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Die Arbeit umfasst zum einen Untersuchungen zu hochhalogenierten 1-Aminocarba-closo-dodecaboraten, zum anderen Untersuchungen zu hochfluorierten Aminocarba-closo-dodecaboraten mit einer an ein Boratom gebundenen Amino-Funktion. Außerdem wurden im diesem Zuge closo-Undecaborat-Cluster untersucht, da diese als interessante Ausgangsverbindungen für funktionalisierte {CB11}-Derivate eingesetzt werden können.
Diese Dissertation handelt von der Darstellung, Charakterisierung und Reaktivitätsuntersuchungen von neuartigen Platinalkylidenborylkomplexen und eines heteroleptischen Platiniminoborylkomplexes. Außerdem wurden Reaktivitätsuntersuchungen an einem Platinoxoborylkomplex durchgeführt und die erhaltenen Produkte wurden genau untersucht und charakterisiert.
Aufbauend auf dem Konzept der C/Si-Bioisosterie beschreibt die vorliegende Arbeit die Synthese und biologische Charakterisierung siliciumorganischer Wirkstoffe sowie Beiträge zur Synthese von siliciumorganischen Synthese-Bausteinen unter Verwendung der Silicium-Schutzgruppen MOP (4-Methoxyphenyl), DMOP (2,6-Dimethoxyphenyl) und TMOP (2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl). Die entsprechenden Zielverbindungen sowie alle isolierten Zwischenstufen wurden durch NMR-Spektroskopie in Lösung (1H, 13C, 29Si) und Elementaranalyse (C, H, N) bzw. HRMS-Analytik (ESI) charakterisiert. Zusätzlich konnte in einigen Fällen eine strukturelle Charakterisierung durch Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse realisiert werden.
It is generally acknowledged that polyfluoroarenes are important fluorinated structural units for various organic molecules, such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and organic materials. Polyfluorinated aryl alkynes and alcohols are also powerful building blocks in chemical synthesis because of their versatility to be transformed into various useful molecules and also their ubiquity in natural product synthesis. Efficient methods for the synthesis of polyfluorinated aryl alkynes and alcohols are presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. In addition, 3-amino-indoles have found a broad applications in medicinal chemistry as effective anticancer agents, compounds with analgesic properties and can function as potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization, and agents for the prevention of type II diabetes. A simple method for the synthesis of 3-amino-indoles via the annulation reaction of polyfluorophenylboronates with DMF is reported in Chapter 4.
Chapter 2
In Chapter 2, a mild process for the copper-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of electron-deficient polyfluorophenylboronate esters with terminal alkynes (Scheme S-1) is reported. This method displays good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope, generating cross-coupled alkynyl(fluoro)arene products in moderate to excellent yields. This copper-catalyzed reaction was conducted on a gram scale to generate the corresponding product in good yield (72%).
Scheme S-1. Copper-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with polyfluorophenylboronate esters.
Based on previous reports and the aforementioned observations, a plausible catalytic cycle for this oxidative cross-coupling reaction is shown in Scheme S-2. The first step involves the addition of an alkynyl anion to Cu leading to the formation of alkynylcopper(II) species B. Subsequent transmetalation between ArFBpin and intermediate B occurs to form intermediate C. The desired product 3a is generated by eductive elimination. Finally, the oxidation of Cu(0) to Cu(II) with DDQ and Ag2O regenerates A to complete the catalytic cycle.
Scheme S-2. Proposed mechanism of copper(II)-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling between terminal alkynes and polyfluorophenylboronate esters.
Chapter 3
In Chapter 3, A convenient and efficient protocol for the transition metal-free 1,2-addition of polyfluoroaryl boronate esters to aldehydes and ketones is reported, which provides secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols, and ketones (Scheme S-3). The distinguishing features of this procedure include the employment of commercially available starting materials and the broad scope of the reaction with a wide variety of carbonyl compounds giving moderate to excellent yields.
Scheme S-3. Base-promoted 1,2-addition of polyfluorophenylboronates to aldehydes and ketones.
Control experiments were carried out to gain insight into the reaction mechanism. The reaction of 2a with pentafluorobenzene 5 under standard conditions was examined, yet 3a was not formed in any detectable amounts (Scheme S-4a), indicating that the C-Bpin moiety is essential and deprotonation of the fluoroarene or nucleophilic attack at the fluoroarene by the base is not a plausible pathway. Interestingly, for the standard reaction between 1a and 2a, the yield dropped dramatically if 18-crown-6 ether and K2CO3 were added (Scheme S-4b). This experimental result indicates that the presence of the potassium ion plays a crucial role for the outcome of the reaction. Furthermore, if the reaction of 1a and 2a was performed in the presence of only a catalytic amount of K2CO3 (20 mol%) (Scheme S-4c), reaction rates were reduced, and a week was required to produce 3a in good yield. This finding again indicates that the potassium ion (or the base) plays an important role in the reaction. Substituting ortho-fluorines by ortho-chlorines, using either C6Cl5Bpin 2,6-dichlorophenyl-1-Bpin as substrates, did not yield any product as shown by in situ GCMS studies.
Scheme S-4. Control experiments.
Based on DFT calculations, a mechanism for the 1,2-addition of polyfluorophenylboronates to aryl aldehydes in the presence of K2CO3 as base is proposed, as shown in Scheme S-5. K2CO3 interacts with the Lewis-acidic Bpin moiety of substrate 1 to generate base adduct A, which weakens the carbon-boron bond and ultimately cleaves the BC bond along with attachment of a potassium cation to the aryl group. The resulting ArF- anion adduct B undergoes nucleophilic attack at the aldehyde carbon atom of substrate 2 to generate methanolate C. The methanolate oxygen atom then attacks the electrophilic Bpin group to obtain compound D. Transfer of K2CO3 from intermediate D to the boron atom of the more Lewis-acidic polyfluorophenyl-Bpin 1 finally closes the cycle and regenerates complex A. Thus, the primary reaction product is the O-borylated addition product E, which was detected by HRMS and NMR spectroscopy for the perfluorinated derivative.
Scheme S-5. Proposed mechanism of the 1,2-addition of polyfluorophenylboronates to aldehydes and ketones.
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 presents a novel protocol for the transition metal-free addition and annulation of polyfluoroarylboronate esters to DMF, which provides 3-aminoindoles and tertiary amines in moderate to excellent yields (Scheme S-6).
Scheme S-6. Annulation and addition reactions of polyfluorophenylboronates with DMF.
While exploring the application of this strategy in synthesis, perfluorophenylBpin reacted smoothly with ethynylarenes and DMF to afford propargylamines with moderate to excellent yields (Scheme S-7).
Scheme S-7. Three-component cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of propargylamines.
Anionic Adducts
Sp2-sp3 tetraalkoxy diboron compounds have gained attention due to the development of new, synthetically useful catalytic reactions either with or without transition-metals. Lewis-base adducts of the diboron(4) compounds were suggested as possible intermediates in Cu catalyzed borylation reactions some time ago. However, intermolecular adducts of tetraalkoxy diboron compounds have not been studied yet in great detail. In preliminary studies, we have synthesized a series of anionic sp2-sp3 adducts of B2pin2 with alkoxy-groups (L = [OMe]–, [OtBu]–), a phenoxy-group (L = [4-tBuC6H4O]–) and fluoride (L = [F]–, with [nBu4N]+ as the counter ion) as Lewis-bases.
Neutral Adducts
Since their isolation and characterization, applications of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and related molecules, e.g., cyclic alkylaminocarbenes (CAACs) and acyclic diaminocarbenes (aDCs), have grown rapidly. Their use as ligands in homogeneous catalysis and directly in organocatalysis, including recently developed borylation reactions, is now well established. Recently, several examples of ring expansion reactions (RER) involving NHCs were reported to take place at elevated temperatures, involving Be, B, and Si.
Furthermore, preliminary studies in the group of Marder et al. showed the presence of neutral sp2-sp3 diboron compounds with B2pin2 and the NHC Cy2Im. In this work, we focused on the synthesis and characterization of further neutral sp2-sp3 as well as sp3-sp3 diboron adducts with B2cat2 and B2neop2 and different NHCs. Whereas the mono-NHC adduct is stable for several hours at temperatures up to 60 °C, the bis-NHC adducts undergo thermally induced rearrangement to form the ring expanded products compound 26 and 27. B2neop2 is much more reactive than B2cat2 giving ring expanded product 29 at room temperature in quantitative yields, demonstrating that NHC ring expansion and B–B bond cleavage can be very facile processes.
Whereas the mono-NHC adduct is stable for several hours at temperatures up to 60 °C, the bis-NHC adducts undergo thermally induced rearrangement to form the ring expanded products compound 26 and 27. B2neop2 is much more reactive than B2cat2 giving ring expanded product 29 at room temperature in quantitative yields, demonstrating that NHC ring expansion and B–B bond cleavage can be very facile processes.
Diese Arbeit zeigt die vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Pr*-Substituenten in Koordinationsverbindungen mit sterisch stark abgeschirmten Molekülzentren auf. So wurden neben dem N-heterocyclischen Carben IPr* auch dessen Vorläuferverbindungen Pr*NH2 in Imidokomplexen sowie Pr*DAB zur Stabilisierung von Übergangsmetall- und Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen als Liganden etabliert.
Die homoleptisch zweifach NHC-substituierten Komplexe [Pd(IiPr)2] sowie [Pt(IiPr)2] sind synthetisch zugänglich und im Gegensatz zu {Ni(IiPr)2} in Substanz isolierbar. Obwohl es sich bei [Pd(IiPr)2] und [Pt(IiPr)2] um niedervalente 14-Elektronenverbindungen handelt, weisen deren Addukte von Neutralliganden teils bemerkenswerte Labilität auf. Im Gegensatz dazu zeichnen sich beide Komplexe durch eine starke Neigung zur oxidativen Addition verschiedenster Substrate unter Ausbildung quadratisch-planarer Metall(II)-Verbindungen aus. So wurden in stöchiometrischen Reaktionen H–H, C–H, C–X, Si–H, B-H, B–B, P–H und P–P gespalten und die entsprechenden Aktivierungsprodukte charakterisiert.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der C–F Bindungsaktivierung von teil und perfluorierten Aromaten an NHC stabilisierten Nickel(0) Komplexen, sowohl in stöchiometrischen als auch in katalytischen Reaktionen. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit lag auf der Aufklärung der Mechanismen der C–F Bindungsaktivierungsschritte von teil und perfluorierten Aromaten an ein und zweifach NHC stabilisierten Nickel(0) Komplexen, auf dem Einsatz dieser Komplexe in katalytischen Kreuzkupplungs- und Borylierungsreaktionen sowie in der Aufklärung der Mechanismen solcher katalytischen Prozesse.
Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse belegen wesentliche Unterschiede im Reaktionsverhalten von Nickel Komplexen in der C–F Bindungsaktivierung: Die Reaktionsmechanismen der mit zwei sterisch unterschiedlich anspruchsvollen NHC Liganden stabilisierten Nickel(0) Komplexe [Ni(iPr2Im)2] (1a) und [Ni(Mes2Im)2] (5) weisen deutliche Unterschiede auf. So erfolgt die Insertion von [Ni(iPr2Im)2] (1a), dem Komplex mit dem weniger anspruchsvolleren Carbenliganden iPr2Im, in die C–F-Bindung von C6F6 nach einem konzertierten und/oder NHC assistierten Reaktionsmechanismus, wohingegen der Nickel(0) Komplex 5 nach einem radikalischen und/oder NHC assistierten Reaktionsmechanismus insertiert. Die Experimente am einfach NHC stabilisierten Nickel(0) Komplex [Ni(Dipp2Im)(η6 C7H8)] 6 belegen, dass die C–F Bindungsaktivierung zunächst zu reaktiven mononuklearen Komplexen [Ni(Dipp2Im)(F)(ArF)] führt, die jedoch allmählich zu dinuklearen, Fluorido verbrückten Nickel(II) Komplexen dimerisieren, die katalytisch nicht aktiv sind. Erst die Aufspaltung dieser Dimere in mononukleare Komplexe mit terminalen Fluoridoliganden führt zur katalytischen Aktivität. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass 5 und 6 vergleichbar gute Katalysatoren in der Nickel vermittelten C–F Borylierung sind und der kritische Schritt der Katalyse die Bereitstellung eines katalytisch aktiven, dreifach koordinierten Nickel Komplexes der Form [Ni(NHC)(F)(ArF)] ist.