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Ecophysiological adaptations of the cuticular water permeability within the Solanaceae family
(2024)
The cuticle, a complex lipidic layer synthesized by epidermal cells, covers and protects primary organs of all land plants. Its main function is to avoid plant desiccation by limiting non-stomatal water loss. The cuticular properties vary widely among plant species. So far, most of the cuticle-related studies have focused on a limited number of species, and studies addressing phylogenetically related plant species are rare. Moreover, comparative studies among organs from the same plant species are still scarce.
Thus, this study focus on organ-specificities of the cuticle within and between plant species of the Solanaceae family. Twenty-seven plant species of ten genera, including cultivated and non- cultivated species, were investigated to identify potential cuticular similarities. Structural, chemical and functional traits of fully expanded leaves, inflated fruiting calyces, and ripe fruits were analyzed.
The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Leaves were mainly amphistomatic and covered by an epicuticular wax film. The diversity and distribution of trichomes varied among species. Only the leaves of S. grandiflora were glabrous. Plant species of the Leptostemonum subgenus had numerous prickles and non-glandular stellate trichomes. Fruits were stomata-free, except for S. muricatum, and a wax film covered their surface. Last, lenticel- like structures and remaining scars of broken trichomes were found on the surface of some Solanum fruits.
Cuticular water permeability was used as indicators of the cuticular transpiration barrier efficiency. The water permeability differed among plant species, organs and fruit types with values ranging up to one hundred-fold. The minimum leaf conductance ranged from 0.35 × 10-5 m s-1 in S. grandiflora to 31.54 × 10-5 m s-1 in S. muricatum. Cuticular permeability of fruits ranged from 0.64 × 10-5 m s-1 in S. dulcamara (fleshy berry) to 34.98 × 10-5 m s-1 in N. tabacum (capsule). Generally, the cuticular water loss of dry fruits was about to 5-fold higher than that of fleshy fruits.
Interestingly, comparisons between cultivated and non-cultivated species showed that wild species have the most efficient cuticular transpiration barrier in leaves and fruits. The average permeability of leaves and fruits of wild plant species was up to three-fold lower in comparison to the cultivated ones. Moreover, ripe fruits of P. ixocarpa and P. peruviana showed two-times lower cuticular transpiration when enclosed by the inflated fruiting calyx.
The cuticular chemical composition was examined using gas chromatography. Very-long-chain aliphatic compounds primarily composed the cuticular waxes, being mostly dominated by n- alkanes (up to 80% of the total wax load). Primary alkanols, alkanoic acids, alkyl esters and branched iso- and anteiso-alkanes were also frequently found. Although in minor amounts, sterols, pentacyclic triterpenoids, phenylmethyl esters, coumaric acid esters, and tocopherols were identified in the cuticular waxes. Cuticular wax coverages highly varied in solanaceous (62- fold variation). The cuticular wax load of fruits ranged from 0.55 μg cm−2 (Nicandra physalodes) to 33.99 μg cm−2 (S. pennellii), whereas the wax amount of leaves varied from 0.90 μg cm−2 (N. physalodes) to 28.42 μg cm−2 (S. burchellii). Finally, the wax load of inflated fruiting calyces ranged from 0.56 μg cm−2 in P. peruviana to 2.00 μg cm−2 in N. physalodes.
For the first time, a comparative study on the efficiency of the cuticular transpiration barrier in different plant organs of closely related plant species was conducted. Altogether, the cuticular chemical variability found in solanaceous species highlight species-, and organ-specific wax biosynthesis. These chemical variabilities might relate to the waterproofing properties of the plant cuticle, thereby influencing leaf and fruit performances. Additionally, the high cuticular water permeabilities of cultivated plant species suggest a potential existence of a trade-off between fruit organoleptic properties and the efficiency of the cuticular transpiration barrier. Last, the high cuticular water loss of the solanaceous dry fruits might be a physiological adaptation favouring seed dispersion.
Maintaining the balance between CO2 uptake and transpiration is important for plants and depends on tightly controlled turgor changes caused by the activity of various anion and cation channels. These channels are part of signaling cascades triggered, for example, by phytohormones such as ABA (abscisic acid) and JA (jasmonate), both of which act during drought stress in guard cells. In addition, JA is known to be involved in the plant's response to pathogen attack or wounding.
GORK (guard cell outward rectifying K+ channel) is the only known outward rectifying K+ channel in guard cells and therefore responsible for K+ efflux during stomatal closure.
In the course of this work it could be demonstrated by stomatal aperture assays, that GORK is an essential part of JA-induced stomatal closure. This is true for both triggers, leaf wounding as well as direct MeJA (methyl jasmonate) application. Patch clamp experiments on guard cell protoplasts backed this finding by revealing GORK K+ outward currents as a target of JA signaling in guard cells. As cytosolic Ca2+ signals are known to be involved in both ABA as well as JA signaling, the interaction of GORK with Ca2+-dependent kinases was examined consequently. An antagonistic regulation of GORK by
CIPK5-CBL1/9 complexes and ABI2 was identified by DEVC (double electrode voltage clamp) and protein-protein interaction experiments and backed up by in vitro kinase assays. Patch-clamp recordings on guard cell protoplasts of cipk5-2 kinase loss-of-function mutant revealed the importance of CIPK5 for JA-triggered stomatal closure via activation of GORK. The interaction of different CDPKs (Ca2+-dependent protein kinases) with GORK was also investigated.
Besides Ca2+ signaling also ROS (reactive oxygen species) production is essential in ABA and MeJA signaling. In DEVC experiments a reversible effect of ROS on GORK channel activity could be demonstrated, which could be one piece in the explanation of those ROS effects in ABA and MeJA signaling.