Bodenschema einen Mehrwert liefert, da schwer zu simulierende und in der Postprozessierung zu korrigierende Variablen wie die Evapotranspiration und der Oberflächenabfluss deutlich besser modelliert werden können als mit dem einschichtigen Schema. Dies gilt auch für die Extremtemperaturen. Beides ist klar auf die Schichtung des Bodens und damit einhergehender Prozesse zurückzuführen. Bezüglich der Daten zeigt sich, dass die Wurzeltiefe, die Berücksichtigung von SoilGrids und die vertikale Bodeninformation für die weitere Optimierung verantwortlich sind. Darüber hinaus ist der höhere Informationsgehalt, der anhand der geschichteten Bodenfeuchte zur Verfügung steht, ebenfalls als Mehrwert einzustufen.
Die Bedeutung des Zwei-Partner-Sekretionssystems für die Adhärenz von Meningokokken an Epithelzellen
(2009)
Das two-partner secretion-system (TPS-System) ist ein unter Gram-negativen Bakterien weit verbreiteter Weg der Proteinsekretion. Die als TpsA bezeichneten Exoproteine des TPS Systems benötigen ein spezifisches Partnerprotein (genannt TpsB) in Form eines kanalbildenden Transporters. Im sequenzierten Genom des Meningokokkenstammes MC58 finden sich fünf putative tpsA Gene, die als hemagglutinin/hemolysin-related protein (hrps) bezeichnete werden. Neben MC58 finden sich auch in den anderen sequenzierten Meningokokkenstämmen (FAM18, Z2491, alpha14) hrps. Diese weisen N-terminal Homologien zum filamentösen Hämagglutinin (FHA) von B. pertussis auf, das als TpsA-Protein des two-partner-secretion-system (TPS) aus der Zelle transportiert wird. In dieser Arbeit werden die hrps als hrpA Gene bzw. HrpA-Proteine bezeichnet. Alle sequenzierten Meningokokkenstämme verfügen über tpsB homologe Gene (hrpB), die jeweils in enger Nachbarschaft zu den hrpA Genen zu finden sind. Das Vorhandensein von hrpA und hrpB Genen deutet darauf hin, dass auch Meningokokken über ein funktionales TPS-System verfügen. Bei einer Dot-Blot-Analyse von 830 Meningokokkenstämmen aus einer bayerischen Trägerstudie mit Sonden spezifisch für die C-terminalen Bereiche der im Stamm MC58 gefundenen hrpA Gene hybridisierten 80% der ausgewerteten Stämme mit mindestens einer der Sonden. Stämme der hypervirulenten klonalen Komplexen (ST-8, ST-11, ST32, ST-44) zeigten sogar in über 99% eine positive Reaktion. Dagegen wiesen die nicht-hypervirulenten klonalen Komplexe zu 29% im Dot Blot kein hrpA auf, das homolog zu den hrpA Genen von Stamm MC58 ist, wobei es sich hierbei mehrheitlich (82%) um cnl Stämme handelte, so dass sich nur in 10% der untersuchten Kapsel-null-locus-Stämme (cnl) ein zu den hrpA Genen von MC58 homologes Gen nachweisen ließ. Mit der Hypothese, dass auch diese Stämme ein hrpA besitzen, welches sich im C-terimalen Anteil von denen des MC58 unterscheidet wurden in dieser Arbeit Dot Blots durchgeführt, deren Sonde spezifisch für das hrpB NMC0443 war. 97,6% der mit dieser Sonde untersuchten Stämme zeigten die Anwesenheit eines hrpB Homologs. Um die Vermutung zu bestätigen, dass allen hrpB Genen ein zugehöriges hrpA Gen benachbart liegt, wurden repräsentativ PCRs von häufigen klonalen Komplexen durchgeführt. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein TPS-System sowohl in den hypervirulenten als auch den nicht-hypervirulenten klonalen Komplexen der Meningokokken vorkommt. Die vielfältigen Funktionen von bereits untersuchten TpsA Proteinen sind zumeist mit der Pathogenität der Bakterien assoziiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein möglicher Einfluss der HrpA Proteine auf die Adhäsion der Bakterien an humane Zellen untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl eine kapsellose, als auch eine kapsellose, LPS-trunkierte hrpA Deletionsmutante signifikant schlechter an Epithelzellen adhäriert als die parentalen Vergleichsstämme. Ebenso zeigten die analog durchgeführten Infektionsversuche mit der hrpB Deletionsmutante einen Adhärenzverlust, der jedoch nur für die unbekapselte und LPS trunkierte hrpB Deletionsmutante signifikant war. In dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen das HrpB Protein des Stammes 2120 in E. coli zu exprimieren und aufzureinigen, sodass die Entwicklung eines gegen HrpB gerichteten Antikörpers in Auftrag gegeben werden konnte. Mit Hilfe dieses Antikörpers sollen noch offene Fragen zur Synthese und dem Transport des HrpB Transportproteins beantwortet werden. Außerdem können weitere Untersuchungen zur Lage und Verteilung der HrpBs in der Meningokokkenmembran dazu beitragen, weiteren Aufschluss über die Komplexität von Pathogenität und Virulenz von N. meningitidis zu geben.
Permanente ZNS-Zelllinien der Ratte wurden mit Toxoplasma gondii unter Betrachtung der Invasions-, Replikations- und Stadienkonversionfähigeit des Parasiten infiziert. Additiv zu bekannten Tiermodellen konnte so ein Zellkulturmodell zur Erforschung der zerebralen Persistenz des Protozoons etabliert werden.
Die von Friedhelm Brusniak und Ulrich Konrad betreute und angenommene Dissertation nimmt den Briefwechsel zwischen August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben und dem jüngeren Augsburger Kapellmeister und Komponisten Hans Michael Schletterer in den Jahren 1862 bis 1873 in den Blick und dokumentiert dabei Hoffmanns Einfluss auf den Entstehungsprozess der Vertonungen seiner Lieder, besonders seiner Kinderlieder. Die Arbeit beleuchtet zudem den Erfahrungsschatz, den sich der ‚Dichter-Sänger‘ Hoffmann von Fallersleben auch durch die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Musikern seiner Zeit, vorrangig Ludwig Christian Erk (1807–1883) und Ernst Heinrich Leopold Richter (1805–1876), erworben hatte. Darüber hinaus werden in der Korrespondenz Themen des gesellschaftlichen und politischen Lebens, der privaten und beruflichen Situation beider wie auch Hoffmanns Rolle als väterlicher Berater Schletterers berührt. Die Arbeit darf als neuer substantieller Beitrag der Hoffmann-Forschung und der interdisziplinären Liedforschung angesehen werden, der insbesondere der Kinderliedforschung neue Impulse verleiht.
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Forschungsprojektes der Universitätsklinik Würzburg verfasst (IZKF-Studiennr. F-164, CFCW-Projekt).
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, explorativ zu untersuchen, inwieweit ein Lagerungsplagiozephalus (LP) die sprachlich-kognitive und motorische Entwicklung eines Säuglings/ Kindes beeinflusst und ob es Hinweise auf eine Auswirkung der Dauer der Therapie mittels Kopforthese auf die frühkindliche Entwicklung gibt. Sie liefert erstmalig Untersuchungsdaten zur vorsprachlichen und frühen sprachlichen Entwicklung von Säuglingen mit LP.
Das Probandenkollektiv bestand aus 71 Probanden (Plagiozephalus mit Helmtherapie (PMH)-Gruppe: N=36, Kontrollgruppe (KG): N=35). Im Alter von zwölf Monaten wurde die Sprachleistung aller Probanden mithilfe des ELFRA-1 eingeschätzt. Zudem wurden die Ergebnisse der deutschen Fassung der BSID II vom sechsten und zwölften Lebensmonat herangezogen. Um den Effekt der Helmtherapie auf die Entwicklung der Kinder mit LP zu berücksichtigen, fand eine Korrelation zwischen der Tragedauer und sprachproduktiven, sprachperzeptiven, gestischen, (fein-)motorischen und kognitiven Leistungen der Probanden statt. Ein maskierender Einfluss des Co-Faktors SLI-Risiko auf die Befunde konnte ausgeschlossen werden.
Zusammengefasst zeigen die hier untersuchten Säuglinge mit LP im Alter von sechs Monaten statistisch gerade signifikant schlechtere motorische Fähigkeiten als Säuglinge mit normaler Kopfform. Im Alter von zwölf Monaten holen sie diese Defizite jedoch auf und sind teilweise sogar motorisch geschickter als die Vergleichsgruppe. Die kognitive Entwicklung von Kindern mit LP scheint nicht verzögert zu sein, wie in der Fachliteratur postuliert.
In den Analysen zeigte sich kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Helmtragedauer und den sprachlichen (ELFRA-1) und kognitiven (BSID: MDI 12 Monate) Fähigkeiten der Probanden mit LP. Die motorischen Fähigkeiten (BSID: PDI 12 Monate) zeigten einen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang zur Tragedauer der Kopforthese. Je länger der Helm getragen wurde, desto besser fielen die motorischen Leistungen der Probanden im Alter von zwölf Monaten aus.
Zusätzlich wurden Vokalisationen einer Untergruppe (High-Contrast-Gruppe (HC), N=20) im Hinblick auf melodische Variationsfähigkeiten im sechsten Lebensmonat untersucht. Dazu wurden die digitalen Lautaufnahmen im Säuglingslabor des ZVES an der Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie editiert und mithilfe spezifischer Analyseprogramme quantitativ analysiert. Die Säuglinge mit LP wiesen genauso variantenreiche Melodien in ihren Vokalisationen auf wie die Säuglinge der Kontrollgruppe. Spätere Sprachauffälligkeiten würden sich bereits in diesen vorsprachlichen Fähigkeiten manifestieren.
Auch wenn zukünftige Studien bestätigen, dass ein LP – entgegen den Erkenntnissen anderer Autoren (Korpilahti et al. 2012, Speltz et al. 2010 u.a.) – keine kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen zur Folge hat, ist die Therapie dieser Schädelasymmetrie auf psychosozialer Ebene und wegen möglicher Auswirkungen auf das maxillomandibuläre System zu befürworten (Meyer-Marcotty et al. 2012).
Readers use prior knowledge to evaluate the validity of statements and detect false information without effort and strategic control. The present study expands this research by exploring whether people also non-strategically detect information that threatens their social identity. Participants (N = 77) completed a task in which they had to respond to a “True” or “False” probe after reading true, false, identity-threatening, or non-threatening sentences. Replicating previous studies, participants reacted more slowly to a positive probe (“True”) after reading false (vs. true) sentences. Notably, participants also reacted more slowly to a positive probe after reading identity-threatening (vs. non-threatening) sentences. These results provide first evidence that identity-threatening information, just as false information, is detected at a very early stage of information processing and lends support to the notion of a routine, non-strategic identity-defense mechanism.
Given the growing interest of corporate stakeholders in Metaverse applications, there is a need to understand accessibility of these technologies for marginalized populations such as people living with dementia to ensure inclusive design of Metaverse applications. We assessed the accessibility of extended reality technology for people living with mild cognitive impairment and dementia to develop accessibility guidelines for these technologies. We used four strategies to synthesize evidence for barriers and facilitators of accessibility: (1) Findings from a non-systematic literature review, (2) guidelines from well-researched technology, (3) exploration of selected mixed reality technologies, and (4) observations from four sessions and video data of people living with dementia using mixed reality technologies. We utilized template analysis to develop codes and themes towards accessibility guidelines. Future work can validate our preliminary findings by applying them on video recordings or testing them in experiments.
Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens of nosocomial infections as wells as community-acquired (CA) infections worldwide. So far, large-scale comprehensive molecular and epidemiological characterisation of S. aureus from very diverse settings has not been carried out in India. The objective of this study is to evaluate the molecular, epidemiological and virulence characteristics of S. aureus in both community and hospital settings in Chennai, southern India. Methods: S. aureus isolates were obtained from four different groups (a) healthy individuals from closed community settings, (b) inpatients from hospitals, (c) outpatients from hospitals, representing isolates of hospital-community interface and (d) HIV-infected patients to define isolates associated with the immunocompromised. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, multiplex polymerase chain reactions for detection of virulence and resistance determinants, molecular typing including Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and agr typing, were carried out. Sequencing-based typing was done using spa and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods. Clonal complexes (CC) of hospital and CA methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were identified and compared for virulence and resistance.
Results and Conclusion: A total of 769 isolates of S. aureus isolates were studied. The prevalence of MRSA was found to be 7.17%, 81.67%, 58.33% and 22.85% for groups a, b, c and d, respectively. Of the four SCCmec types (I, III, IV and V) detected, SCCmec V was found to be predominant. Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin genes were detected among MRSA isolates harbouring SCCmec IV and V. A total of 78 spa types were detected, t657 being the most prevalent. 13 MLST types belonging to 9 CC were detected. CC1 (ST-772, ST-1) and CC8 (ST238, ST368 and ST1208) were found to be predominant among MRSA. CA-MRSA isolates with SCCmec IV and V were isolated from all study groups including hospitalised patients and were found to be similar by molecular tools. This shows that CA MRSA has probably infiltrated into the hospital settings.
Objective. Current evidence indicates that there is no single ideal treatment for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). First choice treatment options remain debatable, especially concerning the importance of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. Methods. Three evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines on FMS in Canada, Germany, and Israel were compared for their first choice and CAM-recommendations. Results. All three guidelines emphasized a patient-tailored approach according to the key symptoms. Aerobic exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and multicomponent therapy were first choice treatments. The guidelines differed in the grade of recommendation for drug treatment. Anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine, milnacipran) were strongly recommended by the Canadian and the Israeli guidelines. These drugs received only a weak recommendation by the German guideline. In consideration of CAM-treatments, acupuncture, hypnosis/guided imagery, and Tai Chi were recommended by the German and Israeli guidelines. The Canadian guidelines did not recommend any CAM therapy. Discussion. Recent evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines concur on the importance of treatment tailored to the individual patient and further emphasize the need of self-management strategies (exercise, and psychological techniques).
Serotonin deficiency induced after brain maturation rescues consequences of early life adversity
(2021)
Brain serotonin (5-HT) system dysfunction is implicated in depressive disorders and acute depletion of 5-HT precursor tryptophan has frequently been used to model the influence of 5-HT deficiency on emotion regulation. Tamoxifen (TAM)-induced Cre/loxP-mediated inactivation of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene (Tph2) was used to investigate the effects of provoked 5-HT deficiency in adult mice (Tph2 icKO) previously subjected to maternal separation (MS). The efficiency of Tph2 inactivation was validated by immunohistochemistry and HPLC. The impact of Tph2 icKO in interaction with MS stress (Tph2 icKOxMS) on physiological parameters, emotional behavior and expression of 5-HT system-related marker genes were assessed. Tph2 icKO mice displayed a significant reduction in 5-HT immunoreactive cells and 5-HT concentrations in the rostral raphe region within four weeks following TAM treatment. Tph2 icKO and MS differentially affected food and water intake, locomotor activity as well as panic-like escape behavior. Tph2 icKO prevented the adverse effects of MS stress and altered the expression of the genes previously linked to stress and emotionality. In conclusion, an experimental model was established to study the behavioral and neurobiological consequences of 5-HT deficiency in adulthood in interaction with early-life adversity potentially affecting brain development and the pathogenesis of depressive disorders.
Disruptions in brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling pathways have been associated with etiology and pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders, but specific neural mechanisms of 5-HT function are yet to be fully elucidated. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme for brain 5-HT synthesis. Therefore, in this study a tamoxifen (Tam)-inducible cre-mediated conditional gene (Tph2) knockout in adult mouse brain (Tph2icKO) has been established to decipher the specific role of brain 5-HT in the regulation of behavior in adulthood.
Immunohistochemistry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used first to test the efficacy of Tam-inducible inactivation of Tph2 and consequential reduction of 5-HT in adult mouse brain. Tam treatment resulted in ≥90% reduction in the number of 5-HT immuno-reactive cells in the anterior raphe nuclei. HPLC revealed a significant reduction in concentration of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in selected brain regions of Tph2icKO, indicating the effectiveness of the protocol used.
Second, standard behavioral tests were used to assess whether reduced brain 5-HT concentrations could alter anxiety-, fear- and depressive-like behavior in mice. No altered anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were observed in Tph2icKO compared to control mice (Tph2CON) in all indices measured, but Tph2icKO mice exhibited intense and sustained freezing during context-dependent fear memory retrieval. Tph2icKO mice also exhibited locomotor hyperactivity in the aversive environments, such as the open field, and consumed more food and fluid than Tph2CON mice.
Lastly, the combined effect of maternal separation (MS) stress and adult brain 5-HT depletion on behavior was assessed in male and female mice. Here, MS stress, 5-HT depletion and their interaction elicited anxiety-like behavior in a sex-dependent manner. MS reduced exploratory behavior in both male and female mice. Reduced 5-HT enhanced anxiety in female, but not in male mice.
Furthermore, expression of genes related to the 5-HT system and emotionality (Tph2, Htr1a, Htr2a, Maoa and Avpr1a) was assessed by performing a quantitative real-time PCR. In Tph2icKO mice there was a reduction in expression of Tph2 in the raphe nuclei of both male and female mice. Interaction between MS stress and 5-HT deficiency was detected showing increased Htr2a and Maoa expression in raphe and hippocampus respectively of female mice. In male mice, MS stress and 5-HT depletion interaction effects reduced Avpr1a expression in raphe, while the expression of Htr1a, Htr2a and Maoa was differentially altered by 5-HT depletion and MS in various brain regions.
In dieser Studie wurden 280 Patienten, die im Zeitraum vom 01.01.2008 bis
30.06.2012 am Universitätsklinikum Würzburg aufgrund einer Raumforderung der
Leber operiert wurden, analysiert. Davon konnten 150 Patienten mit insgesamt 385
Tumoren bewertet werden. Die zentrale Fragestellung der Arbeit beschäftigte sich
damit, die Sensitivität der MR-DWI mit anderen präoperativen bildgebenden
Untersuchungsmethoden zu bewerten. Bisherige Studien beschäftigten sich bereits
mit dem Vergleich der MR-DWI mit anderen diagnostischen Verfahren. Jedoch
wurden dabei nicht konkret die aus Sicht eines Chirurgen wichtigen Punkte detailliert
beleuchtet. In dieser Arbeit wurden daher die Ergebnisse der Befunde der MR-DWI,
CT und konventionellem MRT dem intraoperativen und histopathologisch
gesichertem Endbefund gegenübergestellt und bezüglich der Parameter:
Tumordignität, Tumoranzahl, Tumorgröße und Tumorlokalisation verglichen.
Während die Sensitivität der MR-DWI zur Tumorlokalisation etwas unter der
Sensitivität der CT und MRT lag, konnten für die Parameter Tumoranzahl und
Tumordignität bessere Ergebnisse der MR-DWI als für die CT herausgestellt werden.
Die Genauigkeit der DWI für diese beiden Punkte liegt nah bei der hohen Sensitivität
der MRT. Jedoch müssen die sehr guten Ergebnisse der MRT in dieser Arbeit durch
die geringe Anzahl der MRT Untersuchungen relativiert werden.
Bezüglich der Tumoranzahl ergibt sich bei der MR-DWI die höchste Sensitivität,
gefolgt von MRT und CT.
Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die MR-DWI wie auch die CT und
MRT ein sehr sensitives Verfahren zur Detektion von Leberläsionen darstellt. Dabei
müssen gewisse Vor- und Nachteile gegenüber den anderen Methoden abgewogen
werden. Eine als ungünstig zu wertende Strahlenexposition besteht nicht, ebenso
kein zusätzlicher zeitlicher Aufwand.
In nahezu allen hier untersuchten Bereichen zeigte die MR-DWI vorrangig bessere
Resultate als die CT. Im Vergleich mit der MRT konnten geringfügig niedrigere oder
ähnlich gute Werte ermittelt werden. In Bezug auf die Tumoranzahl war die MR-DWI
das sensitivste Verfahren.
Um die hier erbrachten Ergebnisse zu sichern, sollten zukünftige Studien die
Homogenität der Patienten sowie die Anzahl der CT, MRT und MR-DWI
Untersuchungen erhöhen. Weiterhin könnten die Geräteeinstellungen bei der MRDWI
an bestimmte Fragestellungen angepasst und so genauere Ergebnisse erzielt
werden. Bruegel et al konnte für unterschiedliche Leberläsionen bereits die
charakteristischen ADC-Werte ermitteln. In einer weiteren Studie von
Kilickesmez wurden ebenfalls maligne und benigne Leberläsionen über die
entsprechenden ADC-Werte voneinander abgegrenzt. Daraus ergab sich die
Empfehlung, zur Diagnostik von Leberläsionen die konventionelle MRT mit der MRDWI
zu ergänzen.
Ein weiterer Ansatzpunkt ist die Reduktion von Störfaktoren für die MR-DWI und
damit die Verbesserung der Bildbeurteilung. In einer Arbeit von Yu-Chun wurde
beispielsweise die optimale Temperatur für die MR-DWI Schnittbildgebung am
Tiermodell angewandt und so auf molekularer Ebene die Artefaktbildung reduziert.
Eine Verbesserung konnte auch durch Ergänzung der MR-DWI mit anderen
Verfahren nachgewiesen werden. MR-DWI in Verbindung mit Kontrastmittel ergab
eine erhöhte Sensitivität für kleine HCC bis 2cm als Kontrastmittel-MRT ohne DWI.
Es ist zu erwarten, dass die MR-DWI in Zukunft durch exaktere Einstellungen der b-
Werte und ADC-Messungen in Abhängigkeit der zu untersuchenden Organregion,
durch Reduktion störender Faktoren oder durch Kombination mit anderen
bildgebenden Verfahren zur Optimierung der präoperativen Diagnostik bei
Lebertumoren beiträgt.
Die Aktivierung des HGF/c-Met-Signalweges wird unter anderem seit längerer Zeit als verantwortlicher Mechanismus für die Entwicklung von Resistenzen gegen den EGF-Rezeptor gerichteter Medikamente diskutiert. In verschiedenen Studien konnte die klinische Bedeutung des HGF/c-Met-Signalwegs belegt werden.
In der jüngeren Vergangenheit konzentriert sich die Forschung immer mehr auf das Tumormikromilieu und dessen Einfluss auf die Tumorprogression. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass erhöhte Laktatwerte, resultierend aus einer gesteigerten Glykolyse, zytotoxische T-Zellen inhibieren.
Es wurden vier etablierte Zelllinien des oralen Plattenepithelkarzinoms sowie eine Zelllinie eines Mukoepidermoidkarzinom verwendet, um den Einfluss von HGF und des Tyrosinkinaseinhibitors Foretinib auf den Glukosemetabolismus zu prüfen.
Bei allen Zelllinien konnte der c-Met-Rezeptor nachgewiesen werden. Ebenso konnte in einem ELISA belegt werden, dass die Zelllinien selbst kein HFG produzieren.
Es wurden proliferationsfördernde Effekte für HGF sowie zytotoxische Effekte durch Foretinib aufgezeigt. Ferner konnte der proliferationsfördernde Effekt durch HGF durch die Behandlung mit Foretinib aufgehoben werden.
Im RT-PCR-Verfahren wurden die Auswirkungen auf die Transkription verschiedener Gene, die für wichtige Enzyme des Glukosemetabolismus kodieren, nach der Stimulation mit HGF sowie der Inhibition mit Foretinib untersucht. Es konnten substanzielle Veränderungen in der Expression einzelner Gene nachgewiesen werden. Zelllinienübergreifend konnte allerdings keine verstärkte bzw. verminderte Transkription durch die Behandlung mit HGF bzw. Foretinib nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse lassen auf die Komplexität der Regulierung des Glukosemetabolismus schließen.
In der Durchflusszytometrie konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Behandlung mit HGF nicht zu einer Zunahme des GLUT1 in der Zellmembran führt, wohingegen eine Behandlung mit Foretinib mit einer gesteigerten Menge von GLUT1 einhergeht. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit belegen einen Einfluss des HGF/c-Met-Signalwegs auf den Glukosemetabolismus bei Zelllinien des oralen Plattenepithelkarzinoms.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von MV auf die Expression und Nutzung verschiedener Rezeptoren auf Dendritischen Zellen (DC) untersucht. Dazu wurden DC in vitro aus Monozyten gewonnen und mit IL- 4 und GM-CSF ausdifferenziert. In der Arbeit wurden das Wildtypvirus WTF und der Vakzinestamm ED eingesetzt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Expression der Chemokinrezeptoren 5 (CCR5) und 7 (CCR7) auf MV-infizierten DC-Kulturen sowie das Migrationsverhalten der DC untersucht. Die Expression von CCR5 ist abhängig vom Reifungszustand der DC. Während unreife DC CCR5 exprimieren, verringert sich die Expression im Zuge der Ausreifung, während die Expression von CCR7 induziert wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die MV-Infektion einer DC-Kultur die Expression von CCR5 nicht beeinflusst, obwohl die Expression anderer charakteristischer Reifungsmarker erhöht wird. Weiterhin konnte die Expression von CCR7 durch eine Infektion der DC-Kulturen mit MV nicht induziert werden. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten durchflusszytometrischen Analysen zur Rezeptorexpression wurden in Chemotaxis-Assays eingehender untersucht. DC aus MV-infizierten Kulturen zeigten trotz anhaltender CCR5-Expression nur eine geringe Migration in Richtung des CCR5-Liganden CCL-3. Aufgrund der fehlenden CCR7- Expression konnte erwartungsgemäß keine Migration der eingesetzten DC gegenüber dem CCR7-Liganden CCL-19 beobachtet werden. Weiterhin konnten Unterschiede im induzierten Chemokinmuster in MV-infizierten DCKulturen im Vergleich zu LPS-ausgereiften oder mit einer Mockpräparation behandelten DC nachgewiesen werden. Kurz nach der Infektion konnte in MVinfizierten DC-Kulturen eine reduzierte Menge CXCL-8 und CCL-20 sowohl auf mRNA Ebene als auch auf Proteinebene detektiert werden. In weiteren Experimenten konnte eine verminderte Migration von T-Zellen auf Zusammenfassung 152 Zellkulturüberstände aus infizierten DC-Kulturen im Vergleich zu Überständen aus LPS-behandelten DC-Kulturen festgestellt werden. Im zweiten Teil der vorgelegten Arbeit konnte MV als Ligand für das DCspezifische Oberflächenmolekül DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3 grabbing non-integrin) identifiziert werden. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide verwendeten Virusstämme an DC-SIGN binden können, DC-SIGN jedoch keinen Eintrittsrezeptor für MV darstellt. Weitere Analysen zeigten, dass DC-SIGN die Infektion, besonders bei geringen Viruskonzentrationen, verstärkt. In erster Linie zeigt die MV-Infektion unreifer DC die Bedeutung von DC-SIGN als Bindungsrezeptor für MV. Die hohe Expression von DC-SIGN auf unreifen DC ermöglicht eine effiziente effektive Infektion dieser Zellen. Auf reifen DC ist der Einfluss von DC-SIGN auf die Effektivität der Infektion der DC deutlich verringert. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die Kontaktzeiten zwischen DC und TZellen in dreidimensionalen Kollagenmatrices untersucht. Dabei wurde eine in etwa doppelt so lange Kontaktzeit zwischen MV-infizierten DC und durch Oxidative Mitogenese veränderten T-Zellen gegenüber LPS-behandelten DC bzw. MV-infizierten und nicht-modifizierten T-Zellen festgestellt. In den parallel durchgeführten Proliferationstests wurde eine reduzierte Proliferation der TZellen beobachtet, die mit MV-infizierten DC kokultiviert wurden. Im Gegensatz zu den kürzeren Kontakten zwischen LPS-behandelten DC und modifizierten TZellen waren die Kontakte zwischen MV-infizierten DC und modifizierten TZellen nicht-stimulatorisch.
In recent years many discoveries have been made that reveal a close relation between quantum information and geometry in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. In this duality between a conformal quantum field theory (CFT) and a theory of gravity on Anti-de Sitter spaces (AdS) quantum information quantities in CFT are associated with geometric objects in AdS. Subject of this thesis is the examination of this intriguing property of AdS/CFT. We study two central elements of quantum information: subregion complexity -- which is a measure for the effort required to construct a given reduced state -- and the modular Hamiltonian -- which is given by the logarithm of a considered reduced state.
While a clear definition for subregion complexity in terms of unitary gates exists for discrete systems, a rigorous formulation for quantum field theories is not known.
In AdS/CFT, subregion complexity is proposed to be related to certain codimension one regions on the AdS side.
The main focus of this thesis lies on the examination of such candidates for gravitational duals of subregion complexity.
We introduce the concept of \textit{topological complexity}, which considers subregion complexity to be given by the integral over the Ricci scalar of codimension one regions in AdS. The Gauss-Bonnet theorem provides very general expressions for the topological complexity of CFT\(_2\) states dual to global AdS\(_3\), BTZ black holes and conical defects. In particular, our calculations show that the topology of the considered codimension one bulk region plays an essential role for topological complexity.
Moreover, we study holographic subregion complexity (HSRC), which associates the volume of a particular codimension one bulk region with subregion complexity. We derive an explicit field theory expression for the HSRC of vacuum states. The formulation of HSRC in terms of field theory quantities may allow to investigate whether this bulk object indeed provides a concept of subregion complexity on the CFT side. In particular, if this turns out to be the case, our expression for HSRC may be seen as a field theory definition of subregion complexity. We extend our expression to states dual to BTZ black holes and conical defects.
A further focus of this thesis is the modular Hamiltonian of a family of states \(\rho_\lambda\) depending on a continuous parameter \(\lambda\). Here \(\lambda\) may be associated with the energy density or the temperature, for instance.
The importance of the modular Hamiltonian for quantum information is due to its contribution to relative entropy -- one of the very few objects in quantum information with a rigorous definition for quantum field theories.
The first order contribution in \(\tilde{\lambda}=\lambda-\lambda_0\) of the modular Hamiltonian to the relative entropy between \(\rho_\lambda\) and a reference state \(\rho_{\lambda_0}\) is provided by the first law of entanglement. We study under which circumstances higher order contributions in \(\tilde{\lambda}\) are to be expected.
We show that for states reduced to two entangling regions \(A\), \(B\) the modular Hamiltonian of at least one of these regions is expected to provide higher order contributions in \(\tilde{\lambda}\) to the relative entropy if \(A\) and \(B\) saturate the Araki-Lieb inequality. The statement of the Araki-Lieb inequality is that the difference between the entanglement entropies of \(A\) and \(B\) is always smaller or equal to the entanglement entropy of the union of \(A\) and \(B\).
Regions for which this inequality is saturated are referred to as entanglement plateaux. In AdS/CFT the relation between geometry and quantum information provides many examples for entanglement plateaux. We apply our result to several of them, including large intervals for states dual to BTZ black holes and annuli for states dual to black brane geometries.
The modular Hamiltonian of reduced states, given essentially by the logarithm of the reduced density matrix, plays an important role within the AdS/CFT correspondence in view of its relation to quantum information. In particular, it is an essential ingredient for quantum information measures of distances between states, such as the relative entropy and the Fisher information metric. However, the modular Hamiltonian is known explicitly only for a few examples. For a family of states rho(lambda) that is parametrized by a scalar lambda, the first order contribution in (lambda) over tilde = lambda-lambda(0) of the modular Hamiltonian to the relative entropy between rho(lambda) and a reference state rho(lambda 0) is completely determined by the entanglement entropy, via the first law of entanglement. For several examples, e.g. for ball-shaped regions in the ground state of CFTs, higher order contributions are known to vanish. In these cases the modular Hamiltonian contributes to the Fisher information metric in a trivial way. We investigate under which conditions the modular Hamiltonian provides a non-trivial contribution to the Fisher information metric, i.e. when the contribution of the modular Hamiltonian to the relative entropy is of higher order in (lambda) over tilde. We consider one-parameter families of reduced states on two entangling regions that form an entanglement plateau, i.e. the entanglement entropies of the two regions saturate the Araki-Lieb inequality. We show that in general, at least one of the relative entropies of the two entangling regions is expected to involve (lambda) over tilde contributions of higher order from the modular Hamiltonian. Furthermore, we consider the implications of this observation for prominent AdS/CFT examples that form entanglement plateaux in the large N limit.
We consider the computation of volumes contained in a spatial slice of AdS(3) in terms of observables in a dual CFT. Our main tool is kinematic space, defined either from the bulk perspective as the space of oriented bulk geodesics, or from the CFT perspective as the space of entangling intervals. We give an explicit formula for the volume of a general region in a spatial slice of AdS(3) as an integral over kinematic space. For the region lying below a geodesic, we show how to write this volume purely in terms of entangling entropies in the dual CFT. This expression is perhaps most interesting in light of the complexity = volume proposal, which posits that complexity of holographic quantum states is computed by bulk volumes. An extension of this idea proposes that the holographic subregion complexity of an interval, defined as the volume under its Ryu-Takayanagi surface, is a measure of the complexity of the corresponding reduced density matrix. If this is true, our results give an explicit relationship between entanglement and subregion complexity in CFT, at least in the vacuum. We further extend many of our results to conical defect and BTZ black hole geometries.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are class of small RNA molecules with major impact on gene regulation. We analyzed the potential of miRNAs secreted from pre-implantation embryos into the embryonic culture media as biomarkers to predict successful pregnancy. Using microarray analysis, we profiled the miRNome of the 56 spent culture media (SCM) after embryos transfer and found a total of 621 miRNAs in the SCM. On average, we detected 163 miRNAs in SCM of samples with failed pregnancies, but only 149 SCM miRNAs of embryos leading to pregnancies. MiR-634 predicted an embryo transfer leading to a positive pregnancy with an accuracy of 71% and a sensitivity of 85%. Among the 621 miRNAs, 102 (16.4%) showed a differential expression between positive and negative outcome of pregnancy with miR-29c-3p as the most significantly differentially expressed miRNA. The number of extracellular vehicles was lower in SCM with positive outcomes (3.8 × 10\(^9\)/mL EVs), as compared to a negative outcome (7.35 × 10\(^9\)/mL EVs) possibly explaining the reduced number of miRNAs in the SCM associated with failed pregnancies. The analysis of the miRNome in the SCM of couples undergoing fertility treatment lays the ground towards development of biomarkers to predict successful pregnancy and towards understanding the role of embryonic miRNAs found in the SCM.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der gestielten Lappen, am Beispiel des Acromiopectoral- und Pectoralis-Major-Lappens, in der modernen
Mund-, Kiefer-, Gesichtschirurgie in einer Ära, in der mikrochirurgisch revaskularisierten, freien Transplantaten meist der Vorzug gegeben wird.
Insbesondere wird auf die Einheilung und Resensibilisierung des Acromiopectoral- und Pectoralis-Major-Lappens in der Empfängerregion des Kopf-/Halsbereiches eingegangen. Es wurde die Lebensqualität der Patienten anhand von verschiedenen Parametern wie Nahrungsaufnahme, Sprachvermögen, Beschwerden und Ästhetik beurteilt.
Des Weiteren wurde die objektive und subjektive Morbidität der Spenderregion untersucht. Es wurde geprüft, inwieweit die Entnahme der Lappen die Funktion, die Sensibilität und die Ästhetik des Schulter- und Brustbereiches beeinflussen.
Anhand einer retrospektiven Datenauswertung von 30 Patienten werden die Unterschiede in den Indikationsbereichen, Komplikationsraten und Einheilraten der beiden Lappen im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2010 aufgezeigt.
Objectives
Handball is associated with a high risk of overuse shoulder injury. This study investigated if an injury prevention programme effectively reduces overuse injury to the throwing shoulder of handball athletes.
Methods
61 men’s and women’s handball teams (u-19 and senior athletes) were cluster-randomised into an intervention and a control group in the 2019–2020 season. Players of the intervention group regularly carried out an injury prevention programme. Both groups documented overuse shoulder injuries via an online questionnaire every second week. The primary endpoint was the prevalence of overuse injury to the throwing shoulder. Secondary endpoints were the influence of compliance on the primary endpoint and intensity of overuse shoulder symptoms measured by a shortened, handball-specific Western Ontario Shoulder Index (WOSI).
Results
31 teams (295 players) in the intervention group and 30 teams (284 players) in the control group were included for analyses. The overall questionnaire response rate was 61%. The average prevalence of overuse shoulder injury did not significantly differ between the intervention group (n=109, 38.4% (95% CI 32.9% to 44.2%)) and the control group (n=106, 35.9% (95% CI 30.7% to 41.6%), p=0.542). Compliance with the intervention programme did not significantly affect overuse shoulder injury (p=0.893). Using generalised estimating equations for WOSI, the estimated mean for the intervention group was 44.6 points (95% CI 42.0 to 47.1) and 47.6 points for the control group (95% CI 44.9 to 50.3, p=0.111).
Conclusions
A multicomponent exercise programme using rubber bands and stretching did not significantly reduce the prevalence or symptoms of overuse throwing shoulder injury in handball athletes of both sexes. Randomised controlled study; level of evidence I.
Background
To identify injury patterns and mechanisms in professional men’s basketball by means of video match analysis.
Methods
In Germany, injuries are registered with the statutory accident insurance for professional athletes (VBG) by clubs or club physicians as part of occupational accident reporting. Moderate and severe injuries (absence of > 7 days) sustained during basketball competition in one of four seasons (2014–2017 and 2018–2019) in the first or second national men’s league in Germany were prospectively analyzed using a newly developed standardized observation form. Season 2017–2018 was excluded because of missing video material.
Results
Video analysis included 175 (53%) of 329 moderate and severe match injuries. Contact patterns categorized according to the different body sites yielded eight groups of typical injury patterns: one each for the head, shoulders, and ankles, two for the thighs, and three for the knees. Injuries to the head (92%), ankles (76%), shoulders (70%), knees (47%), and thighs (32%) were mainly caused by direct contact. The injury proportion of foul play was 19%. Most injuries (61%) occurred in the central zone below the basket. More injuries occurred during the second (OR 1.8, p = 0.018) and fourth quarter (OR 1.8, p = 0.022) than during the first and third quarter of the match.
Conclusion
The eight identified injury patterns differed substantially in their mechanisms. Moderate and severe match injuries to the head, shoulders, knees, and ankles were mainly caused by collision with opponents and teammates. Thus, stricter rule enforcement is unlikely to facilitate safer match play.
To date, no consensus exists regarding the best surgical management of isolated, micro-traumatic long thoracic nerve (LTN) paresis. Our hypothesis was that a combined decompression of the LTN at two potential locations for entrapment would be effective in the management of dynamic LTN paresis. We report on twelve patients with isolated LTN parersis, with tenderness at two entrapment sites, who underwent bifocal LTN decompression after undergoing unsuccessful conservative treatment for at least 6 months; all patients had preoperative electrodiagnostic studies that confirmed the paresis and ruled out peripheral neuritis. Clinical and electrical improvements were observed in eight patients (67%) regarding shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and Quick-DASH scores. Four patients (33%) did not improve after surgery. The results corroborate our hypothesis that a bifocal LTN decompression can be an effective and reliable therapeutic option in more than half of a very selective patient population suffering from serratus anterior muscle deficiency.
Die Internationalisierung im Einzelhandel ist eine vergleichsweise junge Entwicklung, die in den vergangenen beiden Dekaden stark vorangeschritten ist. Dabei haben viele Unternehmen die Erfahrung machen müssen, die Grundlage ihres im Heimatland erlangten Wettbewerbsvorteils zwar in einige Märkte erfolgreich transferieren zu können, in andere
Märkte jedoch nicht. Worin liegen die Ursachen hierfür? Trotz einer zunehmenden Zahl von Studien zur Internationalisierung im Einzelhandel gibt es immer noch ein mangelndes Verständnis dafür, unter welchen Bedingungen Unternehmen im Ausland erfolgreich sind, respektive wann sie scheitern. Einen theoretischen Rahmen zur Analyse der relevanten Erfolgsdeterminanten liefert die Institutionentheorie, die das Verhältnis zwischen Unternehmen und Gesellschaft betrachtet und gerade auch für interkulturelle Fragestellungen einen interessanten Untersuchungsansatz darstellt.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die US-amerikanische
Expansion des Discounters Aldi analysiert. Aldi bietet sich für eine solche Fallstudie an, da der Discounter sein an den deutschen Markt angepasstes Erfolgskonzept Ende der 1970er Jahre weitestgehend unverändert in die USA transferiert hat - in eine institutionelle Umwelt, die sich deutlich von der deutschen unterscheidet. Wie erfolgreich kann Aldi in dieser Umwelt agieren?
Gewaltakte - Disziplinarapparate : Geschlecht und Gewalt in mittel- und frühneuhochdeutschen Mären
(2008)
Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 6 1.1 Einführung in den Forschungsgegenstand und das Forschungsinteresse der Untersuchung 6 1.2 Theoretische Prämissen 15 1.2.1 Überlegungen zur Problematik des Konstruktbegriffes 16 1.2.2 Zur Konstituierung der Konstrukte ‚Geschlecht’ und ‚Gewalt’ 23 1.2.2.1 Semantik der neuhochdeutschen Begriffe ‚Gewalt’ und ‚Geschlecht’ 23 1.2.2.1.1 ‚Gewalt’ 24 1.2.2.1.2 ‚Geschlecht’ 27 1.2.2.2 Judith Butlers Modell der citationality des ‚Geschlechts’ 30 1.3 Mittelalterliche Geschlechtsnormen in außerliterarischen Kontexten 37 1.4 Textauswahl und Untersuchungsverlauf 41 2 Prototheorie des Märes: Geschlecht und Gewalt in den Ehestandsmären des Strickers 43 2.1 Der Gevatterin Rat 47 2.2 Der begrabene Ehemann 58 2.3 Die eingemauerte Frau 70 2.4 Ehescheidungsgespräch 86 3 Strickers Erben? Geschlecht und Gewalt in ausgewählten Mären des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts 91 3.1 Gewaltakte 92 3.1.1 Nur über ihre Leiche: Die undankbare Wiedererweckte 92 3.1.2 Erstarrte Männlichkeit im Bildschnitzer von Würzburg II 99 3.1.3 Making Sex: Gold und Zers I 107 3.1.4 Hans Rosenplüts abwaschbare Tinte 114 3.2 Disziplinarapparate 120 3.2.1 Sibotes Frauenzucht. Was Disziplinarapparate leisten können ... 122 3.2.2 ... und wie sie außer Kraft gesetzt werden – Philippas abenteurig, kurzweilig red im Enttäuschten Liebhaber des Johannes Werner von Zimmern 134 3.2.3 Vorsicht, bissig! Virgils Zauberbild als weiblicher Disziplinarapparat 144 3.2.4 Entblößen, Einwickeln, Bemänteln – Disziplinarapparate in den Mären Heinrich Kaufringers 148 3.2.4.1 Bürgermeister und Königssohn: Entblößen und Einschließen 148 3.2.4.2 Chorherr und Schusterin: Zudecken und Bemänteln 154 3.2.4.3 Der Schlafpelz: Die Kunst des Einwickelns 160 3.2.4.4 Die zurückgelassene Hose – Wie Heinrich Kaufringer Hosen Beine macht 163 4 Zusammenfassung 167 Literaturverzeichnis 183 1 Abkürzungen 183 2 Primärliteratur 183 2.1 Literatur des Mittelalters 183 2.1.1 Sammelausgaben 183 2.1.2 Einzeltextverzeichnis 184 2.2 Literatur der Neuzeit 185 3 Nachschlagewerke und Wörterbücher 186 4 Forschungsliteratur 186
Die Darstellung der Verbindungen 3a (sowie 3b) und 10, die sich vom 1-(4-Chlorphenyl)-1-(2~ diethylaminoethoxy)silacyclohexan (Sila-Chlorphencyclan, II a) ableiten, wird beschrieben. Die Verbindung 3 b wurde pharmakologisch und toxikologisch untersucht. Die biologischen Eigen· schaften von 3b wurden mit denen von Ila (sowie Chlorphencyclan) und seinem Hydrochiarid Ilb verglichen.
Sila-Chlorphencyclan (8b), ein Sila-Analogon des Chlorphencyclans (8a), die Derivate 7 und 9, deren Ammoniumsalze 11, 12, 13 und 14b, das Hydrolyseprodukt 10 sowie die Vorstufen 3-6 wurden erstmalig dargestellt. Die neuen Verbindungen wurden in ihren chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften charakterisiert, ihre Struktur wurde sichergestellt. Chlorphencyclan, Sila-Chlorphencyclan und einige seiner Derivate wurden vergleichend pharmakologisch und toxikologisch untersucht.
In dieser Dissertation wird beschrieben, wie es durch systematische Anwendung unterschiedlicher Methoden zur Herstellung und Modifizierung von Diamant gezielt und verlässlich möglich ist, die Eigenschaften von Diamanten zu beeinflussen. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch Variation der Parameter bei dem Wachstum von Diamant Einfluss auf dessen Morphologie und Eigenschaften genommen werden kann. Des Weiteren wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, mit dem die Oberfläche des Diamanten durch Ozon effizient oxidiert beziehungsweise reduziert werden kann. Um diese veränderte Oberflächenbelegung möglichst genau zu analysieren, wird im letzten Teil der Dissertation eine Methode zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analytik der Oberflächen von Kohlenstoffnanomaterialien beschrieben.