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Institute
Verhaltensmedizin
(1990)
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This paper describes the influence of neuroleptic therapy on facial action in drug-naive schizophrenics. In a comparative study of medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients, the coordinates of 12 small light-reflecting points, attached to subjects' faces, were computer-recorded and analyzed automatically during a semistandardized clinical interview. In addition, facial activity in videotaped interviews was coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Each sample group comprised of eight patients with the DSMIII- R diagnostic criteria "schizophrenia" or "schizophreniform disorder". Subjects were studied on two occasions, one shortly after admission to the hospital, the other three weeks later. Group I was unmedicated during the first session, whereas group2 was medicated throughout the study. Three weeks after the start of medication, at the second interview, both recording methods showed a reduction in facial activity and facial expression across all subjects in group 1. The facial action of patients in group2, however, remained unchanged.
Streßbewältigung
(1993)
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Nonverbal communicative behaviours are associated with affective states in a way specific to the individual. This result emerged from longitudinal studies on depressed patients. From the analysis of various nonverbal behaviours it can be concluded that the depressed state is indicated by nonverbal elements in a logical "or-" rather than "and-connection" or in a hierarchical way. It is maintained that the relationship of psychological relevant states (mood) and nonverbal behaviour needs to be studied by intra-individual comparisons to reveal the specifically close relationships effective in everyday communication. With regard to the pragmatic aspect of communication, elements in the nonverbal signalling system seem to possess different levels of generality. However, from decoding studies it can be shown that even very subtle behavioural differences can be detected by an observer. Thus specific signals can become effective in interaction given a familiarity with the idiosyncratic usage.
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A substantial literature exists on the coordination of speaking and looking behaviour and their significance as indicators for the production and reception of social information. Within this framework, the temporal organisation of such behaviour has been 'shown to reflect both the coordination within the individual and between participants in a situation. In this paper, it is proposed that observed behavioural sequences may be formally described by rules of syntax, thus implying the likelihood of structural organisation as opposed to, for example, linear time dependence between behavioural states. This being the case, differing sets of rules and grammars respectively can be expected for various social situations. Clinical interviews and discu~sions between couples on a topic of marital conflict were analysed, the on-off patterns of speech and gaze being taken as data. The resulting behavioural repertoire was regarded, in the sense of a formal grammar, as the terminal vocabulary. A set of rewriting rules was determined and their associated probabilities inferred. The situational conditions were found to be reflectedin the syntactic features of the grammatical model - the terminal vocabulary, the production rules and the production probabilities.
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Internal characteristics such as depressed mood, anxiety and general negative emotions are accompanied, particularly during depressive illness, by changes in observable behaviour. Accordingly, the following questions may be examined: are intra-individual changes in speech and gaze behaviour related to changes in the internal psychopathological state? Further, do these changes occur synchronously to changes in the state of subjective well-being? A longitudinal study was made on depressed patients. Their behaviour was observed during standardised interviews and diagnostic-therapeutic discussions held at regu~ lar intervals. Various speech and gaze parameters were examined with respect to their coordination and their relationship to the subjective state of well-being. Considerable variation was found in the temporal relationship amongst these variables. The results are discussed with respect to the relevance of speech parameters and the coordination of verbal and nonverbal behaviour as indicators of the psychopathological condition.
Psychische Beanspruchung durch Sprache und Blickzuwendung in Gesprächs- und Leistungssituationen
(1981)
Die Koordination von Blickverhalten und Sprechaktivität wurde unter folgender Hypothese untersucht: Die durch Sprechvorbereitung und Sprechaktivität bedingte kognitive Belastung führt dazu, daß die simultane Aufnahme bedeutsamer visueller Information reduziert wird. Generell wendet ein Sprecher nach der Darbietung einer verbalen Aufgabe den Blick von einer Informationsquelle zunehmend ab und wendet ihn erst zum Ende der gesprochenen Antwort wieder zu. Mit größerer Schwierigkeit der Aufgaben erhöht sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Abwendung. Nach diesen und weiteren Ergebnissen scheinen Sprechen und Blickzuwendung zumindest teilweise ähnlichen Regeln zu folgen wie andere simultan ablaufende Tätigkeiten.
In einem Lemexperiment beurteilten 10 Vpn als Empfiinger die Blicksignale einer Person, die als Sender fungierte. Die Diskriminierungsleistung der Empfanger verbesserte sich als Folge von feedback-Informationen. Die verbesserte Leistung war unabhangig von der Sehscharfe und korrelierte nicht mit Extraversion und Neurotizismus. Fur Zielpunkte des Blicks, die weiter vom Gesicht entfemt waren, war die Leistung am Anfang schlechter und die Leistungsverbesserung ausgepragter. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf eine gro6ere Genauigkeit bei der Beobachtung der Variablen 'Blick-Verhalten' diskutiert, was fUr Untersuchungen liber non-verbales Verhalten wichtig ist. FUr Beobachter werden Trainings-Programme vorgeschlagen, bei denen RUckmeldungen liber die tatsachliche Blickrichtung des Senders vermittelt werden konnen. Resume Au cours d'une experience sur l'apprentissage, 10 sujets se comportant comme des recepteurs ont juge les signaux du regard d'un envoyeur. En fournissant de la retroaction quant a la vraie direction du regard on a obtenu un apprentissage dans le sens d'une amelioration de la performance discriminatoire: l'amelioration etait independante de l'acuite visuelle des recepteurs et n'6tait pas correlative a l'extraversion ou au caractere nevrose des sujets. Au debut la performance etait plus mediocre et le progres dans l'apprentissage meilleur dans le cas des points de fixation qui etaient les plus eloignes du visage. On discute des resultats en vue d'ameliorer la precision des observateurs sur la variable 'comportement du regard' important dans les etudes sur la communication nonverbale. On propose un entralnement prealable des observateurs, entrainement qui permet une retroaction explicite quant a la vraie direction du regard.
No abstract available
In this study, the influence of partnership on depression and coping with Parkinson's disease has been investigated. Twentythree single female patients, 46 married patients (23 female, 23 male) with unimpaired partnership and 42 patients (21 female, 21 male) whose partnership had worsened since the onset of disease, were compared with regard to depression and self reported extent of psychosocial distress. Single female patients tended to have higher depression scores than patients in a stable partnership, especially in items concerning personal worthlessness and senselessness of life. Patients differed in the extent of distress concerning social behavior, psychological problems/anxiety and efficiency. Within the group of single female patients two subgroups emerged: (1) patients with low extent of distress in all aspects; (2) patients who were highly distressed by psychological problems and physical disability but weakly distressed from social interaction. Male and female patients living in a stable partnership reported only a generally low to moderate extent of distress. More than half of the male and female patients who reported an impairment of their relationship also had scores of moderate to severe depression. These patients also had the h~ghest extent of distress in each ofthe aspects assessed. The results are dicussed with regard to possible interactive effects ofthe disease, quality of the partnership and availability of coping strategies.
Parkinson und Demenz
(1993)
Auf der Delegierten-Konferenz der dPV in Hannover waren eine Reihe von Fragen wr Demenz im Zusammenhang mit dem Morbus Parkinson gestellt worden, zu denen hier Stellung genommen werden soll. Die Fragen und Antworten sind jeweil mit einem ? für die Fragen und einem ! für die Antworten gekennzeichnet.
Nonverbale Kommunikation
(1986)
No abstract available
Nonverbal behavior, especially facial expression, appears as one of the most important means for communicating affective states. Studies on groups of psychiatric patients and control subjects are reported in which nonverbal behavior is analyzed from videotaped dialogues. Using a quantitative approach, results on facial behavior, speech, and gaze are described, which shed light on the expressive and communicative functions of nonverbal behavior. From longitudinal observations on depressed patients it emerged that individualspecific associations have to be taken into account for the relationship between expressive behavior and mood changes. The predominance of facial behavior in the speaker role of an individual found in patients and control groups points to the integrated communicative function of the verbal and nonverbal elements. However, recovered schizophrenic patients exhibited a dissociation of these elements. Implications for our understanding of nonverbal communications are discussed.
No abstract available
This paper presents an overview of the research on nonverbal communication that has appeared in the German-language literature during the past decade, and gives some treatment of its relationship to Ausdruckspsychologie. Empirical studies, recent theoretical issues, and methodological developments are discussed. - Although nonverbal communication often plays an essential role in diagnosis and treatment, it has been widely neglected in academic training for the past 20 years. This inconsistency may partly be due to the outright rejection of the classical Ausdruckspsychologie during the 1960's. In order to avoid the fate of Ausdruckspsychologie, it will be necessary to extend our knowledge of nonverbal communication by means of further methodological development and empirical investigation
Nichtverbale Kommunikation
(1987)
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Es wird gezeigt, daß die digitale Sprachanalyse bei der Messung von Sprechpausen unter bestimmten Umständen Fehler aufweist. Am Beispiel von 16 standardisierten Interviews mit depressiven Patienten wurden Sprechpausen von Patienten und Interviewern nach zwei Methoden gemessen: mit einer einfachen manuellen Methode deren Interraterreliabilität bei .88 und höher lag und nach Methoden der digitalen Sprachverarbeitung. Die Ergebnisse beider Analysen wurden verglichen. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die manuelle Methode für Sprechpausen oberhalb 390 ms reliabel ist und gleiche oder bessere Ergebnisse bringt. Bei qualitativ schlechten Tonaufnahmen ist diese manuelle Methode vorteilhaft.
No abstract available
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Kommunikation
(1983)
No abstract available
This article gives an overview of possibilities for the assessment offacial behavior. With regard to validity, results from a longitudinal study of 36 depressed patients and nine controls as weil as often schizophrenic patients and their relatives will be referred to. These results are used to illustrate the following principles which have to be taken into account when studying facial behavior: a) communication strongly facilitates facial expression, b) activation of facial behavior follows the "principle of least effort", and c) the principle of individual specificity applies to the association of nonverbal behavior and mood states. Making allowance for these principles has, among others, consequences a) for situations or conditions under which to asses behavior (specifically conditions of communication), b) for data analysis (e.g., dealing with frequent and rare events), and c) for empirical or experimental strategies (e.g., aggregation of single-case longitudinal comparisons). From the results on facial behavior during depression it can be concluded that the nonverbal reaction tendencies of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients differ. Moreover, the differential behavioral pattems observed cast doubt on the assumption of a homogeneity of affects in depression. Taking into account the conditions which govern it, facial behavior has proved to be a valid and, especially, a differential indicator for pathoIogic affective states and their changes. Given the fact that a psychiatric illness generally incorporates emotional problems it is more than surprising that little attention has been paid to the systematic study of emotional behavior. Some of the reasons for this will be clarified in the following.
No abstract available
Ethologie
(1984)
No abstract available
Im Zuge der Breitbandverkabelung in Europa wird angestrebt, den Einsatz neuer möglichst kostengünstiger Kommunikationsmedien zu fördern. Dazu zählt im Rahmen eines von der EG geförderten Projektes der Einsatz von Bildtelefbtten in klinisch-psychiatrischen Einrichtungen. Da die Bildqualität der bisher entwickelten Prototypen (Low-cost-video-communication, LCVC) in Bezug auf Bildauflösung und Graustufen noch stark. reduziert ist, ist beim Einsatz evtl. mit Effekten auf die verbale und nonverbale Interaktion der Teilnehmer zu rechnen. Da gerade im klinisch-psychiatrischen Bereich 'di~ Öekodicrung von nonverbalen Signalen von großer Bedeutung ist, wurde in der vqdiegenden Studie,untersucht, inwieweit sich Emotionen anhand der Mimik auch bei stark eingeschränkter Bildqualität erk.enn~n lassen. Trotz sehr geringer Auflösung und Grauschattierung war (jie Dekodierung von diskreten Emotionen unerwartet hoch. . , Die Befunde zu einzelnen'Emotionen sowie crsut'SClllllßfolgertlngen ftir den Einsatz des LCVC im klinischen Bereich wer<Jen diskutien.
No abstract available
Anhand eines geschichtlichen Rückblicks und einer Zusammenfassung jüngerer Emotionstheorien wird die Bedeutung der Emotionen für die Verhaltenstherapie abgeleitet. Die Ursprünge in der verhaltenstherapeutischen Angstbehandlung zeigen, daß für die Verhaltenstherapie seit ihrem Beginn die Veränderung von emotionalen Störungen eine zentrale Aufgabe war. Aus jüngeren Theorien zu diskreten Emotionen und deren Komponenten lassen sich diagnostische und therapeutische Zielrichtungen spezifizieren. Als Komponenten der Emotionen werden die Bewertung der Situation, physiologische Aktivierung, Motivierung, Handlungsvorbereitung, Signal zum Organismus und Signal zur Umgebung erläutert. Von den verschiedenen Funktionen der Emotionen sind die Funktion des Antriebs für unser Verhalten, die Funktion der Koppelung zwischen Reizen und Reaktionen und die verhaltenssteuernde Funktion für die Therapie besonders bedeutsam. Beispiele von verschiedenen Ansätzen auf der somatisch-physiologischen Ebene, der kognitiven Ebene und der Verhaltens-Ebene geben einen Einblick in die Möglichkeiten der Verhaltenstherapiefür die Veränderung negativer emotionaler Zustände. Nach der kognitiven Wende scheint die emotionale Wende in der Verhaltenstherapie angezeigt.
No abstract available