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- Molekularstrahlepitaxie (31)
- Topologischer Isolator (31)
- Quantenpunkt (30)
- Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) (29)
- Kernspintomografie (28)
- Parton Distributions (25)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (23)
- MRI (20)
- NMR-Tomographie (19)
- Organischer Halbleiter (19)
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- Physikalisches Institut (786)
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I (15)
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (9)
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Neuroradiologie (ehem. Abteilung für Neuroradiologie) (8)
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie (Institut für Röntgendiagnostik) (7)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz (DZHI) (6)
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie (5)
- Institut für Organische Chemie (5)
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik (5)
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum (5)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Forschungszentrum für komplexe Materialsysteme (4)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (3)
- Röntgen Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), Am Hubland, 97074 W¨urzburg, Germany (2)
- ATLAS Collaboration (1)
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA (1)
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), 97074 Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research e.V. (ZAE Bayern) (1)
- Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung e.V. (1)
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut fuer biophysikalische Chemie (1)
- CERN (1)
ResearcherID
- D-1250-2010 (1)
- N-7500-2014 (1)
The spin-orbit (SO) coupled optical lattices have attracted considerable interest. In this paper, we investigate the phase diagram of the interacting Fermi gas with Rashba-type spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on a square optical lattice. The phase diagram is investigated in a wide range of atomic interactions and SOC strength within the framework of the cluster dynamical mean-field theory (CDMFT). We show that the interplay between the atomic interactions and SOC results in a rich phase diagram. In the deep Mott insulator regime, the SOC can induce diverse spin ordered phases. Whereas near the metal-insulator transition (MIT), the SOC tends to destroy the conventional antiferromagnetic fluctuations, giving rise to distinctive features of the MIT. Furthermore, the strong fluctuations arising from SOC may destroy the magnetic orders and trigger an order to disorder transition in close proximity of the MIT.
Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung von lateral gekoppelten DFB-Halbleiterlasern für Hochleistungsanwendungen. Besonderes Augenmerk war dabei auf hohe COD-Schwellen und schmale Fernfeldverteilungen gerichtet. Ausgehend von einem LOC-Design wurden Simulationsrechnungen durchgeführt und ein neues Epitaxiedesign mit einer 2.5 μm dicken LOC, in welcher die aktive Schicht asymmetrisch positioniert ist, entwickelt. Durch die asymmetrische Anordnung der aktiven Schicht kann die im Falle von lateral gekoppelten DFB-Lasern sehr kritische Kopplung der Lichtmode an das modenselektive Gitter gewährleistet werden. Zudem reichen die Ausläufer der Lichtmode in diesem Design weiter in den Wellenleiter hinab als dies bei herkömmlichen Wellenleitern der Fall ist, so dass sich die Fernfeldeigenschaften der Laser verbessern. Die Fernfeldverteilungen solcher Laser weisen Halbwertsbreiten von 14° in lateraler und nur 19° in transversaler Richtung auf. Im Vergleich mit Standardstrukturen konnte die Ausdehnung des transversalen Fernfeldes also um mehr als 50 % reduziert werden. Außerdem ergibt sich eine nahezu runde Abstrahlcharakteristik, was die Einkopplungseffizienz in optische Systeme wie Glasfasern oder Linsen signifikant verbessert. Unter Ausnutzung der entwickelten Epitaxiestruktur mit asymmetrischer LOC wurde ein neues Lateraldesign entwickelt. Es handelt sich hierbei um Wellenleiterstege welche im Bereich der Facetten eine Verjüngung aufweisen. Durch diese wird die optische Mode tief in die 2.5 μm dicke Wellenleiterschicht geführt, welche sie in transversaler Richtung komplett ausfüllt. Durch den größeren Abstand der Lasermode vom Wellenleitersteg ergibt sich zudem eine deutliche schwächere laterale Führung, so dass sich die Mode auch parallel zur aktiven Schicht weiter ausdehnt. Die Lichtmode breitet sich folglich über eine deutlich größere Fläche aus, als dies bei einem gleichbleibend breiten Wellenleitersteg der Fall ist. Die somit signifikant kleinere Leistungsdichte auf der Laserfacette ist gleichbedeutend mit einem Anstieg der COD-Schwelle der Laser der im Einzelnen von den jeweiligen Designparametern von Schicht- und Lateralstruktur abhängig ist. Außerdem bewirkt die in lateraler und transversaler Richtung deutlich schwächere Lokalisation der Mode eine weitere Abnahme der Halbwertsbreiten der Laserfernfelder. Durch die im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Laserstrukturen schwächere Lokalisation der Lichtmode im Bereich der Facetten ergeben sich äußerst schmale Fernfelder. Ein 1800 μm langer Laser, dessen Stegbreite über 200 μm hinweg auf 0.4 μm verringert wurde, zeigt Halbwertsbreiten von 5.2° in lateraler und 13.0° in transversaler Richtung. Damit sind die Fernfelder dieser Laser bedeutend kleiner als die bislang vorgestellter Laserdioden mit LOC. Die Geometrie der Taperstrukturen bestimmt, wie vollständig sich die Mode in den unteren Wellenleiterbereich ausbreiten kann und nimmt damit Einfluss auf die Laserfernfelder. Im CW-Modus durchgeführte Messungen an Lasern mit Taperstrukturen zeigen maximale Ausgangsleistung von 200 mW bevor die Laser in thermisches Überrollen übergehen. Bei einer Ausgangsleistung von 185 mW beträgt das Seitenmodenunterdrückungsverhältnis 33 dB. Im gepulsten Modus (50 ns Pulsdauer, 1MHz Wiederholungsrate) betriebene Laser zeigen hohe COD-Schwellen von mehreren hundert bis hin zu 1600 mW, die eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Endbreite der Taperstrukturen zeigen: Mit abnehmender Taperbreite ergibt sich eine starke Zunahme der COD-Schwelle. An einem 1800 μm langen Laser mit 200 μm langen Taperstrukturen die eine Endbreite von 0.3 μm aufweisen konnte eine COD-Schwelle von 1.6 W nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Ansätzen, die ebenfalls longitudinal und lateral mono-modige DFB-Laser mit hohen Ausgangsleistungen zum Ziel haben, kann jedoch bei dem hier präsentierten Konzept aufgrund des Einsatzes von lateralen DFB-Gittern auf eine Unterbrechung des epitaktischen Wachstums verzichtet werden. Dies vereinfacht die Herstellung der Schichtstrukturen deutlich. Die hier vorgestellten Konzepte sind mit weiteren üblichen Vorgehensweisen zur Herstellung von Hochleistungslaserdioden, wie z.B. speziellen Facettenreinigungs- und Passivierungsverfahren oder Materialdurchmischung im Facettenbereich, kombinierbar. Zudem kann das hier am Beispiel des InGaAs/GaAs Materialsystems entwickelte Konzept auf alle zur Herstellung von Halbleiterlaserdioden üblichen Materialsysteme übertragen werden und eröffnet so eine völlig neue, material- und wellenlängenunabhängige Möglichkeit Abstrahlcharakteristik und Ausgangsleistung von Laserdioden zu optimieren.
Perovskite oxides are a very versatile material class with a large variety of outstanding physical properties.
A subgroup of these compounds particularly tempting to investigate are oxides involving high-\(Z\) elements, where spin-orbit coupling is expected to give rise to new intriguing phases and potential application-relevant functionalities. This thesis deals with the preparation and characterization of two representatives of high-\(Z\) oxide sample systems based on KTaO\(_3\) and BaBiO\(_3\).
KTaO\(_3\) is a band insulator with an electronic valence configuration of Ta 5\(d\)\(^0\) . It is shown that by pulsed laser deposition of a disordered LaAlO\(_3\) film on the KTaO\(_3\)(001) surface, through the creation of oxygen vacancies, a Ta 5\(d\)\(^{0+\(\delta\)}\) state is obtained in the upmost crystal layers of the substrate. In consequence a quasi two dimensional electron system (q2DES) with large spin-orbit coupling emerges at the heterointerface. Measurements of the Hall effect establish sheet carrier densities in the range of 0.1-1.2 10\(^{14}\) cm\(^2\), which can be controlled by the applied oxygen background pressure during deposition and the LaAlO\(_3\) film thickness. When compared to the prototypical oxide q2DESs based on SrTiO\(_3\) crystals, the investigated system exhibits exceptionally large carrier mobilities of up to 30 cm\(^2\)/Vs (7000 cm\(^2\)/Vs) at room temperature (below 10 K). Through a depth profiling by photoemission spectra of the Ta 4\(f\) core level it is shown that the majority of the Ta 5\(d\)\(^0\) charge carriers, consisting of mobile and localized electrons, is situated within 4 nm from the interface at low temperatures. Furthermore, the momentum-resolved electronic structure of the q2DES \(buried\) underneath the LaAlO\(_3\) film is probed by means of hard X-ray angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. It is inferred that, due to a strong confinement potential of the electrons, the band structure of the system is altered compared to \(n\)-doped bulk KTO. Despite the constraint of the electron movement along one direction, the Fermi surface exhibits a clear three dimensional momentum dependence, which is related to a depth extension of the conduction channels of at least 1 nm.
The second material, BaBiO\(_3\), is a charge-ordered insulator, which has recently been predicted to emerge as a large-gap topological insulator upon \(n\)-doping. This study reports on the thin film growth of pristine BaBiO\(_3\) on Nb:SrTiO\(_3\)(001) substrates by means of pulsed laser deposition. The mechanism is identified that facilitates the development of epitaxial order in the heterostructure despite the presence of an extraordinary large lattice mismatch of 12 %. At the heterointerface, a structurally modified layer of about 1.7 nm thickness is formed that gradually relieves the in-plane strain and serves as the foundation of a relaxed BBO film. The thereupon formed lattice orders laterally in registry with the substrate with the orientation BaBiO\(_3\)(001)||SrTiO\(_3\)(001) by so-called domain matching, where 8 to 9 BaBiO\(_3\) unit cells align with 9 to 10 unit cells of the substrate. Through the optimization of the deposition conditions in regard to the cation stoichiometry and the structural lattice quality, BaBiO\(_3\) thin films with bulk-like electronic properties are obtained, as is inferred from a comparison of valence band spectra with density functional theory calculations. Finally, a spectroscopic survey of BaBiO\(_3\) samples of various thicknesses resolves that a recently discovered film thickness-controlled phase transition in BaBiO\(_3\) thin films can be traced back to the structural and concurrent stoichiometric modifications occuring in the initially formed lattice on top of the SrTiO\(_3\) substrate rather than being purely driven by the smaller spatial extent of the BBO lattice.
Practical quantum communication between remote quantum memories rely on single photons at telecom wavelengths. Although spin-photon entanglement has been demonstrated in atomic and solid-state qubit systems, the produced single photons at short wavelengths and with polarization encoding are not suitable for long-distance communication, because they suffer from high propagation loss and depolarization in optical fibres. Establishing entanglement between remote quantum nodes would further require the photons generated from separate nodes to be indistinguishable. Here, we report the observation of correlations between a quantum-dot spin and a telecom single photon across a 2-km fibre channel based on time-bin encoding and background-free frequency downconversion. The downconverted photon at telecom wavelengths exhibits two-photon interference with another photon from an independent source, achieving a mean wavepacket overlap of greater than 0.89 despite their original wavelength mismatch (900 and 911 nm). The quantum-networking operations that we demonstrate will enable practical communication between solid-state spin qubits across long distances.
Thermoplastic polymers have a history of decades of safe and effective use in the clinic as implantable medical devices. In recent years additive manufacturing (AM) saw increased clinical interest for the fabrication of customizable and implantable medical devices and training models using the patients’ own radiological data. However, approval from the various regulatory bodies remains a significant hurdle. A possible solution is to fabricate the AM scaffolds using materials and techniques with a clinical safety record, e.g. melt processing of polymers. Melt Electrowriting (MEW) is a novel, high resolution AM technique which uses thermoplastic polymers. MEW produces scaffolds with microscale fibers and precise fiber placement, allowing the control of the scaffold microarchitecture. Additionally, MEW can process medical-grade thermoplastic polymers, without the use of solvents paving the way for the production of medical devices for clinical applications. This pathway is investigated in this thesis, where the layout is designed to resemble the journey of a medical device produced via MEW from conception to early in vivo experiments. To do so, first, a brief history of the development of medical implants and the regenerative capability of the human body is given in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, a review of the use of thermoplastic polymers in medicine, with a focus on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), is illustrated, as this is the polymer used in the rest of the thesis. This review is followed by a comparison of the state of the art, regarding in vivo and clinical experiments, of three polymer melt AM technologies: melt-extrusion, selective laser sintering and MEW. The first two techniques already saw successful translation to the bedside, producing patient-specific, regulatory-approved AM implants. To follow in the footsteps of these two technologies, the MEW device parameters need to be optimized. The MEW process parameters and their interplay are further discussed in Chapter 3 focusing on the importance of a steady mass flow rate of the polymer during printing. MEW reaches a balance between polymer flow, the stabilizing electric field and moving collector to produce reproducible, high-resolution scaffolds. An imbalance creates phenomena like fiber pulsing or arcing which result in defective scaffolds and potential printer damage. Chapter 4 shows the use of X-ray microtomography (µCT) as a non-destructive method to characterize the pore-related features: total porosity and the pore size distribution. MEW scaffolds are three-dimensional (3D) constructs but have long been treated in the literature as two-dimensional (2D) ones and characterized mainly by microscopy, including stereo- and scanning electron microscopy, where pore size was simply reported as the distance between the fibers in a single layer. These methods, together with the trend of producing scaffolds with symmetrical pores in the 0/90° and 0/60/120° laydown patterns, disregarded the lateral connections between pores and the potential of MEW to be used for more complex 3D structures, mimicking the extracellular matrix. Here we characterized scaffolds in the aforementioned symmetrical laydown patterns, along with the more complex 0/45/90/135° and 0/30/60/90/120/150° ones. A 2D pore size estimation was done first using stereomicroscopy, followed by and compared to µCT scanning. The scaffolds with symmetrical laydown patterns resulted in the predominance of one pore size, while those with more complex patterns had a broader distribution, which could be better shown by µCT scans. Moreover, in the symmetrical scaffolds, the size of 3D pores was not able to reach the value of the fiber spacing due to a flattening effect of the scaffold, where the thickness of the scaffold was less than the fiber spacing, further restricting the pore size distribution in such scaffolds. This method could be used for quality assurance of fabricated scaffolds prior to use in in vitro or in vivo experiments and would be important for a clinical translation. Chapter 5 illustrates a proof of principle subcutaneous implantation in vivo experiment. MEW scaffolds were already featured in small animal in vivo experiments, but to date, no analysis of the foreign body reaction (FBR) to such implants was performed. FBR is an immune reaction to implanted foreign materials, including medical devices, aimed at protecting the host from potential adverse effects and can interfere with the function of some medical implants. Medical-grade PCL was used to melt electrowrite scaffolds with 50 and 60 µm fiber spacing for the 0/90° and 0/60/120° laydown patterns, respectively. These implants were implanted subcutaneously in immunocompetent, outbred mice, with appropriate controls, and explanted after 2, 4, 7 and 14 days. A thorough characterization of the scaffolds before implantation was done, followed by a full histopathological analysis of the FBR to the implants after excision. The scaffolds, irrespective of their pore geometry, induced an extensive FBR in the form of accumulation of foreign body giant cells around the fiber walls, in a manner that almost occluded available pore spaces with little to no neovascularization. This reaction was not induced by the material itself, as the same reaction failed to develop in the PCL solid film controls. A discussion of the results was given with special regard to the literature available on flat surgical meshes, as well as other hydrogel-based porous scaffolds with similar pore sizes. Finally, a general summary of the thesis in Chapter 6 recapitulates the most important points with a focus on future directions for MEW.
The sattering characteristics ot the n-VI semiconductors were analyzed by a method which combines the second-order finite-element method with the rigorous mode matching procedure. The method avolds the difficulty of solving the complex transcendental equation introduced in the multimode network method and calculates all the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions simultaneously which are needed for the mode matching treatment in the longitudinal direction. As a result, the whole solution procedure is significantly simplified. A comparison is given between the experimental data and the calculated results obtained with this analysis and tbe network method. Very good agreement has been achieved, the accuracy and efficiency of the present method are thus verified.
Single molecule localization microscopy has seen a remarkable growth since its first
experimental implementations about a decade ago. Despite its technical challenges,
it is already widely used in medicine and biology and is valued as a unique tool
to gain molecular information with high specificity. However, common illumination techniques do not allow the use of single molecule sensitive super-resolution
microscopy techniques such as direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
(dSTORM) for whole cell imaging. In addition, they can potentially alter the
quantitative information.
In this thesis, I combine dSTORM imaging in three dimensions with lattice lightsheet illumination to gain quantitative molecular information from cells unperturbed by the illumination and cover slip effects. Lattice light-sheet illumination
uses optical lattices for beam shaping to restrict the illumination to the detectable
volume. I describe the theoretical background needed for both techniques and detail
the experimental realization of the system as well as the software that I developed
to efficiently evaluate the data.
Eventually, I will present key datasets that demonstrate the capabilities of the
developed microscope system with and without dSTORM. My main goal here was
to use these techniques for imaging the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, also
known as CD56) in whole cells. NCAM is a plasma membrane receptor known to
play a key role in biological processes such as memory and learning. Combining
dSTORM and lattice light-sheet illumination enables the collection of quantitative
data of the distribution of molecules across the whole plasma membrane, and shows
an accumulation of NCAM at cell-cell interfaces. The low phototoxicity of lattice
light-sheet illumination further allows for tracking individual NCAM dimers in living cells, showing a significant dependence of its mobility on the actin skeleton of
the cell.
We present the optical characterization of GaAs-based InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a digitally alloyed InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer (MBL) with gradual composition ensuring a redshift of the QD emission up to the second telecom window. Based on the photoluminescence (PL) measurements and numerical calculations, we analyzed the factors influencing the energies of optical transitions in QDs, among which the QD height seems to be dominating. In addition, polarization anisotropy of the QD emission was observed, which is a fingerprint of significant valence states mixing enhanced by the QD confinement potential asymmetry, driven by the decreased strain with increasing In content in the MBL. The barrier-related transitions were probed by photoreflectance, which combined with photoluminescence data and the PL temperature dependence, allowed for the determination of the carrier activation energies and the main channels of carrier loss, identified as the carrier escape to the MBL barrier. Eventually, the zero-dimensional character of the emission was confirmed by detecting the photoluminescence from single QDs with identified features of the confined neutral exciton and biexciton complexes via the excitation power and polarization dependences.