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Institut
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (534) (entfernen)
Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (3)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany (2)
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ResearcherID
- N-2030-2015 (1)
Die AML stellt mit einem Anteil von 80 % an den akuten Leukämien bei Erwachsenen eine bedeutende Erkrankung für die Gesellschaft dar. Aufgrund fehlender durchbrechender Erfolge in der Therapieentwicklung liegt die durchschnittliche Fünfjahresüberlebensrate dennoch nur bei etwa 25 %. Der Blick auf die Kraft des Graft-versus-Leukämie-Effekts nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation, eine Langzeitremission der AML erzielen zu können, weist jedoch auf die Immunogenität und Eignung der Erkrankung für neue immuntherapeutische Ansätze hin.
Anhand der Kartierung der in-vivo präsentierten MHC-Klasse-I-Peptidome auf
AML-Blasten sollten in dieser Arbeit potenziell geeignete Therapietargets identifiziert werden, um eine breitere Anwendung immuntherapeutischer Strategien bei AML-Patienten zu ermöglichen. Auf primären Patientenmaterialien, Zelllinien und benignen Zellen wurden hierzu über eine Immunoaffinitätschromatographie mit nachfolgenden Purifizierungsschritten
die MHC-präsentierten Peptide massenspekrometrisch-basiert
identifiziert. Zusätzlich erfolgte eine Quantifizierung der Oberflächen- und intrazellulären MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle der verwendeten Proben durch einen indirekten Immunfluoreszenz-Assay.
Unter der Gesamtheit von 17.750 identifizierten nicht-redundanten MHC-Klasse-
I-präsentierten Peptiden konnte eine Vielzahl von 5.626 Peptiden mit Präsentationsfrequenzen bis zu 72 % als AML-exklusiv beschrieben werden. Hierunter wurden 240 kryptische Peptide vermeintlich nicht-codierenden Ursprungs identifiziert. Zudem wurden mehrere potenziell CMV-kreuzreaktive AML-Peptide erfasst, die zu der reduzierten Rezidivrate bei CMV-Infektion nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation führen könnten. Bei der MHC-Quantifizierung wiesen die AML-Blasten keine verminderte MHC-Expression auf und stellten sich somit als geeignete Target-Zellen für eine T-Zell-Immuntherapie dar.
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of ten kinase inhibitors (afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib,cabozantinib, dabrafenib, lenvatinib, nilotinib, osimertinib, ruxolitinib, and trametinib) in human serum and plasma for theapplication in daily clinical routine has been developed and validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration andEuropean Medicines Agency validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. After protein precipitation of plasma samples withacetonitrile, chromatographic separation was performed at ambient temperature using a Waters XBridge® Phenyl 3.5μm(2.1×50 mm) column. The mobile phases consisted of water-methanol (9:1, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate as phase A andmethanol-water (9:1, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate as phase B. Gradient elution was applied at a flow rate of 400μL/min. Analytes were detected and quantified using multiple reaction monitoring in electrospray ionization positive mode. Stableisotopically labeled compounds of each kinase inhibitor were used as internal standards. The acquisition time was 7.0 min perrun. All analytes and internal standards eluted within 3.0 min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 2–500 ng/mLfor afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib, lenvatinib, ruxolitinib, and trametinib, and 6–1500 ng/mL for cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib,and osimertinib (coefficients of correlation≥0.99). Validation assays for accuracy and precision, matrix effect, recovery,carryover, and stability were appropriate according to regulatory agencies. The rapid and sensitive assay ensures high throughputand was successfully applied to monitor concentrations of kinase inhibitors in patients.
Veränderungen im intestinalen Mikrobiom bei Patienten mit akuter Leukämie im longitudinalen Verlauf
(2020)
In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Veränderungen des Darmmikrobioms anhand von Stuhlproben von Patienten mit akuter Leukämie longitudinal untersucht. Die Patienten wurden mit intensiver Chemotherapie behandelt. Die Therapie als auch die Erkrankung selbst führte zu einer erheblichen Immunsuppression der Patienten. Prophylaktisch und therapeutisch wurden intensive Antibiotikatherapien bei allen Patienten durchgeführt.
Das Mikrobiom wurde quantitativ und qualitativ analysiert. Die Bakterienmenge der Stuhlproben wurde mittels quantitativer Polymerase-Kettenreaktion und die Diversität des Mikrobioms mittels 16s rDNA Sequenzierung aufgezeigt. Zusätzlich dazu fand eine mikrobiologische Kultivierung von Bakterien in Rektalabstrichen statt, um multiresistente Keime nachzuweisen. Ebenso wurde der klinische Verlauf der Patienten dokumentiert.
Insgesamt wurde das Mikrobiom von drei verschiedenen Studiengruppen untersucht: Patienten mit akuter Leukämie, Patienten, die mit multiresistenten Keimen besiedelt waren und sich in der Nachsorge der Würzburger interdisziplinären onkologischen Tagesklinik befanden sowie gesunde Probanden.
Im Mikrobiom der Patienten mit akuter Leukämie war eine deutlich geringere Diversität sowie eine deutlich geringere Bakterienmenge im Vergleich zu beiden anderen Studiengruppen festzustellen. Das Mikrobiom änderte sich während des Therapieverlaufs erheblich und am Beispiel von einigen Patienten konnte gezeigt werden, dass einzelne Bakterien das Mikrobiom dominierten. Des Weiteren waren im Mikrobiom der Patienten mit akuter Leukämie mehr potenziell pathogene sowie weniger potenziell protektive Bakterien im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe vorhanden.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass sich das Mikrobiom der Patienten mit akuter Leukämie deutlich von dem der anderen Studiengruppen unterscheidet. Um die Daten zu validieren und einen eventuellen Einfluss des Mikrobioms auf das Überleben der Patienten zu identifizieren, sollten die Untersuchungen an einer deutlich größeren Studienpopulation wiederholt werden.
Background: There is much evidence that T cells are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic forms of scleroderma (SSc). A dysbalance between FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 cells has been suggested. Methods: The study aimed (1) to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of Th17 and Tregs in SSc patients depending on disease manifestation (limited vs. diffuse cutaneous SSc, dcSSc) and activity, and (2) the transcriptional level and methylation status of Th17- and Treg-specific transcription factors. Results: There was a concurrent accumulation of circulating peripheral IL-17-producing CCR6+ Th cells and FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with dcSSc. At the transcriptional level, Th17- and Treg-associated transcription factors were elevated in SSc. A strong association with high circulating Th17 and Tregs was seen with early, active, and severe disease presentation. However, a diminished suppressive function on autologous lymphocytes was found in SSc-derived Tregs. Significant relative hypermethylation was seen at the gene level for RORC1 and RORC2 in SSc, particularly in patients with high inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Besides the high transcriptional activity of T cells, attributed to Treg or Th17 phenotype, in active SSc disease, Tregs may be insufficient to produce high amounts of IL-10 or to control proliferative activity of effector T cells in SSc. Our results suggest a high plasticity of Tregs strongly associated with the Th17 phenotype. Future directions may focus on enhancing Treg functions and stabilization of the Treg phenotype.
Background
International collaborative research is a mechanism for improving the development of disease-specific therapies and for improving health at the population level. However, limited data are available to assess the trends in research output related to orphan diseases.
Methods and Findings
We used bibliometric mapping and clustering methods to illustrate the level of fragmentation in myeloma research and the development of collaborative efforts. Publication data from Thomson Reuters Web of Science were retrieved for 2005-2009 and followed until 2013. We created a database of multiple myeloma publications, and we analysed impact and co-authorship density to identify scientific collaborations, developments, and international key players over time. The global annual publication volume for studies on multiple myeloma increased from 1,144 in 2005 to 1,628 in 2009, which represents a 43% increase. This increase is high compared to the 24% and 14% increases observed for lymphoma and leukaemia. The major proportion (> 90% of publications) was from the US and EU over the study period. The output and impact in terms of citations, identified several successful groups with a large number of intra-cluster collaborations in the US and EU. The US-based myeloma clusters clearly stand out as the most productive and highly cited, and the European Myeloma Network members exhibited a doubling of collaborative publications from 2005 to 2009, still increasing up to 2013.
Conclusion and Perspective
Multiple myeloma research output has increased substantially in the past decade. The fragmented European myeloma research activities based on national or regional groups are progressing, but they require a broad range of targeted research investments to improve multiple myeloma health care.
Background
International consensus criteria (ICC) have redefined borderline resectability for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) according to three dimensions: anatomical (BR-A), biological (BR-B), and conditional (BR-C). The present definition acknowledges that resectability is not just about the anatomic relationship between the tumour and vessels but that biological and conditional dimensions also are important.
Methods
Patients’ tumours were retrospectively defined borderline resectable according to ICC. The study cohort was grouped into either BR-A or BR-B and compared with patients considered primarily resectable (R). Differences in postoperative complications, pathological reports, overall (OS), and disease-free survival were assessed.
Results
A total of 345 patients underwent resection for PDAC. By applying ICC in routine preoperative assessment, 30 patients were classified as stage BR-A and 62 patients as stage BR-B. In total, 253 patients were considered R. The cohort did not contain BR-C patients. No differences in postoperative complications were detected. Median OS was significantly shorter in BR-A (15 months) and BR-B (12 months) compared with R (20 months) patients (BR-A vs. R: p = 0.09 and BR-B vs. R: p < 0.001). CA19-9, as the determining factor of BR-B patients, turned out to be an independent prognostic risk factor for OS.
Conclusions
Preoperative staging defining surgical resectability in PDAC according to ICC is crucial for patient survival. Patients with PDAC BR-B should be considered for multimodal neoadjuvant therapy even if considered anatomically resectable.
Background
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients with preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) serum levels higher than 500 U/ml are classified as biologically borderline resectable (BR-B). To date, the impact of cholestasis on preoperative CA19-9 serum levels in these patients has remained unquantified.
Methods
Data on 3079 oncologic pancreatic resections due to PDAC that were prospectively acquired by the German Study, Documentation and Quality (StuDoQ) registry were analyzed in relation to preoperative CA19-9 and bilirubin serum values. Preoperative CA19-9 values were adjusted according to the results of a multivariable linear regression analysis of pathologic parameters, bilirubin, and CA19-9 values.
Results
Of 1703 PDAC patients with tumor located in the pancreatic head, 420 (24.5 %) presented with a preoperative CA19-9 level higher than 500 U/ml. Although receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis failed to determine exact CA19-9 cut-off values for prognostic indicators (R and N status), the T, N, and G status; the UICC stage; and the number of simultaneous vein resections increased with the level of preoperative CA19-9, independently of concurrent cholestasis. After adjustment of preoperative CA19-9 values, 18.5 % of patients initially staged as BR-B showed CA19-9 values below 500 U/ml. However, the postoperative pathologic results for these patients did not change compared with the patients who had CA19-9 levels higher than 500 U/ml after bilirubin adjustment.
Conclusions
In this multicenter dataset of PDAC patients, elevation of preoperative CA19-9 correlated with well-defined prognostic pathologic parameters. Bilirubin adjustment of CA19-9 is feasible but does not affect the prognostic value of CA19-9 in jaundiced patients.
p8 ist ein erstmals im Zusammenhang mit akuter Pankreatitis beschriebenes Protein, das im exokrinen und endokrinen Pankreas mit vermehrtem Zellwachstum assoziiert ist. Bei der Analyse seiner Primärstruktur wurde ein speziesübergreifend hoch konservierter Abschnitt, eine sogenannte NLS, ausgemacht, der HMG-Y/I-Proteinen ähnelt. Da HMG-Proteine oft als Transkriptionsfaktoren wirken, wurde die Hypothese formuliert, auch p8 sei ein HMG-Y/I-Protein und wirke als Transkriptionsfaktor im Nukleus. Um die Bedeutung der rp8-NLS näher zu charakterisieren, wurde in INS-1 beta-Zellen ein rp8(NLS-)-EGFP Fusionsprotein ektopisch exprimiert, um dessen subzelluläre Lokalisation zu untersuchen. Es zeigte sich, ähnlich wie bei Kontrollzellen mit ektoper Expression von EGFP allein, eine gleichmäßige Verteilung von rp8(NLS-)-EGFP zwischen Zytoplasma und Nukleus. Da rp8(NLS-) trotz fehlender NLS dennoch in den Kern translozieren kann, scheint die NLS für diesen Vorgang nicht essentiell zu sein. Diese Annahme wird gestützt durch die Beobachtung, dass einzeln exprimiertes rp8(NLS-) seine Proliferation induzierende Wirkung nicht verliert. In Zellzählungsexperimenten zeigte sich, dass ein rp8- bzw. p8(NLS-)-EGFP Fusionsprotein keinen proliferationsfördernden Einfluss in INS-1 und hMSC-TERT Zellen hat. Bei ektoper Expression von rp8 bzw. rp8(NLS-) und hrGFP als Einzelproteine konnte jedoch eine zwischen beiden rp8-Varianten ähnliche und insgesamt signifikante Stimulation der Zellvermehrung beobachtet werden. Dies belegt, dass die Fusion von rp8 an EGFP dessen biologische Funktion inhibiert, während die Deletion der NLS keinen Einfluß darauf hat. Da der proliferative Stimulus von p8 in menschlichen hMSC-TERT Zellen unabhängig von der Herkunft von p8 aus Ratte oder Mensch ist, scheint p8 bei Säugern hoch konserviert zu sein und speziesübergreifend zu wirken. Aus der hier vorgestellten Arbeit geht hervor, dass der molekulare Mechanismus, über den p8 glukoseabhängig proliferationsinduzierend in INS-1 beta-Zellen wirkt, nicht über die NLS vermittelt wird. Weitere Untersuchungen der Wirkungsweise von p8 auf molekularer Ebene könnten in Zukunft einen Ansatz zur in vitro-Generierung ausreichender Mengen an beta-Zellen zur Zelltherapie des Diabetes mellitus bilden.
Um eine Signaltransduktion mittels agnostischer Antikörper an Rezeptoren der TNFRSF zu bewirken, ist eine vorherige Immobilisation über des Fc Anteil des Antikörpers Grundvorraussetzung. In dieser Arbeit sollte die Möglichkeit der Verankerung über eine andere Bindungsdomäne untersucht werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Immobilisation mittels scFv:CD70 zu einer starken Signalaktivierung führt.
Background: Preservation of kidney function in newly diagnosed (ND) multiple myeloma (MM) helps to prevent excess toxicity. Patients (pts) from two prospective trials were analyzed, provided postinduction (PInd) restaging was performed. Pts received three cycles with bortezomib (btz), cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (dex; VCD) or btz, lenalidomide (len), and dex (VRd) or len, adriamycin, and dex (RAD). The minimum required estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was >30 mL/min. We analyzed the percent change of the renal function using the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) criteria and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)-defined categories. Results: Seven hundred and seventy-two patients were eligible. Three hundred and fifty-six received VCD, 214 VRd, and 202 RAD. VCD patients had the best baseline eGFR. The proportion of pts with eGFR <45 mL/min decreased from 7.3% at baseline to 1.9% PInd (p < 0.0001). Thirty-seven point one percent of VCD versus 49% of VRd patients had a decrease of GFR (p = 0.0872). IMWG-defined “renal complete response (CRrenal)” was achieved in 17/25 (68%) pts after VCD, 12/19 (63%) after RAD, and 14/27 (52%) after VRd (p = 0.4747). Conclusions: Analyzing a large and representative newly diagnosed myeloma (NDMM) group, we found no difference in CRrenal that occurred independently from the myeloma response across the three regimens. A trend towards deterioration of the renal function with VRd versus VCD may be explained by a better pretreatment “renal fitness” in the latter group.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
Role of PTEN in Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in the Liver of Whole-Body Pten Haplodeficient Mice
(2016)
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are frequently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and with an elevated cancer incidence. The molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in this context are only partially understood. High blood insulin levels are typical in early T2DM and excessive insulin can cause elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and genomic instability. ROS are important for various cellular functions in signaling and host defense. However, elevated ROS formation is thought to be involved in cancer induction. In the molecular events from insulin receptor binding to genomic damage, some signaling steps have been identified, pointing at the PI3K/AKT pathway. For further elucidation Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (Pten), a tumour suppressor phosphatase that plays a role in insulin signaling by negative regulation of PI3K/AKT and its downstream targets, was investigated here. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was used to detect ROS formation in immortalized human hepatocytes. Comet assay and micronucleus test were performed to investigate genomic damage in vitro. In liver samples, DHE staining and western blot detection of HSP70 and HO-1 were performed to evaluate oxidative stress response. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were detected by immunohistostaining. Inhibition of PTEN with the pharmacologic inhibitor VO-OHpic resulted in increased ROS production and genomic damage in a liver cell line. Knockdown of Pten in a mouse model yielded increased oxidative stress levels, detected by ROS levels and expression of the two stress-proteins HSP70 and HO-1 and elevated genomic damage in the liver, which was significant in mice fed with a high fat diet. We conclude that PTEN is involved in oxidative stress and genomic damage induction in vitro and that this may also explain the in vivo observations. This further supports the hypothesis that the PI3K/AKT pathway is responsible for damaging effects of high levels of insulin.
Background: Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) has been described as a possible extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Usually, HEV-associated NA occurs bilaterally. The clinical characteristics determining the course of HEV-associated NA have still not been defined. Methods: In this retrospective multicentric case series, 16 patients with HEV-associated NA were studied and compared to 176 HEV patients without NA in terms of their age, sex, and ALT levels. Results: Neither gender distribution (75% vs. 67% male) nor age (47 vs. 48 years median) differed significantly between the NA patients and controls. Eight NA patients (50%) presented with bilateral involvement — seven of these had right-side dominance and one had left-side dominance. Thirteen cases (81%) were hospitalized. Eight of these patients stayed in hospital for five to seven days, and five patients stayed for up to two weeks. The time from the onset of NA to the HEV diagnosis, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic proceedings, showed a large variability. In total, 13 (81%) patients received treatment: 1/13 (8%) received intravenous immunoglobulins, 8/13 (62%) received glucocorticoids, 3/13 (23%) received ribavirin, and 6/13 (46%) received pregabalin/gabapentin. Patients with ages above the median (47 years) were more likely to be treated (p = 0.001). Conclusion: HEV-associated NA causes a relevant morbidity. In our case series neither the type of treatment nor the time of initiation of therapy had a significant effect on the duration of hospitalization or the course of the disease. The clinical presentation, the common diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and the patients' characteristics showed large variability, demonstrating the necessity of standardized protocols for this rare but relevant disease.
West African torrent-frogs of the genus Odontobatrachus currently belong to a single species: Odontobatrachus natator (Boulenger, 1905). Recently, molecular results and biogeographic separation led to the recognition of five Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) thus identifying a species-complex. Based on these insights, morphological analyses on more than 150 adult specimens, covering the entire distribution of the family and all OTUs, were carried out. Despite strong morphological congruence, combinations of morphological characters made the differentiation of OTUs successful and allowed the recognition of five distinct species: Odontobatrachus natator, and four species new to science: Odontobatrachus arndti sp. n., O. fouta sp. n., O. smithi sp. n. and O. ziama sp. n. All species occur in parapatry: Odontobatrachus natator is known from western Guinea to eastern Liberia, O. ziama sp. n. from eastern Guinea, O. smithi sp. n. and O. fouta sp. n. from western Guinea, O. arndti sp. n. from the border triangle Guinea-Liberia-Cote d'Ivoire. In addition, for the first time the advertisement call of a West African torrent-frog (O. arndti sp. n.) is described.
Vor Einführung der direkt antiviralen Kombinationstherapien war die Kombination aus pegyliertem Interferon plus Ribavirin die Standardbehandlung für Patienten mit chronischer Hepatitis-C-Infektion. Bei 30% der Patienten zeigten sich neurokognitive sowie depressive Nebenwirkungen, die das dauerhafte Therapieansprechen negativ beeinflussen können. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchten wir in unserer Arbeit bei 93 Patienten mit chronischer Hepatitis-C-Infektion den Zusammenhang zwischen drei Single Nucleotide Polymorphismen im Bereich des IL28B-Gens und der Verträglichkeit sowie dem Therapieerfolg einer interferonbasierten Behandlung. Der Vergleich zwischen den Ergebnissen im HADS-(Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) sowie TAPS- (Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung) Testverfahren mit den Genotypen der drei SNPs zeigte im Studienkollektiv keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang. Hinsichtlich des Therapieerfolges konnten wir bei einem der drei SNPs das C-Allel als positiven Prognosefaktor für das dauerhafte Therapieansprechen nachweisen.
Das multiple Myelom ist trotz intensiver Forschung eine bisher unheilbare maligne Plasmazellerkrankung. Für jüngere Patienten ohne relevante Komorbiditäten ist die Behandlung mit einer Hochdosistherapie gefolgt von einer autologen Stammzelltransplantation der Goldstandard. Bei einer geringen Rate an therapiebedingter Mortalität erzielt diese eine hohe Rate an kompletten Remissionen und damit die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein längeres Überleben. Um die optimale Konditionierungstherapie zu finden, wurde eine Vielzahl von Chemotherapeutika, teilweise gekoppelt mit Ganzkörperbestrahlung, getestet.
In dem in dieser Dissertation schwerpunktmäßig analysierten Langzeit-Datensatzes der „DSMM I“-Studie erfolgte der prospektive Vergleich einer Doppelhochdosis-Chemotherapie mit Melphalan und zweimaliger autologer Stammzelltransplantation und einer Einfachhochdosis-Therapie mit modifizierter Ganzkörperbestrahlung, Busulfan und Cyclophosphamid und einfacher autologer Stammzelltransplantation. Es wurde untersucht, ob sich eines der beiden Konditionierungsschemata hinsichtlich des ereignisfreien Überlebens, des Gesamtüberlebens, des maximalen Ansprechens auf die Therapie oder der Toxizität überlegen zeigte. Bisher publizierte Studien wiesen einen Vorteil der Tandem-Hochdosistherapie gegenüber der Einfachhochdosis-Therapie nach. In dieser Studie hatten beide Therapiegruppen ein exzellentes Gesamtüberleben. Es zeigte sich jedoch keine Überlegenheit einer der Therapien für das ereignisfreie und Gesamtüberleben, trotz signifikant höherer Ansprechrate unter Melphalan. Nach modifizierter Ganzkörperbestrahlung war, wie bereits in anderen Studien beschrieben, die Rate an Nebenwirkungen signifikant erhöht. Die Patienten litten vor allem unter Mukositis, Schmerzen und Pneumonitis. Somit ist die Doppelhochdosistherapie mit Melphalan Therapie der Wahl.
Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit von knapp 7 Jahren ist im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Publikationen sehr viel länger als das mediane ereignisfreie Überleben. Dies spricht für die Validität der Daten.
Der Nutzen von Therapeutischem Drug Monitoring (TDM) bei der Behandlung von HIV-infizierten Kindern in Ländern mit geringen finanziellen Ressourcen ist bisher nicht gründlich erforscht worden. Pharmakokinetische Studien antiretroviraler Medikamente haben bei Kindern eine hohe intra- und interpersonale Varianz gezeigt. Dies könnte den kontinuierlichen Prozessen von Reifung, Wachstum und Körperzusammensetzung geschuldet sein. Deswegen könnte TDM zu einer sichereren und erfolgreicheren Behandlung von HIV bei Kindern in Südafrika beitragen.
Diese Untersuchung einer pädiatrischen HIV-Kohorte zeigte, dass 73,5 % der Patienten innerhalb des empfohlenen therapeutischen Bereichs ihrer Medikamentenkonzentration waren.
Aufgrund einer hohen interpersonalen Varianz antiretroviraler Medikamentenkonzentrationen, eine großen Zahl an Komedikationen mit Interaktionspotential, das Risiko für Non-Adhärenz und Zeichen möglicher Arzneimittelnebenwirkungen, kann TDM die Effizienz und Sicherheit der antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit HIV verbessern.
Durch die Immunsuppression bei Patienten nach Stammzell- oder Organtransplantation erhöht sich das Risiko für opportunistische Infektionen wie invasive Aspergillose (IA). IA wird hauptsächlich durch den Schimmelpilz Aspergillus fumigatus, der durch die Luft übertragen wird, verursacht. Deshalb haben Erkennung und Therapie von IA in den letzten Jahren eine immer größere Bedeutung erlangt. Für eine erfolgreiche Behandlung sind die Mechanismen des Immunsystems nach Kontaktaufnahme mit dem Pathogen von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Erstinfektion mit A. fumigatus findet in der Lunge statt. Als Bewohner der Alveolen wurden deshalb dendritische Zellen (DCs) auf ihre Fähigkeiten hin untersucht, das Immunsystem anzuregen. DCs besitzen vor allem die wichtigen Aufgaben, das Immunsystem zu modulieren und T-Lymphozyten zur Proliferation anzuregen. Ein Großteil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der Analyse des Einflusses des Immunsuppressivums 40-0-[2-Hydroxyethyl]rapamycin (RAD) auf neutrophile Granulozyten und auf die in vitro Generierung von moDCs sowie deren Fähigkeit mit dem Pathogen A. fumigatus zu interagieren. RAD bindet an das zytosolische FK506 bindende Protein (FKBP12), wodurch die Kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibiert und somit die T-Zellantwort unterdrückt wird. Klinische Anwendung findet RAD bereits, um eine Immunsuppression bei Patienten nach Stammzell- oder Organtransplantation zu erhalten. Der oxidative Burst neutrophiler Granulozyten war nach RAD-Behandlung und Konfrontation mit A. fumigatus signifikant verringert. Die Generierung der moDCs aus Monozyten erfolgte über 7 Tage, wobei ab dem Tag der Isolation der Monozyten 10 nM RAD oder EtOH zur Kontrolle hinzugegeben wurde. RAD zeigte vielfältige Effekte auf die Immunfunktion dendritischer Zellen. Obwohl sich keine Änderung in der Differenzierung der moDCs fand, was durch die Oberflächenmarker CD1a+, CD14- und HLA-DR+ überprüft wurde, zeigte sich eine signifikante Reduktion der Rezeptoren TLR4 und Dectin-1 sowie der kostimulatorischen Moleküle CD40, CD83 und CD86. Nach Konfrontation mit A. fumigatus verblieb CD40 unter RAD Behandlung signifikant reduziert, während CD83 genau dieses Schema als Trend aufwies. Ferner wies CD86 sowohl in der Kontrolle als auch mit RAD-Behandlung die gleiche Expression auf. Nach 6 h Konfrontation der moDCs mit A. fumigatus waren die Zytokine IL-12, TNF-α und CCL20 auf Genexpressionsebene unter RAD reduziert, was sich auf Proteinebene teilweise bestätigen ließ, da sich hier erst nach 12 h eine signifikante Reduktion von IL-12, TNF-α und CCL20 in RAD-behandelten Zellen im Vergleich zu Kontrollzellen zeigte. Des Weiteren war das anti-inflammatorische Zytokin IL-10 signifikant reduziert. Die Phagozytose sowohl von FITC-Dextran-Beads als auch von A. fumigatus Konidien und zugleich die Schädigung von A. fumigatus Keimschläuchen war in unreifen RAD-behandelten moDCs signifikant reduziert. Ob moDCs, die mit RAD behandelt wurden, schlechter in der Lage waren, CD8+-T-Lymphozyten zur Proliferation anzuregen, geht nicht mit Sicherheit aus dieser Studie hervor, da große spenderabhängige Unterschiede auftraten. Es wurde zudem ein Vergleich von in vitro aus Monozyten differenzierten DCs (moDCs) und myeloiden DCs (mDCs) angefertigt. Mittels eines home-made Microarrays, der vor allem Gene mit einschloss, die für Zytokine und Rezeptoren von Immunzellen kodieren, konnten in einem Modell der frühen IA in der Lunge differentiell regulierte Gene nach Konfrontation mit A. fumigatus identifiziert werden. Es wurden insgesamt 30 Gene mehr als 2-fach reguliert, wie zum Beispiel die Interleukine und Chemokine IL-1β, IL-8, CXCL2, CCL3, CCL4 und CCL20, der Immunrezeptor PTX3 und der Transkriptionsfaktor Nf-κB. Generell konnte beobachtet werden, dass moDCs mehr regulierte Gene aufwiesen als mDCs. Zuletzt wurde betrachtet, ob der Knock-down von CXCL10, dessen Fehlen ein erhöhtes Risiko für IA nach sich zieht, einen Einfluss auf moDCs hat, so dass sie schlechter auf A. fumigatus reagieren können. Diese Hypothese konnte in dieser Studie nicht bestätigt werden, da kein Unterschied in der Zytokinproduktion oder Expression kostimulatorischer Moleküle zwischen Kontroll-moDCs und moDCs, in denen das CXCL10-Gen ausgeschaltet wurde, festgestellt werden konnte. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass durch die Microarray-Analyse wichtige Gene in moDCs und mDCs identifizierbar waren, die nach Konfrontation mit A. fumigatus reguliert wurden. Zudem fanden sich lediglich minimale Unterschiede zwischen artifiziellen DCs und myeloiden DCs, die direkt aus dem Körper isoliert wurden. Eine Behandlung mit RAD erhöht das Risiko eines Patienten an invasiver Aspergillose zu erkranken unabhängig von der Eigenschaft des RAD, die Proliferation von T-Lymphozyten zu inhibieren.
Objectives
Liver biopsies are the current gold standard in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) diagnosis. Their invasive nature, however, still carries an increased risk for patients' health. The development of non-invasive diagnostic tools to differentiate between bland steatosis (NAFL) and NASH remains crucial. The aim of this study is the evaluation of investigated circulating microRNAs in combination with new targets in order to optimize the discrimination of NASH patients by non-invasive serum biomarkers.
Methods
Serum profiles of four microRNAs were evaluated in two cohorts consisting of 137 NAFLD patients and 61 healthy controls. In a binary logistic regression model microRNAs of relevance were detected. Correlation of microRNA appearance with known biomarkers like ALT and CK18-Asp396 was evaluated. A simplified scoring model was developed, combining the levels of microRNA in circulation and CK18-Asp396 fragments. Receiver operating characteristics were used to evaluate the potential of discriminating NASH.
Results
The new finding of our study is the different profile of circulating miR-21 in NASH patients (p<0.0001). Also, it validates recently published results of miR-122 and miR-192 to be differentially regulated in NAFL and NASH. Combined microRNA expression profiles with CK18-Asp396 fragment level scoring model had a higher potential of NASH prediction compared to other risk biomarkers (AUROC = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.754-0.908; p<0.001). Evaluation of score model for NAFL (Score = 0) and NASH (Score = 4) had shown high rates of sensitivity (91%) and specificity (83%).
Conclusions
Our study defines candidates for a combined model of miRNAs and CK18-Asp396 levels relevant as a promising expansion for diagnosis and in turn treatment of NASH.
Unlike induced \(Foxp3^+\) regulatory T cells (\(Foxp3^+\) \(iT_{reg}\)) that have been shown to play an essential role in the development of protective immunity to the ubiquitous mold Aspergillus fumigatus, type-(1)-regulatory T cells (Tr1) cells have, thus far, not been implicated in this process. Here, we evaluated the role of Tr1 cells specific for an epitope derived from the cell wall glucanase Crf-1 of A. fumigatus (Crf-1/p41) in antifungal immunity. We identified Crf-1/p41-specific latent-associated \(peptide^+\) Tr1 cells in healthy humans and mice after vaccination with Crf-1/p41+zymosan. These cells produced high amounts of interleukin (IL)-10 and suppressed the expansion of antigen-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. In mice, in vivo differentiation of Tr1 cells was dependent on the presence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, c-Maf and IL-27. Moreover, in comparison to Tr1 cells, \(Foxp3^+\) \(iT_{reg}\) that recognize the same epitope were induced in an interferon gamma-type inflammatory environment and more potently suppressed innate immune cell activities. Overall, our data show that Tr1 cells are involved in the maintenance of antifungal immune homeostasis, and most likely play a distinct, yet complementary, role compared with \(Foxp3^+\) \(iT_{reg}\).
To promote cancer research and to develop innovative therapies, refined pre-clinical mouse tumor models that mimic the actual disease in humans are of dire need. A number of neoplasms along the B cell lineage are commonly initiated by a translocation recombining c-myc with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene locus. The translocation is modeled in the C.129S1-Ighatm1(Myc)Janz/J mouse which has been previously engineered to express c-myc under the control of the endogenous IgH promoter. This transgenic mouse exhibits B cell hyperplasia and develops diverse B cell tumors. We have isolated tumor cells from the spleen of a C.129S1-Ighatm1(Myc)Janz/J mouse that spontaneously developed a plasmablastic lymphoma-like disease. These cells were cultured, transduced to express eGFP and firefly luciferase, and gave rise to a highly aggressive, transplantable B cell lymphoma cell line, termed IM380. This model bears several advantages over other models as it is genetically induced and mimics the translocation that is detectable in a number of human B cell lymphomas. The growth of the tumor cells, their dissemination, and response to treatment within immunocompetent hosts can be imaged non-invasively in vivo due to their expression of firefly luciferase. IM380 cells are radioresistant in vivo and mice with established tumors can be allogeneically transplanted to analyze graft-versus-tumor effects of transplanted T cells. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of tumor-bearing mice results in prolonged survival. These traits make the IM380 model very valuable for the study of B cell lymphoma pathophysiology and for the development of innovative cancer therapies.
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause for invasive fungal infections, a disease associated with high mortality in immune-compromised patients. CD1d-restricted invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells compose a small subset of T cells known to impact the immune response towards various infectious pathogens. To investigate the role of human iNKT cells during A. fumigatus infection, we studied their activation as determined by CD69 expression and cytokine production in response to distinct fungal morphotypes in the presence of different CD1d⁺ antigen presenting cells using flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA. Among CD1d⁺ subpopulations, CD1d⁺CD1c⁺ mDCs showed the highest potential to activate iNKT cells on a per cell basis. The presence of A. fumigatus decreased this effect of CD1d⁺CD1c⁺ mDCs on iNKT cells and led to reduced secretion of TNF-α, G-CSF and RANTES. Production of other Th1 and Th2 cytokines was not affected by the fungus, suggesting an immune-modulating function for human iNKT cells during A. fumigatus infection.
Understanding the mechanisms of early invasion and epithelial defense in opportunistic mold infections is crucial for the evaluation of diagnostic biomarkers and novel treatment strategies. Recent studies revealed unique characteristics of the immunopathology of mucormycoses. We therefore adapted an alveolar Transwell® A549/HPAEC bilayer model for the assessment of epithelial barrier integrity and cytokine response to Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Cunninghamella bertholletiae. Hyphal penetration of the alveolar barrier was validated by 18S ribosomal DNA detection in the endothelial compartment. Addition of dendritic cells (moDCs) to the alveolar compartment led to reduced fungal invasion and strongly enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine response, whereas epithelial CCL2 and CCL5 release was reduced. Despite their phenotypic heterogeneity, the studied Mucorales species elicited the release of similar cytokine patterns by epithelial and dendritic cells. There were significantly elevated lactate dehydrogenase concentrations in the alveolar compartment and epithelial barrier permeability for dextran blue of different molecular weights in Mucorales-infected samples compared to Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Addition of monocyte-derived dendritic cells further aggravated LDH release and epithelial barrier permeability, highlighting the influence of the inflammatory response in mucormycosis-associated tissue damage. An important focus of this study was the evaluation of the reproducibility of readout parameters in independent experimental runs. Our results revealed consistently low coefficients of variation for cytokine concentrations and transcriptional levels of cytokine genes and cell integrity markers. As additional means of model validation, we confirmed that our bilayer model captures key principles of Mucorales biology such as accelerated growth in a hyperglycemic or ketoacidotic environment or reduced epithelial barrier invasion upon epithelial growth factor receptor blockade by gefitinib. Our findings indicate that the Transwell® bilayer model provides a reliable and reproducible tool for assessing host response in mucormycosis.
Chemotherapy, the standard treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has only a modest effect on the outcome of patients with late-stage disease. Investigations of the genetic features of PDAC have demonstrated a frequent occurrence of mutations in genes involved in homologous recombination (HR), especially in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2). Olaparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, is approved as a maintenance treatment for patients with advanced PDAC with germline BRCA1/2 mutations following a platinum-containing first-line regimen. Limitations to the use of PARP inhibitors are represented by the relatively small proportion of patients with mutations in BRCA1/2 genes and the modest capability of these substances of inducing objective response. We have previously shown that pancreatic cancer with BRCA2 mutations exhibits a remarkably enhanced sensitivity towards tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-stimulating agents. We thus aimed to investigate the effect of combined treatment with PARP inhibitors and TRAIL receptor-stimulating agents in pancreatic cancer and its dependency on the BRCA2 gene status. The respective effects of TRAIL-targeting agents and the PARP inhibitor olaparib or of their combination were assessed in pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived organoids. In addition, BRCA2-knockout and -complementation models were investigated. The effects of these agents on apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle, and receptor surface expression were assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and flow cytometry. PARP inhibition and TRAIL synergized to cause cell death in pancreatic cancer cell lines and PDAC organoids. This effect proved independent of BRCA2 gene status in three independent models. Olaparib and TRAIL in combination caused a detectable increase in DNA damage and a concentration-dependent cell cycle arrest in the G2/M and S cell cycle phases. Olaparib also significantly increased the proportion of membrane-bound death receptor 5. Our results provide a preclinical rationale for the combination of PARP inhibitors and TRAIL receptor agonists for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and suggest that the use of PARP inhibitors could be extended to patients without BRCA2 mutations if used in combination with TRAIL agonists.
Oesophageal involvement in mucous membrane pemphigoid is considered rare, but it may be underdiagnosed. To assess the incidence of oesophageal involvement in a group of patients with newly diagnosed mucous membrane pemphigoid we retrospectively analysed the medical records of 30 consecutive patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg. Twenty-one patients (70%) reported symptoms indicative of oesophageal mucous membrane pemphigoid. Twelve patients (40%) underwent oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, and oesophageal pathology compatible with mucous membrane pemphigoid was endoscopically found in 9 cases (30%). In all patients indirect and direct immunofluorescence were performed. Patients with and without oesophageal involvement did not differ with regard to the results of indirect immunofluorescence on salt-split human skin and monkey oesophagus. Study results demonstrate the necessity of a standardized diagnostic work-up, including adequate tissue samples for direct immunofluorescence, to prevent underdiagnosis of oesophageal mucous membrane pemphigoid.
Der vorliegenden retrospektiven Untersuchung zum Stellenwert der strukturierten am-bulanten Nachsorge in der Rezidiverkennung von aggressiven B-NHL liegen Patientendaten der Medizinischen Klinik und Poliklinik II der Universität Würzburg aus den Jahren 1991- 2003 zugrunde. Bei den eingeschlossenen 141 Patienten wurde im Zeitraum vom 01.01.1991 bis zum 31.12.2001 die Primärdiagnose eines aggressiven B-NHL ge-stellt und nach Erstlinientherapie mit Erreichen einer kompletten Remission die ambu-lante Nachsorge begonnen. Von den 35 ambulant diagnostizierten Rezidiven traten 46% innerhalb des ersten Jahres nach Beendigung der Therapie auf. Innerhalb der ersten fünf Jahre nach Therapieende waren 92% der ambulant diagnostizierten Wiedererkrankungen aufgetreten. Auffallend ist, dass nur 51% der Rezidive anlässlich eines vereinbarten Termins im Rahmen des Nachsorgeschemas entdeckt wurden. Die übrigen Patienten erschienen aufgrund von Symptomen außerhalb des empfohlenen Schemas. Das Wahrnehmen von Symptomen durch den Patienten zählt somit zu den Bestandteilen einer erfolgreichen Nachsorge. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde dies signifikant bestätigt. 72% der Rezidivpatien-ten berichteten über mindestens eines der Symptome: B-Symptomatik, Lymphknoten-schwellung, Infekten, Schmerzen an Lymphknotenstationen oder Juckreiz. Bei den ge-sunden Patienten fanden sich diese Symptome nur in 20% der Fälle. Die Patientenschu-lung sollte daher neben der Anamnese einen Schwerpunkt der Nachsorge darstellen. Bei Auftreten der oben genannten Symptome sollen sich die Patienten außerhalb der emp-fohlenen Nachsorgeintervalle vorstellen. Ebenso nahm die körperliche Untersuchung einen hohen Stellenwert in der Rezidiver-kennung ein. 20 der 35 Rezidivpatienten hatten einen auffälligen Untersuchungsbefund, davon in 15 Fällen (43%) vergrößert tastbare Lymphknoten. Eine Erhöhung der Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) trat bei 10 der 35 Rezidivpatienten (29%) auf. Durch die Kombination aus Anamnese, körperlicher Untersuchung und LDH-Bestimmung wurden 34 von 35 Rezidivpatienten erkannt. Empfohlen werden kann aufgrund der analysierten Daten eine Nachsorgestruktur mit engmaschigen Kontrollen im Abstand von drei Monaten innerhalb des ersten Jahres nach Therapieende und darauf folgende halbjährliche Kontrollen für weitere vier Jahre. Die Sonographie, ein Routineverfahren der Nachsorge, zeigte sich in der vorliegenden Untersuchung als geeignetes Verfahren zur Bestätigung eines Rezidivs. Bei 28 von 30 untersuchten Rezidivpatienten wurde ein pathologischer Befund im Sinne eines Rezi-divs erhoben. Von der routinemäßigen Bildgebung mithilfe der Schnittbildverfahren CT oder MRT profitierte nur ein Patient, welcher ausschließlich durch die Bildgebung auf-fiel. Diese Verfahren sollten nicht routinemäßig, sondern erst bei Vorliegen auffälliger Befunde durchgeführt werden. Der Nutzen der strukturierten ambulanten Nachsorge scheint aufgrund der vorliegenden Arbeit nur begrenzt geeignet Rezidive zu erkennen, da 49% der Rezidive außerhalb der strukturierten Nachsorge diagnostiziert wurden. Sie bietet aber zugleich ein notwendi-ges Raster für die systematische Nachbetreuung der Patienten und sollte durch eine gründliche Patientenschulung ergänzt werden, um die Patienten frühzeitig auf suspekte Symptome aufmerksam zu machen. Ein weiteres Argument für die strukturierte Nach-sorge stellt die psychische Belastungssituation dar, in der sich die meisten Patienten nach der Therapie eines Lymphoms befinden. Die Patienten bekommen nicht nur früh-zeitig Gewissheit, wenn sie erneut erkranken, sondern erfahren auch Beruhigung und Bestätigung, wenn die Erkrankung nicht wieder aufgetreten ist.
Articular cartilage defects represent one of the most challenging clinical problem for orthopedic surgeons and cartilage damage after trauma can result in debilitating joint pain, functional impairment and in the long-term development of osteoarthritis. The lateral cartilage-cartilage integration is crucial for the long-term success and to prevent further tissue degeneration. Tissue adhesives and sealants are becoming increasingly more popular and can be a beneficial approach in fostering tissue integration, particularly in tissues like cartilage where alternative techniques, such as suturing, would instead introduce further damage. However, adhesive materials still require optimization regarding the maximization of adhesion strength on the one hand and long-term tissue integration on the other hand. In vitro models can be a valuable support in the investigation of potential candidates and their functional mechanisms. For the conducted experiments within this work, an in vitro disc/ring model obtained from porcine articular cartilage tissue was established. In addition to qualitative evaluation of regeneration, this model facilitates the implementation of biomechanical tests to quantify cartilage integration strength. Construct harvesting for histology and other evaluation methods could be standardized and is ethically less questionable compared to in vivo testing. The opportunity of cell culture technique application for the in vitro model allowed a better understanding of cartilage integration processes.
Tissue bonding requires chemical or physical interaction of the adhesive material and the substrate. Adhesive hydrogels can bind to the defect interface and simultaneously fill the gap of irregularly shaped defect voids. Fibrin gels are derived from the physiological blood-clot formation and are clinically applied for wound closure. Within this work, comparisons of different fibrin glue formulations with the commercial BioGlue® were assessed, which highlighted the need for good biocompatibility when applied on cartilage tissue in order to achieve satisfying long-term integration. Fibrin gel formulations can be adapted with regard to their long-term stability and when applied on cartilage disc/ring constructs improved integrative repair is observable. The kinetic of repairing processes was investigated in fibrin-treated cartilage composites as part of this work. After three days in vitro cultivation, deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) was obvious at the glued interface that increased further over time. Interfacial cell invasion from the surrounding native cartilage was detected from day ten of tissue culture. The ECM formation relies on molecular factors, e.g., as was shown representatively for ascorbic acid, and contributes to increasing integration strengths over time. The experiments performed with fibrin revealed that the treatment with a biocompatible adhesive that allows cartilage neosynthesis favors lateral cartilage integration in the long term. However, fibrin has limited immediate bonding strength, which is disadvantageous for use on articular cartilage that is subject to high mechanical stress. The continuing aim of this thesis was to further develop adhesive mechanisms and new adhesive hydrogels that retain the positive properties of fibrin but have an increased immediate bonding strength.
Two different photochemical approaches with the advantage of on-demand bonding were tested. Such treatment potentially eases the application for the professional user. First, an UV light induced crosslinking mechanism was transferred to fibrin glue to provide additional bonding strength. For this, the cartilage surface was functionalized with highly reactive light-sensitive diazirine groups, which allowed additional covalent bonds to the fibrin matrix and thus increased the adhesive strength. However, the disadvantages of this approach were the multi-step bonding reactions, the need for enzymatic pretreatment of the cartilage, expensive reagents, potential UV-light damage, and potential toxicity hazards. Due to the mentioned disadvantages, no further experiments, including long-term culture, were carried out. A second photosensitive approach focused on blue light induced crosslinking of fibrinogen (RuFib) via a photoinitiator molecule instead of using thrombin as a crosslinking mediator like in normal fibrin glue. The used ruthenium complex allowed inter- and intramolecular dityrosine binding of fibrinogen molecules. The advantage of this method is a one-step curing of fibrinogen via visible light that further achieved higher adhesive strengths than fibrin. In contrast to diazirine functionalization of cartilage, the ruthenium complex is of less toxicological concern. However, after in vitro cultivation of the disc/ring constructs, there was a decrease in integration strength. Compared to fibrin, a reduced cartilage synthesis was observed at the defect. It is also disadvantageous that a direct adjustment of the adhesive can only be made via protein concentration, since fibrinogen is a natural protein that has a fixed number of tyrosine binding sites without chemical modification.
An additional cartilage adhesive was developed that is based on a mussel-inspired adhesive mechanism in which reactivity to a variety of substrates is enabled via free DOPA amino acids. DOPA-based adhesion is known to function in moist environments, a major advantage for application on water-rich cartilage tissue surrounded by synovial liquid. Reactive DOPA groups were synthetically attached to a polymer, here POx, to allow easy chemical modifiability, e.g. insertion of hydrolyzable ester motifs for tunable degradation. The possibility of preparing an adhesive hybrid hydrogel of POx in combination with fibrinogen led to good cell compatibility as was similarly observed with fibrin, but with increased immediate adhesive strength. Degradation could be adjusted by the amount of ester linkages on the POx and a direct influence of degradation rates on the development of integration in the in vitro model could be shown.
Hydrogels are well suited to fill defect gaps and immediate integration can be achieved via adhesive properties. The results obtained show that for the success of long-term integration, a good ability of the adhesive to take up synthesized ECM components and cells to enable regeneration is required. The degradation kinetics of the adhesive must match the remodeling process to avoid intermediate loss of integration power and to allow long-term firm adhesion to the native tissue.
Hydrogels are not only important as adhesives for smaller lesions, but also for filling large defect volumes and populating them with cells to produce tissue engineered cartilage. Many different hydrogel types suitable for cartilage synthesis are reported in the literature. A long-term stable fibrin formulation was tested in this work not only as an adhesive but also as a bulk hydrogel construct. Agarose is also a material widely used in cartilage tissue engineering that has shown good cartilage neosynthesis and was included in integration assessment. In addition, a synthetic hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel (HA SH/P(AGE/G)) was used. The disc/ring construct was adapted for such experiments and the inner lumen of the cartilage ring was filled with the respective hydrogel. In contrast to agarose, fibrin and HA-SH/P(AGE/G) gels have a crosslink mechanism that led to immediate bonding upon contact with cartilage during curing. The enhanced cartilage neosynthesis in agarose compared to the other hydrogel types resulted in improved integration during in vitro culture. This shows that for the long-term success of a treatment, remodeling of the hydrogel into functional cartilage tissue is a very high priority. In order to successfully treat larger cartilage defects with hydrogels, new materials with these properties in combination with chemical modifiability and a direct adhesion mechanism are one of the most promising approaches.
Krebserkrankungen stellen eine lebensverändernde und potentiell letale Diagnose dar. Orale Zytostatika stellen eine vielversprechende Therapiemöglichkeit dar. Ein häufig eingesetztes orales Zytostatikum ist Capecitabin. Durch den Einsatz von oralen Chemotherapeutika ergeben sich viele Vorteile. Grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Einsatz der Tablettenform ist allerdings eine äquivalente Wirksamkeit. Diese hängt entscheidend von ausreichender Adhärenz der Patienten ab.
In dieser Studie konnte bei der Auswertung des MARS-D gezeigt werden, dass 25 % der Studienteilnehmer nicht ausreichend adhärent waren. Häufigster Grund für Nicht-Adhärenz war das Vergessen der Medikamenteneinnahme. Ein weiteres, wichtiges Ergebnis dieser Pilotstudie war, dass die Probanden ihre Adhärenz subjektiv deutlich höher einschätzten (M im VAS 97,72) als sich bei der Auswertung des MARS-D bestätigen ließ.
Die Erkennung und Behandlung psychischer Beeinträchtigungen und Erkrankungen ist bei der Betreuung von Krebspatienten entscheidend. Fear of progression (FOP) ist die am häufigsten geäußerte Angst von Krebspatienten. Diese Studie konnte die Bedeutung von FOP deutlich zeigen: bei 38 % der Probanden konnte eine dysfunktionale Form der FOP nachgewiesen werden. Nur vier Studienteilnehmer nutzten allerdings psychosomatische/psychiatrische Unterstützungmöglichkeiten.
Die Single-Item Analyse des PA-F-KF zeigten sich Ängste im Vordergrund stehend, welche den Bereich Familie betrafen. Überraschenderweise ließ sich zwischen der häufigsten Nebenwirkung Hand-Fuß-Syndrom und FOP kein signifikanter Zusammenhang nachweisen. Dagegen konnten stark signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Auftreten von Diarrhoen, Übelkeit, Erschöpfung und dysfunktionaler FOP gezeigt werden.
1. Zusammenfassung Lösliche humane TRAIL-Varianten (hTRAIL), die nur die “TNF homology domain” (THD) beinhalten, binden sowohl den TRAILR1 aus auch den TRAILR2, stimulieren jedoch nur den TRAILR1. Nach sekundärem Quervernetzen des Liganden wird dann aber auch der TRAILR2 effektiv aktiviert. Entsprechende murine TRAIL-Varianten (mTRAIL) dagegen zeigen nur eine schwache Rezeptorbindung und sind selbst nach sekundärem Quervernetzen nur wenig aktiv. Interessanterweise kann ein Fusionsprotein aus der THD von mTRAIL und der Trimerisierungsdomäne von Tenascin-C (TNC), das wie mTRAIL selbst auch als Trimer vorligt, effizient an TRAIL-Rezeptoren binden und nach sekundärem Quervernetzen den TRAILR2 gut stimulieren. Weiterhin kann eine mTRAIL-Variante, die neben der THD auch die Stammregion des Moleküls enthält, die die THD von der Transmembrandomäne trennt, nach sekundärem Quervernetzen Apoptose induzieren, jedoch nicht so effektiv wie das TNC-mTRAILFusionsprotein. Die spezifische Bioaktivität der humanen TRAIL-Varianten wird gleichfalls, wenn auch weniger stark, durch Fusion mit der Tenascin-C-Trimerisierungsdomäne gesteigert. Die Fixierung des N-Terminus der THD, die hier durch die TNCDomäne sonst jedoch durch die Stamm- oder Transmembrandomäne gewährleistet wird, könnte demnach für mTRAIL für eine gute Rezeptorbindung und effektive Apoptoseinduktion nötig sein. Dies deutet auf eine bisher nicht erkannte Rolle der Stammregion für die Aktivität dieser Liganden hin und bietet die Möglichkeit, rekombinante lösliche Liganden der TNF-Familie mit erhöhter Aktivität zu generieren. Die TRAIL-induzierte Apoptose kann für die Behandlung von Tumorzellen nützlich sein. Es wurde jedoch kürzlich gezeigt, dass TRAIL neben Apoptose auch proinflammatorische, d. h. potentiell tumorfördernde Signalwege, insbesondere in apoptoseresistenten Zellen induzieren kann. Im Folgenden sollte untersucht werden, inwiefern TRAIL solche Signalwege in Myelomzellen stimuliert. Oligomerisiertes TRAIL kann bei allen analysierten Zelllinien Caspasen aktivieren und Apoptose induzieren. Werden die Zelllinien mit dem pan-Caspaseinhibitor ZVAD behandelt, kann die Caspase- Aktivierung bei allen Zellen blockiert werden, die Apoptoseinduktion jedoch nur bei zwei Zelllinien. Im Gegensatz dazu schützt ZVAD drei andere Myelomzelllinien nur partiell vor der TRAIL-induzierten Apoptose. Dies zeigt, dass TRAIL in Myelomzellen auch caspaseunabhängigen Zelltod induzieren kann. TRAIL induziert in den Myelomzellen auch proinflammatorische Signalwege wie den NFкB-, den JNK-, den p38- und den p42/44-Signalweg. Die Stimulation des JNK- und des p38-Signalwegs erwies sich hierbei in zelltypspezifischer Weise caspaseabhängig, die Aktivierung des NFкB- und p42/44-Signalwegs immer als caspaseunabhängig. Zusammenfassend geht aus diesen Ergebnissen hervor, dass zur Behandlung des multiplen Myeloms, TRAIL in Kombination mit anti-inflammatorisch wirkenden Mitteln eingesetzt werden sollte, insbesondere um mögliche proinflammatorische Nebenwirkungen durch TRAIL zu minimieren.
Hsp90 inhibition ameliorates CD4\(^{+}\) T cell-mediated acute Graft versus Host disease in mice
(2016)
Introduction:
For many patients with leukemia only allogeneic bone marrow transplantion provides a chance of cure. Co‐transplanted mature donor T cells mediate the desired Graft versus Tumor (GvT) effect required to destroy residual leukemic cells. The donor T cells very often, however, also attack healthy tissue of the patient inducing acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGvHD)—a potentially life‐threatening complication.
Methods:
Therefore, we used the well established C57BL/6 into BALB/c mouse aGvHD model to evaluate whether pharmacological inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) would protect the mice from aGvHD.
Results:
Treatment of the BALB/c recipient mice from day 0 to +2 after allogeneic CD4\(^{+}\) T cell transplantation with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17‐(dimethylaminoethylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (DMAG) partially protected the mice from aGvHD. DMAG treatment was, however, insufficient to prolong overall survival of leukemia‐bearing mice after transplantation of allogeneic CD4\(^{+}\) and CD8\(^{+}\) T cells. Ex vivo analyses and in vitro experiments revealed that DMAG primarily inhibits conventional CD4\(^{+}\) T cells with a relative resistance of CD4\(^{+}\) regulatory and CD8\(^{+}\) T cells toward Hsp90 inhibition.
Conclusions:
Our data, thus, suggest that Hsp90 inhibition might constitute a novel approach to reduce aGvHD in patients without abrogating the desired GvT effect.
Background
Research in the field of surgery is mainly driven by aiming for trauma reduction as well as for personalized treatment concepts. Beyond laparoscopy, other proposed approaches for further reduction of the therapeutic trauma have failed to achieve clinical translation, with few notable exceptions. We believe that this is mainly due to a lack of flexibility and high associated costs. We aimed at addressing these issues by developing a novel minimally invasive operating platform and a preoperative design workflow for patient-individual adaptation and cost-effective rapid manufacturing of surgical manipulators. In this article, we report on the first in-vitro cholecystectomy performed with our operating platform.
Methods
The single-port overtube (SPOT) is a snake-like surgical manipulator for minimally invasive interventions. The system layout is highly flexible and can be adapted in design and dimensions for different kinds of surgery, based on patient- and disease-specific parameters. For collecting and analyzing this data, we developed a graphical user interface, which assists clinicians during the preoperative planning phase. Other major components of our operating platform include an instrument management system and a non-sterile user interface. For the trial surgery, we used a validated phantom which was further equipped with a porcine liver including the gallbladder.
Results
Following our envisioned preoperative design workflow, a suitable geometry of the surgical manipulator was determined for our trial surgery and rapidly manufactured by means of 3D printing. With this setup, we successfully performed a first in-vitro cholecystectomy, which was completed in 78 min.
Conclusions
By conducting the trial surgery, we demonstrated the effectiveness of our PLAFOKON operating platform. While some aspects – especially regarding usability and ergonomics – can be further optimized, the overall performance of the system is highly promising, with sufficient flexibility and strength for conducting the necessary tissue manipulations.
In early 2022, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global challenge. COVID-19 is caused by an increasing number of variants of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we report an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections related to a student festive event with 100 mostly vaccinated guests, which took place in Northern Bavaria, Germany, in October 2021. The data were obtained by retrospective guest interviews. In total, 95 students participated in the study, with 94 being fully vaccinated and 24 reporting infection by the delta variant. Correlation analyses among 15 examined variables revealed that time spent at the event, conversation with the supposed index person, and a homologous viral vector vaccination regime were significant risk factors for infection. Non-significant observations related to higher rates of infection included time since last vaccination, shared use of drinking vessels, and number of individual person-to-person contacts at the event. Our data suggest that a high rate of breakthrough infections with the delta variant occurs if no preventive measures are practiced. To limit infection risk, high-quality testing of participants should be considered a mandatory measure at gatherings, irrespective of the participants' vaccination status.
Neben Infektionen und Graft-versus-Host-Reaktionen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation, stellen das Rezidiv der Grunderkrankungen und die Transplantatabstoßung die schwerwiegendsten Probleme bei diesem Patientenklientel dar. Um jene frühzeitig zu erkennen, werden Chimärismusanalysen eingesetzt, mit deren Hilfe das Auftauchen kleinster Mengen an Empfängerknochenmarkszellen im peripheren Blut nachgewiesen werden können.
Hierfür stehen verschiedene Möglichkeiten mit unterschiedlichen Sensitivitäten und Anwendungsbereichen zur Verfügung, wie die Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH), die Amplifikation von short tandem repeats (STR) mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) und die allelspezifische quantitative Real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) mittels TaqMan, um die es in dieser Arbeit geht.
Mit Hilfe von speziellen Zielsequenzen auf unterschiedlichen Allelen, die Alizadeh et al. 2002 veröffentlichten, kann in der qRT-PCR bereits eine von 1000 Zellen nachgewiesen werden und somit zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt ein mögliches Rezidiv oder eine Abstoßung erkannt werden.
In dieser Arbeit wurden für die beschriebenen Allele und das SRY-Gen Standardreihen mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationsstufen erstellt, mit Hilfe derer man die Ergebnisse der PCR aus Patientenproben einordnen und den Chimärismus berechnen konnte. Eine zusätzliche Kalibrierung der Proben wurde mit Standardreihen vorbestimmter Konzentrationsstufen des Housekeeping-Gens HCK durchgeführt, das auch bei der Auswertung der Patientenproben zum Einsatz kam.
Somit war es im Rahmen der Etablierung der PCR an der Uniklinik Würzburg möglich, in dieser Arbeit 395 Proben zu bestimmen, von denen 127 Proben von 26 Patienten ausgewertet und mit extern ermittelten STR-PCR-Ergebnissen verglichen werden konnten.
Die hieraus gewonnenen Daten wurden mit den von Alizadehet al.[59] veröffentlichten Daten verglichen bezüglich der Anwendbarkeit der allelspezifischen PCR auf das Patientenkollektiv der Uniklinik Würzburg und der Auswertung ihrer Sensitivität sowie klinischen Verwendbarkeit.
50
Um die ermittelten Chimärismen in einen klinischen Zusammenhang zu stellen, erfolgte die Zuordnung zu vier Gruppen mit verschiedenen Prozentspannen, bei denen unterschiedliche Szenarien in der klinischen Bewertung durchgespielt wurden.
Die Schwächen der etablierten PCR bestanden vor allem darin, dass 12,5% der Proben dieser Methode nicht zugänglich waren und angenommen werden muss, dass der Assay z.T. zu sensitiv war. Gerade in einem Bereich von > 5%igen Chimärismen stimmten die erhobenen Daten nicht mehr mit den Kontrollen überein, sondern gaben möglicherweise falsch hohe Chimärismen an.
Fehlende prospektive Daten machten es nicht möglich, in der Arbeit unstimmige Werte durch Beobachtung des weiteren klinischen Verlaufs auf ihre Richtigkeit zu prüfen.
Für die weitere Bewertung des Assays wäre es wichtig, dies in zukünftige Untersuchungen mit einzubeziehen.
Introduction
CD4+ T cells express K2P5.1 (TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel 2 (TASK2); KCNK5), a member of the two-pore domain potassium channel family, which has been shown to influence T cell effector functions. Recently, it was shown that K2P5.1 is upregulated upon (autoimmune) T cell stimulation. The aim of this study was to correlate expression levels of K2P5.1 on T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to disease activity in these patients.
Methods
Expression levels of K2P5.1 were measured by RT-PCR in the peripheral blood of 58 patients with RA and correlated with disease activity parameters (C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, disease activity score (DAS28) scores). Twenty patients undergoing therapy change were followed-up for six months. Additionally, synovial fluid and synovial biopsies were investigated for T lymphocytes expressing K2P5.1.
Results
K2P5.1 expression levels in CD4+ T cells show a strong correlation to DAS28 scores in RA patients. Similar correlations were found for serological inflammatory parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein). In addition, K2P5.1 expression levels of synovial fluid-derived T cells are higher compared to peripheral blood T cells. Prospective data in individual patients show a parallel behaviour of K2P5.1 expression to disease activity parameters during a longitudinal follow-up for six months.
Conclusions
Disease activity in RA patients correlates strongly with K2P5.1 expression levels in CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood in cross-sectional as well as in longitudinal observations. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact pathophysiological mechanisms and to evaluate the possible use of K2P5.1 as a potential biomarker for disease activity and differential diagnosis.
In den letzten Jahren ist die Zahl immunsupprimierter Patienten aufgrund des stetigen Fortschritts in der Medizin stark angestiegen. Die bei diesen Patienten wegen ihrer hohen Mortalität gefürchtete, durch A. fumigatus ausgelöste invasive Aspergillose (IA) hat trotz der Anwendung verbesserter Antimykotika zugenommen. Die beiden Medikamente Mycophenolat (MPA) und Everolimus (RAD) werden zur Immunsuppression verwendet. Sie wirken durch die Inhibition von B- und T-Zellen. Allerdings wurde auch der direkte Einfluss auf DCs beschrieben. Diese Entdeckung ist insofern von Relevanz, als DCs eine wichtige regulatorische Rolle bei der Abwehr von Erregern, so auch von Pilzen, spielen und als Bindeglied zwischen dem angeborenen und erworbenen Immunsystem fungieren. DCs sind außerdem in den vergangenen Jahren in den Fokus der Wissenschaft geraten, da sie möglicherweise als Impfstoffe gegen verschiedenste Krankheiten, darunter auch die IA, eingesetzt werden können. Da die IA vor allem Patienten mit geschwächtem Immunsystem trifft, ist es von Bedeutung, die Wirkung von Immunsuppressiva auf DCs besser zu verstehen. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von MPA und RAD auf die Entwicklung, die Reifung und die Immunantwort von aus Monozyten differenzierten DCs (moDCs) nach Kontakt mit A. fumigatus untersucht. Hierzu wurden die Medikamente zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der DC-Entwicklung hinzugefügt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass vor allem der Entwicklungsprozess der DCs beeinträchtigt wird. Neben einer verminderten Zytokinexpression von DCs nach Kontakt mit A. fumigatus wurde auch eine Veränderung der Oberflächenmarkerstruktur sowohl bei unreifen DCs (iDC) als auch bei reifen DCs (mDC) festgestellt. Des Weiteren wurde die Fähigkeit von DCs zur Phagozytose durch die Medikamente vermindert. Beide Substanzen, vor allem aber RAD, zeigten zudem eine starke Zytotoxizität gegenüber den Zellen. Es konnte in dieser Arbeit deutlich gemacht werden, dass sowohl MPA als auch RAD die Entwicklung und Reifung von moDCs beeinflussen, was zu einer Beeinträchtigung ihrer Immunantwort gegen A. fumigatus führt.
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe complication in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is crucial to decrease its high mortality, yet the diagnostic gold standard (histopathology and culture) is time‐consuming and cannot offer early confirmation of IA. Detection of IA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows promising potential. Various studies have analysed its diagnostic performance in different clinical settings, especially addressing optimal specimen selection. However, direct comparison of different types of specimens in individual patients though essential, is rarely reported. We systematically assessed the diagnostic performance of an Aspergillus‐specific nested PCR by investigating specimens from the site of infection and comparing it with concurrent blood samples in individual patients (pts) with IA. In a retrospective multicenter analysis PCR was performed on clinical specimens (n = 138) of immunocompromised high‐risk pts (n = 133) from the site of infection together with concurrent blood samples. 38 pts were classified as proven/probable, 67 as possible and 28 as no IA according to 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group consensus definitions. A considerably superior performance of PCR from the site of infection was observed particularly in pts during antifungal prophylaxis (AFP)/antifungal therapy (AFT). Besides a specificity of 85%, sensitivity varied markedly in BAL (64%), CSF (100%), tissue samples (67%) as opposed to concurrent blood samples (8%). Our results further emphasise the need for investigating clinical samples from the site of infection in case of suspected IA to further establish or rule out the diagnosis.
Hintergrund: Für Beschäftigte im Gesundheitswesen besteht die Gefahr einer Kontamination und folgenden Infektion durch Blut übertragbare Krankheitserreger, insbesondere durch Hepatitis B, C und das Humane Immundefizienz-Virus. Die Kontaminationshäufigkeiten und -hergänge sind unter den Beschäftigten allerdings nicht gleich verteilt.
Ziel der Arbeit: Identifikation von Risikogruppen für Kontaminationsereignisse mit potentiell infektiösen Körpermaterialien durch detaillierte Subgruppenanalysen.
Material und Methoden: Retrospektive Studie an einer deutschen Universitätsklinik im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2014. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mittels standardisierter Checklisten. Abweichungen der absoluten bzw. relativen Häufigkeiten wurden mittels Kontingenzanalysen, Fishers exaktem Test sowie Kaplan-Meier-Survival-Funktionen untersucht.
Ergebnisse: Kontaminationsereignisse mit potentiell infektiösen Körpermaterialien stellen mit knapp einem Ereignis pro Tag an einem deutschen Universitätsklinikum häufige Arbeitsunfälle dar. Ein erhöhtes Kontaminationsrisiko scheint unter Beschäftigten der operativen Fächer, der Desinfektion/Sterilisation, Hebammen und Kardiotechniker zu bestehen. Niedrige Hepatitis B-Impfraten fanden sich unter Zahnmedizinstudierenden.
Diskussion: Anhand der insgesamt niedrigen Kontaminations- und hohen Hepatitis B-Durchimpfungsraten kann auf sichere Arbeitsbedingungen geschlossen werden, vorbehaltlich niedriger Dunkelziffern. Allerdings sollte aufgrund der teils geringen Kopfzahlen in den Risikoberufsgruppen eine besonders tiefgreifende Evaluation der Arbeitsbedingungen zur Risikoreduktion von Kontaminationsereignissen mit potentiell infektiösen Körpermaterialien erfolgen.
Background: Higher plasma D-dimer levels are strong predictors of mortality in HIV+ individuals. The factors associated with D-dimer levels during HIV infection, however, remain poorly understood.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants in three randomized controlled trials with measured D-dimer levels were included (N = 9,848). Factors associated with D-dimer were identified by linear regression. Covariates investigated were: age, gender, race, body mass index, nadir and baseline CD4(+) count, plasma HIV RNA levels, markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, ART regimens, co-morbidities (hepatitis B/C, diabetes mellitus, prior cardiovascular disease), smoking, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and cystatin C) and cholesterol.
Results: Women from all age groups had higher D-dimer levels than men, though a steeper increase of D-dimer with age occurred in men. Hepatitis B/C co-infection was the only co-morbidity associated with higher D-dimer levels. In this subgroup, the degree of hepatic fibrosis, as demonstrated by higher hyaluronic acid levels, but not viral load of hepatitis viruses, was positively correlated with D-dimer. Other factors independently associated with higher D-dimer levels were black race, higher plasma HIV RNA levels, being off ART at baseline, and increased levels of CRP, IL-6 and cystatin C. In contrast, higher baseline CD4+ counts and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were negatively correlated with D-dimer levels.
Conclusions: D-dimer levels increase with age in HIV+ men, but are already elevated in women at an early age due to reasons other than a higher burden of concomitant diseases. In hepatitis B/C co-infected individuals, hepatic fibrosis, but not hepatitis viral load, was associated with higher D-dimer levels.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a widespread disease with a low survival rate and a high risk of recurrence. Nowadays, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment is approved for HNSCC as a first-line treatment in recurrent and metastatic disease. ICI treatment yields a clear survival benefit, but overall response rates are still unsatisfactory. As shown in different cancer models, hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal–epithelial transition (HGF/Met) signaling contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between HGF and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1) expression in HNSCC cell lines. The preclinical data show a robust PD-L1 induction upon HGF stimulation. Further analysis revealed that the HGF-mediated upregulation of PD-L1 is MAP kinase-dependent. We then hypothesized that serum levels of HGF and soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (sPD-L1) could be potential markers of ICI treatment failure. Thus, we determined serum levels of these proteins in 20 HNSCC patients before ICI treatment and correlated them with treatment outcomes. Importantly, the clinical data showed a positive correlation of both serum proteins (HGF and sPD-L1) in HNSCC patient’s sera. Moreover, the serum concentration of sPD-L1 was significantly higher in ICI non-responsive patients. Our findings indicate a potential role for sPD-L1 as a prognostic marker for ICI treatment in HNSCC.
Zytotoxische CD8+ T-Zellen spielen eine bedeutende Rolle in der Immunantwort gegen HIV-1. Trotz allem kommt es jedoch im Verlauf der Infektion bei den meisten Betroffenen zum Anstieg der Viruslast und Abfall der CD4 Zellzahl, obwohl auch in diesem fortgeschrittenen Stadium der Infektion virusspezifische CD8+ T-Zellantworten mittels INF-γ-Produktion nachgewiesen werden können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, weitere funktionelle und phänotypische Merkmale von CD8+ T-Zellen zu untersuchen, um eine mögliche Ursache für die im Verlauf der Infektion ineffizient werdende Immunantwort zu finden. Einen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied der INF-γ Produktion CD8+ T-Zellen zwischen Progressors und Controllers ließ sich mittels INF-γ Elispot bei den von uns untersuchten Patienten nicht nachweisen. Es ist also davon auszugehen, dass CD8+-T-Zellen im fortgeschrittenen, chronischen Stadium der Infektion funktionelle Lücken aufweisen, die sich nicht durch INF-basierte Untersuchungsmethoden nachweisen lassen. Anhand intrazellulärer Zytokinfärbung ließ sich unabhängig vom Schweregrad der Infektion eine erhaltene Produktion der Zytokine INFγ und TNFα, nicht hingegen eine Produktion von IL-2 nachweisen. Bei der Untersuchung HIV spezifischer CD8+ T-Zellen mit Hilfe von Tetramerfärbungen zeigte sich in Bezug auf den Aktivierungsgrad, gemessen an der CD38-Expression, ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen Progressors und Controllers, der innerhalb der HIV-spezifischen CD8+ T-Zellen im Vergleich zur gesamten CD8+ T-Zellpopulation noch ausgeprägter zu erkennen war. Hier gab es eine signifikante positive Korrelation zur Viruslast und eine signifikante negative Korrelation zur CD4-Zellzahl der HIV-Infizierten. Anhand des Aktivierungsmarkers HLA-DR ließ sich dieser Unterschied nicht nachweisen. Im Bezug auf die Proliferationsfähigkeit, Apoptoseempfindlichkeit und lytische Funktion HIV-spezifischer Zellen konnte kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Progressors und Controllers ausgemacht werden. Schlüsse für die Gesamtheit der HIV-spezifischen Zellen eines HIV-Infizierten kann man natürlich nicht ziehen. Man darf nicht außer Acht lassen, dass uns lediglich eine begrenzte Anzahl von Epitopen bei den durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Verfügung stand. Es wurde jedoch deutlich, dass es feine Unterschiede und Trends zu geben scheint, die eine gezielte weiterführende Untersuchung erfordern. Weiterhin ist auch zu bedenken, dass möglicherweise andere Faktoren, als die von uns untersuchten, für den unterschiedlichen Krankheitsverlauf verantwortlich sein können. Welche Faktoren nun tatsächlich die Ursache sind dafür, dass das menschliche Immunsystem gegen das HI-Virus in der Regel früher oder später verliert, bleibt weiterhin offen. Sehr wahrscheinlich handelt es sich hierbei um das Zusammenspiel mehrerer Mechanismen. Die gezielte Untersuchung HIV-spezifischer Zellen ist bei der weiteren Erforschung der genauen Zusammenhänge unerlässlich.
Purpose
Local treatment of small well-differentiated rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is recommended by current guidelines. However, although several endoscopic methods have been established, the highest R0 rate is achieved by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Since a recently published study about endoscopic full thickness resection (eFTR) showed a R0 resection rate of 100%, the aim of this study was to evaluate both methods (eFTR vs. TEM).
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed all patients with rectal NET treated either by TEM (1999–2018) or eFTR (2016–2019) in two tertiary centers (University Hospital Wuerzburg and Ulm). We analyzed clinical, procedural, and histopathological outcomes in both groups.
Results
Twenty-eight patients with rectal NET received local treatment (TEM: 13; eFTR: 15). Most tumors were at stage T1a and grade G1 or G2 (in the TEM group two G3 NETs were staged T2 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy). In both groups, similar outcomes for en bloc resection rate, R0 resection rate, tumor size, or specimen size were found. No procedural adverse events were noted. Mean procedure time in the TEM group was 48.9 min and 19.2 min in the eFTR group.
Conclusion
eFTR is a convincing method for local treatment of small rectal NETs combining high safety and efficacy with short interventional time.
Background
The efficiency of artificial intelligence as computer-aided detection (CADe) systems for colorectal polyps has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. However, CADe systems generate many distracting detections, especially during interventions such as polypectomies. Those distracting CADe detections are often induced by the introduction of snares or biopsy forceps as the systems have not been trained for such situations. In addition, there are a significant number of non-false but not relevant detections, since the polyp has already been previously detected. All these detections have the potential to disturb the examiner's work.
Objectives
Development and evaluation of a convolutional neuronal network that recognizes instruments in the endoscopic image, suppresses distracting CADe detections, and reliably detects endoscopic interventions.
Methods
A total of 580 different examination videos from 9 different centers using 4 different processor types were screened for instruments and represented the training dataset (519,856 images in total, 144,217 contained a visible instrument). The test dataset included 10 full-colonoscopy videos that were analyzed for the recognition of visible instruments and detections by a commercially available CADe system (GI Genius, Medtronic).
Results
The test dataset contained 153,623 images, 8.84% of those presented visible instruments (12 interventions, 19 instruments used). The convolutional neuronal network reached an overall accuracy in the detection of visible instruments of 98.59%. Sensitivity and specificity were 98.55% and 98.92%, respectively. A mean of 462.8 frames containing distracting CADe detections per colonoscopy were avoided using the convolutional neuronal network. This accounted for 95.6% of all distracting CADe detections.
Conclusions
Detection of endoscopic instruments in colonoscopy using artificial intelligence technology is reliable and achieves high sensitivity and specificity. Accordingly, the new convolutional neuronal network could be used to reduce distracting CADe detections during endoscopic procedures. Thus, our study demonstrates the great potential of artificial intelligence technology beyond mucosal assessment.
In acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) alloreactive donor T cells selectively damage skin, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract while other organs are rarely affected. The mechanism of this selective target tissue infiltration is not well understood. We investigated the importance of alloantigen expression for the selective organ manifestation by examining spatiotemporal changes of cellular and molecular events after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). To accomplish this we established a novel multicolor light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) approach for deciphering immune processes in large tissue specimens on a single-cell level in 3 dimensions. We combined and optimized protocols for antibody penetration, tissue clearing, and triple-color illumination to create a method for analyzing intact mouse and human tissues. This approach allowed us to successfully quantify changes in expression patterns of mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule–1 (MAdCAM-1) and T cell responses in Peyer’s patches following allo-HCT. In addition, we proofed that LSFM is suitable to map individual T cell subsets after HCT and detected rare cellular events. We employed this versatile technique to study the role of alloantigen expression for the selective organ manifestation after allo-HCT. Therefore, we used a T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse model of GVHD that targets a single peptide antigen and thereby mimics a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched single antigen mismatched (miHAg-mismatched) HCT. We transplanted TCR transgenic (OT-I) T cells into myeloablatively conditioned hosts that either express the peptide antigen ovalbumin ubiquitously (βa-Ova) or selectively in the pancreas (RIP-mOva), an organ that is normally not affected by acute GVHD. Of note, at day+6 after HCT we observed that OT-I T cell infiltration occurred in an alloantigen dependent manner. In βa-Ova recipients, where antigen was ubiquitously expressed, OT-I T cells infiltrated all organs and were not restricted to gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin. In RIP-mOva recipients, where cognate antigen was only expressed in the pancreas, OT-I T cells selectively infiltrated this organ that is usually spared in acute GVHD. In conditioned RIP-mOva the transfer of 100 OT-I T cells sufficed to effectively infiltrate and destroy pancreatic islets resulting in 100% mortality. By employing intact tissue LSFM in RIP-mOva recipients, we identified very low numbers of initial islet infiltrating T cells on day+4 after HCT followed by a massive T cell migration to the pancreas within the following 24 hours. This suggested an effective mechanism of effector T cell recruitment to the tissue of alloantigen expression after initial antigen specific T cell encounter. In chimeras that either expressed the model antigen ovalbumin selectively in hematopoietic or in parenchymal cells only, transplanted OT-I T cells infiltrated target tissues irrespective of which compartment expressed the alloantigen. As IFN-γ could be detected in the serum of transplanted ovalbumin expressing recipients (βa-Ova, βa-Ova-chimeras and RIP-mOva) at day+6 after HCT, we hypothesized that this cytokine may be functionally involved in antigen specific OT-I T cell mediated pathology. In vitro activated OT-I T cells responded with the production of IFN-γ upon antigen re-encounter suggesting that IFN-γ might be relevant in the alloantigen dependent organ infiltration of antigen specific CD8+ T cell infiltration after HCT. Based on these data we propose that alloantigen expression plays an important role in organ specific T cell infiltration during acute GVHD and that initial alloreactive T cells recognizing the cognate antigen propagate a vicious cycle of enhanced T cell recruitment that subsequently culminates in the exacerbation of tissue restricted GVHD.
In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Fractalkin (CX3L1) keine Eisenregulation im Sinne des klassischen IRE/IRP-Systems aufweist. Zusätzlich wird die pathophysiologische Rolle der CX3CL1/CX3CR1-Achse in Megakaryozyten untersucht. Ferner wird die Eisenhomöostase während der megakaryopetischen Differenzierung erforscht.
Protein inclusions containing the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 are a pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative disorders. The loss of TDP-43 function that is associated with these inclusions affects post-transcriptional processing of RNAs in multiple ways including pre-mRNA splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport, modulation of mRNA stability and translation. In contrast, less is known about the role of TDP-43 in axonal RNA metabolism in motoneurons. Here we show that depletion of Tdp-43 in primary motoneurons affects axon growth. This defect is accompanied by subcellular transcriptome alterations in the axonal and somatodendritic compartment. The axonal localization of transcripts encoding components of the cytoskeleton, the translational machinery and transcripts involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism were particularly affected by loss of Tdp-43. Accordingly, we observed reduced protein synthesis and disturbed mitochondrial functions in axons of Tdp-43-depleted motoneurons. Treatment with nicotinamide rescued the axon growth defect associated with loss of Tdp-43. These results show that Tdp-43 depletion in motoneurons affects several pathways integral to axon health indicating that loss of TDP-43 function could thus make a major contribution to axonal pathomechanisms in ALS.
The known YAP inhibitor verteporfin is capable of repressing IL‐17A production in Th17 cells. However, this effect is mediated independently of YAP and can ameliorate Th17‐mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon in vivo administration. The data suggest verteprofin's mode of action for the design of novel therapeutic autoimmune disease intervention.
Background: Stimulation of CD40 can augment anti-cancer T cell immune responses by triggering effective activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although CD40 agonists have clinical activity in humans, the associated systemic activation of the immune system triggers dose-limiting side-effects.
Methods: To increase the tumor selectivity of CD40 agonist-based therapies, we developed an approach in which soluble trimeric CD40L (sCD40L) is genetically fused to tumor targeting antibody fragments, yielding scFv: CD40L fusion proteins. We hypothesized that scFv: CD40L fusion proteins would have reduced CD40 agonist activity similar to sCD40L but will be converted to a highly agonistic membrane CD40L-like form of CD40L upon anchoring to cell surface exposed antigen via the scFv domain.
Results: Targeted delivery of CD40L to the carcinoma marker EpCAM on carcinoma cells induced dose-dependent paracrine maturation of DCs similar to 20-fold more effective than a non-targeted control scFv: CD40L fusion protein. Similarly, targeted delivery of CD40L to the B cell leukemia marker CD20 induced effective paracrine maturation of DCs. Of note, the CD20-selective delivery of CD40L also triggered loss of cell viability in certain B cell leukemic cell lines as a result of CD20-induced apoptosis.
Conclusions: Targeted delivery of CD40L to cancer cells is a promising strategy that may help to trigger cancer-localized activation of CD40 and can be modified to exert additional anti-cancer activity via the targeting domain.
Ziel der Studie war es, potentielle Serumbiomarker für das Therapieansprechen auf Immuncheckpoint-Inhibition zu detektieren. Patienten, die der Gruppe Responder zugeordnet werden konnten, hatten ein deutlich längeres PFS. Hinzu kommt, dass im Fall der Gruppe Responder Median und Mittelwert der gemessenen Serumparameter Granzym A und B, Interferon Gamma und Perforin von BL zur 1. Messung post treatment ansteigen. Zusätzlich zeigt sich, dass IL-8 Potential als negativ prognostischer Marker hat. Trotz des kleinen und heterogenen Patientenkollektivs lassen sich Trends ableiten, die das Potential der untersuchten Mediatoren zytotoxischer T-Zellen als Serumbiomarker unterstreichen.
A growing body of literature reports on the upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in a variety of cancer entities, rendering this receptor as suitable target for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapy in a theranostic setting. For instance, the CXCR4-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) agent [\(^{68}\)Ga]PentixaFor has been proven useful for a comprehensive assessment of the current status quo of solid tumors, including adrenocortical carcinoma or small-cell lung cancer. In addition, [\(^{68}\)Ga]PentixaFor has also provided an excellent readout for hematological malignancies, such as multiple myeloma, marginal zone lymphoma, or mantle cell lymphoma. PET-based quantification of the CXCR4 capacities in vivo allows for selecting candidates that would be suitable for treatment using the theranostic equivalent [\(^{177}\)Lu]/[\(^{90}\)Y]PentixaTher. This CXCR4-directed theranostic concept has been used as a conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and to achieve sufficient anti-lymphoma/-tumor activity in particular for malignant tissues that are highly sensitive to radiation, such as the hematological system. Increasing the safety margin, pretherapeutic dosimetry is routinely performed to determine the optimal activity to enhance therapeutic efficacy and to reduce off-target adverse events. The present review will provide an overview of current applications for CXCR4-directed molecular imaging and will introduce the CXCR4-targeted theranostic concept for advanced hematological malignancies.
In unserer Studie sollte die Genauigkeit der PCR zur Bestimmung von Zytokinspiegeln ermittelt werden. Mittels Blutproben von mit A. Fumigatus infizierten Mäusen, sollte eine Aussage bezüglich der Immunantwort getroffen werden. Wir griffen TNFα, IL-12p40 und IL-10 heraus, um einschätzen zu können, ob die Immunantwort eher humoral oder zellvermittelt abläuft. Zur möglichen Bestimmung der Sensitivität und Genauigkeit, wurden die crossing points der Standardverdünnungsreihen jeweils einmal in einem Lauf dreifach, ausserdem jeweils in drei unabhängigen Läufen von einander einfach eingesetzt, und miteinander verglichen. Unsere Ergebnisse decken sich mit den Ergebnissen aktueller Literatur und Etablierungen anderer Zytokine. Die Etablierung des ELISAs sollte dem Vergleich zwischen mRNA-Ebene und Proteinebene dienen. Zur richtigen Einordnung unserer Arbeiten mit dem Immunoassay müssen die Limitierungen der Ergebnisse beachtet werden. Die Versuche zur Quantifizierung der mRNA murinen TNFαs aus den Versuchsserien misslang. Auch die erzielten Ergebnisse mit Protein-basierten Nachweisverfahren konnten letztendlich nicht suffizient beurteilt werden. Die großen Schwankungen in der Konzentration und die Widersprüchlichkeit im Vergleich der Ergebnisse aktueller Literatur, machen eine Verfälschung durch Kontamination mit Proteinen aus lysierten Zellen sehr wahrscheinlich. Die erzielten Ergebnisse der RT-PCR anhand der Inter- und Intra-Assay- Vergleiche jedoch können nachfolgenden Projekten dazu dienen, hauptsächlich das Instrument LightCycler in seiner Sensitivität und Genauigkeit einschätzen zu können, und so die ermittelten Daten besser verarbeiten zu können.