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In modern medicine hip and knee joint replacement are common surgical procedures. However, about 11 % of hip implants and about 7 % of knee implants need re-operations. The comparison of implant registers revealed two major indications for re-operations: aseptic loosening and implant infections, that both severely impact the patients’ health and are an economic burden for the health care system. To address these problems, a calcium hydroxide coating on titanium was investigated in this thesis. Calcium hydroxide is a well-known antibacterial agent and used with success in dentistry. The coatings were applied with electrochemically assisted deposition, a versatile tool that combines easiness of process with the ability to coat complex geometries homogeneously. The pH-gradient during coating was investigated and showed the surface confinement of the coating process. Surface pre-treatment altered the surface morphology and chemistry of the titanium substrates and was shown to affect the morphology of the calcium hydroxide coatings. The influence of the coating parameters stirring speed and current pulsing were examined in various configurations and combinations and could also affect the surface morphology. A change in surface morphology results in a changed adhesion and behavior of cells and bacteria. Thus, the parameters surface pre-treatment, stirring speed and current pulsing presented a toolset for tailoring cellular response and antibacterial properties. Microbiological tests with S. aureus and S. epidermidis were performed to test the time-dependent antibacterial activity of the calcium hydroxide coatings. A reduction of both strains could be achieved for 13 h, which makes calcium hydroxide a promising antibacterial coating. To give insight into biofilm growth, a protocol for biofilm staining was investigated on titanium disks with S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Biofilm growth could be detected after 5 days of bacterial incubation, which was much earlier than the 3 weeks that are currently assumed in medical treatment. Thus, it should be considered to treat infections as if a biofilm were present from day 5 on. The ephemeral antibacterial properties of calcium hydroxide were further enhanced and prolonged with the addition of silver and copper ions. Both ionic modifications significantly enhanced the bactericidal potential. The copper modification showed higher antibacterial effects than the silver modification and had a higher cytocompatibility which was comparable to the pure calcium hydroxide coating. Thus, copper ions are an auspicious option to enhance the antibacterial properties. Calcium hydroxide coatings presented in this thesis have promising antibacterial properties and can easily be applied to complex geometries, thus they are a step in fighting aseptic loosening and implant infections.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, die Gefrierstrukturierung von Biopolymer-Keramik-Kompositen zur Nachahmung von osteochondralem Gewebe zu untersuchen. Dies diente der Forschung an alternativen Therapiemethoden zur Regeneration von osteochondralen Defekten, da durch derzeitige Therapien oftmals nur ein minderwertiger Reparaturknorpel gebildet wird und keine langfristigen Erfolge erzielt werden. Die Herstellung der Proben zur Nachahmung von osteochondralem Gewebe erfolgte mit der Technik der Gefrierstrukturierung, wodurch anisotrope und hoch geordnete Systeme erhalten wurden. Im Rahmen einer systematischen Untersuchung wurden mehrere Parameter, wie beispielsweise der externe Temperaturgradient, variiert und deren Auswirkungen auf die Proben untersucht. Im ersten Versuchsteil wurde die bidirektionale Gefrierstrukturierung untersucht, um die Morphologie der hergestellten Proben zu optimieren. Anschließend wurden zweischichtige Alginat- bzw. Kollagen-Bruschit-Systeme zur Nachahmung von osteochondralem Gewebe hergestellt. Die erste Schicht sollte Knochen imitieren, während die zweite Schicht Knorpel nachahmte. Die Morphologie der hergestellten Proben wurde unter dem Stereo- und Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht. Zur Untersuchung des mechanischen Verbundes zwischen den Schichten wurden Zugversuche durchgeführt. Alle hergestellten Systeme waren hoch geordnet und anisotrop. Die zweischichtigen Systeme wiesen einen Verbund beider Schichten auf und durch die Variation verschiedenster Parameter konnte ein näheres Verständnis des Einflusses dieser auf die Probenmorphologie erlangt werden.
Abstract
Purpose: To compare ab interno trabeculectomy by trabecular meshwork excision to plasma-mediated ablation in primary open-angle glaucoma.
Methods: Retrospectively collected data of TrabEx+ (n=56) and Trabectome (n=99) were compared by coarsened exact matching to reduce confounding and matched based on baseline intraocular pressure and age. Primary outcomes were intraocular pressure and the number of glaucoma medications. Complications and the need for additional glaucoma surgery were assessed. Patients were followed for up to one year.
Results: 53 TrabEx+ could be matched to Trabectome. Baseline intraocular pressure was 16.5 ± 4.6 mmHg in both; age was 73.7 ± 8.8 years and 71.5 ± 9.9 years in TrabEx+ and Trabectome, respectively. TrabEx+ were taking more medications than Trabectome (p<0.001). Intraocular pressure was reduced to 14.8±4.3 in TrabEx+ and 13.4±3.4 in Trabectome at 6 months, and to 14.9±6.0 (p=0.13) in TrabEx+ and to 14.1±3.8 mmHg (all p<0.05) in Trabectome at 12 months. Medications were reduced at both 6 and 12 months (p< 0.05). No differences were seen between both groups at 6 and 12 months. In TrabEx+, only one serious complication occurred, and two patients required further glaucoma surgery.
Conclusion: Although both groups had a baseline intraocular pressure considered low for ab interno trabeculectomy, intraocular pressure and medications were reduced further at 6 and 12 months. Intraocular pressure reduction did not reach significance in TrabEx+ at 12 months. The inter-group comparison did not reveal any significant differences. Both had a low complication rate.