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Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis are pathogenic fungi that are highly related but differ in virulence and in some phenotypic traits. During in vitro growth on certain nutrient-poor media, C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are the only yeast species which are able to produce chlamydospores, large thick-walled cells of unknown function. Interestingly, only C. dubliniensis forms pseudohyphae with abundant chlamydospores when grown on Staib medium, while C. albicans grows exclusively as a budding yeast. In order to further our understanding of chlamydospore development and assembly, we compared the global transcriptional profile of both species during growth in liquid Staib medium by RNA sequencing. We also included a C. albicans mutant in our study which lacks the morphogenetic transcriptional repressor Nrg1. This strain, which is characterized by its constitutive pseudohyphal growth, specifically produces masses of chlamydospores in Staib medium, similar to C. dubliniensis. This comparative approach identified a set of putatively chlamydospore-related genes. Two of the homologous C. albicans and C. dubliniensis genes (CSP1 and CSP2) which were most strongly upregulated during chlamydospore development were analysed in more detail. By use of the green fluorescent protein as a reporter, the encoded putative cell wall related proteins were found to exclusively localize to C. albicans and C. dubliniensis chlamydospores. Our findings uncover the first chlamydospore specific markers in Candida species and provide novel insights in the complex morphogenetic development of these important fungal pathogens.
The polarization of cells is essential for the proper functioning of most organs. Planar Cell Polarity (PCP), the polarization within the plane of an epithelium, is perpendicular to apical-basal polarity and established by the non-canonical Wnt/Fz-PCP signaling pathway. Within each tissue, downstream PCP effectors link the signal to tissue specific readouts such as stereocilia orientation in the inner ear and hair follicle orientation in vertebrates or the polarization of ommatidia and wing hairs in Drosophila melanogaster. Specific PCP effectors in the wing such as Multiple wing hairs (Mwh) and Rho Kinase (Rok) are required to position the hair at the correct position and to prevent ectopic actin hairs. In a genome-wide screen in vitro, we identified Combover (Cmb)/CG10732 as a novel Rho kinase substrate. Overexpression of Cmb causes the formation of a multiple hair cell phenotype (MHC), similar to loss of rok and mwh. This MHC phenotype is dominantly enhanced by removal of rok or of other members of the PCP effector gene family. Furthermore, we show that Cmb physically interacts with Mwh, and cmb null mutants suppress the MHC phenotype of mwh alleles. Our data indicate that Cmb is a novel PCP effector that promotes to wing hair formation, a function that is antagonized by Mwh.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass fremde virale Hüllproteine wie das Env Protein des murinen Leukämievirus (MLV) oder das Glykoprotein des Virus der vesiklären Stomatitis (VSV) nicht in der Lage sind, die Funktion des homologen HFV Hüllproteins in Bezug auf die Viruspartikelfreisetzung des Humanen Foamyvirus zu übernehmen. Offenbar werden für die HFV Viruspartikelmorphogenese und -freisetzung spezifische Interaktionen zwischen dem Kapsid und dem homologen Hüllprotein benötigt. Mutationsanalysen ergaben, dass die membranspannende Domäne des HFV Hüllproteins in diesem Zusammenhang spezifische Aufgaben erfüllt, die nicht durch heterologe Formen der Membranverankerung übernommen werden können. Die Analyse der Fusionsaktivität verschiedener Hüllproteinmutanten zeigte, dass die zytoplasmatische Domäne des Proteins nicht essentiell für die Fusionsaktivität benötigt wird. Umfangreichere Deletionen, die auch Teile der langen membranspannenden Domäne des Proteins einschlossen, führten dagegen zum Verlust der Fusionseigenschaften des Hüllproteins. Innerhalb der membranspannenden Domäne des HFV Hüllproteins befindet sich ein konserviertes Lysin-Prolin Motiv, dessen Mutation sich auf den zellulären Transport und auf die Fusionsaktivität des Proteins auswirkte. Es zeichnet sich ab, dass die lange membranspannende Domäne des HFV Hüllproteins nicht nur als Membranverankerung dient, sondern zusätzlich für verschiedene Funktionen des Hüllproteins von Bedeutung ist.