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Institute
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (1034)
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (101)
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum (70)
- Medizinische Fakultät (44)
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (39)
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie (35)
- Institut für Psychologie (34)
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie (33)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (29)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften (25)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI) (7)
- Universitätsklinikum Münster (3)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg (2)
- Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (ZINF) Würzburg (2)
- Bio-Imaging Center Würzburg (1)
- Biomedical Center Munich, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1)
- CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - the development agency of the Brazilian Federal Government (1)
- CBIO, University of Cape Town, South Africa (1)
- Carl-Ludwig-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Leipzig (1)
- Chair of Experimental Biomedicine I (1)
G-quadruplex structures are highly stable alternative DNA structures that can, when not properly regulated, impede replication fork progression and cause genome instability (Castillo Bosch et al, 2014; Crabbe et al, 2004; Koole et al, 2014; Kruisselbrink et al, 2008; London et al, 2008; Lopes et al, 2011; Paeschke et al, 2013; Paeschke et al, 2011; Piazza et al, 2015; Piazza et al, 2010; Piazza et al, 2012; Ribeyre et al, 2009; Sabouri et al, 2014; Sarkies et al, 2012; Sarkies et al, 2010; Schiavone et al, 2014; Wu & Spies, 2016; Zimmer et al, 2016). The aim of this thesis was to identify novel G-quadruplex interacting proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to unravel their regulatory function at these structures to maintain genome integrity. Mms1 and Rtt101 were identified as G-quadruplex binding proteins in vitro via a pull-down experiment with subsequent mass spectrometry analysis. Rtt101, Mms1 and Mms22, which are all components of an ubiquitin ligase (Rtt101Mms1/Mms22), are important for the progression of the replication fork following fork stalling (Luke et al, 2006; Vaisica et al, 2011; Zaidi et al, 2008). The in vivo binding of endogenously tagged Mms1 to its target regions was analyzed genome-wide using chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by deep-sequencing. Interestingly, Mms1 bound independently of Mms22 and Rtt101 to G-rich regions that have the potential to form G-quadruplex structures. In vitro, formation of G-quadruplex structures could be shown for the G-rich regions Mms1 bound to. This binding was observed throughout the cell cycle. Furthermore, the deletion of MMS1 caused replication fork stalling as evidenced by increased association of DNA Polymerase 2 at Mms1 dependent sites. A gross chromosomal rearrangement assay revealed that deletion of MMS1 results in a significantly increased genome instability at G-quadruplex motifs compared to G-rich or non-G-rich regions. Additionally, binding of the helicase Pif1, which unwinds G4 structures in vitro (Paeschke et al, 2013; Ribeyre et al, 2009; Sanders, 2010; Wallgren et al, 2016), to Mms1 binding sites was reduced in mms1 cells. The data presented in this thesis, together with published data, suggests a novel mechanistic model in which Mms1 binds to G-quadruplex structures and enables Pif1 association. This allows for replication fork progression and genome integrity.
MYC is a transcription factor, whose expression is elevated or deregulated in many human cancers (up to 70%) and is often associated with aggressive and poorly differentiated tumors. Although MYC is extensively studied, discrepancies have emerged about how this transcription factor works. In primary lymphocytes, MYC promotes transcriptional amplification of virtually all genes with an open promoter, whereas in tumor cells MYC regulates specific sets of genes that have significant prognostic value. Furthermore, the set of target genes that distinguish MYC’s physiological function from the pathological/oncogenic one, whether it exists or not, has not been fully understood yet.
In this study, it could be shown that MYC protein levels within a cell and promoter affinity (determined by E-box presence or interaction with other proteins) of target genes toward MYC are important factors that influence MYC activity. At low levels, MYC can amplify a certain transcriptional program, which includes high affinity binding sites, whereas at high levels MYC leads to the specific up- and down regulation of genes with low affinity. Moreover, the promoter affinity characterizes different sets of target genes which can be distinguished in the physiological or oncogenic MYC signatures.
MYC-mediated repression requires higher MYC levels than activation and formation of a complex with MIZ1 is necessary for inhibiting expression of a subset of MYC target genes.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-Typ Zytokine, allen voran IL-6 und Oncostatin M (OSM), besitzen pleiotrope Eigenschaften und spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei einer Vielzahl biologischer Prozesse. Als Akutphaseinduktoren sind IL-6 und OSM an der Initialisierung entzündlicher und immunologischer Prozesse beteiligt, können aber ebenso die Differenzierung und das Zellwachstum beeinflussen. Ihre biologische Wirkung vermitteln sie über die Bindung an einen multimeren Rezeptorkomplex. Dieser weist im Fall von IL-6 eine hexamere Struktur auf und besteht aus je zwei Molekülen des Glykoproteins 130 (gp130), des IL-6 α Rezeptors (IL-6R) und IL-6. Der Rezeptor von OSM hingegen ist ein Heterodimer und besteht aus gp130 und dem OSM Rezeptor (OSMR) oder aber aus gp130 und dem leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) Rezeptor (LIFR). Die Zytokine der IL-6-Familie vermitteln die Induktion des Jak/STAT (Januskinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription), PI3K/Akt (Phosphoinositid-3-Kinasen/AKR thymoma oncogene homolog) und MAPK (mitogenaktivierte Proteinkinase) Signalwegs. Da eine unkontrollierte Aktivierung dieser Signalkaskaden jedoch zu chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen oder abnormen Zellwachstum führen kann, ist eine Regulation durch verschiedene Rückkopplungsmechanismen essentiell. Neben der Rekrutierung inhibitorisch wirkender Proteine, wie den Mitgliedern der SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) Familie und Tyrosinphosphatasen, gilt die Rezeptorinternalisierung als regulierender Mechanismus.
Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Dissertation geht der Fragestellung nach, wie die Expression des IL-6-Rezeptors während der Differenzierung und Maturierung dendritischer Zellen (DZ) reguliert ist und welche Relevanz die gp130-Internalisierung bei diesen Entwicklungsprozessen spielt.
DZ gehören zu den professionellen antigenpräsentieren Zellen (APZ) und gelten als Bindeglied zwischen der angeborenen und adaptiven Immunantwort. Sie spielen insbesondere bei der Polarisation der T-Helferzellen (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg) eine wichtige Rolle. DZ repräsentieren eine heterogene Zellpopulation, die auf Basis ihrer Entstehung, ihres Vorkommens und/oder ihrer Funktionen in verschiedene Subtypen unterteilt werden und sich u.a. durch die Expression bestimmter Oberflächenmarker unterscheiden lassen. Es ist bekannt, dass DZ sowohl gp130 als auch den IL-6R auf ihrer Oberfläche exprimieren, weshalb ihre Differenzierung und Maturierung durch IL-6 beeinflusst werden kann. Obwohl Studien der letzten Jahre bereits eindrucksvoll die Relevanz des IL-6-Signals für die DZ Entwicklung belegt haben, bleibt dessen Funktion für diese Prozesse bisher kontrovers diskutiert. Inwiefern eine veränderte Rezeptorexpression auf diesen Zellen Einfluss auf die biologische Wirkung von IL-6 nimmt, wurde bisher nicht untersucht und war daher Ziel der hier durchgeführten Experimente. Mit Hilfe GM-CSF-gereifter DZ aus murinem Knochenmark (KM-DZ) sowie steady state DZ aus peripheren lymphatischen Organen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expression von gp130 und IL-6R bereits während der DZ Differenzierung unterschiedlich reguliert ist. Konventionelle DZ (kDZ) aus Milz und Lymphknoten wiesen ein höheres Expressionsniveau für den IL-6-Rezeptor auf als plasmazytoide DZ (pDZ). Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass die gp130 Expression im Verlauf der DZ Differenzierung stetig zunimmt, während nahezu keine Veränderung für die Expression des IL-6R festzustellen war. In weiteren Experimenten konnte darüber hinaus belegt werden, dass die Reifung der DZ, induziert durch Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), Tumornekrosefaktor-α (TNFα) oder Choleratoxin (Ctx), zu einer Cross-Regulation von gp130 führt. Diese konnte im Fall von TNFα und Ctx auf eine vorübergehende Internalisierung des Rezeptors in Folge der Aktivierung der Serin-/Threonin-Kinase MK2 (MAPK-aktivierte Proteinkinase 2) zurückgeführt werden. Untersuchungen von KM-DZ aus der gp130 knockin Mauslinie gp130LLAA, die sich durch eine Punktmutation des beschriebenen Endozytose-Motivs des Rezeptors auszeichnet, führten zu dem Schluss, dass LPS gp130 über einen bisher noch nicht beschriebenen Mechanismus reguliert. Dieser vermittelt eine frühe Clathrin-abhängige Internalisierung von gp130 und führt schließlich zu einer langfristigen Inhibierung der gp130 Expression. Die Regulation der IL-6 Rezeptorexpression ist insofern von Bedeutung als dass vermutet werden kann, dass das IL-6/STAT3-Signal für die Aufrechterhaltung eines unreifen DZ Phänotyps wichtig ist. Ferner kann vermutet werden, dass die Limitierung der Responsivität gegenüber LIF (und vermutlich auch OSM) für die Differenzierung von DZ wichtig ist, da die Expression des LIFR über die Dauer der KM-DZ Differenzierung stark herunterreguliert wurde. Eine Expression des OSMR auf DZ wurde hingegen nicht nachgewiesen und steht demzufolge im Gegensatz zu bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen.
Im Rahmen dieses ersten Projekts wurde ebenfalls untersucht, wie sich die veränderte gp130 Endozytose auf die Homöostase myeloider und lymphoider Zellen auswirkt. Bei den hierfür analysierten gp130LLAA Mäusen wurde eine geringfügige Verminderung der Frequenz und absoluten Zellzahl von kDZ in der Milz sowie eine Zunahme der Frequenz und absoluten Zellzahl von pDZ und Makrophagen in den inguinalen Lymphknoten nachgewiesen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Anstieg in der Frequenz und absoluten Zellzahl von T-Zellen, jedoch eine Abnahme der B-Zellen in der Milz beobachtet.
Im zweiten Teil der Dissertation sollte die OSM-vermittelte Induktion antiviraler Gene in primären humanen dermalen Fibroblasten (HDF) untersucht werden.
Typ I Interferone (IFN) gelten als zentrale Zytokine der antiviralen Immunantwort. Studien der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, dass eine Reihe proinflammatorischer Zytokine ebenso die antivirale Immunantwort beeinflussen können, indem sie u.a. die Expression der pattern recognition receptors (PRR) regulieren. PRR sind Teil des angeborenen Immunsystems und für die Erkennung von Pathogenen durch die Bindung an konservierte Pathogen-assoziierte molekulare Strukturen (PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns) wichtig. Im zweiten Teilprojekt der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass OSM dazu in der Lage ist, die Induktion der im Zytoplasma lokalisierten PRR Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) und Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) zu vermitteln. Mit Hilfe von RNA Interferenzstudien konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Expression dieser beiden RNA-Helikasen von der OSM-vermittelten STAT1 Aktivierung abhängig ist und über einen STAT3/SOCS3-abhängigen Mechanismus reguliert wird. Während die Blockade der STAT1 Expression zu einer Inhibierung der OSM-induzierten Expression der Helikasen führte, wurde durch den Verlust von STAT3 oder SOCS3 die Expression von RIG-I und MDA5, aufgrund einer stärkeren und länger anhaltenden STAT1-Phosphorylierung, signifikant erhöht. Zusätzlich konnte ein additiver Effekt zwischen der OSM- und IFNγ-vermittelten Helikasenexpression belegt werden. Dieses Resultat steht im Einklang mit vorhergehenden Veröffentlichungen, die einen Crosstalk zwischen OSM und Typ I IFN bei der antiviralen Abwehr gegen das Hepatitis C Virus beschreiben.
Neurons are specialized cells dedicated to transmit the nerve impulses throughout the human body across specialized structures called synapses. At the synaptic terminals, a crosstalk between multiple macromolecules regulates the structure and function of the presynaptic nerve endings and the postsynaptic recipient sites.
Gephyrin is the central organizer at inhibitory postsynaptic specializations and plays a crucial role in the organization of these structures by anchoring GABAA receptors (GABAAR) and glycine receptors (GlyR) to the postsynaptic membrane. This 93 kDa protein features an N-terminal G domain and a C-terminal E domain and the latter interacts directly with the intracellular loop between transmembrane helices 3 and 4 of certain subunits of the GlyRs and GABAARs. Biochemical and structural analyses have already provided valuable insights into the gephyrin-GlyR interaction. Interestingly, biochemical studies on the gephyrin-GABAAR interaction demonstrated that the GABAARs also depend on the same binding site as the GlyRs for the interaction with the gephyrin, but the molecular basis for this receptor specific interaction of gephyrin was still unknown. Co-crystal structures of GephE-GABAAR α3- derived peptides with supporting biochemical data presented in this study deciphered the receptor-specific interactions of gephyrin in atomic detail.
In its moonlighting function, gephyrin also catalyzes the terminal step of the evolutionarily conserved molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Molybdenum, an essential transition element has to be complexed with a pterin-based cofactor resulting in the formation of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco). Moco is an essential component at the active site of all molybdenum-containing enzymes with the exception of nitrogenase. Mutations in enzymes involved in this pathway lead to a rare yet severe disease called Moco deficiency, which manifest itself in severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities and early childhood death. Moco biosynthesis follows a complex multistep pathway, where in the penultimate step, the N-terminal G domain of gephyrin activates the molybdopterin to form an adenylated molybdopterin intermediate. In the terminal step, this intermediate is then transferred to the C-terminal E domain of gephyrin, which catalyzes the metal insertion and deadenylation reaction to form active Moco. Previous biochemical and structural studies provided valuable insights into the penultimate step of the Moco biosynthesis but the terminal step remained elusive. Through the course of my dissertation, I crystallized the C-terminal E domain in the apo-form as well as in complex with ADP and AMP. These structures shed lightonto the deadenylation reaction and the formation of a ternary E-domain-ADP-Mo/W complex and thus provide structural insight into the metal insertion mechanism. Moreover, the structures also provided molecular insights into a mutation leading to Moco deficiency. Finally, ternary
complexes of GephE, ADP and receptor-derived peptides provided first clues regarding the integration of gephyrin’s dual functionality.
In summary, during the course of the dissertation I was able to derive high resolution structural insights into the interactions between gephyrin and GABAARs, which explain the receptor-specific interaction of gephyrin and, furthermore, these studies can be extended in the future to understand GABAAR subunit-specific interactions of gephyrin. Finally, the understanding of Moco biosynthesis shed light on the molecular basis of the fatal Moco deficiency.
The Staphylococcus aureus two component system (TCS) sae governs expression of numerous virulence factors, including Eap (extracellular adherence protein), which in turn among other functions also mediates invasion of host cells. The sae TCS is encoded by the saePQRS operon, with saeS coding for the sensor histidine kinase (SaeS) and saeR encoding the response regulator (SaeR). The saeRS system is preceded by two additional open reading frames (ORFs), saeP and saeQ, which are predicted to encode a lipoprotein (SaeP) and a membrane protein (SaeQ), respectively. Earlier, we have shown that SDS-containing subinhibitory concentrations of biocides (Perform®) and SDS alone activate sae transcription and increase cellular invasiveness in S. aureus strain Newman. The effect is associated with an amino acid exchange in the N-terminus of SaeS (L18P), specific to strain Newman.
In this work, the role of whether the two additional genes, saePQ coding for the accessory proteins SaeP and SaeQ, respectively, are involved in SDS-mediated saeRS was investigated. It could demonstrated that the lack of the SaeP protein resulted in an increased saeRS transcription without SDS stress in both SaeSL/P variants, while the SDS effect was less pronounced on sae and eap expression compared to the Newman wildtype, suggesting that the SaeP protein represses the sae system. Also, SDS-mediated inductions of sae and eap transcription along with enhanced invasion were found to be dependent on presence of the SaeSP variant in Newman wildtype. On the other hand, the study also shows that the saePQ region of the sae operon is required for fully functional two-component system saeRS under normal growth conditions, but it is not involved in SDS-mediated activation of the saeS signaling and sae-target class I gene, eap.
In the second approach, the study investigates whether SDS-induced sae expression and host cell invasion is common among S. aureus strains not carrying the (L18P) point mutation. To demonstrate this strain Newman, its isogenic saeS mutants, and various S. aureus isolates were analysed for sae, eap expression and cellular invasiveness. Among the strains tested, SDS exposure resulted only in an increase of sae transcription, Eap production and cellular invasiveness in strain Newman wild type and MRSA strain ST239-635/93R, the latter without an increase in Eap. Interestingly, the epidemic community-associated MRSA strain, USA300 LAC showed a biphasic response in sae transcription at different growth stages, which, however, was not accompanied by increased invasiveness. All other clinical isolates investigated displayed a decrease of the parameters tested. While in strain Newman the SDS effect was due to the saeSP allele, this was not the case in strain ST239-635/93R and the biphasic USA300 strains. Also, increased invasiveness of ST239-635/93R was found to be independent of Eap production. Furthermore, to investigate the global effect of SDS on sae target gene expression, strain Newman wild-type and Newman ∆sae were treated with SDS and analyzed for their transcription profiles of sae target genes using microarray assays. We could show that subinhibitory concentrations of SDS upregulate and downregulate gene expression of several signaling pathways involved in biosynthetic, metabolic pathways as well as virulence, host cell adherence, stress reponse and many hypothetical proteins.
In summary, the study sheds light on the role of the upstream region saePQ in SDS-mediated saeRS and eap expression during S. aureus SDS stress. Most importantly, the study also shows that subinhibitory SDS concentrations have pronounced strain-dependent effects on sae transcription and subsequent host cell invasion in S. aureus, with the latter likely to be mediated in some strains by other factors than the known invasin Eap and FnBP proteins. Moreover, there seems to exist more than the saeSP-mediated mechanism for SDS-induced sae transcription in clinical S. aureus isolates. These results help to further understand and clarify virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms and their regulation in S. aureus.
Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) is a suitable target to develop an immunotherapeutic approach against high risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly their relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). As an intracellular protein traversing between nucleus and cytoplasm, recombinant expression of WT1 is difficult. Therefore, an induction of WT1-specific T-cell responses is mostly based on peptide vaccination as well as dendritic cell (DC) electroporation with mRNA encoding full-length protein to mount WT1-derived peptide variations presented to T cells. Alternatively, the WT1 peptide presentation could be broadened by forcing receptor-mediated endocytosis of DCs.
In this study, antibody fusion proteins consisting of an antibody specific to the human DEC205 endocytic receptor and various fragments of WT1 (anti-hDEC205-WT1) were generated for a potential DC-targeted recombinant WT1 vaccine. Anti-hDEC205-WT1 antibody fusion proteins containing full-length or major parts of WT1 were not efficiently expressed and secreted due to their poor solubility and secretory capacity. However, small fragment-containing variants: anti-hDEC205-WT110-35, anti-hDEC205-WT191-138, anti-hDEC205-WT1223-273, and anti-hDEC205-WT1324-371 were obtained in good yields.
Since three of these fusion proteins contain the most of the known immunogenic epitopes in their sequences, the anti-hDEC205-WT191-138, anti-hDEC205-WT1223-273, and anti-hDEC205-WT1324-371 were tested for their T-cell stimulatory capacities. Mature monocyte-derived DCs loaded with anti-hDEC205-WT191-138 could induce ex vivo T-cell responses in 12 of 16 blood samples collected from either healthy or HSC transplanted individuals compared to included controls (P < 0.01). Furthermore, these T cells could kill WT1-overexpressing THP-1 leukemia cells in vitro after expansion.
In conclusion, alongside proving the difficulty in expression and purification of intracellular WT1 as a vaccine protein, our results from this work introduce an alternative therapeutic vaccine approach to improve an anti-leukemia immune response in the context of allogeneic HSCT and potentially beyond.
Der zur Familie der pentameren ligandengesteuerten Ionenkanäle zugehörige Glycinrezeptor (GlyR) ist ein wichtiger Vermittler synaptischer Inhibition im Zentralnervensystem von Säugetieren. GlyR-Mutationen führen zur neurologischen Bewegungsstörung Hyperekplexie. Aufgrund fehlender struktureller Daten ist die intrazelluläre Loop-Struktur zwischen den Transmembransegmenten 3 und 4 (TM3-4 Loop) eine weitgehend unerforschte Domäne des GlyR. Innerhalb dieser Domäne wurden Rezeptortrunkierungen sowie Punktmutationen identifiziert. Rezeptortrunkierung geht mit Funktionslosigkeit einher, welche jedoch durch Koexpression des fehlenden Sequenzabschnitts zum Teil wiederhergestellt werden kann. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wurde die Interaktion zwischen trunkierten, funktionslosen GlyR und sukzessiv verkürzten Komplementationskonstrukten untersucht. Dabei wurden als Minimaldomänen für die Interaktion das C-terminalen basische Motive des TM3-4 Loops, die TM4 sowie der extrazelluläre C-Terminus identifiziert. Die Rückkreuzung transgener Mäuse, die das Komplementationskonstrukt iD-TM4 unter Kontrolle des GlyR-Promotors exprimierten, mit der oscillator-Maus spdot, die einen trunkierten GlyR exprimiert und 3 Wochen nach der Geburt verstirbt, hatte aufgrund fehlender Proteinexpression keinen Effekt auf die Letalität der Mutation. Des Weiteren wurde die Bedeutsamkeit der Integrität beider basischer Motive 316RFRRKRR322 und 385KKIDKISR392 im TM3-4 Loop in Kombination mit der Loop-Länge für die Funktionalität und das Desensitisierungsverhalten des humanen GlyRα1 anhand von chimären Rezeptoren identifiziert. Eine bisher unbekannte Patientenmutation P366L innerhalb des TM3-4 Loops wurde mit molekularbiologischen, biochemischen und elektrophysiologischen Methoden charakterisiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die mutierten Rezeptorkomplexe in vitro deutlich reduzierte Glycin-induzierte Maximalströme sowie eine beschleunigte Schließkinetik aufweisen. P366L hat im Gegensatz zu bereits charakterisierten Hyperekplexiemutationen innerhalb des TM3-4 Loops keinen Einfluss auf die Biogenese des Rezeptors. P366 ist Teil einer möglichen Poly-Prolin-Helix, die eine Erkennungssequenz für SH3-Domänen darstellt. Ein potenzieller Interaktionspartner des TM3-4 Loops des GlyRα1 ist Collybistin, welches eine wichtige Rolle bei der synaptischen Rezeptorintegration spielt und die Verbindung zum Zytoskelett vermittelt. An der inhibitorischen Synapse verursacht P366L durch die Reduzierung postsynaptischer Chloridströme, das beschleunigte Desensitisierungsverhalten des GlyRα1 sowie ein verändertes Interaktionsmotiv Störungen der glycinergen Transmission, die zur Ausprägung phänotypischer Symptome der Hyperekplexie führen.
Beyond the state of the art, towards intuitive and reliable non-visual Brain-Computer-Interfacing
(2016)
For the present work three main goals were formulated:
goal 1 To design a tactile BCI used for mobility which is
intuitive (G1.1), reliable and fast while being usable
by participants aged 50 years and above.
goal 2 To design an auditory BCI used for communication
which is intuitive and reliable.
goal 3 To examine the effects of training on tactile and
auditory BCI performance.
Three studies were performed to achieve these goals.
In the first study nine participants aged above 50 years
performed a five-session training after which eight participants
were able to navigate a virtual wheelchair with
mean accuracy above 95% and an ITR above 20 bits / min.
In the second study 15 participants, four of them endusers
with motor-impairment, were able to communicate
meaningful with high accuracies using an auditory BCI.
In the third study nine healthy and nine visually impaired
participants (regarded as sensory experts for non-visual
perception) performed tactile, auditory and visual (for
healthy participants only) copy tasks. Participants with
trained perception significantly outperformed control
participants for tactile but not for auditory performance.
Tactile performance of sensory experts was on equal levels
as the visual performance of control participants.
We were able to demonstrate viability of intuitive gazeindependent
tactile and auditory BCI. Our tactile BCI performed
on levels similar to those of visual BCI, outperforming
current tactile BCI protocols. Furthermore, we were
able to demonstrate significant beneficial effect of training
on tactile BCI performance. Our results demonstrate previously
untapped potential for tactile BCI and avenues for
future research in the field of gaze-independent BCI.
Für eine gesunde kindliche Entwicklung ist besonders in der frühen Kindheit
guter Schlaf sehr wichtig. Gerade im Baby- und Kleinkindalter sind
Schlafschwierigkeiten jedoch ein häufiges Phänomen. Vor allem Ein- und
Durchschlafstörungen kommen vielfach vor, die nicht automatisch mit zunehmendem
Alter eines Kindes remittieren. Sie können persistieren und zum
Teil auch schwerwiegende Folgen für die kindliche Entwicklung haben. Nicht
nur Hyperaktivität, Reizbarkeit und Aggressivität treten bei Kindern mit
Schlafstörungen gehäuft auf, sondern auch Tagesmüdigkeit, Konzentrationsund
Gedächtnisstörungen sowie kognitive Beeinträchtigungen können die
Folge sein. Darüber hinaus können Depressionen, Angststörungen und
Übergewicht langfristige Folgen von Schlafstörungen sein. Auch wirken sich
die Schlafstörungen bei jungen Kindern negativ auf die Eltern aus. Daher
ist es wichtig, Schlafprobleme im frühen Kindesalter zu erkennen, ernst zu
nehmen und frühzeitig zu behandeln.
Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen. Es wurden das elterliche
Wissen über Schlaf im Kleinkindalter sowie eine Auswahl von Elternratgeberliteratur
für kindliche Schlafprobleme untersucht. Ferner wurde das
multimodale Elterntrainingsprogramm „Mini-KiSS“, ein Elterntraining für
Kinder bis vier Jahren mit Schlafstörungen (Schlarb_2014), hinsichtlich
seiner externen Validität betrachtet.
Da Eltern diejenigen sind, die als erste mit den Schlafproblemen ihres
Kindes konfrontiert sind, sollten sie kindliche Schlafstörungen als diese
erkennen und auch einschätzen können, um ggf. weiterführende Maßnahme
einzuleiten. Deshalb ist es wichtig, dass Eltern über den kindlichen Schlaf
informiert sind. Um dieses elterliche Wissen über Schlaf von jungen Kindern
zu erfassen, wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, in dem Anwendungs- und Faktenwissen über Schlaf im Baby- und Kleinkindalter erfragt wurden. Dieser
wurde einer Online-Stichprobe (N = 1291) vorgelegt. Insgesamt verfügten die
Eltern über ein gutes Wissen, sie beantworteten 65% der Fragen korrekt. Es
zeigte sich jedoch ein Unterschied zwischen dem Anwendungswissen, wo die
Eltern 72% korrekt beantworteten und dem Faktenwissen, wo die Eltern 61%
der gestellten Fragen korrekt beantworteten. Allerdings wurden auch Unsicherheiten
sowie Wissensdefizite deutlich, die noch genauer erfasst werden
und denen künftig mit unverbindlichen Informations- und Beratungsangeboten
begegnet werden sollte. Insbesondere bei den Interventionsmöglichkeiten
zum Umgang mit einer Schlafproblematik im Kleinkindalter wurde ein
Dissens deutlich, der sich auch in der nachfolgenden Analyse von Elternratgeberliteratur
für Schlafschwierigkeiten widerspiegelte. Es wurden
Literaturanalysen über Ratgeber für das Kindesalter einerseits und für das
Baby- und Kleinkindalter andererseits durchgeführt. Dabei konnte gezeigt
werden, dass die Autoren entweder eine Position zum lerntheoretischen
Ansatz der graduierten Extinktion bezogen und diese Methode empfohlen
oder das Co-Sleeping, also das gemeinsame Schlafen von Eltern und Kind
in einem Bett, favorisierten. Zudem wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das
multimodale Elterntraining Mini-KiSS bezüglich der externen Validität im
Langzeitverlauf erfolgreich überprüft. Das Elterntraining richtet sich an
Eltern von Kindern im Alter von sechs Monaten bis vier Jahren mit Schlafstörungen
und findet in Form von sechs aufeinanderfolgenden Elternabenden
statt. Durch das Training kam es zu signifikanten Verbesserungen des kindlichen
und mütterlichen Schlafes, diese bis zur Ein-Jahres-Katamnese stabil.
Auch weitere mit problematischem kindlichem Schlafverhalten assoziierte
Parameter, wie das allgemeine kindliche Problemverhalten sowie die elterliche
Gesamtbelastung, konnten nachhaltig reduziert werden. Im Rahmen
der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Intervention
sowohl auf das Kind als auch auf die Eltern positiv auswirkte, was auch
anhand von objektiven Verfahren bestätigt werden konnte. Zusammengefasst leistet diese Arbeit somit mit der Befragung einer großen Online-Stichprobe zu frühkindlichem Schlaf, der literaturanalytischen Betrachtung
ausgewählter Ratgeberliteratur sowie der erfolgreichen Prüfung
der externen Validität des Mini-KiSS-Trainings einen wichtigen und richtungsweisenden
Beitrag zur aktuellen Forschung im Bereich der nichtorganischen
Schlafstörungen im Kleinkindalter.
Pavlovian fear conditioning describes a form of associative learning in which a previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned fear response after it has been temporally paired with an aversive consequence. Once acquired, the fear response can be extinguished by repeatedly presenting the former neutral stimulus in the absence of the aversive consequence. Although most patients suffering from anxiety disorders cannot recall a specific conditioned association between a formerly neutral stimulus and the feeling of anxiety, the produced behavioral symptoms, such as avoidance or safety behavior to prevent the anticipated aversive consequence are commonly exhibited in all anxiety disorders. Moreover, there is considerable similarity between the neural structures involved in fear and extinction in the rodent and in the human. Translational research thus contributes to the understanding of neural circuitries involved in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders, and further provides hypotheses for improvements in treatment strategies aiming at inhibiting the fear response.
Since the failure to appropriately inhibit or extinguish a fear response is a key feature of pathological anxiety, the present preclinical research focuses on the interplay between the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during fear learning with particular regard to the prefrontal recruitment during fear extinction and its recall. By firstly demonstrating an increased mPFC activity over the time course of extinction learning with functional near-infrared spectroscopy, the main study of this dissertation focused on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as brain stimulation technique suitable to enhance extinction learning. Since hypofrontality is assumed to underlie the maintenance of pathological anxiety, rTMS application revealed an increased mPFC activity, which resulted in a decreased fear response on the behavioral level both during extinction learning as well as during the recall of extinction 24 hours later and in the absence of another stimulation. The following attempt to improve the generalization of extinction with rTMS from an extinguished stimulus to a second stimulus which was reinforced but not extinguished was at least partially evidenced. By revealing an increased prefrontal activity to the non-extinguished stimulus, the active and the placebo rTMS condition, however, did not differ on behavioral parameters. These preclinical findings were discussed in the light of genetic and environmental risk factors with special regard to the combination of a risk variant of the neuropeptide S receptor 1 gene polymorphism (NPSR1 rs324981) and anxiety sensitivity. While the protective homozygous AA genotype group showed no correlation with anxiety sensitivity, the NPSR1 T genotype group exhibited an inverse correlation with anxiety sensitivity in the presence of emotionally negative stimuli. In light of other findings assuming a role of the NPSR1 T allele in panic disorder, the revealed hypofrontality was discussed to define a risk group of patients who might particularly benefit from an augmentation of exposure therapy with rTMS.
Taken together, the presented studies support the central role of the prefrontal cortex in fear extinction and suggest the usefulness of rTMS as an augmentation strategy to exposure therapy in order to decrease therapy relapse rates. The combination of rTMS and extinction has been herein evidenced to modulate fear processes in a preclinical approach thereby establishing important implications for the design of future clinical studies.
Adult human skeletal stem cells are considered to give rise to the bone marrow stromal
compartment, including bone-forming osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes. Reduced osteogenesis
and enhanced adipogenesis of these skeletal progenitors may contribute to the bone loss and
marrow fat accumulation observed during aging and osteoporosis, the main disorder of bone
remodeling. Concordantly, in vitro evidence indicates that adipogenic and osteogenic
differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) display an inverse relationship
under numerous conditions. Hence, the identification of factors modulating inversely both
differentiation pathways is of great therapeutic interest.
Based on mRNA expression analysis of inversely regulated genes after switching differentiation
conditions, our group had previously proposed that fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) might play
such a modulator role in hBMSC differentiation. The main aim of this work was, therefore, to
investigate the role of FGF1 signaling in the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs
using a three-dimensional (3D) culture system based on collagen type I hydrogels in order to
better mimic the natural microenvironment.
Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs embedded in collagen gels was successfully
established. Treatment with recombinant human FGF1 (rhFGF1), as well as rhFGF2, throughout
differentiation induction was found to exert a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis
in hBMSCs. This inhibitory effect was found to be reversible and dependent on FGF receptors
(FGFR) signaling, given that simultaneous pharmacological blockage of FGFRs rescued adipogenic
differentiation. Additionally, matrix mineralization under osteogenic induction was also inhibited
by rhFGF1 and rhFGF2 in a dose-dependent manner. A transient treatment with rhFGF1 and
rhFGF2 during an expansion phase, however, enhanced proliferation of hBMSCs without affecting
the differentiation capacity, although matrix mineralization under osteogenic conditions was
hindered.
Additionally, rhFGF1 and rhFGF2 treatments affected the matrix remodeling ability of hBMSCs,
which displayed alterations in the cytoskeletal phenotype and the expression patterns of matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).
On the other hand, inhibition of FGFR signaling throughout differentiation induction elicited a
strong enhancement of matrix mineralization under osteogenic conditions but had no significant
effect on adipocyte formation under adipogenic induction.
IX
In conclusion, FGF1 and FGF2 signaling was found to support the expansion of bone marrow
stromal precursors with adipogenic and osteogenic capacities, to hinder adipogenic and
osteogenic differentiation if continuously present during differentiation induction and to alter the
matrix remodeling ability of hBMSCs within a 3D collagenous microenvironment.
In highly polarized cells like neurons, cytoskeleton dynamics play a crucial role in establishing neuronal connections during development and are required for adult plasticity. Actin turnover is particularly important for neurite growth, axon path finding, branching and synaptogenesis. Motoneurons establish several thousand branches that innervate neuromuscular synapses (NMJs). Axonal branching and terminal arborization are fundamental events during the establishment of synapses in motor endplates. Branching process is triggered by the assembly of actin filaments along the axon shaft giving rise to filopodia formation. The unique contribution of the three actin isoforms, α-, β- and γ-actin, in filopodia stability and dynamics during this process is not well characterized. Here, we performed high resolution in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR and showed that in primary mouse motoneurons α-, β- and γ-actin isoforms are expressed and their transcripts are translocated into axons. Using FRAP experiments, we showed that transcripts for α-, β- and γ-actin become locally translated in axonal growth cones and translation hot spots of the axonal branch points. Using live cell imaging, we showed that shRNA depletion of α-actin reduces dynamics of axonal filopodia which correlates with reduced number of collateral branches and impairs axon elongation. Depletion of β-actin correlates with reduced dynamics of growth cone filopoida, disturbs axon elongation and impairs presynaptic differentiation. Also, depletion of γ-actin impairs axonal growth and decreases axonal filopodia dynamics. These findings implicate that actin isoforms accomplish unique functions during development of motor axons. Depletions of β- and γ-actin lead to compensatory upregulation of other two isoforms. Consistent with this, total actin levels remain unaltered and F-actin polymerization capacity is preserved. After the knockdown of either α- or γ-actin, the levels of β-actin increase in the G-actin pool indicating that polymerization and stability of β-actin filaments depend on α- or γ-actin. This study provides evidence both for unique and overlapping function of actin isoforms in motoneuron growth and differentiation. In the soma of developing motoneurons, actin isoforms act redundantly and thus could compensate for each other’s loss. In the axon, α-, β- and γ-actin accomplish specific functions, i.e. β-actin regulates axon elongation and plasticity and α- and γ-actin regulate axonal branching.
Furthermore, we show that both axonal transport and local translation of α-, β- and γ-actin isoforms are impaired in Smn knockout motoneurons, indicating a role for Smn protein in RNA granule assembly and local translation of these actin isoforms in primary mouse motoneurons.
Eclosion is the emergence of an adult insect from the pupal case at the end of development. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, eclosion is a circadian clock-gated event and is regulated by various peptides. When studied on the population level, eclosion reveals a clear rhythmicity with a peak at the beginning of the light-phase that persists also under constant conditions. It is a long standing hypothesis that eclosion gating to the morning hours with more humid conditions is an adaption to reduce water loss and increase the survival. Eclosion behavior, including the motor pattern required for the fly to hatch out of the puparium, is orchestrated by a well-characterized cascade of peptides. The main components are ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH), eclosion hormone (EH) and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP). The molt is initiated by a peak level and pupal ecdysis by a subsequent decline of the ecdysteroid ecdysone. Ecdysteroids are produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), an endocrine tissue that contains a peripheral clock and degenerates shortly after eclosion. Production and release of ecdysteroids are regulated by the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH).
Although many aspects of the circadian clock and the peptidergic control of the eclosion behavior are known, it still remains unclear how both systems are interconnected. The aim of this dissertation research was to dissect this connection and evaluate the importance of different Zeitgebers on eclosion rhythmicity under natural conditions.
Potential interactions between the central clock and the peptides regulating ecdysis motor behavior were evaluated by analyzing the influence of CCAP on eclosion rhythmicity. Ablation and silencing of CCAP neurons, as well as CCAP null-mutation did not affect eclosion rhythmicity under either light or temperature entrainment nor under natural conditions.
To dissect the connection between the central and the peripheral clock, PTTH neurons were ablated. Monitoring eclosion under light and temperature entrainment revealed that eclosion became arrhythmic under constant conditions. However, qPCR expression analysis revealed no evidence for cycling of Ptth mRNA in pharate flies. To test for a connection with pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-expressing neurons, the PDF receptor (PDFR) and short neuropeptide F receptor (sNPFR) were knocked down in the PTTH neurons. Knockdown of sNPFR, but not PDFR, resulted in arrhythmic eclosion under constant darkness conditions. PCR analysis of the PTTH receptor, Torso, revealed its expression in the PG and the gonads, but not in the brain or eyes, of pharate flies. Knockdown of torso in the PG lead to arrhythmicity under constant conditions, which provides strong evidence for the specific effect of PTTH on the PG. These results suggest connections from the PDF positive lateral neurons to the PTTH neurons via sNPF signaling, and to the PG via PTTH and Torso. This interaction presumably couples the period of the peripheral clock in the PG to that of the central clock in the brain.
To identify a starting signal for eclosion and possible further candidates in the regulation of eclosion behavior, chemically defined peptidergic and aminergic neurons were optogenetically activated in pharate pupae via ChR2-XXL. This screen approach revealed two candidates for the regulation of eclosion behavior: Dromyosuppressin (DMS) and myo-inhibitory peptides (MIP). However, ablation of DMS neurons did not affect eclosion rhythmicity or success and the exact function of MIP must be evaluated in future studies.
To assess the importance of the clock and of possible Zeitgebers in nature, eclosion of the wildtype Canton S and the clock mutant per01 and the PDF signaling mutants pdf01 and han5304 was monitored under natural conditions. For this purpose, the Würzburg eclosion monitor (WEclMon) was developed, which is a new open monitoring system that allows direct exposure of pupae to the environment. A general decline of rhythmicity under natural conditions compared to laboratory conditions was observed in all tested strains. While the wildtype and the pdf01 and han5304 mutants stayed weakly rhythmic, the per01 mutant flies eclosed mostly arrhythmic. PDF and its receptor (PDFR encoded by han) are required for the synchronization of the clock network and functional loss can obviously be compensated by a persisting synchronization to external Zeitgebers. The loss of the central clock protein PER, however, lead to a non-functional clock and revealed the absolute importance of the clock for eclosion rhythmicity. To quantitatively analyze the effect of the clock and abiotic factors on eclosion rhythmicity, a statistical model was developed in cooperation with Oliver Mitesser and Thomas Hovestadt. The modelling results confirmed the clock as the most important factor for eclosion rhythmicity. Moreover, temperature was found to have the strongest effect on the actual shape of the daily emergence pattern, while light has only minor effects. Relative humidity could be excluded as Zeitgeber for eclosion and therefore was not further analyzed.
Taken together, the present dissertation identified the so far unknown connection between the central and peripheral clock regulating eclosion. Furthermore, a new method for the analysis of eclosion rhythms under natural conditions was established and the necessity of a functional clock for rhythmic eclosion even in the presence of multiple Zeitgebers was shown.
Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent commensal bacterium which represents one of the leading causes in health care-associated bacterial infections worldwide and can cause a variety of different diseases ranging from simple abscesses to severe and life threatening infections including pneumonia, osteomyelitis and sepsis.
In recent times multi-resistant strains have emerged, causing severe problems in nosocomial as well as community-acquired (CA) infection settings, especially in the United States (USA). Therefore S. aureus has been termed as a superbug by the WHO, underlining the severe health risk originating from it. Today, infections in the USA are dominated by S. aureus genotypes which are classified as USA300 and USA400, respectively. Strains of genotype USA300 are responsible for about 70% of the CA infections.
The molecular mechanisms which render S. aureus such an effective pathogen are still not understood in its entirety. For decades S. aureus was thought to be a strictly extracellular pathogen relying on pore-forming toxins like α-hemolysin to damage human cells and tissue. Only recently it has been shown that S. aureus can enter non-professional phagocytes, using adhesins like the fibronectin-binding proteins which mediate an endocytotic uptake into the host cells. The bacteria are consequently localized to endosomes, where the degradation of enclosed bacterial cells through phagosome maturation would eventually occur.
S. aureus can avoid degradation, and translocate to the cellular cytoplasm, where it can replicate. The ability to cause this so-called phagosomal escape has mainly been attributed to a family of amphiphilic peptides called phenol soluble modulins (PSMs), but as studies have shown, they are not sufficient.
In this work I used a transposon mutant library in combination with automated fluorescence microscopy to screen for genes involved in the phagosomal escape process and intracellular survival of S. aureus. I thereby identified a number of genes, including a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). The NRPS, encoded by the genes ausA and ausB, produces two types of small peptides, phevalin and tyrvalin. Mutations in the ausAB genes lead to a drastic decrease in phagosomal escape rates in epithelial cells, which were readily restored by genetic complementation in trans as well as by supplementation of synthetic phevalin. In leukocytes, phevalin interferes with calcium fluxes and activation of neutrophils and promotes cytotoxicity of intracellular bacteria in both, macrophages and neutrophils. Further ausAB is involved in survival and virulence of the bacterium during mouse lung pneumoniae.
The here presented data demonstrates the contribution of the bacterial cyclic dipeptide phevalin to S. aureus virulence and suggests, that phevalin directly acts on a host cell target to promote cytotoxicity of intracellular bacteria.
A large fraction of human tumors exhibits aberrant expression of the oncoprotein MYC. As a transcription factor regulating various cellular processes, MYC is also crucially involved in normal development. Direct targeting of MYC has been a major challenge for molecular cancer drug discovery. The proof of principle that its inhibition is nevertheless feasible came from in vivo studies using a dominant-negative allele of MYC termed OmoMYC. Systemic expression of OmoMYC triggered long-term tumor regression with mild and fully reversible side effects on normal tissues.
In this study, OmoMYC’s mode of action was investigated combining methods of structural biology and functional genomics to elucidate how it is able to preferentially affect oncogenic functions of MYC.
The crystal structure of the OmoMYC homodimer, both in the free and the E-box-bound state, was determined, which revealed that OmoMYC forms a stable homodimer, and as such, recognizes DNA via the same base-specific DNA contacts as the MYC/MAX heterodimer. OmoMYC binds DNA with an equally high affinity as MYC/MAX complexes. RNA-sequencing showed that OmoMYC blunts both MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Genome-wide DNA-binding studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing revealed that OmoMYC competes with MYC/MAX complexes on chromatin, thereby reducing their occupancy at consensus DNA binding sites. The most prominent decrease in MYC binding was seen at low-affinity promoters, which were invaded by MYC at oncogenic levels. Strikingly, gene set enrichment analyses using OmoMYC-regulated genes enabled the identification of tumor subgroups with high MYC levels in multiple tumor entities. Together with a targeted shRNA screen, this identified novel targets for the eradication of MYC-driven tumors, such as ATAD3A, BOP1, and ADRM1.
In summary, the findings suggest that OmoMYC specifically inhibits tumor cell growth by attenuating the expression of rate-limiting proteins in cellular processes that respond to elevated levels of MYC protein using a DNA-competitive mechanism. This opens up novel strategies to target oncogenic MYC functions for tumor therapy.
The synapse-associated protein of 47 kDa (Sap47) in Drosophila melanogaster is the founding member of a phylogenetically conserved protein family of hitherto unknown molecular function. Sap47 is localized throughout the entire neuropil of adult and larval brains and closely associated with glutamatergic presynaptic vesicles of larval motoneurons. Flies lacking the protein are viable and fertile and do not exhibit gross structural or marked behavioral deficiencies indicating that Sap47 is dispensable for basic synaptic function, or that its function is compensated by other related proteins.
Syap1 - the mammalian homologue of Sap47 - was reported to play an essential role in Akt1 phosphorylation in various non-neuronal cells by promoting the association of mTORC2 with Akt1 which is critical for the downstream signaling cascade for adipogenesis. The function of Syap1 in the vertebrate nervous system, however, is unknown so far.
The present study provides a first description of the subcellular localization of mouse Syap1 in cultured motoneurons as well as in selected structures of the adult mouse nervous system and reports initial functional experiments. Preceding all descriptive experiments, commercially available Syap1 antibodies were tested for their specificity and suitability for this study. One antibody raised against the human protein was found to recognize specifically both the human and murine Syap1 protein, providing an indispensable tool for biochemical, immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical studies.
In the course of this work, a Syap1 knockout mouse was established and investigated. These mice are viable and fertile and do not show obvious changes in morphology or phenotype. As observed for Sap47 in flies, Syap1 is widely distributed in the synaptic neuropil, particularly in regions rich in glutamatergic synapses but it was also detected at perinuclear Golgi-associated sites in certain groups of neuronal somata. In motoneurons the protein is especially observed in similar perinuclear structures, partially overlapping with Golgi markers and in axons, dendrites and axonal growth cones. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses showed widespread Syap1 expression in the central nervous system with regionally distinct distribution patterns in cerebellum, hippocampus or olfactory bulb. Besides its expression in neurons, Syap1 is also detected in non-neuronal tissue e.g. liver, kidney and muscle tissue. In contrast, non-neuronal cells in the brain lack the typical perinuclear accumulation.
First functional studies with cultured primary motoneurons on developmental, structural and functional aspects reveal no influence of Syap1 depletion on survival and morphological features such as axon length or dendritic length. Contrary to expectations, in neuronal tissues or cultured motoneurons a reduction of Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 or Thr308 was not detected after Syap1 knockdown or knockout.
Anxiety disorders (AD) are common, disabling mental disorders, which constitute the most prevalent mental health condition conveying a high individual and socioeconomic burden. Social anxiety disorder (SAD), i.e. fear in social situations particularly when subjectively scrutinized by others, is the second most common anxiety disorder with a life time prevalence of 10%. Panic disorder (PD) has a life time prevalence of 2-5% and is characterized by recurrent and abrupt surges of intense fear and anticipatory anxiety, i.e. panic attacks, occurring suddenly and unexpected without an apparent cue.
In recent years, psychiatric research increasingly focused on epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation as a possible solution for the problem of the so-called “hidden heritability”, which conceptualizes the fact that the genetic risk variants identified so far only explain a small part of the estimated heritability of mental disorders.
In the first part of this thesis, oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene methylation was investigated regarding its role in the pathogenesis of social anxiety disorder. In summary, OXTR methylation patterns were implicated in different phenotypes of social anxiety disorder on a categorical, neuropsychological, neuroendocrinological as well as on a neural network level. The results point towards a multilevel role of OXTR gene hypomethylation particularly at one CpG site (CpG3, Chr3: 8 809 437) within the protein coding region of the gene in SAD.
The second part of the thesis investigated monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene methylation regarding its role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder as well as – applying a psychotherapy-epigenetic approach – its dynamic regulation during the course of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in PD patients. First, MAOA hypomethylation was shown to be associated with panic disorder as well as with panic disorder severity. Second, in patients responding to treatment MAOA hypomethylation was shown to be reversible up to the level of methylation in healthy controls after the course of CBT. This increase in MAOA methylation along with successful psychotherapeutic treatment was furthermore shown to be associated with symptom improvement regarding agoraphobic avoidance in an independent replication sample of non-medicated patients with PD.
Taken together, in the future the presently identified epigenetic patterns might contribute to establishing targeted preventive interventions and personalized treatment options for social anxiety disorder or panic disorder, respectively.
Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall which is not only modulated by innate and adaptive immune responses but also by factors of the blood coagulation system.
In general hypercoagulability seems to increase the development and progression of experimental atherosclerosis in mice on an atherogenic background. In addition, the great majority of coagulation proteins including coagulation factor XII (FXII) have been detected in early and advanced human atherosclerotic lesions supporting the cross-link between the coagulation system and atherosclerosis. Moreover, FXII has been detected in close proximity to macrophages, foam cells and smooth muscle cells in these lesions and has been demonstrated to be functionally active in human plaques. Although these data indicate that factor XII may play a role in atherogenesis a direct contribution of FXII to atherogenesis has not been addressed experimentally to date. Furthermore, clinical studies examining the function of FXII in vascular disease have yielded conflicting results.
Hence, in order to investigate the function of coagulation factor XII in atherosclerosis apolipoprotein E and FXII-deficient (F12\(^{-/-}\) apoE\(^{-/-}\)) mice were employed. Compared to F12\(^{+/+}\)apoE\(^{-/-}\) controls, atherosclerotic lesion formation was reduced in F12\(^{-/-}\)apoE\(^{-/-}\) mice, associated with diminished systemic T-cell activation and Th1-cell polarization after 12 weeks of high fat diet. Moreover, a significant decrease in plasma levels of complement factor C5a was evidenced in F12\(^{-/-}\)apoE\(^{-/-}\) mice. Interestingly, C5a increased the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in dendritic cells (DCs) and enhanced their capacity to trigger antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production in OTII CD4\(^+\) T cells in vitro. Importantly, a reduction in frequencies of IL-12 expressing splenic DCs from atherosclerotic F12\(^{-/-}\)apoE\(^{-/-}\) versus F12\(^{+/+}\)apoE\(^{-/-}\) mice was observed in vivo, accompanied by a diminished splenic Il12 transcript expression and significantly reduced IL-12 serum levels.
Consequently, these data reveal FXII to play an important role in atherosclerotic lesion formation and to promote DC-induced and systemic IL 12 expression as well as pro-inflammatory T-cell responses likely at least in part via the activation of the complement system.
Functional and genetic dissection of mechanosensory organs of \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)
(2016)
In Drosophila larvae and adults, chordotonal organs (chos) are highly versatile mechanosensors
that are essential for proprioception, touch sensation and hearing. Chos share molecular,
anatomical and functional properties with the inner ear hair cells of mammals. These multiple
similarities make chos powerful models for the molecular study of mechanosensation.
In the present study, I have developed a preparation to directly record from the sensory neurons
of larval chos (from the lateral chos or lch5) and managed to correlate defined mechanical inputs
with the corresponding electrical outputs. The findings of this setup are described in several case
studies.
(1) The basal functional lch5 parameters, including the time course of response during continuous
mechanical stimulation and the recovery time between successive bouts of stimulation, was
characterized.
(2) The calcium-independent receptor of α-latrotoxin (dCIRL/Latrophilin), an Adhesion class G
protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR), is identified as a modulator of the mechanical signals
perceived by lch5 neurons. The results indicate that dCIRL/Latrophilin is required for the
perception of external and internal mechanical stimuli and shapes the sensitivity of neuronal
mechanosensation.
(3) By combining this setup with optogenetics, I have confirmed that dCIRL modulates lch5
neuronal activity at the level of their receptor current (sensory encoding) rather than their ability
to generate action potentials.
(4) dCIRL´s structural properties (e.g. ectodomain length) are essential for the mechanosensitive
properties of chordotonal neurons.
(5) The versatility of chos also provides an opportunity to study multimodalities at multiple levels.
In this context, I performed an experiment to directly record neuronal activities at different
temperatures. The results show that both spontaneous and mechanically evoked activity increase
in proportion to temperature, suggesting that dCIRL is not required for thermosensation in chos.
These findings, from the development of an assay of sound/vibration sensation, to neuronal
signal processing, to molecular aspects of mechanosensory transduction, have provided the first
insights into the mechanosensitivity of dCIRL.
In addition to the functional screening of peripheral sensory neurons, another
electrophysiological approach was applied in the central nervous system: dCIRL may impact the
excitability of the motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord (VNC). In the second part of my work,
whole-cell patch clamp recordings of motor neuron somata demonstrated that action potential
firing in the dCirl\(^K\)\(^O\) did not differ from control samples, indicating comparable membrane
excitability.
Comparative transcriptomics and post-transcriptional regulation in \(Campylobacter\) \(jejuni\)
(2016)
The transcriptome is defined as the set of all RNA molecules transcribed in a cell. These include protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) as well as non-coding RNAs, such as ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs). sRNAs are known to play an important role in regulating gene expression and virulence in pathogens. In this thesis, the transcriptome of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni was characterized at single nucleotide resolution by use of next-generation sequencing approaches. The first genome of a C. jejuni strain was published in the year 2000. However, its transcriptome remained uncharacterized at large.
C. jejuni can survive in a variety of ecological niches and hosts. However, how strain-specific transcriptional changes contribute to such adaptation is not known. In this study, the global transcriptome maps of four closely related C. jejuni strains were defined using a differential RNA-seq (dRNA-seq) approach. This analysis also included a novel automated method to annotate the transcriptional start sites (TSS) at a genome-wide scale. Next, the transcriptomes of four strains were simultaneously mapped and compared by the use of a common coordinate system derived from whole-genome alignment, termed as SuperGenome. This approach helped to refine the promoter maps by comparison of TSS within strains. Most of the TSS were found to be conserved among all four strains, but some single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) around promoter regions led to strain-specific transcriptional output. Most of these SNPs altered transcription only slightly, but some others led to a complete abrogation of transcription leading to differential molecular phenotypes. These in turn might help the strains to adapt to their specific host or microniche. The transcriptome also unveiled a plethora of sRNAs, some of which were conserved among the four strains while others were strain specific. Furthermore, a Cas9-dependent minimal type-II CRISPR-Cas system with only three Cas genes and multiple promoters to drive the transcription of the CRISPR locus was also characterized in C. jejuni using the dRNA-seq dataset.
Apart from sRNAs, the role of global RNA binding proteins (RBPs) is also unclear in C. jejuni. Aided by the global transcriptome data, the role of RBPs in post-transcriptional regulation of C. jejuni was studied at a global scale. Two of the most widely studied RNA binding proteins in bacteria are Hfq and CsrA. The RNA interactome of the translational regulator CsrA was defined using another global deep-sequencing technique that combines co-immunoprecipitation (coIP) with RNA sequencing (RIP-seq). Using this interactome dataset, the direct targets of this widespread global post-transcriptional regulator were defined, revealing a significant enrichment for mRNAs encoding genes involved in flagella biosynthesis. Unlike Gammaproteobacteria, where sRNAs such as CsrB/C, antagonize CsrA activity, no sRNAs were enriched in the CsrA-coIP in C. jejuni, indicating absence of any sRNA antagonists and novel modes of CsrA activity regulation. Instead, the CsrA regulatory pathway revealed flaA mRNA, encoding the major flagellin, as a dual-function mRNA. flaA mRNA was the main target of CsrA but it also served to antagonize CsrA activity along with the protein antagonist FliW previously identified in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, this regulatory mRNA was also shown in this thesis to localize to the poles of elongating C. jejuni cells in a translation-dependent manner. It was also shown that this localization is dependent on the CsrA-FliW regulon, which controls the translation of flaA mRNA. The role and mechanism of flaA mRNA localization or mRNA localization in general is not yet clear in bacteria when compared to their eukaryotic counterparts.
Overall, this study provides first insights into riboregulation of the bacterial pathogen C. jejuni. The work presented in this thesis unveils several novel modes of riboregulation in C. jejuni, which could be applicable more generally. Moreover, this study also lays out several unsolved intriguing questions, which may pave the way for interesting studies to come.