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Aside from the established immune-mediated etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), compelling evidence implicates platelets as important players in disease pathogenesis. Specifically, numerous studies have highlighted that activated platelets promote the central nervous system (CNS)-directed adaptive immune response early in the disease course. Platelets, therefore, present a novel opportunity for modulating the neuroinflammatory process that characterizes MS. We hypothesized that the well-known antiplatelet agent acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) could inhibit neuroinflammation by affecting platelets if applied at low-dose and investigated its effect during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model to study MS. We found that oral administration of low-dose ASA alleviates symptoms of EAE accompanied by reduced inflammatory infiltrates and less extensive demyelination. Remarkably, the percentage of CNS-infiltrated CD4\(^+\) T cells, the major drivers of neuroinflammation, was decreased to 40.98 ± 3.28% in ASA-treated mice compared to 56.11 ± 1.46% in control animals at the disease maximum as revealed by flow cytometry. More interestingly, plasma levels of thromboxane A\(_2\) were decreased, while concentrations of platelet factor 4 and glycoprotein VI were not affected by low-dose ASA treatment. Overall, we demonstrate that low-dose ASA could ameliorate the platelet-dependent neuroinflammatory response in vivo, thus indicating a potential treatment approach for MS.
Eine schwerwiegende Nebenwirkung aller Opioide in der Therapie akuter und chronischer Schmerzen ist die Hemmung der Darmmotilität. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, ob und ggf. über welche Mechanismen die nichtopioidergen Analgetika Paracetamol, Metamizol, Acetylsalicylsäure und das partiell opioiderge Tramadol die Darmperistaltik beeinflussen. Die Experimente wurden an Dünndarmsegmenten des Meerschweinchens in vitro durchgeführt. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass Paracetamol die Dünndarmperistaltik konzentrationsabhängig vorübergehend hemmt. Durch Vorbehandlung mit Antagonisten und Inhibitoren der vermuteten Signaltransduktionswege wurden die Mechanismen der Hemmung untersucht. Durch Naloxon und Apamin konnte die hemmende Wirkung von Paracetamol reduziert werden, was zeigt, dass enterische opioiderge Transduktionswege sowie eine Aktivierung von small conductance Ca2+-activated Kaliumkanälen beteiligt sind. Enterisches Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), die Cyclooxygenase und Serotonin spielen dabei als Transduktionsmechanismen keine Rolle. Metamizol und Acetylsalicylsäure haben keinen hemmenden Einfluß auf die Dünndarmperistaltik. Razemisches Tramadol, die beiden Enantiomere (+)- und (-)-Tramadol sowie der Hauptmetabolit O-Desmethyltramadol hemmen konzentrationsabhängig die Darmmotilität; hierbei wirkt (+)-Tramadol stärker als (-)-Tramadol, beide aber deutlich geringer als O-Desmethyltramadol.. An der Wirkung von (+)- und (-)-Tramadol sind opioiderge und adrenerge Mechanismen beteiligt, die Wirkung von O-Desmethyltramadol wird durch Bindung an Opiatrezeptoren vermittelt.
Acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in precision-cut lung slices
(2022)
Aspirin, with its active compound acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), shows antiviral activity against rhino- and influenza viruses at high concentrations. We sought to investigate whether ASA and its metabolite salicylic acid (SA) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 since it might use similar pathways to influenza viruses. The compound-treated cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Viral replication was analysed by RTqPCR. The compounds suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture cells and a patient-near replication system using human precision-cut lung slices by two orders of magnitude. While the compounds did not interfere with viral entry, it led to lower viral RNA expression after 24 h, indicating that post-entry pathways were inhibited by the compounds.