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Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel.
Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE-syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy.
Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are a promising cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches for cartilage replacement. For chondrogenic differentiation, human (h)ASCs were seeded on three-dimensional polyurethane (PU) fibrin composites and induced with a chondrogenic differentiation medium containing TGF-ß3, BMP-6, and IGF-1 in various combinations. In addition, in vitro predifferentiated cell-seeded constructs were implanted into auricular cartilage defects of New Zealand White Rabbits for 4 and 12 weeks. Histological, immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR analyses were performed on the constructs maintained in vitro to determine extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and expression of specific cartilage markers. Chondrogenic differentiated constructs showed a uniform distribution of cells and ECM proteins. RT-PCR showed increased gene expression of collagen II, collagen X, and aggrecan and nearly stable expression of SOX-9 and collagen I. Rabbit (r)ASC-seeded PU-fibrin composites implanted in ear cartilage defects of New Zealand White Rabbits showed deposition of ECM with structures resembling cartilage lacunae by Alcian blue staining. However, extracellular calcium deposition became detectable over the course of 12 weeks. RT-PCR showed evidence of endochondral ossification during the time course with the expression of specific marker genes (collagen X and RUNX-2). In conclusion, hASCs show chondrogenic differentiation capacity in vitro with the expression of specific marker genes and deposition of cartilage-specific ECM proteins. After implantation of predifferentiated rASC-seeded PU-fibrin scaffolds into a cartilage defect, the constructs undergo the route of endochondral ossification.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mesenchymale Fettstammzellen aus humanem abdominalen Fettgewebe erwachsener weiblicher Spender (n = 4) isoliert und in vitro expandiert. Die isolierten mesenchymalen Fettstammzellen wurden auf stammzellspezifische Oberflächenmoleküle mit der Durchflusszytometrie und histologisch auf ihr Multidifferenzierungspotential untersucht. Weitere isolierte mesenchymale Fettstammzellen wurden in Fibringel resuspendiert und in einen Polyurethanschaum eingebracht. Diese Polyurethan-Fibrin-Konstrukte wurden über einen Zeitraum von 21 Tagen in einem chondrogenen Differenzierungsmedium unter der Zugabe der Wachstumsfaktoren TGF-β3 (50 ng/ml), BMP-6 (500 ng/ml) und IGF-I (100 ng/ml) kultiviert. Der Nachweis der chondrogenen Differenzierung und der Bildung einer knorpelähnlichen extrazellulären Matrix erfolgte molekularbiologisch durch die Untersuchung der Polyurethan-Fibrin-Konstrukte auf knorpelspezifische Marker-Gene mittels Real-Time-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (RT-PCR) und durch biochemische Analyse des DNA-, Glykosaminoglykan- und Kollagen-Gehalts. Zudem erfolgten histologische Färbungen mit Alzianblau und Safranin O sowie eine chromogene Immunhistochemie zur Darstellung der Extrazellularmatrix und knorpelspezifischer Proteine wie SOX-9. Um die angestrebte Biokompatibilität, Einheilung und Defektdeckung dieser chondrogen differenzierten Polyurethan-Fibrin-Konstrukte zu untersuchen, erfolgte zusätzlich ein in vivo-Versuch an Kaninchen mit autologen mesenchymalen Kaninchen-Fettstammzellen. Mesenchymale Kanichen-Fettstammzellen wurden aus dem Nackenfett von New Zealand white rabbits (n = 6) isoliert und vermehrt. Nach einer 2-wöchigen chondrogenen Vordifferenzierung der mesenchymalen Fettstammzellen in Polyurethan-Fibrin-Konstrukten durch Zugabe der Wachstumsfaktoren TGF-β3 (50 ng/ml) und BMP-6 (500 ng/ml) erfolgte die Implantation dieser Konstrukte in gestanzte, 4 mm große Knorpelläsionen der Kaninchenohrmuschel. Nach 3 und 6 Wochen wurden die chondrogen differenzierten Polyurethan-Fibrin-Konstrukte zur makroskopischen und histologischen Untersuchung durch Alzianblau- und Safranin O-Färbungen entnommen.