Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (9)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (9)
Document Type
- Journal article (8)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Keywords
- VKORC1 (2)
- Warfarin (2)
- genetic diagnostics (2)
- AKT-signaling (1)
- Anticoagulants (1)
- Blutgerinnung (1)
- Coagulation factor IX (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Coumarin (1)
- DM2 (1)
Institute
- Institut für Humangenetik (9) (remove)
Autosomal dominant inherited Myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2) are the most frequent muscle dystrophies in the European population and are caused by repeat expansion mutations. For Germany cumulative empiric evidence suggests an estimated prevalence of DM2 of roughly 9 in 100,000, therefore being as prevalent as DM1. In DM2, a (CCTG)n repeat tract located in the first intron of the CNBP gene is expanded. The CCTG repeat tract is part of a complex repeat structure comprising not only CCTG tetraplets but also repeated TG dinucleotides and TCTG tetraplet elements as well as NCTG interruptions. Here, we provide the distribution of normal sized alleles in the German population, which was found to be highly similar to the Slovak population. Sequencing of 34 unexpanded healthy range alleles in DM2 positive patients (heterozygous for a full expansion) revealed that the CCTG repeat tract is usually interrupted by at least three tetraplets which according to current opinion is supposed to render it stable against expansion. Interestingly, only the largest analyzed normal allele had 23 uninterrupted CCTGs and consequently could represent an instable early premutation allele. In our diagnostic history of DM2 cases, a total of 18 premutations were detected in 16 independent cases. Here, we describe two premutation families, one with an expansion from a premutation allele and the other with a contraction of a full expansion down to a premutation allele. Our diagnostic results support the general assumption that the premutation range of unstable CCTG stretches lies obviously between 25 and 75 CCTGs. However, the clinical significance of premutation alleles is still unclear. In the light of the two described families we suggest incomplete penetrance. Thus, as it was proposed for other repeat expansion diseases (e.g., Huntington's disease), a fluid transition of penetrance is more likely rather than a clear cut CCTG number threshold.
Background
VKORC1 has been identified some years ago as the gene encoding vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) – the target protein for coumarin derivates like warfarin or phenprocoumon. Resistance against warfarin and other coumarin-type anticoagulants has been frequently reported over the last 50 years in rodents due to problems in pest control as well as in thrombophilic patients showing variable response to anticoagulant treatment. Many different mutations have already been detected in the VKORC1 gene leading to warfarin resistance in rats, mice and in humans. Since the conventional in vitro dithiothreitol (DTT)-driven VKOR enzymatic assay often did not reflect the in vivo status concerning warfarin resistance, we recently developed a cell culture-based method for coexpression of VKORC1 with coagulation factor IX and subsequent measurement of secreted FIX in order to test warfarin inhibition in wild-type and mutated VKORC1.
Results
In the present study, we coexpressed wild-type factor IX with 12 different VKORC1 variants which were previously detected in warfarin resistant rats and mice. The results show that amino acid substitutions in VKORC1 maintain VKOR activity and are associated with warfarin resistance. When we projected in silico the amino acid substitutions onto the published three-dimensional model of the bacterial VKOR enzyme, the predicted effects matched well the catalytic mechanism proposed for the bacterial enzyme.
Conclusions
The established cell-based system for coexpression of VKORC1 and factor IX uses FIX activity as an indicator of carboxylation efficiency. This system reflects the warfarin resistance status of VKORC1 mutations from anticoagulant resistant rodents more closely than the traditional DTT-driven enzyme assay. All mutations studied were also predicted to be involved in the reaction mechanism.
Vitamin K ist ein essentieller Cofaktor für die posttranslationale Gamma-Carboxylierung von sog. Vitamin K-abhängigen Gerinnungsfaktoren, Knochenproteinen, Zellwachstum-regulierenden und weiteren Proteinen mit noch unbekannter Funktion. Defekte im Vitamin K-Stoffwechsel führen einerseits zu zwei verschiedenen Formen des familiären Mangels aller Vitamin K-abhängigen Gerinnungsfaktoren (VKCFD1 und 2) und andererseits zur Resistenz oder Hypersensitivität gegenüber Cumarinderivaten, wie Warfarin, die als Vitamin K-Antagonisten zur Antikoagulationstherapie bei thromboembolischen Erkrankungen, aber auch zur Bekämpfung von Ratten und Mäusen eingesetzt werden. Die Aufklärung und Charakterisierung der molekularen Ursachen dieser Erkrankungen wird in dieser Doktorarbeit anhand von Veröffentlichungen dokumentiert. Ausgehend von der Charakterisierung zweier Familien mit dem VKCFD2-Phänotyp, wird die Kartierung des VKCFD2-Locus auf dem kurzen Arm von Chromosom 16 beschrieben. Durch eine systematische Mutationssuche in der ca. 130 Gene umfassenden Kandidatenregion von Chromosom 16 konnte das für diese Erkrankung und die Warfarinresistenz ursächliche Gen ausfindig gemacht werden. Dabei handelt es sich um das Gen für die entscheidende Komponente der Vitamin K-Epoxid-Reduktase (VKORC1), die den Recycling-Prozess von Vitamin K im sog. Vitamin K-Zyklus katalysiert. Die Charakterisierung des VKORC1-Proteins umfasst dessen subzelluläre Lokalisation, den Vergleich orthologer Proteine in verschiedenen Species und die funktionelle Charakterisierung von rekombinant exprimiertem VKORC1. Durch positionsspezifische Mutagenesen und anschließende Expression in humanen Nierenzellen konnten mehrere für die Funktion der VKORC1 relevante Aminosäuren identifiziert werden. Die posttranslationale Modifikation der Vitamin K-abhängigen Proteine wird von der Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylase (GGCX) katalysiert. Defekte in diesem Enzym wurden von zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen als Ursache für die erste Form der VKCFD-Erkrankung nachgewiesen. In dieser Doktorarbeit werden drei weitere, von unserer Arbeitsgruppe identifizierte Mutationen im GGCX-Gen beschrieben, unter denen sich ein nachgewiesener Founder-Effekt an Position 485 des Proteins befindet. Die Arg485Pro-Variante wurde rekombinant in Insektenzellen exprimiert und konnte mittels kinetischer Studien als VKCFD1-verursachende Mutation verifiziert werden.