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Ziel: Versuch der Definition von Lebertumoren mit quantitativem dynamischem kontrast-verstärktem Ultraschall anhand der Beurteilung der Vaskularisation, wash-in, wash-out über einen definierten Zeitraum. Korrelation mit histologischen Befunden. Patienten und Methode: 42 Leberläsionen in 39 Patienten wurden mittels „Contrast Harmonic Imaging“ (CHI) über einen Zeitraum von 2 min nach einer Bolusinjektion von 10 ml Levovist® (300mg/ml, Schering AG, Berlin) untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden an einem Sonoline Elegra® (Siemens AG, Erlangen) mit einem frequenzvariablen 3,5 MHz Schallkopf durchgeführt. Das Kontrastmittelverhalten der Leberläsionen wurde durch eine speziell für Ultraschallkontrastmittel entwickelte Software (Axius™ ACQ (Siemens, Issaquah, WA)) quantifiziert. Repräsentative ROI wurden in das Zentrum der Läsion, über die gesamte Läsion, in normales Leberparenchym, sowie in repräsentative Lebergefäße (Leberarterie, Lebervene, Portalvene) gelegt. Die Kontrastmittelaufnahme der Leberläsionen wurde unterteilt in arteriell, portal-venös oder venös. Des Weiteren erfolgte eine Unterteilung in hypovaskular, isovaskular und hypervaskular im Vergleich zum normalen Leberparenchym. Zusätzlich wurde das Kontrastmittelverhalten innerhalb der Läsion beurteilt und unterteilt in zentrifugal, zentripetal, peripher und komplett. Alle Leberläsionen wurden vor und nach Kontrastmittelgabe von vier im Ultraschall, CT und MRT erfahrenen Radiologen ausgewertet ohne Kenntnis der Patientendaten oder des histologischen Ergebnis. Das Diagnosekriterium maligne wurde mittels einer ROC-Analyse ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurden die durchschnittliche Sensitivität, Spezifität, sowie der positive und negative Vorhersagewert berechnet. Ergebnisse: Von 36 Raumforderungen lagen histologische Befunde vor. Histologisch ergaben sich 29 maligne Läsionen (HCC, n=11; CCC n=1; Lymphom, n=1, Metastasen, n=16) und 7 benigne Läsionen (Hämangiom, n=1; FNH, n=4, Adenom n=2). 4 FNH´s und 1 Hämangiom waren durch NUK, MRT und durch Langzeitkontrollen bestätigt. Die Auswertung der ROC-Analyse in Bezug auf das Kriterium maligne schwankte vor Kontrastmittelgabe zwischen 0,43 und 0,62 (Durchschnitt 0,57) und nach Kontrastmittelgabe zwischen 0,7 und 0,8 (Durchschnitt 0,75). Die durchschnittlichen Werte für die Sensitivität, Spezifität, negativer und positiver Vorhersagewert betrugen vor Kontrastmittelgabe 66%, 26%, 45% und 73% nach Kontrastmittelgabe 83%, 49%, 65% und 82%. Diskussion: Die Quantifizierung der verstärkten Gefäßdarstellung in Lebertumoren nach Bolus-Applikation eines Ultraschallkontrastmittels verbessert die Zuordnung zu einem malignen Prozess im Vergleich zum nativen Ultraschall. Um zuverlässigere Diagnosen stellen zu können ist eine Verbesserung der Auswertesoftware sowie die Berücksichtigung der neuen Generation von Ultraschallkontrastmitteln notwendig.
Hintergrund: Die transarterielle Chemoembolisation (TACE) stellt eine Erstlinientherapie bei nicht resezierbarem HCC im intermediären Stadium (BCLC B) dar. TACE induziert einen zytotoxischen und ischämischen Gewebeeffekt, der möglicherweise zu einer Leberfunktionsstörung führt. Der 13C-Methacetin-Atemtest (MBT) ist ein nichtinvasiver CYP1A2-Funktionstest zur Beurteilung der funktionellen Leberzellmasse. Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie war es, die Auswirkung der konventionellen TACE auf die hepatozelluläre Reserve, gemessen mittels 13C-MBT, statischen Leberfunktionstests und entzündlichen Parametern bewerten zu können.
Methoden & Ergebnisse: 27 Patient*innen mit nicht resezierbarem HCC (BCLC B, Child Pugh A) erhielten vor (d0), 24 Stunden (d1) und 72 Stunden (d3) nach 41 cTACE-Verfahren einen MBT. Das hepatische Lipiodol®-Verteilungsvolumen wurde aus CT-Daten berechnet. Statische Leberfunktionstests, entzündliche Parameter und klinische Ereignisse wurden an d0-3 analysiert. Es zeigte sich eine deutliche Verringerung der CYP1A2-Funktion nach cTACE an d1 und d3, was hauptsächlich durch die Entzündungsreaktion (CRP) und hepatozelluläre Schadensmarker (AST) und nur in geringem Maße durch das embolisierte Lebervolumen zu erklären ist.
Schlussfolgerung: Der MBT kann die kurzfristige Verringerung der Leberfunktionsreserve sensitiv abbilden und korreliert mit klinischen Komplikationen nach cTACE. Der MBT kann Anwendung in der frühen Identifizierung einer hepatischen Dysfunktion finden.
Purpose
The trauma centre of the Wuerzburg University Hospital has integrated a pioneering dual-room twin-CT scanner in a multiple trauma pathway. For concurrent treatment of two trauma patients, two carbon CT examination and intervention tables are positioned head to head with one sliding CT-Gantry in the middle. The focus of this study is the process of trauma care with the time to CT (tCT) and the time to operation (tOR) as quality indicator.
Methods
All patients with suspected multiple trauma, who required emergency surgery and who were initially diagnosed by the CT trauma protocol between 05/2018 and 12/2018 were included. Data relating to time spans (tCT and tOR), severity of injury and outcome was obtained.
Results
110 of the 589 screened trauma patients had surgery immediately after finishing primary assessment in the ER. The ISS was 17 (9–34) (median and interquartile range, IQR). tCT was 15 (11–19) minutes (median and IQR) and tOR was 96.5 (75–119) minutes (median and IQR). In the first 30 days, seven patients died (6.4%) including two within the first 24 h (2%). There were two ICU days (1–6) (median and IQR) and one (0–1) (median and IQR) ventilator day.
Conclusion
The twin-CT technology is a fascinating tool to organize high-quality trauma care for two multiple trauma patients simultaneously
The trauma center of the University Hospital Wuerzburg has developed an advanced trauma pathway based on a dual-room trauma suite with an integrated movable sliding gantry CT-system. This enables simultaneous CT-diagnostics and treatment of two trauma patients. The focus of this study was to investigate the quality of the concept based on defined outcome criteria in this specific setting (time from arrival to initiation of CT scan: tCT; time from arrival to initiation of emergency surgery: tES). We analyzed all trauma patients admitted to the hospital’s trauma suite from 1st May 2019 through 29th April 2020. Two subgroups were defined: trauma patients, who were treated without a second trauma patient present (group 1) and patients, who were treated simultaneously with another trauma patient (group 2). Simultaneous treatment was defined as parallel arrival within a period of 20 min. Of 423 included trauma patients, 46 patients (10.9%) were treated simultaneously. Car accidents were the predominant trauma mechanism in this group (19.6% vs. 47.8%, p < 0.05). Prehospital life-saving procedures were performed with comparable frequency in both groups (intubation 43.5% vs. 39%, p = 0.572); pleural drainage 3.2% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.708; cardiopulmonary resuscitation 5% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.387). At hospital admission, patients in group 2 suffered significantly more pain (E-problem according to Advanced Trauma Life Support principles©; 29.2% vs. 45.7%, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the clinical treatment (emergency procedures, vasopressor and coagulant therapy, and transfusion of red blood cells). tCT was 6 (4–10) minutes (median and IQR) in group 1 and 8 (5–15.5) minutes in group 2 (p = 0.280). tES was 90 (78–106) minutes in group 1 and 99 (97–108) minutes in group 2 (p = 0.081). The simultaneous treatment of two trauma patients in a dual-room trauma suite with an integrated movable sliding gantry CT-system requires a medical, organizational, and technical concept adapted to this special setting. Despite the oftentimes serious and life-threatening injuries, optimal diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be guaranteed for two simultaneous trauma patients at an individual medical level in consistent quality.
Hintergrund
Die Fotodokumentation von offenen Frakturen, Wunden, Dekubitalulzera, Tumoren oder Infektionen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der digitalen Patientenakte. Bisher ist unklar, welchen Stellenwert diese Fotodokumentation bei der Abrechnungsprüfung durch den Medizinischen Dienst der Krankenkassen (MDK) hat.
Fragestellung
Kann eine Smartphone-basierte Fotodokumentation die Verteidigung von erlösrelevanten Diagnosen und Prozeduren sowie der Verweildauer verbessern?
Material und Methoden
Ausstattung der Mitarbeiter mit digitalen Endgeräten (Smartphone/Tablet) in den Bereichen Notaufnahme, Schockraum, OP, Sprechstunden sowie auf den Stationen. Retrospektive Auswertung der Abrechnungsprüfung im Jahr 2019 und Identifikation aller Fallbesprechungen, in denen die Fotodokumentation eine Erlösveränderung bewirkt hat.
Ergebnisse
Von insgesamt 372 Fallbesprechungen half die Fotodokumentation in 27 Fällen (7,2 %) zur Bestätigung eines Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssels (OPS) (n = 5; 1,3 %), einer Hauptdiagnose (n = 10; 2,7 %), einer Nebendiagnose (n = 3; 0,8 %) oder der Krankenhausverweildauer (n = 9; 2,4 %). Pro oben genanntem Fall mit Fotodokumentation ergab sich eine durchschnittliche Erlössteigerung von 2119 €. Inklusive Aufwandpauschale für die Verhandlungen wurde somit ein Gesamtbetrag von 65.328 € verteidigt.
Diskussion
Der Einsatz einer Smartphone-basierten Fotodokumentation kann die Qualität der Dokumentation verbessern und Erlöseinbußen bei der Abrechnungsprüfung verhindern. Die Implementierung digitaler Endgeräte mit entsprechender Software ist ein wichtiger Teil des digitalen Strukturwandels in Kliniken.
Background
Traumatic separation of the pubic symphysis can destabilize the pelvis and require surgical fixation to reduce symphyseal gapping. The traditional approach involves open reduction and the implantation of a steel symphyseal plate (SP) on the pubic bone to hold the reposition. Despite its widespread use, SP-fixation is often associated with implant failure caused by screw loosening or breakage.
Methods
To address the need for a more reliable surgical intervention, we developed and tested two titanium cable-clamp implants. The cable served as tensioning device while the clamp secured the cable to the bone. The first implant design included a steel cable anterior to the pubic symphysis to simplify its placement outside the pelvis, and the second design included a cable encircling the pubic symphysis to stabilize the anterior pelvic ring. Using highly reproducible synthetic bone models and a limited number of cadaver specimens, we performed a comprehensive biomechanical study of implant stability and evaluated surgical feasibility.
Results
We were able to demonstrate that the cable-clamp implants provide stability equivalent to that of a traditional SP-fixation but without the same risks of implant failure. We also provide detailed ex vivo evaluations of the safety and feasibility of a trans-obturator surgical approach required for those kind of fixation.
Conclusion
We propose that the developed cable-clamp fixation devices may be of clinical value in treating pubic symphysis separation.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, verschiedene Parameter der linksventrikulären Wandbewegung aus MR-tagging-Aufnahmen quantitativ zu analysieren. Die Auswertemethode sollte angewendet werden, um den physiologischen Kontraktionsablauf zu charakterisieren und pathophysiologische Veränderungen zu erfassen. Die tagging-Untersuchung wurde in einer basisnahen, mittventrikulären und einer apikalen Schicht des linken Ventrikels durchgeführt. Für die automatische Quantifizierung von Rotation, Kontraktion und Umfangsverkürzung wurde eine geeignete Software erstellt. Die Methode wurde bei 8 gesunden Probanden, 13 Patienten mit Aortenstenose vor und 1 Jahr nach Klappenersatz und 10 Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt vor und nach Revaskularisation angewendet. Die entwickelte Software gestattet die Quantifizierung der linksventrikulären Wandfunktion über die Bestimmung von Rotation, Kontraktion und Umfangsverkürzung. Bei den Probanden zeigte sich eine Wringbewegung mit gegenläufiger Rotation der Herzbasis zur Herzspitze. Vor Klappenersatz zeigten die Patienten mit Aortenstenose eine signifikant verstärkte apikale Rotation und Torsion. 1 Jahr postoperativ hatte sich die Torsion normalisiert. Bei den Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt zeigte sich nach Revaskularisierung eine Zunahme der Umfangsverkürzung im Infarktareal. Die Quantifizierung der linksventrikulären Wandbewegung mit MR-tagging-Aufnahmen ermöglicht die Charakterisierung und Verlaufsbeobachtungen von Veränderungen der linksventrikulären Wandfunktion bei verschiedenen Herzerkrankungen.
Die vorliegende Studie vergleicht die beiden diagnostischen Verfahren PCT und TCD zur Erfassung von Vasospasmen bei aneurysmatischer SAB. Durch den Einsatz des PCT gewinnt man bei Patienten mit SAB wichtige zusنtzliche Informationen, die für die weitere Diagnostik und Therapieplanung auكerordentlich hilfreich sind. Im Einzelnen finden sich folgende Ergebnisse: 1. Das Perfusions-CT zeigt eine Sensitivitنt von 0,61, eine Spezifitنt von 0, 71 und einen prنdiktiven Wert des positiven Tests von 0,53. TTP hat eine hohe Sensitivitنt von 0,61; CBV ist hِchst spezifisch (Sp 0, 98). 2. Die TCD zeigt nur eine mنكige Sensitivitنt (0,48) und Spezifitنt (0,62). 3. Bei zusنtzlicher Durchführung der TCD zur PCT-Untersuchung steigt die Sensitivitنt auf 0,73 an, was sich jedoch auf Kosten der Spezifitنt (0,48) und des prنdiktiven Werts des positiven Tests (0,42) auswirkt. 4. Die TCD-Untersuchung detektiert trotz tنglicher Durchführung Vasospasmen nicht früher als die PCT-Untersuchung. Dies wurde mittels des Chiquadrattests (Chiquadrat von 0,46) verdeutlicht. 5. PCT ist ein praktikables Verfahren, das Anhalt für weitere diagnostische und therapeutische Maكnahmen gibt.
We aimed to investigate the image quality of the U-SPECT5/CT E-Class a micro single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system with two large stationary detectors for visualization of rat hearts and bones using clinically available \(^{99m}\)Tc-labelled tracers. Sensitivity, spatial resolution, uniformity and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the small-animal SPECT scanner were investigated in phantom studies using an ultra-high-resolution rat and mouse multi-pinhole collimator (UHR-RM). Point source, hot-rod, and uniform phantoms with \(^{99m}\)Tc-solution were scanned for high-count performance assessment and count levels equal to animal scans, respectively. Reconstruction was performed using the similarity-regulated ordered-subsets expectation maximization (SROSEM) algorithm with Gaussian smoothing. Rats were injected with similar to 100 MBq [\(^{99m}\)TcTc-MIBI or similar to 150 MBq [\(^{99m}\)Tc]Tc-HMDP and received multi-frame micro-SPECT imaging after tracer distribution. Animal scans were reconstructed for three different acquisition times and post-processed with different sized Gaussian filters. Following reconstruction, CNR was calculated and image quality evaluated by three independent readers on a five-point scale from 1="very poor" to 5="very good". Point source sensitivity was 567 cps/MBq and radioactive rods as small as 1.2 mm were resolved with the UHR-RM collimator. Collimator-dependent uniformity was 55.5%. Phantom CNR improved with increasing rod size, filter size and activity concentration. Left ventricle and bone structures were successfully visualized in rat experiments. Image quality was strongly affected by the extent of post-filtering, whereas scan time did not have substantial influence on visual assessment. Good image quality was achieved for resolution range greater than 1.8 mm in bone and 2.8 mm in heart. The recently introduced small animal SPECT system with two stationary detectors and UHR-RM collimator is capable to provide excellent image quality in heart and bone scans in a rat using standardized reconstruction parameters and appropriate post-filtering. However, there are still challenges in achieving maximum system resolution in the sub-millimeter range with in vivo settings under limited injection dose and acquisition time.
In vielen Veröffentlichungen ist die Atrophie und die fettige Infiltration der Rotatorenmanschette als wichtiger Prädiktor für den Outcome nach Rekonstruktionen der Rotatorenmanschette belegt worden, insofern, als dass eine fettige Infiltration eine erhöhte Re-Rupturrate bedingt. Der intramuskuläre Fettgehalt wurde bisher mittels einer subjektiven, semiquantitativen Methode, die sich an einer morphologischen CT-Klassifikation orientierte, bestimmt. Durch die in der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendete nichtinvasive 2D-SPLASH Methode ist es möglich, den Verfettungsgrad der Rotatorenmanschettenmuskulatur in einer beliebigen ROI (Region Of Interest) im Rahmen einer Atrophie quantitativ zu bestimmen. Dazu wurden insgesamt 20 Patienten (weiblich/männlich: 7/13, Durchschnittsalter 57,5 ), die unter einem subakromialen Schmerzsyndrom litten, vor der operativen Rekonstruktion der Rotatorenmanschette einer MR-Untersuchung (1,5 T MR Tomograph, Siemens Vision Pro, Siemens AG Erlangen) unterzogen. Die hohe Validität dieser Messmethode ist durch die hochsignifikante Korrelation mit den Phantomuntersuchungen belegt worden. Als weiteres konnte gezeigt werden, dass die fettige Infiltration (bestimmt durch die 2D-SPLASH Methode) nur mäßig mit der mit Hilfe der Quer- und Längsschnittmessungen (cross-sectional areas) bestimmten Muskelatrophie des M. supraspinatus korreliert. Es konnte jedoch ein statistisch gesicherter Zusammenhang zwischen der intramuskulären Verfettung und dem Rupturausmaß belegt werden Zusammenfassend scheint die Entwicklung von Atrophie und fettiger Infiltration der an der Rotatorenmanschette beteiligten Muskeln ein multifaktorielles Geschehen zu sein, an dem eine muskelspezifische Komponente, die Anamnesedauer, die Defektgröße sowie eine Inaktivitäts- und neuromuskuläre Komponente beteiligt sind. Die 31P-MR-Spektroskopie stellt die einzige nichtinvasive Methode dar, mit der der Energiestoffwechsel der Muskulatur in-vivo beurteilt werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten mit Hilfe der 31P-MR-Spektroskopie die Verhältnisse der energiereichen Phosphate, vor allem das Verhältnis zwischen PCr zu ATP, bestimmt werden. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zu einem gesunden Vergleichskollektiv konnte nicht belegt werden. Dabei bleibt fraglich, ob es überhaupt zu einer Veränderung des Energie-stoffwechsels der Rotatorenmanschettenmuskulatur im Rahmen einer Atrophie kommt, wie es bei mitochondrialen, kongenitalen, inflammatorischen und neuropathischen Myopathien nachgewiesen wurde. November 2004
Einleitung: Harmonic Imaging ist eine neue Ultraschallmodalität mit hoher Orts- und Kontrastauflösung. Mehrere Vergleichsstudien bei Erwachsenen haben gezeigt, dass Harmonic Imaging der konventionellen (=fundamentalen) Ultraschallbildgebung bei verschiedenen Fragestellungen überlegen ist. Ziel dieser Studie war der Bildqualitätsvergleich von fundamentaler Technik und Harmonic Imaging bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit histologisch gesicherter Appendizitis. Patienten und Methodik: Bei 50 Kindern (m:w=25:25, Altersdurchschnitt: 9,9 Jahre), die unter dem klinischen Verdacht auf Appendizitis operiert wurden, führten wir präoperativ eine Sonographie in fundamentaler und Harmonic Imaging (Tissue Harmonic Imaging-THI- Sonoline Elegra®, Siemens) Technik durch. Es wurde ein 7,5-MHz-Linear-Schallkopf verwendet, welcher in beiden Modalitäten zu bedienen war. Eine detaillierte und vergleichbare Darstellung des Unterbauchs, insbesondere der Appendixregion, wurde mit beiden Techniken durchgeführt. Die mittels eines standardisierten Auswertungsbogens gewonnenen Daten wurden miteinander verglichen, mit den histologischen Befunden korreliert und statistisch ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurde die Bildqualität im Rahmen einer Paarauswertung (geblindete Bildpaare: THI-fundamental) anhand einer 10-stufigen Rating-Skala (1=sehr schlecht bis 10=hervorragend) beurteilt. Ergebnisse: Bei 43/50 (86%) Patienten lag histologisch eine Appendizitis vor. Die sonographisch gestellte Verdachtsdiagnose besaß eine Sensitivität von 98% und eine Spezifität von 94%. Bei 37/43 Patienten konnte die Appendix mittels fundamentaler Technik, bei 40/43 Patienten mittels THI direkt dargestellt werden. THI erwies sich als signifikant überlegen bei der Darstellung der Außenkontur, der Wandschichtung, des Schleimhautechos und des Lumeninhaltes (p<0,0001). Auch bei der Beurteilung der Umgebungsechogenität, von freier Flüssigkeit, sowie mesenterialer Lymphknoten bot das THI Verfahren eine überlegene Darstellbarkeit. Bei der Paarauswertung ergab sich für THI ein mittlerer Rang von 8,1 und für die fundamentale Bildgebung ein Rang von 6,3. Schlussfolgerung: Bei der sonographischen Diagnostik der Appendizitis zeigt die Technik des THI eine der fundamentalen signifikant überlegene Bildqualität. Wenn beide Methoden vorhanden sind, sollte bei der Frage nach einer Appendizitis die Harmonic Imaging Technik bevorzugt eingesetzt werden.
Objectives: Dual-source dual-energy CT (DECT) facilitates reconstruction of virtual non-contrast images from contrast-enhanced scans within a limited field of view. This study evaluates the replacement of true non-contrast acquisition with virtual non-contrast reconstructions and investigates the limitations of dual-source DECT in obese patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 253 oncologic patients (153 women; age 64.5 ± 16.2 years; BMI 26.6 ± 5.1 kg/m\(^2\)) received both multi-phase single-energy CT (SECT) and DECT in sequential staging examinations with a third-generation dual-source scanner. Patients were allocated to one of three BMI clusters: non-obese: <25 kg/m\(^2\) (n = 110), pre-obese: 25–29.9 kg/m\(^2\) (n = 73), and obese: >30 kg/m\(^2\) (n = 70). Radiation dose and image quality were compared for each scan. DECT examinations were evaluated regarding liver coverage within the dual-energy field of view. Results: While arterial contrast phases in DECT were associated with a higher CTDI\(_{vol}\) than in SECT (11.1 vs. 8.1 mGy; p < 0.001), replacement of true with virtual non-contrast imaging resulted in a considerably lower overall dose-length product (312.6 vs. 475.3 mGy·cm; p < 0.001). The proportion of DLP variance predictable from patient BMI was substantial in DECT (R\(^2\) = 0.738) and SECT (R\(^2\) = 0.620); however, DLP of SECT showed a stronger increase in obese patients (p < 0.001). Incomplete coverage of the liver within the dual-energy field of view was most common in the obese subgroup (17.1%) compared with non-obese (0%) and pre-obese patients (4.1%). Conclusion: DECT facilitates a 30.8% dose reduction over SECT in abdominal oncologic staging examinations. Employing dual-source scanner architecture, the risk for incomplete liver coverage increases in obese patients.
Objectives
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries frequently cause ulnar-sided wrist pain and can induce distal radioulnar joint instability. With its complex three-dimensional structure, diagnosis of TFCC lesions remains a challenging task even in MR arthrograms. The aim of this study was to assess the added diagnostic value of radial reformatting of isotropic 3D MRI datasets compared to standard planes after direct arthrography of the wrist.
Methods
Ninety-three patients underwent wrist MRI after fluoroscopy-guided multi-compartment arthrography. Two radiologists collectively analyzed two datasets of each MR arthrogram for TFCC injuries, with one set containing standard reconstructions of a 3D thin-slice sequence in axial, coronal and sagittal orientation, while the other set comprised an additional radial plane view with the rotating center positioned at the ulnar styloid. Surgical reports (whenever available) or radiological reports combined with clinical follow-up served as a standard of reference. In addition, diagnostic confidence and assessability of the central disc and ulnar-sided insertions were subjectively evaluated.
Results
Injuries of the articular disc, styloid and foveal ulnar attachment were present in 20 (23.7%), 10 (10.8%) and 9 (9.7%) patients. Additional radial planes increased diagnostic accuracy for lesions of the styloid (0.83 vs. 0.90; p = 0.016) and foveal (0.86 vs. 0.94; p = 0.039) insertion, whereas no improvement was identified for alterations of the central cartilage disc. Readers' confidence (p < 0.001) and assessability of the ulnar-sided insertions (p < 0.001) were superior with ancillary radial reformatting.
Conclusions
Access to the radial plane view of isotropic 3D sequences in MR arthrography improves diagnostic accuracy and confidence for ulnar-sided TFCC lesions.
Die Frage nach der optimalen Diagnostik bei polytraumatisierten Patienten wird in der Literatur derzeit nicht abschließend beantwortet. Nichtsdestotrotz ist die Multislice-Computertomographie zur primären Diagnostik schwerstverletzter Patienten in regionalen sowie überregionalen Traumazentren unverzichtbar geworden.
Seit 2004 ist im Würzburger Schockraum ein Computertomograph direkt im Schockraum verfügbar und die Ganzkörper-CT als primäres diagnostisches Mittel in den Schockraumalgorithmus integriert. Ziel dieser Datenerhebung ist es deshalb, die Wertigkeit dieses Konzeptes zu überprüfen.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden retrospektiv Daten der Jahre 2005 bis einschließlich 2008 ausgewertet. Im Kollektiv enthalten sind 155 Patienten mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 39 Jahren und einem Männeranteil von 72,3%.
Die Abbreviated Injury Scale ergab beim Würzburger Kollektiv verglichen mit den Daten der DGU einen hohen Anteil von Patienten mit schweren Verletzungen vor allem im Bereich von Abdomen (43,2% im Vergleich zu 22,8% bei der DGU), Thorax (75,5% vs. 58,0% bei der DGU), Extremitäten (65,8% vs. 38,0% bei der DGU) und Gesicht (21,9% vs. 4,6% bei der DGU).
Beim Injury Severity Score wurde in vorliegender Datenerhebung ein Mittelwert von 37,8 Punkten berechnet, im Gegensatz zu durchschnittlich 24,5 Punkten bei den Daten der DGU. Ursache hierfür ist das Einschlusskriterium dieser Datenerhebung eines ISS ≥ 16, während bei der DGU nur 73% der Patienten eines ISS ≥ 16 hatten.
29% der Würzburger Patienten wurden entsprechend einem initialen GCS von ≤ 8 am Unfallort bewusstlos vorgefunden. Dieses Ergebnis deckt sich mit den gesamtdeutschen Daten, die im Jahresbericht 2008 der DGU veröffentlicht wurden.
Die Standardisierte Mortalitätsrate, die mit Hilfe der RISC-Prognose und der Mortalitätsrate für dieses Kollektiv ermittelt wurde, lag bei 0,66. Das bedeutet, dass deutlich weniger Patienten verstorben sind als nach RISC-Prognose erwartet. Im Vergleich zu den Angaben der DGU, die für das Jahr 2007 das bisher beste Ergebnis mit einer SMR von 0,75 im Gesamtkollektiv berechneten, ein gutes Ergebnis.
Die im direkten Vergleich höhere Letalität von 18,1% im Würzburger Kollektiv im Gegensatz zu 14% bei den gesamtdeutschen Daten der DGU lässt sich durch den deutlich höheren durchschnittlichen ISS begründen.
Insgesamt wurde in den Jahren 2005 bis 2007 am Uniklinikum Würzburg eine Zunahme der Letalität polytraumatisierter Patienten innerhalb der ersten 24 Stunden nach dem Unfall beobachtet. Zunehmend weniger Patienten verstarben dagegen während des folgenden Krankenhausaufenthaltes. Bei der Gesamtletalität konnte eine Abnahme von 20,0% im Jahr 2005 auf 14,1% im Jahr 2007 verzeichnet werden.
Die Berechnung der Diagnostikzeiten ergab eine durchschnittliche Gesamtuntersuchungsdauer von 51 Min (von der Ankunft des Patienten im Schockraum bis zum Ende der Datenrekonstruktion) und 29 Min von Beendigung des Scans bis zum Ende der Rekonstruktion. Durchschnittlich 22 Min wurden für den Zeitraum von Ankunft des Patienten bis zum Ende des Polytraumascans ermittelt, 7 Min betrug die reine Scanzeit. Die Daten decken sich mit den Berechnungen früherer Studien.
Bei 30,3% der Würzburger Patienten wurden zusätzlich konventionelle Röntgenaufnahmen im Schockraum angefertigt. Der überwiegende Anteil der Aufnahmen, das heißt 34,0%, entfielen dabei auf Röntgenbilder des Thorax. Als Erklärung werden häufig notwendige Lagekontrollen nach Installation einer Thoraxdrainage oder eines zentralen Venenkatheters angeführt.
Computertomographische Folgeuntersuchungen wurden bei insgesamt 72,9% der Patienten durchgeführt. Mit Abstand am häufigsten, in 47,6% der Fälle, wurden weitere Aufnahmen des Schädels angefertigt.
Die Kontrolle der Kurzbefunde der Ganzkörper-CT ergab bei sechs der insgesamt 155 Patienten initial nicht diagnostizierte Läsionen. Die entsprechenden Verletzungen waren bei drei Patienten auch unter Kenntnis der intraoperativen Diagnosen in der retrospektiven Analyse nicht nachvollziehbar. Bei nur einem Patienten ergab sich eine reale therapeutische Relevanz, hier wurde eine Mandibulafraktur übersehen, die später einer operativen Versorgung bedurfte.
Die Rate von initial sechs nicht entdeckten Verletzungen verdeutlicht die hohe Qualität der primären Diagnostik im Würzburger Schockraum.
Die SMR als Kriterium der Versorgungsqualität bei der Behandlung polytraumatisierter Patienten ergab einen, im gesamtdeutschen Vergleich, hohen Standard.
Zusammenfassend belegen unsere Daten den überlegenen Stellenwert eines Ganzkörper-Computertomographie-basierten Schockraumalgorithmus in der Primäversorgung polytraumatisierter Patienten am Beispiel des Würzburger Schockraums.
Untersuchungen von schwer verletzten Patienten, die in die zentrale Notaufnahme der Universität Würzburg eingeliefert wurden. Es wurde eine relationale Datenbank und entsprechende Auswertemechanismen implementiert, um die Patientendaten zu erfassen, zu strukturieren und auszuwerten. Weiterhin wurde anhand von CT Bildern polytraumatisierter Patienten der ISS berechnet und in die Datenbank eingetragen und entsprechend analysiert. Die Konformität der Verdachtsdiagnose Polytrauma, die anhand bestimmter Kriterien erfolgte, wurde mit dem ISS - Grenzwert 16 verglichen.
Although age is one of the most salient and fundamental aspects of human faces, its processing in the brain has not yet been studied by any neuroimaging experiment. Automatic assessment of temporal changes across faces is a prerequisite to identifying persons over their life-span, and age per se is of biological and social relevance. Using a combination of evocative face morphs controlled for global optical flow and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we segregate two areas that process changes of facial age in both hemispheres. These areas extend beyond the previously established face-sensitive network and are centered on the posterior inferior temporal sulcus (pITS) and the posterior angular gyrus (pANG), an evolutionarily new formation of the human brain. Using probabilistic tractography and by calculating spatial cross-correlations as well as creating minimum intersection maps between activation and connectivity patterns we demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized link between structure and function in the human brain on the basis of cognitive age processing. According to our results, implicit age processing involves the inferior temporal sulci and is, at the same time, closely tied to quantity decoding by the presumed neural systems devoted to magnitudes in the human parietal lobes. The ventral portion of Wernicke’s largely forgotten perpendicular association fasciculus is shown not only to interconnect these two areas but to relate to their activations, i.e. to transmit age-relevant information. In particular, post-hoc age-rating competence is shown to be associated with high response levels in the left angular gyrus. Cortical activation patterns related to changes of facial age differ from those previously elicited by other fixed as well as changeable face aspects such as gender (used for comparison), ethnicity and identity as well as eye gaze or facial expressions. We argue that this may be due to the fact that individual changes of facial age occur ontogenetically, unlike the instant changes of gaze direction or expressive content in faces that can be “mirrored” and require constant cognitive monitoring to follow. Discussing the ample evidence for distinct representations of quantitative age as opposed to categorical gender varied over continuous androgyny levels, we suggest that particular face-sensitive regions interact with additional object-unselective quantification modules to obtain individual estimates of facial age.
Background
Small-animal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems with multi-pinhole collimation and large stationary detectors have advantages compared to systems with moving small detectors. These systems benefit from less labour-intensive maintenance and quality control as fewer prone parts are moving, higher accuracy for focused scans and maintaining high resolution with increased sensitivity due to focused pinholes on the field of view. This study aims to investigate the performance of a novel ultra-high-resolution scanner with two-detector configuration (U-SPECT5-E) and to compare its image quality to a conventional micro-SPECT system with three stationary detectors (U-SPECT\(^+\)).
Methods
The new U-SPECT5-E with two stationary detectors was used for acquiring data with \(^{99m}\)Tc-filled point source, hot-rod and uniformity phantoms to analyse sensitivity, spatial resolution, uniformity and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Three dedicated multi-pinhole mouse collimators with 75 pinholes each and 0.25-, 0.60- and 1.00-mm pinholes for extra ultra-high resolution (XUHR-M), general-purpose (GP-M) and ultra-high sensitivity (UHS-M) imaging were examined. For CNR analysis, four different activity ranges representing low- and high-count settings were investigated for all three collimators. The experiments for the performance assessment were repeated with the same GP-M collimator in the three-detector U-SPECT\(^+\) for comparison.
Results
Peak sensitivity was 237 cps/MBq (XUHR-M), 847 cps/MBq (GP-M), 2054 cps/MBq (UHS-M) for U-SPECT5-E and 1710 cps/MBq (GP-M) for U-SPECT\(^+\). In the visually analysed sections of the reconstructed mini Derenzo phantoms, rods as small as 0.35 mm (XUHR-M), 0.50 mm (GP-M) for the two-detector as well as the three-detector SPECT and 0.75 mm (UHS-M) were resolved. Uniformity for maximum resolution recorded 40.7% (XUHR-M), 29.1% (GP-M, U-SPECT5-E), 16.3% (GP-M, U-SPECT\(^+\)) and 23.0% (UHS-M), respectively. UHS-M reached highest CNR values for low-count images; for rods smaller than 0.45 mm, acceptable CNR was only achieved by XUHR-M. GP-M was superior for imaging rods sized from 0.60 to 1.50 mm for intermediate activity concentrations. U-SPECT5-E and U-SPECT+ both provided comparable CNR.
Conclusions
While uniformity and sensitivity are negatively affected by the absence of a third detector, the investigated U-SPECT5-E system with two stationary detectors delivers excellent spatial resolution and CNR comparable to the performance of an established three-detector-setup.
Purpose
Inhomogeneities of the static magnetic B\(_{0}\) field are a major limiting factor in cardiac MRI at ultrahigh field (≥ 7T), as they result in signal loss and image distortions. Different magnetic susceptibilities of the myocardium and surrounding tissue in combination with cardiac motion lead to strong spatio‐temporal B\(_{0}\)‐field inhomogeneities, and their homogenization (B0 shimming) is a prerequisite. Limitations of state‐of‐the‐art shimming are described, regional B\(_{0}\) variations are measured, and a methodology for spherical harmonics shimming of the B\(_{0}\) field within the human myocardium is proposed.
Methods
The spatial B\(_{0}\)‐field distribution in the heart was analyzed as well as temporal B\(_{0}\)‐field variations in the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. Different shim region‐of‐interest selections were compared, and hardware limitations of spherical harmonics B\(_{0}\) shimming were evaluated by calibration‐based B0‐field modeling. The role of third‐order spherical harmonics terms was analyzed as well as potential benefits from cardiac phase–specific shimming.
Results
The strongest B\(_{0}\)‐field inhomogeneities were observed in localized spots within the left‐ventricular and right‐ventricular myocardium and varied between systolic and diastolic cardiac phases. An anatomy‐driven shim region‐of‐interest selection allowed for improved B\(_{0}\)‐field homogeneity compared with a standard shim region‐of‐interest cuboid. Third‐order spherical harmonics terms were demonstrated to be beneficial for shimming of these myocardial B\(_{0}\)‐field inhomogeneities. Initial results from the in vivo implementation of a potential shim strategy were obtained. Simulated cardiac phase–specific shimming was performed, and a shim term‐by‐term analysis revealed periodic variations of required currents.
Conclusion
Challenges in state‐of‐the‐art B\(_{0}\) shimming of the human heart at 7 T were described. Cardiac phase–specific shimming strategies were found to be superior to vendor‐supplied shimming.
Retrospektive Analyse von Doppelkontrastpharyngographie (DkPh) und CT im Vergleich mit indirekter und direkter Laryngoskopie. Dazu wurden die Untersuchungsergebnisse von 151 Pat. mit Tumoren des Pharynx und des supraglottischen Larynx bezüglich Detektion und korrekter Stadienzuordnung nach dem TNM-System unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des subregionalen Befalls ausgewertet. Die DkPh stellt eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur indirekten Laryngoskopie zur Tumordetektion dar, die Sensitivität wurde durch Kombination im Vergleich zu den einzelnen Verfahren signifikant verbessert. Zum Staging ist sie kein geeignetes Verfahren. Die CT Detektiert Tumoren zuverlässig. Bei der korrekten Stadienzuordnung liefert sie v.a. bzgl. Tiefeninfiltration wertvolle Zusatzinformationen. Fortgeschrittene Tumorstadien werden daher durch die CT signifikant besser dem korrekten T-Stadium zugeordnet als Tumor in frühen Tumorstadien. Durch Kombination von CT und direkter Laryngoskopie wurde die Sensitivität bzgl. einer korrekten Stadienzuornung im Vergleich zu den Einzelverfahren signifikant verbessert.
Mit steigender Nachfrage an minimal-invasiven Therapieoptionen wächst auch das Interesse an innovativen Alternativen im Bereich des arteriellen Gefäßverschlusses nach PVI. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Effektivität und Sicherheit eines neu auf dem Markt befindlichen, Doppelclip-basierten aktiven VVS zu prüfen. Eine hohe technische Erfolgsrate von 98,8 % bei einer geringen Komplikationsrate von 3,6 % wurde verzeichnet. Bei Anwesenheit der Komorbiditäten Dm und CNI 5 zeigte sich eine signifikante Assoziation zu einem vermehrten Auftreten von Komplikationen. Ein nachgewiesener signifikanter Zusammenhang bestand zudem zwischen einem erhöhten Kalzifikationsgrad der Punktionsstelle bei Vorliegen einer pAVK und eines Dm. Eine erhöhte Gefäßrigidität aufgrund von Komorbiditäten und vaskulären Kalzifikationen, intrinsische Fremdkörperreaktionen, vasoregulatorische Reaktionen oder Produktversagen bieten hypothetische Erklärungsansätze für die einzelnen komplikativen Fälle. Die Nutzung des VVS in spezifischen, bisher nicht beschriebenen Situationen (Unterdimensionierung, Anwendung nach Gefäßpunktionen mit Zugangsschleusen bis 9F, antegrade Punktionsrichtung, anspruchsvolle Eingriffe multimorbider Patienten mit komplexem vaskulärem Status) erwies sich als suffizient. Zur Prävention schwerwiegender Komplikationen während zukünftiger Interventionen wurden die Empfehlung ausgesprochen, eine Durchleuchtungsaufnahme zur Lagekontrolle vor Implantation des proximalen Clips anzufertigen. Eine speziell für Gefäßverschlüsse nach antegrader Punktion konzipierte Zugangsschleuse könnte das Abknicken von Zugangsschleusen bei VVS Applikation verhindern. Zusammenfassend kann das untersuchte aktive VVS mit einzigartigem Wirkmechanismus und spezifischen Design als effektiv und sicher angesehen werden.
There is ongoing debate concerning the safety and efficacy of various mechanical thrombectomy (MT) approaches for M2 occlusions. We compared these for MT in M2 versus M1 occlusions. Subgroup analyses of different technical approaches within the M2 MT cohort were also performed. Patients were included from the German Stroke Registry (GSR), a multicenter registry of consecutive MT patients. Primary outcomes were reperfusion success events. Secondary outcomes were early clinical improvement (improvement in NIHSS score > 4) and independent survival at 90 days (mRS 0–2). Out of 3804 patients, 2689 presented with M1 (71%) and 1115 with isolated M2 occlusions (29%). The mean age was 76 (CI 65–82) and 77 (CI 66–83) years, respectively. Except for baseline NIHSS (15 (CI 10–18) vs. 11 (CI 6–16), p < 0.001) and ASPECTS (9 (CI 7–10) vs. 9 (CI 8–10, p < 0.001), baseline demographics were balanced. Apart from a more frequent use of dedicated small vessel stent retrievers (svSR) in M2 (17.4% vs. 3.0; p < 0.001), intraprocedural aspects were balanced. There was no difference in ICH at 24 h (11%; p = 1.0), adverse events (14.4% vs. 18.1%; p = 0.63), clinical improvement (62.5% vs. 61.4 %; p = 0.57), mortality (26.9% vs. 22.9%; p = 0.23). In M2 MT, conventional stent retriever (cSR) achieved higher rates of mTICI3 (54.0% vs. 37.7–42.0%; p < 0.001), requiring more MT-maneuvers (7, CI 2–8) vs. 2 (CI 2–7)/(CI 2–2); p < 0.001) and without impact on efficacy and outcome. Real-life MT in M2 can be performed with equal safety and efficacy as in M1 occlusions. Different recanalization techniques including the use of svSR did not result in significant differences regarding safety, efficacy and outcome.
Background and Purpose
To provide real-world data on outcome and procedural factors of late thrombectomy patients.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed patients from the multicenter German Stroke Registry. The primary endpoint was clinical outcome on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months. Trial-eligible patients and the subgroups were compared to the ineligible group. Secondary analyses included multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of good outcome (mRS ≤ 2).
Results
Of 1917 patients who underwent thrombectomy, 208 (11%) were treated within a time window ≥ 6–24 h and met the baseline trial criteria. Of these, 27 patients (13%) were eligible for DAWN and 39 (19%) for DEFUSE3 and 156 patients were not eligible for DAWN or DEFUSE3 (75%), mainly because there was no perfusion imaging (62%; n = 129). Good outcome was not significantly higher in trial-ineligible (27%) than in trial-eligible (20%) patients (p = 0.343). Patients with large trial-ineligible CT perfusion imaging (CTP) lesions had significantly more hemorrhagic complications (33%) as well as unfavorable outcomes.
Conclusion
In clinical practice, the high number of patients with a good clinical outcome after endovascular therapy ≥ 6–24 h as in DAWN/DEFUSE3 could not be achieved. Similar outcomes are seen in patients selected for EVT ≥ 6 h based on factors other than CTP. Patients triaged without CTP showed trends for shorter arrival to reperfusion times and higher rates of independence.
Background
To investigate the effects of B\(_1\)-shimming and radiofrequency (RF) parallel transmission (pTX) on the visualization and quantification of the degree of stenosis in a coronary artery phantom using 7 Tesla (7 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Methods
Stenosis phantoms with different grades of stenosis (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%; 5 mm inner vessel diameter) were produced using 3D printing (clear resin). Phantoms were imaged with four different concentrations of diluted Gd-DOTA representing established arterial concentrations after intravenous injection in humans. Samples were centrally positioned in a thorax phantom of 30 cm diameter filled with a custom-made liquid featuring dielectric properties of muscle tissue. MRI was performed on a 7 T whole-body system. 2D-gradient-echo sequences were acquired with an 8-channel transmit 16-channel receive (8 Tx / 16 Rx) cardiac array prototype coil with and without pTX mode. Measurements were compared to those obtained with identical scan parameters using a commercially available 1 Tx / 16 Rx single transmit coil (sTX). To assess reproducibility, measurements (n = 15) were repeated at different horizontal angles with respect to the B0-field.
Results
B\(_1\)-shimming and pTX markedly improved flip angle homogeneity across the thorax phantom yielding a distinctly increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) averaged over a whole slice relative to non-manipulated RF fields. Images without B\(_1\)-shimming showed shading artifacts due to local B\(_1\)\(^+\)-field inhomogeneities, which hampered stenosis quantification in severe cases. In contrast, B\(_1\)-shimming and pTX provided superior image homogeneity. Compared with a conventional sTX coil higher grade stenoses (60% and 80%) were graded significantly (p<0.01) more precise. Mild to moderate grade stenoses did not show significant differences. Overall, SNR was distinctly higher with B\(_1\)-shimming and pTX than with the conventional sTX coil (inside the stenosis phantoms 14%, outside the phantoms 32%). Both full and half concentration (10.2 mM and 5.1 mM) of a conventional Gd-DOTA dose for humans were equally suitable for stenosis evaluation in this phantom study.
Conclusions
B\(_1\)-shimming and pTX at 7 T can distinctly improve image homogeneity and therefore provide considerably more accurate MR image analysis, which is beneficial for imaging of small vessel structures.
This retrospective study aims to provide an intra-individual comparison of aortic CT angiographies (CTAs) using first-generation photon-counting-detector CT (PCD-CT) and third-generation energy-integrating-detector CT (EID-CT). High-pitch CTAs were performed with both scanners and equal contrast-agent protocols. EID-CT employed automatic tube voltage selection (90/100 kVp) with reference tube current of 434/350 mAs, whereas multi-energy PCD-CT scans were generated with fixed tube voltage (120 kVp), image quality level of 64, and reconstructed as 55 keV monoenergetic images. For image quality assessment, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated, and subjective evaluation (overall quality, luminal contrast, vessel sharpness, blooming, and beam hardening) was performed independently by three radiologists. Fifty-seven patients (12 women, 45 men) were included with a median interval between examinations of 12.7 months (interquartile range 11.1 months). Using manufacturer-recommended scan protocols resulted in a substantially lower radiation dose in PCD-CT (size-specific dose estimate: 4.88 ± 0.48 versus 6.28 ± 0.50 mGy, p < 0.001), while CNR was approximately 50% higher (41.11 ± 8.68 versus 27.05 ± 6.73, p < 0.001). Overall image quality and luminal contrast were deemed superior in PCD-CT (p < 0.001). Notably, EID-CT allowed for comparable vessel sharpness (p = 0.439) and less pronounced blooming and beam hardening (p < 0.001). Inter-rater agreement was good to excellent (0.58–0.87). Concluding, aortic PCD-CTAs facilitate increased image quality with significantly lower radiation dose compared to EID-CTAs
Purpose
Repeat surgery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is associated with an increased risk of complications and failure. This stresses the need for optimized strategies to accurately localize a parathyroid adenoma before repeat surgery is performed. However, evidence on the extent of required diagnostics for a structured approach is sparse.
Methods
A retrospective single-center evaluation of 28 patients with an indication for surgery due to pHPT and previous thyroid or parathyroid surgery was performed. Diagnostic workup, surgical approach, and outcome in terms of complications and successful removement of parathyroid adenoma with biochemical cure were evaluated.
Results
Neck ultrasound, sestamibi scintigraphy, C11-methionine PET-CT, and selective parathyroid hormone venous sampling, but not MRI imaging, effectively detected the presence of a parathyroid adenoma with high positive predictive values. Biochemical cure was revealed by normalization of calcium and parathormone levels 24-48h after surgery and was achieved in 26/28 patients (92.9%) with an overall low rate of complications. Concordant localization by at least two diagnostic modalities enabled focused surgery with success rates of 100%, whereas inconclusive localization significantly increased the rate of bilateral explorations and significantly reduced the rate of biochemical cure to 80%.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that two concordant diagnostic modalities are sufficient to accurately localize parathyroid adenoma before repeat surgery for pHPT. In cases of poor localization, extended diagnostic procedures are warranted to enhance surgical success rates. We suggest an algorithm for better orientation when repeat surgery is intended in patients with pHPT.
Purpose
The AMADEUS (Area Measurement And DEpth and Underlying Structures) scoring and grading system has been proposed for the MRI based evaluation of untreated focal chondral defects around the knee. The clinical practicability, its correlation with arthroscopically assessed grading systems (ICRS – International Cartilage Repair Society) and thereby its clinical value in terms of decision making and guiding prognosis was yet to determine.
Methods
From 2008 to 2019 a total of 89 individuals were indicated for high tibial valgus osteotomy (HTO) due to tibial varus deformity and concomitant chondral defects of the medial compartment of the knee. All patients received a preoperative MRI (1.5 Tesla or 3.0 Tesla) and pre-osteotomy diagnostic arthroscopy. Chondral defects of the medial compartment were scored and graded with the MRI based AMADEUS by three independent raters and compared to arthroscopic defect grading by the ICRS system. Interrater and intrarater reliability as well as correlation analysis with the ICRS classification system were assessed.
Results
Intraclass correlation coefficients for the various subscores of the AMADEUS showed an overall good to excellent interrater agreement (min: 0.26, max: 0.80). Intrarater agreement turned out to be substantially inferior (min: 0.08, max: 0.53). Spearman correlation revealed an overall moderate correlative association of the AMADEUS subscores with the ICRS classification system, apart from the defect area subscore. Sensitivity of the AMADEUS to accurately identify defect severity according to the ICRS was 0.7 (0.69 for 3.0 Tesla MRI, 0.67 for 1.5 Tesla MRI). The mean AMADEUS grade was 2.60 ± 0.81 and the mean ICRS score 2.90 ± 0.63.
Conclusions
Overall, the AMADEUS with all its subscores shows moderate correlation with the arthroscopic chondral grading system according to ICRS. This suggests that chondral defect grading by means of the MRI based AMADEUS is well capable of influencing and guiding treatment decisions. Interrater reliability shows overall good agreement.
The AMADEUS score is not a sufficient predictor for functional outcome after high tibial osteotomy
(2023)
Purpose
The Area Measurement And Depth Underlying Structures (AMADEUS) classification system has been proposed as a valuable tool for magnetic resonance (MR)-based grading of preoperatively encountered chondral defects of the knee joint. However, the potential relationship of this novel score with clinical data was yet to determine. It was the primary intention of this study to assess the correlative relationship of the AMADEUS with patient reported outcome scores in patients undergoing medial open-wedge high tibial valgus osteotomy (HTO). Furthermore, the arthroscopic ICRS (International Cartilage Repair Society) grade evaluation was tested for correlation with the AMADEUS classification system.
Methods
This retrospective, monocentric study found a total of 70 individuals that were indicated for HTO due to degenerative chondral defects of the medial compartment between 2008 and 2019. A preoperative MR image as well as a pre-osteotomy diagnostic arthroscopy for ICRS grade evaluation was mandatory for all patients. The Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) including its five subscale scores (KOOS-ADL, KOOS-QOL, KOOS-Sports, KOOS-Pain, KOOS-Symptoms) was obtained preoperatively and at a mean follow-up of 41.2 ± 26.3 months. Preoperative chondral defects were evaluated using the AMADEUS classification system and the final AMADEUS scores were correlated with the pre- and postoperative KOOS subscale sores. Furthermore, arthroscopic ICRS defect severity was correlated with the AMADEUS classification system.
Results
There was a statistically significant correlation between the AMADEUS BME (bone marrow edema) subscore and the KOOS Symptoms subscore at the preoperative visit (r = 0.25, p = 0.04). No statistically significant monotonic association between the AMADEUS total score and the AMADEUS grade with pre- and postoperative KOOS subscale scores were found. Intraoperatively obtained ICRS grade did reveal a moderate correlative relation with the AMADEUS total score and the AMADEUS grade (r = 0.28, p = 0.02).
Conclusions
The novel AMADEUS classification system largely lacks correlative capacity with patient reported outcome measures in patients undergoing HTO. The MR tomographic appearance of bone marrow edema is the only parameter predictive of the clinical outcome at the preoperative visit.
Background
T1 mapping sequences such as MOLLI, ShMOLLI and SASHA make use of different technical approaches, bearing strengths and weaknesses. It is well known that obtained T1 relaxation times differ between the sequence techniques as well as between different hardware. Yet, T1 quantification is a promising tool for myocardial tissue characterization, disregarding the absence of established reference values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of native and post-contrast T1 mapping methods as well as ECV maps and its diagnostic benefits in a clinical environment when scanning patients with various cardiac diseases at 3 T.
Methods
Native and post-contrast T1 mapping data acquired on a 3 T full-body scanner using the three pulse sequences 5(3)3 MOLLI, ShMOLLI and SASHA in 19 patients with clinical indication for contrast enhanced MRI were compared. We analyzed global and segmental T1 relaxation times as well as respective extracellular volumes and compared the emerged differences between the used pulse sequences.
Results
T1 times acquired with MOLLI and ShMOLLI exhibited systematic T1 deviation compared to SASHA. Myocardial MOLLI T1 times were 19% lower and ShMOLLI T1 times 25% lower compared to SASHA. Native blood T1 times from MOLLI were 13% lower than SASHA, while post-contrast MOLLI T1-times were only 5% lower. ECV values exhibited comparably biased estimation with MOLLI and ShMOLLI compared to SASHA in good agreement with results reported in literature. Pathology-suspect segments were clearly differentiated from remote myocardium with all three sequences.
Conclusion
Myocardial T1 mapping yields systematically biased pre- and post-contrast T1 times depending on the applied pulse sequence. Additionally calculating ECV attenuates this bias, making MOLLI, ShMOLLI and SASHA better comparable. Therefore, myocardial T1 mapping is a powerful clinical tool for classification of soft tissue abnormalities in spite of the absence of established reference values.
Purpose
To fully automatically derive quantitative parameters from late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MR (CMR) in patients with myocardial infarction and to investigate if phase sensitive or magnitude reconstructions or a combination of both results in best segmentation accuracy.
Methods
In this retrospective single center study, a convolutional neural network with a U-Net architecture with a self-configuring framework (“nnU-net”) was trained for segmentation of left ventricular myocardium and infarct zone in LGE-CMR. A database of 170 examinations from 78 patients with history of myocardial infarction was assembled. Separate fitting of the model was performed, using phase sensitive inversion recovery, the magnitude reconstruction or both contrasts as input channels.
Manual labelling served as ground truth. In a subset of 10 patients, the performance of the trained models was evaluated and quantitatively compared by determination of the Sørensen-Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and volumes of the infarct zone compared with the manual ground truth using Pearson’s r correlation and Bland-Altman analysis.
Results
The model achieved high similarity coefficients for myocardium and scar tissue. No significant difference was observed between using PSIR, magnitude reconstruction or both contrasts as input (PSIR and MAG; mean DSC: 0.83 ± 0.03 for myocardium and 0.72 ± 0.08 for scars). A strong correlation for volumes of infarct zone was observed between manual and model-based approach (r = 0.96), with a significant underestimation of the volumes obtained from the neural network.
Conclusion
The self-configuring nnU-net achieves predictions with strong agreement compared to manual segmentation, proving the potential as a promising tool to provide fully automatic quantitative evaluation of LGE-CMR.
Materialdefekte von Stents und ihre klinischen Auswirkungen im Bereich der unteren Extremität
(2009)
Im Institut für Röntgendiagnostik der Universität Würzburg wurden in einem Zeitraum von bis zu 68 Monaten 168 Patienten mit PAVK der unteren Extremität mit einem oder mehreren Stents versorgt und anschließend regelmäßig kontrolliert. Insgesamt wurden 405 Stents implantiert. In den Nachkontrollen wurden die Stents mittels Röntgenzielaufnahmen in 2 Ebenen auf Frakturen sowie mit Hilfe der FKDS auf Restenosen oder Okklusionen untersucht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Ursachen für das Auftreten von Stentfrakturen ermittelt und ihre klinische Relevanz beurteilt.
Background
Dislocations of the elbow are the second most common dislocations of humeral joints following the shoulder. Besides numerous possible concomitant injuries of the collateral ligaments or the extensor or flexor apparatus, an accompanying disruption of the brachial artery is a rare occurrence. In the following, such a case is presented and discussed.
Method
A 70-year-old woman sustained a closed posterior elbow dislocation with accompanying disruption of the brachial artery due to a fall in a domestic environment. Pulselessness of the radial artery led to a computed tomography angiography being performed, which confirmed the diagnosis. Direct operative vascular reconstruction with a vein insert was carried out. Due to strong swelling of the soft tissue, other examinations of the elbow could not be performed initially. A redislocation a few days later led to an operative stabilization of the elbow joint.
Results
The final consultation 4 months postoperatively showed a stable, centered elbow joint and a normal perfusion of the affected arm. The elbow function was good with a range of motion of 0/0/110° of extension/flexion.
Conclusion
An elbow dislocation is a complex injury. An accurate clinical examination of possible concomitant injuries is important and should be repeated in the first few days after the occurrence. Vascular reconstruction should be performed immediately. In the case of persistent joint instability, an operative stabilization is indicated and may be supported by a hinged external fixator.
Die Magnet-Resonanz (MR)-Bildgebung ist mit vielfältigen Anwendungen ein nicht mehr wegzudenkendes Instrument der klinischen Diagnostik geworden. Dennoch führt die stark limitierte Messzeit häufig zu einer Einschränkung der erzielbaren räumlichen Auflösung und Abdeckung, einer Beschränkung des Signal-zu-Rauschverhältnis (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) (SNR) sowie einer Signalkontamination durch benachbartes Gewebe. Bereits bestehende Methoden zur Reduktion der Akquisitionszeit sind die partielle Fourier (PF)-Bildgebung und die parallele Bildgebung (PPA). Diese unterscheiden sich zum einen im Schema zur Unterabtastung des k-Raums und zum anderen in der verwendeten Information zur Rekonstruktion der fehlenden k-Raum-Daten aufgrund der beschleunigten Akquisition. Während in der PPA die unterschiedlichen Sensitivitäten einer Mehrkanal-Empfangsspule zur Bildrekonstruktion verwendet werden, basiert die PF-Bildgebung auf der Annahme einer langsamen Variation der Bildphase. Im ersten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit wurde das Konzept der Virtuellen Spulendekonvolutions (Virtual Coil Deconvolution) (VIDE)-Technik vorgestellt, das das gleiche Schema der Unterabtastung des k-Raums wie die konventionelle PPA verwendet, aber anstelle der Spulensensitivität die Bildphase als zusätzliche Information zur Herstellung der fehlenden Daten der beschleunigten Bildgebung verwendet. Zur Minimierung der Rekonstruktionsfehler und der Rauschverstärkung in der VIDE-Technik wurde ein optimiertes Akquisitionsschema entwickelt. Die Kombination der PPA und PF-Bildgebung zur Beschleunigung der MR-Bildgebung wird durch das unterschiedliche Unterabtastschema erschwert. Wie Blaimer et al. in ihrer Arbeit gezeigt haben, kann das Prinzip der VIDE-Technik auf Mehrkanal-Spulen übertragen werden, sodass mit dieser Methode die PPA und die PF-Bildgebung optimal vereint werden können. Dadurch kann die Rauschverstärkung aufgrund der Spulengeometrie ohne zusätzliche Messungen deutlich reduziert werden. Obwohl die Abtastung des k-Raums in der MR-Bildgebung sehr variabel gestaltet werden kann, wird bis heute nahezu ausschließlich die regelmäßige k-Raum-Abtastung in der klinischen Bildgebung verwendet. Der Grund hierfür liegt, neben der schnellen Rekonstruktion und der einfachen Gestaltung der Variation des Bild-Kontrasts, in der Robustheit gegen Artefakte. Allerdings führt die regelmäßige k-Raum-Abtastung zu einer hohen Signalkontamination. Die Optimierung der SRF durch nachträgliches Filtern führt jedoch zu einem SNR-Verlust. Die dichtegewichtete (DW-) Bildgebung ermöglicht die Reduktion der Signal-Kontamination bei optimalem SNR, führt aber zur einer Reduktion des effektiven Gesichtsfelds (FOV) oder einer Erhöhung der Messzeit. Letzteres kann durch eine Kombination der PPA und DW-Bildgebung umgangen werden. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit neuen Aufnahme- und Rekonstruktionsstrategien für die DW-Bildgebung, die eine Erhöhung des FOVs auch ohne Einsatz der PPA erlauben. Durch eine Limitierung der minimalen k-Raum-Abtastdichte konnte durch eine geringfügige Reduktion des SNR-Vorteils der DW-Bildgebung gegenüber der kartesischen, gefilterten Bildgebung eine deutliche Verringerung der Artefakte aufgrund der Unterabtastung in der DW-Bildgebung erreicht werden. Eine asymmetrische Abtastung kann unter der Voraussetzung einer homogenen Bildphase das Aliasing zusätzlich reduzieren. Durch die Rekonstruktion der DW-Daten mit der Virtuelle Spulendekonvolution für die effektive DW-Bildgebung (VIDED)-Bildgebung konnten die Artefakte aufgrund der Unterabtastung eliminiert werden. In der 3d-Bildgebung konnte durch Anwendung der modifizierten DW-Bildgebung eine Steigerung des FOVs in Schichtrichtung ohne Messzeitverlängerung erreicht werden. Die nicht-kartesische k-Raum-Abtastung führt im Fall einer Unterabtastung zu deutlich geringeren, inkohärenten Aliasingartefakten im Vergleich zur kartesischen Abtastung. Durch ein alternierendes DW-Abtastschema wurde eine an die in der MR-Mammografie verwendete Spulengeometrie angepasste k-Raum-Abtastung entwickelt, das bei gleicher Messzeit die räumliche Auflösung, das SNR und das FOV erhöht. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Verallgemeinerung der DW-Bildgebung auf signalgewichtete Sequenzen, d.h. Sequenzen mit Magnetisierungspräparation (Inversion Recovery (IR), Saturation Recovery (SR)) sowie Sequenzen mit einer Relaxation während der Datenaufnahme (Multi-Gradienten-Echo, Multi-Spin-Echo) vorgestellt, was eine Steigerung der Bildqualität bei optimalem SNR erlaubt. Die Methode wurde auf die SR-Sequenz angewendet und deren praktischer Nutzen wurde in der Herz-Perfusions-Bildgebung gezeigt. Durch die Verwendung der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Technik konnte eine Reduktion der Kontamination bei einem SNR-Gewinn von 16% im Vergleich zur konventionellen, kartesischen Abtastung bei gleicher Messzeit erreicht werden.
Imaging in Vasculitis
(2020)
Purpose of Review: Vasculitides are characterized by mostly autoimmunologically induced inflammatory processes of vascularstructures. They have various clinical and radiologic appearances. Early diagnosis and reliable monitoring are indispensable foradequate therapy to prevent potentially serious complications. Imaging, in addition to laboratory tests and physical examination,constitutes a key component in assessing disease extent and activity. This review presents current standards and some typicalfindings in the context of imaging in vasculitis with particular attention to large vessel vasculitides.
Recent Findings: Recently, imaging has gained importance in the management of vasculitis, especially regarding large vesselvasculitides (LVV). Recently, EULAR (European League Against Rheumatism) has launched its recommendations concerningthe diagnosis of LVVs. Imaging is recommended as the preferred complement to clinical examination. Color-coded duplexsonography is considered the first choice imaging test in suspected giant cell arteritis, and magnetic resonance imaging isconsidered the first choice in suspected Takayasu’sarteritis.
Summary: Due to diversity of clinical and radiologic presentations, diagnosis and therapy monitoring of vasculitides mayconstitute a challenge. As a result of ongoing technological progress, a variety of non-invasive imaging modalities now playan elemental role in the interdisciplinary management of vasculitic diseases.
Objective
Blindness is a feared complication of giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, the spectrum of pathologic orbital imaging findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in GCA is not well understood. In this study, we assess inflammatory changes of intraorbital structures on black blood MRI (BB-MRI) in patients with GCA compared to age-matched controls.
Methods
In this multicenter case-control study, 106 subjects underwent BB-MRI. Fifty-six patients with clinically or histologically diagnosed GCA and 50 age-matched controls without clinical or laboratory evidence of vasculitis were included. All individuals were imaged on a 3-T MR scanner with a post-contrast compressed-sensing (CS) T1-weighted sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) BB-MRI sequence. Imaging results were correlated with available clinical symptoms.
Results
Eighteen of 56 GCA patients (32%) showed inflammatory changes of at least one of the intraorbital structures. The most common finding was enhancement of at least one of the optic nerve sheaths (N = 13, 72%). Vessel wall enhancement of the ophthalmic artery was unilateral in 8 and bilateral in 3 patients. Enhancement of the optic nerve was observed in one patient. There was no significant correlation between imaging features of inflammation and clinically reported orbital symptoms (p = 0.10). None of the age-matched control patients showed any inflammatory changes of intraorbital structures.
Conclusions
BB-MRI revealed inflammatory findings in the orbits in up to 32% of patients with GCA. Optic nerve sheath enhancement was the most common intraorbital inflammatory change on BB-MRI. MRI findings were independent of clinically reported orbital symptoms.
Key Points
• Up to 32% of GCA patients shows signs of inflammation of intraorbital structures on BB-MRI.
• Enhancement of the optic nerve sheath is the most common intraorbital finding in GCA patients on BB-MRI.
• Features of inflammation of intraorbital structures are independent of clinically reported symptoms.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die Dual-Echo-Sequenz zur Quantifizierung der Myokardperfusion als Alternative zur Präbolus-Technik vorgestellt. Es wurde die Arterial Input Function auf zwei verschiedene Weisen (KonFaktor- und IndivFaktor- Methode) ermittelt und die daraus errechneten myokardialen Perfusionswerte mit denen der Präbolus-Technik verglichen.
In dieser Studie konnte keine eindeutige Übereinstimmung der Werte aus der Präbolus- Technik mit den Werten aus der KonFaktor- beziehungsweise IndivFaktor-Methode nachgewiesen werden. Folglich gilt es die Möglichkeiten der Dual-Echo-Sequenz weiterhin zu untersuchen. Für weitere Studien sollten vor allem die technischen Mängel bei der Bildakquisition analysiert werden.
Objectives
We developed a novel human cadaveric perfusion model with continuous extracorporeal femoral perfusion suitable for performing intra-individual comparison studies, training of interventional procedures and preclinical testing of endovascular devices. Objective of this study was to introduce the techniques and evaluate the feasibility for realistic computed tomography angiography (CTA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) including vascular interventions, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).
Methods
The establishment of the extracorporeal perfusion was attempted using one formalin-fixed and five fresh-frozen human cadavers. In all specimens, the common femoral and popliteal arteries were prepared, introducer sheaths inserted, and perfusion established by a peristaltic pump. Subsequently, we performed CTA and bilateral DSA in five cadavers and IVUS on both legs of four donors. Examination time without unintentional interruption was measured both with and without non-contrast planning CT. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting was performed by two interventional radiologists on nine extremities (five donors) using a broad spectrum of different intravascular devices.
Results
The perfusion of the upper leg arteries was successfully established in all fresh-frozen but not in the formalin-fixed cadaver. The experimental setup generated a stable circulation in each procedure (ten upper legs) for a period of more than six hours. Images acquired with CT, DSA and IVUS offered a realistic impression and enabled the sufficient visualization of all examined vessel segments. Arterial cannulating, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty as well as stent deployment were feasible in a way that is comparable to a vascular intervention in vivo. The perfusion model allowed for introduction and testing of previously not used devices.
Conclusions
The continuous femoral perfusion model can be established with moderate effort, works stable, and is utilizable for medical imaging of the peripheral arterial system using CTA, DSA and IVUS. Therefore, it appears suitable for research studies, developing skills in interventional procedures and testing of new or unfamiliar vascular devices.
This study evaluated the influence of different vascular reconstruction kernels on the image quality of CT angiographies of the lower extremity runoff using a 1st-generation photon-counting-detector CT (PCD-CT) compared with dose-matched examinations on a 3rd-generation energy-integrating-detector CT (EID-CT). Inducing continuous extracorporeal perfusion in a human cadaveric model, we performed CT angiographies of eight upper leg arterial runoffs with radiation dose-equivalent 120 kVp acquisition protocols (CTDIvol 5 mGy). Reconstructions were executed with different vascular kernels, matching the individual modulation transfer functions between scanners. Signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) and contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNR) were computed to assess objective image quality. Six radiologists evaluated image quality subjectively using a forced-choice pairwise comparison tool. Interrater agreement was determined by calculating Kendall’s concordance coefficient (W). The intraluminal attenuation of PCD-CT images was significantly higher than of EID-CT (414.7 ± 27.3 HU vs. 329.3 ± 24.5 HU; p < 0.001). Using comparable kernels, image noise with PCD-CT was significantly lower than with EID-CT (p ≤ 0.044). Correspondingly, SNR and CNR were approximately twofold higher for PCD-CT (p < 0.001). Increasing the spatial frequency for PCD-CT reconstructions by one level resulted in similar metrics compared to EID-CT (CNRfat; EID-CT Bv49: 21.7 ± 3.7 versus PCD-CT Bv60: 21.4 ± 3.5). Overall image quality of PCD-CTA achieved ratings superior to EID-CTA irrespective of the used reconstruction kernels (best: PCD-CT Bv60; worst: EID-CT Bv40; p < 0.001). Interrater agreement was good (W = 0.78). Concluding, PCD-CT offers superior intraluminal attenuation, SNR, and CNR compared to EID-CT in angiographies of the upper leg arterial runoff. Combined with improved subjective image quality, PCD-CT facilitates the use of sharper convolution kernels and ultimately bears the potential of improved vascular structure assessability.
Background
With the emergence of photon-counting CT, ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) imaging can be performed without dose penalty. This study aims to directly compare the image quality of UHR and standard resolution (SR) scan mode in femoral artery angiographies.
Methods
After establishing continuous extracorporeal perfusion in four fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens, photon-counting CT angiographies were performed with a radiation dose of 5 mGy and tube voltage of 120 kV in both SR and UHR mode. Images were reconstructed with dedicated convolution kernels (soft: Body-vascular (Bv)48; sharp: Bv60; ultrasharp: Bv76). Six radiologists evaluated the image quality by means of a pairwise forced-choice comparison tool. Kendall’s concordance coefficient (W) was calculated to quantify interrater agreement. Image quality was further assessed by measuring intraluminal attenuation and image noise as well as by calculating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR).
Results
UHR yielded lower noise than SR for identical reconstructions with kernels ≥ Bv60 (p < 0.001). UHR scans exhibited lower intraluminal attenuation compared to SR (Bv60: 406.4 ± 25.1 versus 418.1 ± 30.1 HU; p < 0.001). Irrespective of scan mode, SNR and CNR decreased while noise increased with sharper kernels but UHR scans were objectively superior to SR nonetheless (Bv60: SNR 25.9 ± 6.4 versus 20.9 ± 5.3; CNR 22.7 ± 5.8 versus 18.4 ± 4.8; p < 0.001). Notably, UHR scans were preferred in subjective assessment when images were reconstructed with the ultrasharp Bv76 kernel, whereas SR was rated superior for Bv60. Interrater agreement was high (W = 0.935).
Conclusions
Combinations of UHR scan mode and ultrasharp convolution kernel are able to exploit the full image quality potential in photon-counting CT angiography of the femoral arteries.
Relevance statement
The UHR scan mode offers improved image quality and may increase diagnostic accuracy in CT angiography of the peripheral arterial runoff when optimized reconstruction parameters are chosen.
Key points
• UHR photon-counting CT improves image quality in combination with ultrasharp convolution kernels.
• UHR datasets display lower image noise compared with identically reconstructed standard resolution scans.
• Scans in UHR mode show decreased intraluminal attenuation compared with standard resolution imaging.
Background
Elbow imaging is challenging with conventional multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), while cone-beam CT (CBCT) provides superior options. We compared intra-individually CBCT versus MDCT image quality in cadaveric elbows.
Methods
A twin robotic x-ray system with new CBCT mode and a high-resolution clinical MDCT were compared in 16 cadaveric elbows. Both systems were operated with a dedicated low-dose (LD) protocol (equivalent volume CT dose index [CTDI\(_{vol(16 cm)}\)] = 3.3 mGy) and a regular clinical scan dose (RD) protocol (CTDI\(_{vol(16 cm)}\) = 13.8 mGy). Image quality was evaluated by two radiologists (R1 and R2) on a seven-point Likert scale, and estimation of signal intensity in cancellous bone was conducted. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistics were used.
Results
The CBCT prototype provided superior subjective image quality compared to MDCT scans (for RD, p ≤ 0.004; for LD, p ≤ 0.001). Image quality was rated very good or excellent in 100% of the cases by both readers for RD CBCT, 100% (R1) and 93.8% (R2) for LD CBCT, 62.6% and 43.8% for RD MDCT, and 0.0% and 0.0% for LD MDCT. Single-measure ICC was 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.91–0.97; p < 0.001). Software-based assessment supported subjective findings with less “undecided” pixels in CBCT than dose-equivalent MDCT (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between LD CBCT and RD MDCT.
Conclusions
In cadaveric elbow studies, the tested cone-beam CT prototype delivered superior image quality compared to high-end multidetector CT and showed a potential for considerable dose reduction.
Background
Demographic change entails an increasing incidence of fragility fractures. Dual-energy CT (DECT) with virtual non-calcium (VNCa) reconstructions has been introduced as a promising diagnostic method for evaluating bone microarchitecture and marrow simultaneously. This study aims to define the most accurate cut-off value in Hounsfield units (HU) for discriminating the presence and absence of bone marrow edema (BME) in sacral fragility fractures.
Methods
Forty-six patients (40 women, 6 men; 79.7 ± 9.2 years) with suspected fragility fractures of the sacrum underwent both DECT (90 kVp / 150 kVp with tin prefiltration) and MRI. Nine regions-of-interest were placed in each sacrum on DECT-VNCa images. The resulting 414 HU measurements were stratified into “edema” (n = 80) and “no edema” groups (n = 334) based on reference BME detection in T2-weighted MRI sequences. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to determine the desired cut-off value and an associated conspicuity range for edema detection.
Results
The mean density within the “edema” group of measurements (+ 3.1 ± 8.3 HU) was substantially higher compared to the “no edema” group (-51.7 ± 21.8 HU; p < 0.010). Analysis in DECT-VNCa images suggested a cut-off value of -12.9 HU that enabled sensitivity and specificity of 100% for BME detection compared to MRI. A range of HU values between -14.0 and + 20.0 is considered indicative of BME in the sacrum.
Conclusions
Quantitative analysis of DECT-VNCa with a cut-off of -12.9 HU allows for excellent diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of sacral fragility fractures with associated BME. A diagnostic “one-stop-shop” approach without additional MRI is feasible.
Objectives
Trauma evaluation of extremities can be challenging in conventional radiography. A multi-use x-ray system with cone-beam CT (CBCT) option facilitates ancillary 3-D imaging without repositioning. We assessed the clinical value of CBCT scans by analyzing the influence of additional findings on therapy.
Methods
Ninety-two patients underwent radiography and subsequent CBCT imaging with the twin robotic scanner (76 wrist/hand/finger and 16 ankle/foot/toe trauma scans). Reports by on-call radiologists before and after CBCT were compared regarding fracture detection, joint affliction, comminuted injuries, and diagnostic confidence. An orthopedic surgeon recommended therapy based on reported findings. Surgical reports (N = 52) and clinical follow-up (N = 85) were used as reference standard.
Results
CBCT detected more fractures (83/64 of 85), joint involvements (69/53 of 71), and multi-fragment situations (68/50 of 70) than radiography (all p < 0.001). Six fractures suspected in radiographs were ruled out by CBCT. Treatment changes based on additional information from CBCT were recommended in 29 patients (31.5%). While agreement between advised therapy before CBCT and actual treatment was moderate (κ = 0.41 [95% confidence interval 0.35–0.47]; p < 0.001), agreement after CBCT was almost perfect (κ = 0.88 [0.83–0.93]; p < 0.001). Diagnostic confidence increased considerably for CBCT studies (p < 0.001). Median effective dose for CBCT was 4.3 μSv [3.3–5.3 μSv] compared to 0.2 μSv [0.1–0.2 μSv] for radiography.
Conclusions
CBCT provides advantages for the evaluation of acute small bone and joint trauma by detecting and excluding extremity fractures and fracture-related findings more reliably than radiographs. Additional findings induced therapy change in one third of patients, suggesting substantial clinical impact.
Multiple myeloma (MM) frequently induces persisting osteolytic manifestations despite hematologic treatment response. This study aimed to establish a biometrically valid study endpoint for bone remineralization through quantitative and qualitative analyses in sequential CT scans. Twenty patients (seven women, 58 ± 8 years) with newly diagnosed MM received standardized induction therapy comprising the anti-SLAMF7 antibody elotuzumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (E-KRd). All patients underwent whole-body low-dose CT scans before and after six cycles of E-KRd. Two radiologists independently recorded osteolytic lesion sizes, as well as the presence of cortical destruction, pathologic fractures, rim and trabecular sclerosis. Bland–Altman analyses and Krippendorff’s α were employed to assess inter-reader reliability, which was high for lesion size measurement (standard error 1.2 mm) and all qualitative criteria assessed (α ≥ 0.74). After six cycles of E-KRd induction, osteolytic lesion size decreased by 22% (p < 0.001). While lesion size response did not correlate with the initial lesion size at baseline imaging (Pearson’s r = 0.144), logistic regression analysis revealed that the majority of responding osteolyses exhibited trabecular sclerosis (p < 0.001). The sum of osteolytic lesion sizes on sequential CT scans defines a reliable study endpoint to characterize bone remineralization. Patient level response is strongly associated with the presence of trabecular sclerosis.
Background:
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions commonly cause ulnar-sided wrist pain and instability of the distal radioulnar joint. Due to its triangular shape, discontinuity of the TFCC is oftentimes difficult to visualize in radiological standard planes. Radial multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) may have the potential to simplify diagnosis in CT wrist arthrography. The objective of this study was to assess diagnostic advantages provided by radial MPR over standard planes for TFCC lesions in CT arthrography.
Methods:
One hundred six patients (49 women, 57 men; mean age 44.2 ± 15.8 years) underwent CT imaging after wrist arthrography. Two radiologists (R1, R2) retrospectively analyzed three randomized datasets for each CT arthrography. One set contained axial, coronal and sagittal planes (MPR\(_{Standard}\)), while the other two included an additional radial reconstruction with the rotating center either atop the ulnar styloid (MPR\(_{Styloid}\)) or in the ulnar fovea (MPR\(_{Fovea}\)). Readers evaluated TFCC differentiability and condition. Suspected lesions were categorized using Palmer’s and Atzei’s classification and diagnostic confidence was stated on a fivepoint Likert scale.
Results:
Compared to standard planes, differentiability of the superficial and deep TFCC layer was superior in radial reconstructions (R1/R2; MPR\(_{Fovea}\): p < 0.001; MPRStyloid: p ≤ 0.007). Palmer and Atzei lesions were present in 86.8% (92/106) and 52.8% (56/106) of patients, respectively. Specificity, sensitivity and accuracy for central Palmer lesions did not differ in radial and standard MPR. For peripheral Atzei lesions, sensitivity (MPR\(_{Standard}\) 78.6%/80.4%, MPR\(_{Styloid}\) 94.6%/94.6%, MPR\(_{Fovea}\) 91.1%/89.3%) and accuracy (MPR\(_{Standard}\) 86.8%/86.8%, MPR\(_{Styloid}\) 96.2%/96.2%, MPR\(_{Fovea}\) 94.3%/93.4%) improved with additional styloid-centered (p = 0.004/0.008) and foveacentered (p = 0.039/0.125) reconstructions. No substantial difference was observed between both radial MPR (p = 0.688/0.250). Interrater agreement was almost perfect for each dataset (κ\(_{Standard}\) = 0.876, κ\(_{Styloid}\) = 0.894, κ\(_{Fovea}\) = 0.949). Diagnostic confidence increased with addition of either radial MPR (p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Ancillary radial planes improve accuracy and diagnostic confidence for detection of peripheral TFCC lesions in CT arthrography of the wrist.
Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), defined by the left ventricular mass index (LVMI), is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients and a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Compared to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), echocardiography tends to overestimate the LVMI. Here, we evaluate the diagnostic performance of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) compared to CMR regarding the assessment of LVMI in hemodialysis patients.
Methods: TTR and CMR data for 95 hemodialysis patients who participated in the MiREnDa trial were analyzed. The LVMI was calculated by two-dimensional (2D) TTE-guided M-mode measurements employing the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and Teichholz (Th) formulas, which were compared to the reference method, CMR.
Results: LVH was present in 44% of patients based on LVMI measured by CMR. LVMI measured by echocardiography correlated moderately with CMR, ASE: r = 0.44 (0.34-0.62); Th: r = 0.44 (0.32-0.62). Compared to CMR, both echocardiographic formulas overestimated LVMI (mean increment LVMI (ASE-CMR): 19.5 +/- 19.48 g/m(2),p < 0.001; mean increment LVMI (Th-CMR): 15.9 +/- 15.89 g/m(2),p < 0.001). We found greater LVMI overestimation in patients with LVH using the ASE formula compared to the Th formula. Stratification of patients into CMR LVMI quartiles showed a continuous decrease in increment LVMI with increasing CMR LVMI quartiles for the Th formula (p < 0.001) but not for the ASE formula (p = 0.772). Bland-Altman analysis showed that the Th formula had a constant bias independent of LVMI. Both methods had good discrimination ability for the detection of LVH (ROC-AUC: 0.819 (0.737-0.901) and 0.808 (0.723-0.892) for Th and ASE, respectively).
Conclusions: The ASE and Th formulas overestimate LVMI in hemodialysis patients. However, the overestimation is less with the Th formula, particularly with increasing LVMI. The results suggest that the Th formula should be preferred for measurement of LVMI in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Morbidität und Mortalität der Lebererkrankung im Rahmen der Cystischen Fiborse (Cystic fibrosis liver disease, CFLD) sind vornehmlich von Ausmaß und Progredienz der Leberfibrose abhängig. Aufgrund der fehlenden Genauigkeit der bisherigen diagnostischen Verfahren werden viele der an CF erkrankten Menschen erst in fortgeschrittenen Stadien diagnostiziert. Schwere Komplikationen einer Leberzirrhose treten häufig bereits im Kindesalter auf. Die Quantitative Sonoelastographie, hier die Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI)-Elastographie, ist ein vielversprechendes, nicht-invasives und strahlenfreies Verfahren zur Messung der Gewebesteifigkeit.
Anhand dieser retrospektiven, monozentrischen Studie soll die ARFI-Elastographie im Hinblick auf den klinischen Einsatz bei der CFLD-Diagnostik untersucht werden. Es wurde eruiert, ob sich mittels ARFI-Elastographie Rückschlüsse auf eine CFLD und deren Schweregrade ziehen lassen.
Hierfür wurden die ARFI-Messungen verschiedener Lebersegmente von 62 an CF erkrankten und 19 lebergesunden Kindern und Jugendlichen verglichen. Zudem erfolgte die Korrelation der Ergebnisse mit zwei etablierten klinischen Leberfibrose-Scores (APRI, Williams-Score).
Im Patientenkollektiv konnten tendenziell erhöhte Scherwellengeschwindigkeiten, entsprechend einer fibrotischen Aktivität, gemessen werden. Die transkostale Messposition in Segment VII/VIII (TC VII/VIII) erwies sich als zuverlässigste Position zur Differenzierung zwischen einer CF-Hepatopathie und einem gesunden Leberparenchym. Hingegen war das Errechnen von Cut-off Werten zur Graduierung von Fibrosestadien nicht möglich. Auch war keine Korrelation zu Leberfiborsescores feststellbar.
Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die Diagnosestellung einer CFLD aktuell nur in Kombination mit bisherigen Messmethoden wie der klinischen Untersuchung, der Laboranalytik und der Sonographie möglich ist. Die Interpretation der ARFI-cut-off Werte bleibt aufgrund mangelnder Sensitivität und Spezifität und vor dem Hintergrund der CF-typischen heterogenen Leberpathologie erschwert. Die ARFI-Elastographie kann als zusätzlicher Baustein in der Diagnostik der CFLD, bei unklaren Befundkonstellationen oder zum Therapie-Monitoring herangezogen werden. Um einen klaren klinischen Einsatz in der Routinediagnostik zu definieren bedarf es weiterer großer, multizentrischer und prospektiver Studien.
Background:
Fatty Degeneration (FD) of the rotator cuff muscles influences functional and anatomical outcome after rotator cuff repair. The MRI based estimation of fatty degeneration is the gold standard. There is some evidence that Ultrasound elastography (EUS) can detect local differences of tissue stiffness in muscles and tendons. Shear-wave elastography (SWE) was evaluated to determine the extent to which shear wave velocity was associated with measures of fatty degeneration. MRI-spectroscopic fat measurement was used as a reference to quantify the amount of fat in the muscle belly.
Methods:
Forty-two patients underwent SWE of the supraspinatus muscles at its thickest diameter. After ultrasound evaluation an MRI-spectroscopic fat measurement of the supraspinatus muscle was performed using the SPLASH-technique. A gel filled capsule was used to locate the measured area in the MRI. The values of shear wave velocity (SWV) measured with SWE and spectroscopic fat measurement were correlated statistically using Pearson’s correlation test.
Results:
Correlation of the fat amount measured with MRI-spectroscopy and the SWV measured with SWE was ρ =0.82. Spectroscopic measured fat ratio of the supraspinatus muscle ranged from 0% to 77.41% and SWV from 1.59 m/s to 5.32 m/s. In 4 patients no sufficient SWE could be performed, these individuals showed a larger diameter of the overlying soft tissue. SWV measured with SWE showed a good correlation with MRI spectroscopic fat amount of the supraspinatus muscle.
Conclusion:
These preliminary data suggest that SWE may be a sufficient tool in detecting and estimating the amount of fatty degeneration in the supraspinatus muscle in real time. Large overlying soft tissue may be a limitation in performing sufficient EUS.
Background
The Goutallier Classification is a semi quantitative classification system to determine the amount of fatty degeneration in rotator cuff muscles. Although initially proposed for axial computer tomography scans it is currently applied to magnet-resonance-imaging-scans. The role for its clinical use is controversial, as the reliability of the classification has been shown to be inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to compare the semi quantitative MRI-based Goutallier Classification applied by 5 different raters to experimental MR spectroscopic quantitative fat measurement in order to determine the correlation between this classification system and the true extent of fatty degeneration shown by spectroscopy.
Methods
MRI-scans of 42 patients with rotator cuff tears were examined by 5 shoulder surgeons and were graduated according to the MRI-based Goutallier Classification proposed by Fuchs et al. Additionally the fat/water ratio was measured with MR spectroscopy using the experimental SPLASH technique. The semi quantitative grading according to the Goutallier Classification was statistically correlated with the quantitative measured fat/water ratio using Spearman’s rank correlation.
Results
Statistical analysis of the data revealed only fair correlation of the Goutallier Classification system and the quantitative fat/water ratio with R = 0.35 (p < 0.05). By dichotomizing the scale the correlation was 0.72. The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities were substantial with R = 0.62 and R = 0.74 (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
The correlation between the semi quantitative MRI based Goutallier Classification system and MR spectroscopic fat measurement is weak. As an adequate estimation of fatty degeneration based on standard MRI may not be possible, quantitative methods need to be considered in order to increase diagnostic safety and thus provide patients with ideal care in regard to the amount of fatty degeneration. Spectroscopic MR measurement may increase the accuracy of the Goutallier classification and thus improve the prediction of clinical results after rotator cuff repair. However, these techniques are currently only available in an experimental setting.
Background:
Vascular damage in polytrauma patients is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Therefore, specific clinical implications of vascular damage with fractures in major trauma patients are reassessed.
Methods:
This comprehensive nine-year retrospective single center cohort study analyzed demography, laboratory, treatment and outcome data from 3689 patients, 64 patients with fracture-associated vascular injuries were identified and were compared to a control group.
Results:
Vascular damage occurred in 7% of patients with upper and lower limb and pelvic fractures admitted to the trauma room. Overall survival was 80% in pelvic fracture and 97% in extremity fracture patients and comparable to non-vascular trauma patients. Additional arterial damage required substantial fluid administration and was visible as significantly anemia and disturbed coagulation tests upon admission. Open procedures were done in over 80% of peripheral extremity vascular damage. Endovascular procedures were predominant (87%) in pelvic injury.
Conclusion:
Vascular damage is associated with high mortality rates especially in combination with pelvic fractures. Initial anemia, disturbed coagulation tests and the need for extensive pre-clinical fluid substitution were observed in the cohort with vascular damage. Therefore, fast diagnosis and early interventional and surgical procedures are necessary to optimize patient-specific outcome.