Augenklinik und Poliklinik
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Purpose
To achieve a highly balanced comparison of trabecular bypass stenting (IS2, iStent inject) with ab interno trabeculectomy (T, Trabectome) by exact matching.
Methods
Fifty-three IS2 eyes were matched to 3446 T eyes. Patients were matched using exact matching by baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of glaucoma medications, and glaucoma type, and using nearest neighbor matching by age. Individuals without a close match were excluded. All surgeries were combined with phacoemulsification.
Results
A total of 78 eyes (39 in each group) could be matched as exact pairs with a baseline IOP of 18.3 ± 5.1 mmHg and glaucoma medications of 2.7 ± 1.2 in each. IOP in IS2 was reduced to 14.6 ± 4.2 mmHg at 3 months and in T to a minimum of 13.1 ± 3.2 mmHg at 1 month. In IS2, IOP began to rise again at 6 months, eventually exceeding baseline. At 24 months, IOP in IS2 was 18.8 ± 9.0 mmHg and in T 14.2 ± 3.5 mmHg. IS2 had a higher average IOP than T at all postoperative visits (p < 0.05 at 1, 12, 18 months). Glaucoma medications decreased to 2.0 ± 1.5 in IS2 and to 1.5 ± 1.4 in T.
Conclusion
T resulted in a larger and sustained IOP reduction compared with IS2 where a rebound occurred after 6 months to slightly above preoperative values.
Purpose
We used exact matching for a highly balanced comparison of ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) with the trabectome to trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (TRAB).
Methods
A total of 5485 patients who underwent AIT were exact-matched to 196 TRAB patients by baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and glaucoma type. Nearest-neighbor–matching was applied to age. Success was defined as a final IOP of less than 21 mmHg, IOP reduction of at least 20% reduction from baseline, and no secondary surgical interventions. Outcomes were measured at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.
Results
A total of 165 AIT could be matched to 165 TRAB. The mean baseline IOP was 22.3 ± 5.6 mmHg, and the baseline number of glaucoma medications was 2.7 ± 1.1 in both groups. At 24 months, IOP was reduced to 15.8 ± 5.2 mmHg in AIT and 12.4 ± 4.7 mmHg in TRAB. IOP was lower than baseline at all visits (p < 0.01) and lower in TRAB than AIT (p < 0.01). Glaucoma medications were reduced to 2.1 ± 1.3 in AIT and 0.2 ± 0.8 in TRAB. Compared to baseline, patients used fewer drops postoperatively (p < 0.01) and more infrequently in TRAB than in AIT (p > 0.01). Secondary surgical interventions had the highest impact on success and became necessary in 15 AIT and 59 TRAB patients. Thirty-two challenging events occurred in TRAB and none in AIT.
Conclusion
Both AIT and TRAB reduced IOP and medications. This reduction was more significant in TRAB but at the expense of four times as many secondary interventions.
Purpose
To characterize the effects of netarsudil on the aqueous humor outflow tract distal to the trabecular meshwork (TM). Wehypothesized that netarsudil increases outflow facility in eyes with and without circumferential ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT)that removes the TM.
Methods
Sixty-four porcine anterior segment cultures were randomly assigned to groups with (n= 32) and without circumferential AIT (n= 32). Cultures were exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10μM netarsudil (N= 8 eyes per concentration). For each concentration,IOP and vessel diameters were compared with their respective pretreatment baselines. Outflow tract vessel diameters wereassessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) and rendered in 4D (XYZ time series).
Results
Netarsudil at 1μM reduced IOP both in eyes with TM (−0.60 ± 0.24 mmHg,p= 0.01) and in eyes without TM (−1.79 ±0.42 mmHg,p< 0.01). At this concentration, vessels of the distal outflow tract dilated by 72%. However, at 0.1μMnetarsudilelevated IOP in eyes with TM (1.59 ± 0.36 mmHg,p< 0.001) as well as in eyes without TM (0.23 ± 0.32 mmHg,p<0.001). Vessels of the distal outflow tract constricted by 31%. Similarly, netarsudil at a concentration of 10μM elevated IOP both in eyeswith TM (1.91 ± 0.193,p< 0.001) and in eyes without TM (3.65 ± 0.86 mmHg,p< 0.001). At this concentration, outflow tractvessels constricted by 27%.
Conclusion
In the porcine anterior segment culture, the dose-dependent IOP changes caused by netarsudil matched the diameterchanges of distal outflow tract vessels. Hyper- and hypotensive properties of netarsudil persisted after TM removal
The aim of this review is to use the multimedia aspects
of a purely digital online publication to explain and
illustrate the highly capable technique of m-sequences in
multifocal ophthalmic electrophysiology. M-sequences
have been successfully applied in clinical routines during
the past 20 years. However, the underlying mathematical
rationale is often daunting. These mathematical
properties of m-sequences allow one not only to
separate the responses from different fields but also to
analyze adaptational effects and impacts of former
events. By explaining the history, the formation, and the
different aspects of application, a better comprehension
of the technique is intended. With this review we aim to
clarify the opportunities of m-sequences in order to
motivate scientists to use m-sequences in their future
research.
Marine sponge-derived Streptomyces sp SBT343 extract inhibits staphylococcal biofilm formation
(2017)
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause nosocomial and chronic biofilm-associated infections. Indwelling medical devices and contact lenses are ideal ecological niches for formation of staphylococcal biofilms. Bacteria within biofilms are known to display reduced susceptibilities to antimicrobials and are protected from the host immune system. High rates of acquired antibiotic resistances in staphylococci and other biofilm-forming bacteria further hamper treatment options and highlight the need for new anti-biofilm strategies. Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential of marine sponge-derived actinomycetes in inhibiting biofilm formation of several strains of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results from in vitro biofilm-formation assays, as well as scanning electron and confocal microscopy, revealed that an organic extract derived from the marine sponge-associated bacterium Streptomyces sp. SBT343 significantly inhibited staphylococcal biofilm formation on polystyrene, glass and contact lens surfaces, without affecting bacterial growth. The extract also displayed similar antagonistic effects towards the biofilm formation of other S. epidermidis and S. aureus strains tested but had no inhibitory effects towards Pseudomonas biofilms. Interestingly the extract, at lower effective concentrations, did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on mouse fibroblast, macrophage and human corneal epithelial cell lines. Chemical analysis by High Resolution Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) of the Streptomyces sp. SBT343 extract proportion revealed its chemical richness and complexity. Preliminary physico-chemical characterization of the extract highlighted the heat-stable and non-proteinaceous nature of the active component(s). The combined data suggest that the Streptomyces sp. SBT343 extract selectively inhibits staphylococcal biofilm formation without interfering with bacterial cell viability. Due to absence of cell toxicity, the extract might represent a good starting material to develop a future remedy to block staphylococcal biofilm formation on contact lenses and thereby to prevent intractable contact lens-mediated ocular infections.
Das Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie war der Vergleich zwischen den zwei am häufigsten durchgeführten mikroinzisionalen Glaukomoperationen (Trabectome und iStent inject) in Bezug auf die Reduktion des Augeninnendrucks und der Anzahl der Glaukommedikamente, da diese operative Verfahren zunehmend eine Alternative für die traditionellen Glaukomoperationen in den verschiedenen Glaukomstadien darstellen.
In dieser Studie wurden alle Patienten eingeschlossen, die in der Zeit zwischen Januar 2008 und März 2018 in unserer Klinik und Satelliten entweder Trabectome oder iStent inject bekommen haben. Die beiden Gruppen wurden in allen Fällen mit Phakoemulsifikation und Intraokularlinsenimplantation kombiniert. Um die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Exact Matching mit den neuen iStent inject zu erhöhen, wo nur wenige Daten existieren, wurden die verfügbaren Daten von iStent inject mit Daten von 3446 Patienten aus der Datenbank der Trabectome Study Group gematcht. Der postoperative Beobachtungszeitraum betrug 24 Monate. Bei jedem Patienten wurden in dieser Zeit der Augeninnendruck und die Anzahl der Glaukommedikamente analysiert. Die zwei exakt gematchten Gruppen hatten den gleichen präoperativen Augeninnendruck von 18,3 ± 5,1 mmHg und die gleiche Anzahl der präoperativ angewendeten Glaukommedikamente von 2,7 ± 1,2.
In der iStent inject Gruppe wurde ein Augeninnendruck von 14,6 ± 4,2 mmHg nach drei Monaten erreicht, der zunehmend im Verlauf ab dem sechsten Monat stieg und über dem Basisdurchschnitt am Ende der Studie lag (18,8 ± 9,0 mmHg). In der Trabectome Gruppe war der Augeninnendruck nach einem Monat auf ein Minimum von 13,1 ± 3,2 mmHg reduziert und er blieb während der gesamten Beobachtungszeit in diesem Niveau (14,2 ± 3,5 mmHg nach 24 Monaten). Die Trabectome Gruppe hatte bei allen postoperativen Nachkontrollen einen durchschnittlich niedrigeren Augeninnendruck als in der iStent inject Gruppe.
In der iStent inject Gruppe sank die Anzahl der Glaukommedikamente bis zum dritten Monat auf 1,7 ± 1,4, und dann stieg sie ab dem sechsten Monat an, sodass es im Monat 12 keinen signifikanten Unterschied im Vergleich zur präoperativen Medikamentenanzahl mehr gab (2,0 ± 1,5 nach 24 Monaten). In der Trabectome Gruppe sanken die Glaukommedikamente von der exakt gematchten Zahl der Patienten von 2,7 ± 1,2 zum Studienbeginn auf 1,6 ± 1,3 in sechs Monaten und auf 1,5 ± 1,4 nach 24 Monaten.
Unter Verwendung der Erfolgsdefinition, die üblicherweise für die mikroinzisionalen Glaukomoperationen angewendet wird (eine Augeninnendrucksenkung um ≥ 20 % des Ausgangsdrucks oder ein Augeninnendruck von < 21 mmHg), erreichten 97 % der Patienten der Trabectome Gruppe und 95 % der Patienten der iStent inject Gruppe dieses Ziel.
Dieser ausgewogene Vergleich zwischen den zwei Gruppen mittels Exact Matchings zeigte, dass die Senkung des Augeninnendrucks und der Anzahl der Glaukommedikamente bei Trabectome größer und anhaltender ist als bei iStent inject.
Hintergrund: Die Kataraktoperation ist der am meisten durchgeführte operative Eingriff in der Medizin überhaupt. Astigmatismus ist einer der häufigsten Refraktionsfehlern wobei 15-20% der Bevölkerung einen klinisch relevanten Astigmatismus von > 1,5 Dpt zeigen. Im Rahmen der Kataraktoperation besteht die Möglichkeit neben der Linsentrübung auch den Astigmatismus zu korrigieren.
Material und Methoden: 176 Kataraktoperationen mit simultaner Astigmatismuskorrektur wurden retrospektiv untersucht, davon bei 110 Augen durch periphere clear-cornea Relaxationsinzisionen (PCCRI) und bei 66 Augen durch die Implantation von torischen Hinterkammerlinsen (TIOL). Es erfolgte eine topographische und refraktive Astigmatismusanalyse mittels Vektorenanalyse und Doppelwinkeldiagramme.
Ergebnisse: Mittels PCCRI wurde eine topographische Reduktion des Astigmatismus von 0,86 ± 0,63 Dpt sowie eine refraktive Reduktion von 1,33 ± 1,08 Dpt erreicht. Mittels TIOL lag die refraktive Reduktion auf 2,26 ± 1,57 Dpt. Die mittlere Achsenabweichung der TIOL postoperativ lag bei 4,77° ± 4,18°.
Diskussion: Die Implantation von TIOL zeigt eine hohe Effektivität und Sicherheit bzgl. Astigmatismuskorrektur, der PCCRI überlegen. PCCRI ist eine gute, kostengünstige Alternative. Astigmatismusbeträge bis 1,5 Dpt können sowohl durch PCCRI als auch durch TIOL korrigiert werden. Bei höheren Beträgen ist die Implantation von TIOL die Korrektur der ersten Wahl. Eine Revision einer postoperativen Achsenabweichung einer TIOL von > 8° sollte bei klinischer Relevanz in der zweiten postoperativen Woche erwogen werden.
Background
Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) have been reported in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG)-negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). The objective of this study was to describe optic neuritis (ON)-induced neuro-axonal damage in the retina of MOG-IgG-positive patients in comparison with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients.
Methods
Afferent visual system damage following ON was bilaterally assessed in 16 MOG-IgG-positive patients with a history of ON and compared with that in 16 AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients. In addition, 16 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and disease duration were analyzed. Study data included ON history, retinal optical coherence tomography, visual acuity, and visual evoked potentials.
Results
Eight MOG-IgG-positive patients had a previous diagnosis of AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD with ON and myelitis, and eight of (mainly recurrent) ON. Twenty-nine of the 32 eyes of the MOG-IgG-positive patients had been affected by at least one episode of ON. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer volume (GCIP) were significantly reduced in ON eyes of MOG-IgG-positive patients (pRNFL = 59 ± 23 μm; GCIP = 1.50 ± 0.34 mm3) compared with healthy controls (pRNFL = 99 ± 6 μm, p < 0.001; GCIP = 1.97 ± 0.11 mm3, p < 0.001). Visual acuity was impaired in eyes after ON in MOG-IgG-positive patients (0.35 ± 0.88 logMAR). There were no significant differences in any structural or functional visual parameters between MOG-IgG-positive and AQP4-IgG-positive patients (pRNFL: 59 ± 21 μm; GCIP: 1.41 ± 0.27 mm3; Visual acuity = 0.72 ± 1.09 logMAR). Importantly, MOG-IgG-positive patients had a significantly higher annual ON relapse rate than AQP4-IgG-positive patients (median 0.69 vs. 0.29 attacks/year, p = 0.004), meaning that on average a single ON episode caused less damage in MOG-IgG-positive than in AQP4-IgG-positive patients. pRNFL and GCIP loss correlated with the number of ON episodes in MOG-IgG-positive patients (p < 0.001), but not in AQP4-IgG-positive patients.
Conclusions
Retinal neuro-axonal damage and visual impairment after ON in MOG-IgG-positive patients are as severe as in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients. In MOG-IgG-positive patients, damage accrual may be driven by higher relapse rates, whereas AQP4-IgG-positive patients showed fewer but more severe episodes of ON. Given the marked damage in some of our MOG-IgG-positive patients, early diagnosis and timely initiation and close monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy are important.
Purpose: To assess outer retinal tubulation (ORT) morphology from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) volumes and donor eye histology, analyze ORT reflectivity, and estimate the number of cones surviving in ORT.
Methods: In SD-OCT volumes from nine patients with advanced AMD, ORT was analyzed en face and in B-scans. The hyperreflective ORT border in cross-section was delineated and surface area calculated. Reflectivity was compared between ORT types (Closed, Open, Forming, and Branching). A flatmount retina from a donor with neovascular AMD was labeled to visualize the external limiting membrane that delimits ORT and allow measurements of cross-sectional cone area, center-to-center cone spacing, and cone density. The number of cones surviving in ORT was estimated.
Results: By en face SD-OCT, ORT varies in complexity and shape. Outer retinal tubulation networks almost always contain Closed cross-sections. Spectral-domain OCT volumes containing almost exclusively Closed ORTs showed no significant direction-dependent differences in hyperreflective ORT border intensity. The surface areas of partial ORT assessed by SD-OCT volumes ranged from 0.16 to 1.76 mm2. From the flatmount retina, the average cross-sectional area of cone inner segments was 49.1 ± 7.9 μm2. The average cone spacing was 7.5 ± 0.6 μm. Outer retinal tubulation cone density was 20,351 cones/mm2. The estimated number of cones in ORT in a macula ranged from 26,399 to 186,833 cones, which is 6% to 44% of the cones present in a healthy macula.
Conclusions: These first estimates for cone density and number of cones surviving in ORT suggest that ORT formation considerably distorts the photoreceptor mosaic. Results provide additional insight into the reflectivity characteristics and number of ORT cones observable in living patients by SD-OCT, as cones persist and disease progresses.
Background
Incontinentia Pigmenti is a rare disease affecting multiple organs. Fifty of patients show affection of the eye with retinopathy and possible amaurosis being the worst outcome. Treatment has commonly been panretinal laser coagulation but intravitreal application of bevacizumab as VEGF-inhibitor has shown to effectively suppress retinal neovascularization.
Case presentation
A six-week-old female infant with Incontinentia Pigmenti developed a foudroyant necrotizing enterocolitis shortly after intravitreal injection of bevazicumab due to a retinopathy with impending tractional detachment of the left eye. Since the onset of abdominal symptoms occurred immediately after the intravitreal application, a link between the two events seemed likely. Sequential analyses of the VEGF serum concentrations showed a massive suppression of endogenous VEGF with only a very slow recovery over weeks. Such a severe systemic adverse event has not been reported after intravitreal treatment with bevacizumab in an infant.
Conclusion
This case report shows a relevant systemic uptake of bevacizumab after intravitreal application as suppressed VEGF levels show. There seems to be a connection between suppressed VEGF levels and the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. Therefore, treatment with bevacizumab should be carefully considered and further research is needed to assess this drug’s safety profile.
