Institut für Sportwissenschaft
Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (58)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (58)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (52)
- Doctoral Thesis (6)
Keywords
- endurance (5)
- physical activity (5)
- wearable (5)
- adolescents (4)
- athletes (4)
- children (4)
- aerobic fitness (3)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (3)
- functional training (3)
- high-intensity interval training (3)
Institute
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
Regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with health benefits. Consequently, numerous health promotion programs for children and adolescents emphasize the enhancement of physical activity. However, the ActivityStat hypothesis states that increases in physical activity in one domain are compensated for by decreasing physical activity in another domain. Currently, little is known about how physical activity varies in children and adolescents within intervals of one day or multiple days. This systematic review provides an overview of studies that analyzed changes in (overall) physical activity, which were assessed with objective measurements, or compensatory mechanisms caused by increases or decreases in physical activity in a specific domain in children and adolescents. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus) was performed with a priori defined inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers screened the literature and identified and rated the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 77 peer-reviewed articles were included that analyzed changes in overall physical activity with multiple methodological approaches resulting in compensation or displacement. Of 40,829 participants, 16,265 indicated compensation associated with physical activity. Subgroup analyses separated by study design, participants, measurement instrument, physical activity context, and intervention duration also showed mixed results toward an indication of compensation. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that they were of high quality (mean = 0.866). This review provides inconclusive results about compensation in relation to physical activity. A trend toward increased compensation in interventional studies and in interventions of longer duration have been observed.
Background
Physical activity (PA) guidelines acknowledge the health benefits of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) regardless of bout duration. However, little knowledge exists concerning the type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle PA of students and office workers. The present study aimed to i) assess the duration and distribution of intensity of MVPAs during waking hours ≥50% of heart rate reserve (HRR), ii) to identify the type of PA through diary assessment, iii) to assign these activities into structured and lifestyle incidental PA, and iv) to compare this information between students and office workers.
Methods
Twenty-three healthy participants (11 students, 12 office workers) recorded heart rate (HR) with a wrist-worn HR monitor (Polar M600) and filled out a PA diary throughout seven consecutive days (i.e. ≥ 8 waking h/day). Relative HR zones were calculated, and PA diary information was coded using the Compendium of PA. We matched HR data with the reported PA and identified PA bouts during waking time ≥ 50% HRR concerning duration, HRR zone, type of PA, and assigned each activity to incidental and structured PA. Descriptive measures for time spend in different HRR zones and differences between students and office workers were calculated.
Results
In total, we analyzed 276.894 s (76 h 54 min 54 s) of waking time in HRR zones ≥50% and identified 169 different types of PA. The participants spend 31.9 ± 27.1 min/day or 3.9 ± 3.2% of their waking time in zones of ≥50% HRR with no difference between students and office workers (p > 0.01). The proportion of assigned incidental lifestyle PA was 76.9 ± 22.5%.
Conclusions
The present study provides initial insights regarding the type, amount, and distribution of intensity of structured and incidental lifestyle PA ≥ 50% HRR. Findings show a substantial amount of incidental lifestyle PA during waking hours and display the importance of promoting a physically active lifestyle. Future research could employ ambulatory assessments with integrated electronic diaries to detect information on the type and context of MVPA during the day.
Kanurennsport ist in Deutschland eine der erfolgreichsten olympischen
Sommersportarten und hat mit 12 potenziellen Goldmedaillenchancen eine hohe
Bedeutung für den deutschen Spitzensport. In der nationalen als auch
internationalen wissenschaftlichen Forschung ist Kanurennsport jedoch bis dato
unzureichend untersucht. Dabei stellt Kanurennsport als eine der wenigen vorrangig
durch die Oberkörpermuskulatur angetriebenen Sportarten eine Besonderheit dar.
Ein zentraler Forschungsschwerpunkt ist seit einigen Jahrzehnten die Erforschung
der optimalen Verteilung der Trainingsintensität (engl. training intensity distribution;
TID) für die Leistungsentwicklung von Ausdauerathlet:innen. Häufig wird die
Trainingsintensität hierzu in einem Drei-Zonen-Modell kategorisiert, bei dem Zone
(Z) 1 einer Intensität unterhalb der aeroben Schwelle, Z2 der Intensität zwischen
der aeroben und anaeroben Schwelle und Z3 Intensitäten oberhalb der anaeroben
Schwelle entspricht. Forschungsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die TID
nicht nur in Abhängigkeit von Sportart, Belastungsform, Trainingsstatus und
Saisonphase unterscheidet, sondern auch in Abhängigkeit von der eingesetzten
Quantifizierungsmethode (z.B. Herzfrequenz, Geschwindigkeit, Wattleistung, etc.).
Für die Sportart Kanurennsport besteht bezüglich TID-Forschung großer
Nachholbedarf, da bisherige Untersuchungen ausschließlich in Ausdauerportarten
stattfanden, die hauptsächlich den Unterkörper (z.B. Radfahren, Laufen) oder Oberund
Unterkörper (Schwimmen, Rudern) in die Vortriebsgenerierung einbinden.
Bislang fehlen Informationen zu rein aus dem Oberkörper angetriebenen
Sportarten.
Als Grundlage für die Bestimmung der Trainingsintensitätszonen werden in
Trainingspraxis und Forschung Stufentests zur Bestimmung der maximalen
Sauerstoffaufnahme sowie der Leistung an der aeroben und anaeroben
ventilatorisch- und/oder laktatbasierten Schwelle angewandt. Die Stufentest werden
im Kanurennsport aktuell vorrangig mittels Labordiagnostik auf dem Kanu-
Ergometer durchgeführt, da diese weniger stark durch die diversen Umwelteinflüsse
(Wind, Wellen, Temperatur, Strömung, etc.) beeinträchtigt wird. Jedoch gibt es
Hinweise, dass die Belastung auf dem Ergometer biomechanisch und physiologisch
von der auf dem Wasser im Kanurennsport abweicht, sodass deren Mehrwert für
die Diagnostik und die Trainingsplanung in Frage zu stellen ist.
Ziel der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation war es
(1) zu untersuchen, inwiefern eine laborbasierte Leistungsdiagnostik einer
feldbasierten im Kanurennsport entspricht (Studie 1) und daraufhin die
Methoden der Leistungsdiagnostik für die Studien 2 und 3 zu wählen; und
(2) erste wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur TID und deren
Quantifizierungsmethodik in der Sportart Kanurennsport zu gewinnen
(Studie 2 & 3).
Diese sollten dann mit dem Wissensstand aus Sportarten, die obere und untere
Extremitäten (z.B. Biathlon, Rudern) bzw. primär die unteren Extremitäten (z.B.
Radsport, Laufen) für den Vortrieb einsetzen, abgeglichen werden.
Zusammenfassend konnte zunächst in Studie 1 aufgrund von Unterschieden in der
VO2, der Muskeloxygenierung im Musculus biceps brachii sowie im subjektiven
Belastungsempfinden dargestellt werden, dass sich eine Belastung auf dem
Wasser von der auf dem Ergometer unterscheidet und somit eine wasserbasierte
Leistungsdiagnostik im Kanurennsport vorzuziehen ist.
Die Ergebnisse aus den Studien 2 und 3 zeigten, dass die TID im Saisonverlauf
variiert und im Mittel einen hohen Anteil (80–90%) niedrigintensiven Trainings (Z1)
aufwies, wobei in der Vorbereitungsphase eine pyramidale TID Struktur (Z1>Z2>Z3)
und in der Wettkampfvorbereitung die Tendenz zu einer vermehrt polarisierten
Struktur (Z1>Z3>Z2) gefunden wurde. Somit weisen die Ergebnisse trotz der
physiologischen sowie biomechanischen Unterschiede zu Sportarten, die Oberbzw.
Ober- und Unterkörper bei der Vortriebsgenerierung einsetzen, eine
vergleichbare TID Struktur im Kanurennsport auf. Es ist zu vermuten, dass der
geringe Impact auf das Skelettmuskelsystem und die damit einhergehende
Möglichkeit, sehr hohe Trainingsvolumen mit der vergleichsweise kleinen
Oberkörpermuskulatur zu verwirklichen, diese TID-Struktur bedingen. Zudem
konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Wahl der Quantifizierungsmethode (extern vs.
intern; basierend auf physiologischen Parametern vs. Wettkampftempo) die
Darstellung der TID beeinflusst. Für eine adäquate Vergleichbarkeit und den
gezielten Einsatz muss insofern in der Forschung wie auch in den Sportarten ein
Konsens über die Wahl der Quantifizierungsmethode erarbeitet werden. Es scheint
zudem empfehlenswert die TID-Quantifizierungsmethode anhand der
Trainingsphase auszuwählen, wobei sich in der allgemeinen und spezifischen
Vorbereitungsperiode vorzugsweise eine TID Quantifizierung nach physiologischen
Kenngrößen empfiehlt. Hierbei erscheint ein Mix aus HF-basierter Analyse für Z1
sowie für längere Belastungen in Z2 und geschwindigkeitsbasierter Analyse für Z3
sowie kürzere Belastungen der Z2 zweckmäßig. In der Wettkampfvorbereitung stellt
sich dann zusätzlich eine Zoneneinteilung basierend auf dem Wettkampftempo als
sinnvoll dar.
Aufgrund der starken intra- und interindividuellen Variation der TID ist der
individuelle Mehrwert der auf dem Gruppenmittelwert basierenden Ergebnisse
jedoch zu hinterfragen und weist auf den Bedarf nach einer individuelleren
Betrachtung der TID und ihrer Effekte hin. Genauso stellt sich ein starker Einfluss
der allgemeinen physischen Aktivität sowie psychischer Belastungen auf die TID
und ihre Effekte dar, der wiederrum die Notwendigkeit eines holistischen
Betrachtungsansatzes für zukünftige Forschung aufzeigt. Außerdem gibt es im
Allgemeinen eine große Wissenslücke in Bezug auf Athletinnen in der TIDForschung,
weshalb die bisherigen Erkenntnisse für die Trainingsgestaltung
weiblicher Athleten mit Vorsicht behandelt werden müssen.
Objectives
To assess the impact of HIIT performed at school, i.e. both in connection with physical education (intra-PE) and extracurricular sports activities (extra-PE), on the physical fitness and health of children and adolescents.
Methods
PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched systematically utilizing the following criteria for inclusion: (1) healthy children and adolescents (5–18 years old) of normal weight; (2) HIIT performed intra- and/or extra-PE for at least 5 days at an intensity ≥ 80% of maximal heart rate (HR\(_{max}\)) or peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) or as Functional HIIT; (3) comparison with a control (HIIT versus alternative interventions); and (4) pre- and post-analysis of parameters related to physical fitness and health. The outcomes with HIIT and the control interventions were compared utilizing Hedges’ g effect size (ES) and associated 95% confidence intervals.
Results
Eleven studies involving 707 participants who performed intra-PE and 388 participants extra-PE HIIT were included. In comparison with the control interventions, intra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 5.89 ± 5.67 (range 1.88–9.90); ES number of push-ups: 6.22 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.66 ± 2.02 (range 1.24–4.09)), as well as ES fasting glucose levels (− 2.68 (range n.a.)) more effectively, with large effect sizes. Extra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 1.81 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.60 (range n.a.)) to an even greater extent, again with large effect sizes. Neither form of HIIT was more beneficial for parameters related to cardiorespiratory fitness than the control interventions.
Conclusion
Compared to other forms of exercise (e.g. low-to-moderate-intensity running or walking), both intra- and extra-PE HIIT result in greater improvements in neuromuscular and anaerobic performance, as well as in fasting levels of glucose in school children.
Speckle tracking-derived bi-atrial strain before and after eleven weeks of training in elite rowers
(2018)
The left (LA) and right (RA) atria undergo adaptive remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress not only induced by endurance exercise but also as part of several cardiovascular diseases thereby confounding differential diagnosis. Echocardiographic assessment of the atria with novel speckle tracking (STE)-derived variables broadens the diagnostic spectrum compared to conventional analyses and has the potential to differentiate physiologic from pathologic changes. The purpose of this study was to assess and categorize baseline values of bi-atrial structure and function in elite rowers according to recommended cutoffs, and to assess the cardiac changes occurring with endurance training. Therefore, fifteen elite rowers underwent 2D-echocardiographic analysis of established variables of cardiac structure and function as well as STE-derived variables of bi-atrial function. Measurements were performed at baseline and after eleven weeks of extensive training. 40% of athletes displayed mildly enlarged LA and 47% mildly enlarged RA at baseline, whereas no athlete fell below the lower reference values of LA and RA reservoir strain. Average power during a 2000 m ergometer rowing test (P2000 m) improved from 426 +/- 39 W to 442 +/- 34 W (p = 0.010) but there were no changes of echocardiographic variables following training. In elite rowers, longitudinal bi-atrial strain assessment indicates normal resting function of structurally enlarged atria and thereby may assist to differentiate between exercise-induced versus disease-associated structural cardiac changes in which function is commonly impaired.
(1) Background: Reconditioning of the paraspinal lumbar extensor muscles by isolated lumbar extension resistance exercises (ILEX) has shown good clinical results for patients with chronic unspecific low back pain. However, the clinical value and safety for patients with specific spine pathologies is unclear. In this study, clinical outcome and influencing factors were retrospectively analyzed for patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) and radiculopathy. (2) Methods: 189 consecutive patients (123 men and 66 women; mean age, 36 years) with clinically diagnosed LDH and relative indications for surgery started a 9-week rehabilitation program (2x/week) including ILEX in limited range of motion (ROM) adjusted to patients’ symptoms. Patients diagnosed with advanced levels of spine degeneration were excluded. Pain/radiculopathy (PR), influence on mental health (IOMH), satisfaction rates were measured via Numeric Rating Scales (NRS, 0–10), and overall clinical outcome was stated in % (100% = full recovery). Isometric extension strength was tested before and after the program. (3) Results: 168 patients (88.9%) completed the program. For 162 out of 168 patients (96.4%) there was a significant reduction of clinical symptoms, whereas 6 patients reported no changes in symptoms. Scores (mean) for symptom intensity decreased from 4.2 (±1.5) to 1.9 (±1.5) (p < 0.001), the impact on mental health decreased from 5.9 (±2.3) to 2.4 (±2.0) (p < 0.001). There was a (weak) correlation between lower scores for PR and IOMH before the study and better clinical outcomes; PR also weakly correlated with satisfaction. Other factors such as age, strength increase, level/location and number of LDH did not have a significant impact on the clinical results. (4) Conclusion: The results indicate that ILEX in limited ROM can be an effective treatment for the majority of patients with LDH. For patients with high pain levels, the results are less consistent, and surgery may be considered.
To evaluate the effects of Ramadan observance on dietary intake, body mass and body composition of adolescent athletes (design: systematic review and meta-analysis; data sources: PubMed and Web of Science; eligibility criteria for selecting studies: single-group, pre-post, with or without control-group studies, conducted in athletes aged <19 years, training at least 3 times/week, and published in any language before 12 February 2020). Studies assessing body mass and/or body composition and/or dietary intake were deemed eligible. The methodological quality was assessed using ‘QualSyst’. Of the twelve selected articles evaluating body mass and/or body composition, one was of strong quality and eleven were rated as moderate. Ten articles evaluated dietary intake; four were rated as strong and the remaining moderate in quality. Continuation of training during Ramadan did not change body mass from before to the first week (trivial effect size (ES) = −0.011, p = 0.899) or from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.277). Additionally, Ramadan observance did not change body fat content from before to the first week (trivial ES = −0.005, p = 0.947) and from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = -0.057, p = 0.947). Lean body mass remained unchanged from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = −0.025, p = 0.876). Dietary data showed the intake of energy (small ES = -0.272, p = 0.182), fat (trivial ES = 0.044, p = 0.842), protein (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.720), carbohydrate (trivial ES = 0.075, p = 0.606) and water (trivial ES = −0.115, p = 0.624) remained essentially unchanged during as compared to before Ramadan. Continued training of adolescent athletes at least three times/week during Ramadan observance has no effect on body mass, body composition or dietary intake.
Establishing a cardiac training group for patients with heart failure: the "HIP-in-Würzburg" study
(2022)
Background
Exercise training in heart failure (HF) is recommended but not routinely offered, because of logistic and safety-related reasons. In 2020, the German Society for Prevention&Rehabilitation and the German Society for Cardiology requested establishing dedicated ""HF training groups."" Here, we aimed to implement and evaluate the feasibility and safety of one of the first HF training groups in Germany.
Methods
Twelve patients (three women) with symptomatic HF (NYHA class II/III) and an ejection fraction ≤ 45% participated and were offered weekly, physician-supervised exercise training for 1 year. Patients received a wrist-worn pedometer (M430 Polar) and underwent the following assessments at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months: cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-min walk test, echocardiography (blinded reading), and quality of life assessment (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, KCCQ).
Results
All patients (median age [quartiles] 64 [49; 64] years) completed the study and participated in 76% of the offered 36 training sessions. The pedometer was worn ≥ 1000 min per day over 86% of the time. No cardiovascular events occurred during training. Across 12 months, NT-proBNP dropped from 986 pg/ml [455; 1937] to 483 pg/ml [247; 2322], and LVEF increased from 36% [29;41] to 41% [32;46]%, (p for trend = 0.01). We observed no changes in exercise capacity except for a subtle increase in peak VO2% predicted, from 66.5 [49; 77] to 67 [52; 78]; p for trend = 0.03. The physical function and social limitation domains of the KCCQ improved from 60 [54; 82] to 71 [58; 95, and from 63 [39; 83] to 78 [64; 92]; p for trend = 0.04 and = 0.01, respectively. Positive trends were further seen for the clinical and overall summary scores.
Conclusion
This pilot study showed that the implementation of a supervised HF-exercise program is feasible, safe, and has the potential to improve both quality of life and surrogate markers of HF severity. This first exercise experiment should facilitate the design of risk-adopted training programs for patients with HF.
Virtual online training has emerged as one of the top 20 worldwide fitness trends for 2021 and continues to develop rapidly. Although this allows the cycling community to engage in virtual training and competition, critical evaluation of virtual training platforms is limited. Here, we discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with virtual training technology and cycling in an attempt to enhance awareness of such aspects. Strengths include immersive worlds, innovative drafting mechanics, and versatility. Weaknesses include questionable data accuracy, inadequate strength and reliability of power-speed algorithms. Opportunities exist for expanding strategic partnerships with major cycling races, brands, and sponsors and improving user experience with the addition of video capture and “e-coaching.” Threats are present in the form of cheating during competition, and a lack of uptake and acceptance by a broader community.
Purpose
Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency.
Methods
Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak (\(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\)) and submaximal (\(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\)) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V\(_2\), V\(_4\))] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed.
Results
\(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\), V\(_2\), V\(_4\) and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). \(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\) improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4%); and HFT (15.4%) than HVLIT (7.6%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5%) than HFT (23%) or HIIT (7.7%). 46% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any.
Conclusion
On a group level, none of the interventions altered \(\dot{VO}_{2submax}\), V\(_2\), V\(_4\) or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved \(\dot{VO}_{2peak}\). The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.