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Trotz vielseitiger ökologischer und wirtschaftlicher Vorteile von Wasser werden beim keramischen Nassformgebungsprozess Foliengießen auf Grund von Problemen bei der Herstellung homogener Schlicker industriell vorwiegend noch organische Lösungsmittel verwendet. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Entwicklung wässriger Schlickerzusammensetzungen, wobei ein grundlegendes Verständnis für die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Schlickerkomponenten (Lösungsmittel Wasser, keramisches Pulver, Dispergiermittel, Bindersystem) sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Fließeigenschaften der Schlicker und die Grünfolieneigenschaften gewonnen werden sollte. Als keramisches Pulver wurde Bariumtitanat (BaTiO3) ausgewählt, da es eine Basiskomponente für die Herstellung keramischer Vielschichtkondensatoren, einem wichtigen Einsatzgebiet des Foliengießprozesses, darstellt. Grundlegende Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass sich die BaTiO3-Partikel in Wasser nicht inert verhalten und es zur Freisetzung von Ba2+-Ionen sowie zu einem Anstieg des pH-Wertes ins Basische kommt. Auf Grund der Readsorption der Ba2+-Ionen auf den Pulveroberflächen weisen die Partikel auch im Basischen ein positives Zeta-Potenzial auf, dessen Größe aber nicht ausreicht, um eine elektrostatische Dispergierung der Pulverpartikel zu gewährleisten. Mit einem Polymethacrylat sowie einem Block-Copolymer konnten jedoch zwei Dispergiermittel ermittelt werden, die über einen elektrosterischen bzw. einen überwiegend sterischen Mechanismus eine gute Dispergierung des BaTiO3-Pulvers in wässrigen Suspensionen ermöglichen. Durch die Kombination der Dispergiermittel mit drei verschiedenen Bindertypen (je ein teil- bzw. voll-hydrolysierter Polyvinylalkohol als Lösungsbinder sowie ein Latex-Dispersionsbinder) sind vier wässrige Schlickersysteme mit sehr unterschiedlichen Fließeigenschaften (Newtonsch bis stark strukturviskos) entwickelt worden. Als Ursache der Fließcharakteristika konnten von der Additivkombination (Dispergiermittel – Binder) abhängige, spezifische "innere" Strukturen der jeweiligen Schlicker abgeleitet werden, die auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen den organischen Additiven, ausgelaugten Ba2+-Ionen und BaTiO3-Partikeln beruhen. Diese erhöhen die Viskosität der Schlicker bei kleiner bis mittlerer Scherbelastung und bestimmen somit deren Strukturviskosität. Die Strukturen konnten im Weiteren auch mit mikrostrukturellen Grünfolieneigenschaften korreliert werden, wobei eine starke "innere" Struktur die Verdichtung der Schlicker beim Trocknen behindert und dadurch zu einer geringen Pulverpackungs- und Gründichte sowie zu einer hohen Porosität und starken Oberflächenrauigkeit führt. Für den bei der Schlickerentwicklung wichtigen Einfluss des Binder- und BaTiO3-Gehaltes auf das Viskositätsniveau ist bei den Schlickern mit PVA-Binder eine exponentielle Abhängigkeit ermittelt worden, die im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich in beiden Fällen primär durch die absolute Konzentration des auf den BaTiO3-Gehalt bezogenen Binderanteils im Schlicker bestimmt wird. Der Einfluss des Feststoffgehaltes ist dagegen im Vergleich zu dem des Binders gering. Da die Binderpolymere auch den Aufbau der Schlickerstrukturen mitbestimmen, wird durch deren Konzentration außerdem die Strukturviskosität der Schlicker beeinflusst, während diese von der Feststoffkonzentration nicht verändert wird. Bei Schlickern mit Latex-Binder zeigte sich, dass für die Abhängigkeit der Schlickerviskosität vom Binder- und Feststoffgehalt die Latexpartikel ebenfalls als Feststoff zu betrachten sind. Eine gute funktionelle Beschreibung konnte über eine Krieger-Dougherty-Gleichung erreicht werden. Die im Vergleich zu den PVA-Bindern geringere Viskosität des Latex-Binders ermöglichte dabei Schlicker mit deutlich höheren BaTiO3-Gehalten (~ 40-45 Vol.%) als bei Schlickern mit PVA-Binder (~ 25-30 Vol.%). Mit den in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Additivkombinationen stehen somit Schlickerzusammensetzungen mit spezifischen Fließeigenschaften für das wässrige Foliengießen zur Verfügung. Diese können auf der Basis der ermittelten Zusammenhänge zwischen Viskositätsniveau und Binder- bzw. Feststoffgehalt optimal und gezielt an die Anforderungen eines Gießverfahrens und der Grünfolien angepasst werden. Das über die abgeleiteten Schlickerstrukturen erhaltene, grundlegende Verständnis für die Einflüsse und Wechselwirkungen der Schlickerkomponenten ermöglicht im Weiteren, Probleme sowie spezifische Anforderungen eines Foliengießprozesses zu lösen.
Objective
In order to optimize psycho‐oncological care, studies that quantify the extent of distress and identify certain risk groups are needed. Among patients with prostate cancer (PCa), findings on depression and anxiety are limited.
Methods
We analyzed data of PCa patients selected from a German multi‐center study. Depression and anxiety were assessed with the PHQ‐9 and the GAD‐7 (cut‐off ≥7). We provided physical symptom burden, calculated absolute and relative risk (AR and RR) of depression and anxiety across patient subsets and between patients and the general population (GP) and tested age as a moderator within the relationship of disease‐specific symptoms with depression and anxiety.
Results
Among 636 participants, the majority reported disease‐specific problems (sexuality: 60%; urination: 52%). AR for depression and anxiety was 23% and 22%, respectively. Significant RR were small, with higher risks of distress in patients who are younger (eg, RR\(_{depression}\) = 1.15; 95%‐CI: 1.06‐1.26), treated with chemotherapy (RR\(_{depression}\)n = 1.46; 95%‐CI: 1.09‐1.96) or having metastases (RR\(_{depression}\) = 1.30; 95%‐CI: 1.02‐1.65). Risk of distress was slightly elevated compared to GP (eg, RR\(_{depression}\) = 1.13; 95%‐CI: 1.07‐1.19). Age moderated the relationship between symptoms and anxiety (B\(_{urination}\) = −0.10, P = .02; B\(_{sexuality}\) = −0.11, P = .01).
Conclusions
Younger patients, those with metastases or treatment with chemotherapy seem to be at elevated risk for distress and should be closely monitored. Many patients suffer from disease‐specific symptom burden, by which younger patients seem to be particularly distressed. Support of coping mechanisms associated with disease‐specific symptom burden seems warranted.
N‐heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), relatives of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), exhibit high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character. To investigate their π‐electron donating ability, NHOs were attached to triarylborane π‐acceptors (A) giving donor (D)–π–A compounds 1–3. In addition, an enamine π‐donor analogue (4) was synthesized for comparison. UV–visible absorption studies show a larger red shift for the NHO‐containing boranes than for the enamine analogue, a relative of cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs). Solvent‐dependent emission studies indicate that 1–4 have moderate intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) behavior. Electrochemical investigations reveal that the NHO‐containing boranes have extremely low reversible oxidation potentials (e.g., for 3, \(E^{ox}_{1/2}\) =−0.40 V vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium, Fc/Fc\(^+\), in THF). Time‐dependent (TD) DFT calculations show that the HOMOs of 1–3 are much more destabilized than that of the enamine‐containing 4, which confirms the stronger donating ability of NHOs.
Three different perfluoroalkylated borafluorenes (\(^{F}\)Bf) were prepared and their electronic and photophysical properties were investigated. The systems have four trifluoromethyl moieties on the borafluorene moiety as well as two trifluoromethyl groups at the ortho positions of their exo‐aryl moieties. They differ with regard to the para substituents on their exo‐aryl moieties, being a proton \(^{F}\)Xyl\(^{F}\)Bf, \(^{F}\)Xyl: 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), a trifluoromethyl group (\(^{F}\)Mes\(^{F}\)Bf, \(^{F}\)Mes: 2,4,6‐tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) or a dimethylamino group (p‐NMe\(_{2}\)‐\(^{F}\)Xyl\(^{F}\)Bf, p‐NMe\(_{2}\)‐\(^{F}\)Xyl: 4‐(dimethylamino)‐2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), respectively. All derivatives exhibit extraordinarily low reduction potentials, comparable to those of perylenediimides. The most electron‐deficient derivative \(^{F}\)Mes\(^{F}\)Bf was also chemically reduced and its radical anion isolated and characterized. Furthermore, all compounds exhibit very long fluorescent lifetimes of about 250 ns up to 1.6 μs; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this differ. The donor‐substituted derivative p‐NMe\(_{2}\)‐\(^{F}\)Xyl\(^{F}\)Bf exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from a charge‐transfer (CT) state, whereas the \(^{F}\)Mes\(^{F}\)Bf and FXylFBf borafluorenes exhibit only weakly allowed locally excited (LE) transitions due to their symmetry and low transition‐dipole moments.
The synthesis, photophysical, and electrochemical properties of selectively mono-, bis- and tris-dimethylamino- and trimethylammonium-substituted bis-triarylborane bithiophene chromophores are presented along with the water solubility and singlet oxygen sensitizing efficiency of the cationic compounds Cat\(^{1+}\), Cat\(^{2+}\), Cat(i)\(^{2+}\), and Cat\(^{3+}\). Comparison with the mono-triarylboranes reveals the large influence of the bridging unit on the properties of the bis-triarylboranes, especially those of the cationic compounds. Based on these preliminary investigations, the interactions of Cat\(^{1+}\), Cat\(^{2+}\), Cat(i)\(^{2+}\), and Cat\(^{3+}\) with DNA, RNA, and DNApore were investigated in buffered solutions. The same compounds were investigated for their ability to enter and localize within organelles of human lung carcinoma (A549) and normal lung (WI38) cells showing that not only the number of charges but also their distribution over the chromophore influences interactions and staining properties.
A practical and direct method was developed for the production of versatile alkyl boronate esters via transition metal-free borylation of primary and secondary alkyl sulfones. The key to the success of the strategy is the use of bis(neopentyl glycolato) diboron (B\(_{2}\)neop\(_{2}\)), with a stoichiometric amount of base as a promoter. The practicality and industrial potential of this protocol are highlighted by its wide functional group tolerance, the late-stage modification of complex compounds, no need for further transesterification, and operational simplicity. Radical clock, radical trap experiments, and EPR studies were conducted which show that the borylation process involves radical intermediates.
Two N-methylpyridinium compounds and analogous N-protonated salts of 2- and 2,7-substituted 4-pyridyl-pyrene compounds were synthesised and their crystal structures, photophysical properties both in solution and in the solid state, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties were studied. Upon methylation or protonation, the emission maxima are significantly bathochromically shifted compared to the neutral compounds, although the absorption maxima remain almost unchanged. As a result, the cationic compounds show very large apparent Stokes shifts of up to 7200 cm\(^{-1}\). The N-methylpyridinium compounds have a single reduction at ca. −1.5 V vs. Fc/Fc\(^+\) in MeCN. While the reduction process was reversible for the 2,7-disubstituted compound, it was irreversible for the mono-substituted one. Experimental findings are complemented by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Furthermore, the N-methylpyridinium compounds show strong interactions with calf thymus (ct)-DNA, presumably by intercalation, which paves the way for further applications of these multi-functional compounds as potential DNA-bioactive agents.
Using a new divergent approach, conjugated triarylborane dendrimers were synthesized up to the 2nd generation. The synthetic strategy consists of three steps: 1) functionalization, via iridium catalyzed C−H borylation; 2) activation, via fluorination of the generated boronate ester with K[HF\(_{2}\)] or [N(nBu\(_{4}\))][HF\(_{2}\)]; and 3) expansion, via reaction of the trifluoroborate salts with aryl Grignard reagents. The concept was also shown to be viable for a convergent approach. All but one of the conjugated borane dendrimers exhibit multiple, distinct and reversible reduction potentials, making them potentially interesting materials for applications in molecular accumulators. Based on their photophysical properties, the 1st generation dendrimers exhibit good conjugation over the whole system. However, the conjugation does not increase further upon expansion to the 2nd generation, but the molar extinction coefficients increase linearly with the number of triarylborane subunits, suggesting a potential application as photonic antennas.
A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π‐extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two‐photon absorption cross‐section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds‐DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene‐analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi‐faceted features, in combination with its two‐photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light‐activated theranostic agents.
Background: Accurate assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic HBeAg-negative Hepatitis B is of crucial importance not only to predict the long-term clinical course, but also to evaluate antiviral therapy indication. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the utility of point shear wave elastography (pSWE) for longitudinal non-invasive fibrosis assessment in a large cohort of untreated patients with chronic HBeAg-negative hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Methods: 407 consecutive patients with HBeAg-negative HBV infection who underwent pSWE, transient elastography (TE) as well as laboratory fibrosis markers, including fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4), aspartate to platelet ratio index (APRI) and FibroTest, on the same day were prospectively followed up for six years. Patients were classified into one of the three groups: inactive carriers (IC; HBV-DNA <2000 IU/mL and ALT <40 U/L); grey zone group 1 (GZ-1; HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL and ALT >40 U/L); grey zone group 2 (GZ-2; HBV-DNA >2000 IU/mL and ALT <40 U/L). Results: pSWE results were significantly correlated with TE (r = 0.29, p < 0.001) and APRI (r = 0.17; p = 0.005). Median pSWE values did not differ between IC, GZ-1 and GZ-2 patients (p = 0.82, p = 0.17, p = 0.34). During six years of follow-up, median pSWE and TE values did not differ significantly over time (TE: p = 0.27; pSWE: p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our data indicate that pSWE could be useful for non-invasive fibrosis assessment and follow-up in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection.