Institut für Sportwissenschaft
Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (58)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (58)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (58)
Language
- English (58) (remove)
Keywords
- endurance (6)
- physical activity (6)
- wearable (5)
- adolescents (4)
- athletes (4)
- children (4)
- performance (4)
- SWOT (3)
- aerobic fitness (3)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (3)
- exercise (3)
- exercise intensity (3)
- functional training (3)
- high-intensity interval training (3)
- smartwatch (3)
- team sport (3)
- technology (3)
- Germany (2)
- ILEX (2)
- biofeedback (2)
- blood flow (2)
- body composition (2)
- circadian rhythm (2)
- clothing (2)
- correlates (2)
- desk-based (2)
- eHealth (2)
- endurance training (2)
- fatigue (2)
- health monitoring (2)
- innovation (2)
- interval training (2)
- load management (2)
- low back pain (2)
- mHealth (2)
- monitoring (2)
- near-infrared spectroscopy (2)
- office-workers (2)
- oscillation (2)
- oxygen uptake (2)
- oxygenation (2)
- peak oxygen uptake (2)
- performance monitoring (2)
- periodization (2)
- physical fitness (2)
- power training (2)
- speed (2)
- textile (2)
- tissue saturation index (2)
- training intensity distribution (2)
- venous system (2)
- video analysis (2)
- Achilles tendinopathy (1)
- Association (1)
- COD movements (1)
- Cardiovascular biology (1)
- Correlates (1)
- Domain-specific approach (1)
- Elite Rowers (1)
- Europe (1)
- HIIT (High intensity interval training) (1)
- Health promotion (1)
- Health-determinants (1)
- IoT (1)
- Lower Reference Value (1)
- Physical activity (1)
- Ramadan (1)
- Reservoir Strain (1)
- Risk factors (1)
- Rowing Ergometer (1)
- Sedentary behaviour (1)
- Sex (1)
- Sitting/standing (1)
- Speedcourt (1)
- Strain Assessment (1)
- V800 (1)
- XAI (1)
- XAI and explainable artificial intelligence (1)
- Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery (1)
- accelerometer (1)
- activity tracker (1)
- adaptations (1)
- adolescent (1)
- adults (1)
- aerobic performance (1)
- aerobic power (1)
- aerobic training (1)
- age groups (1)
- agility (1)
- algorithms (1)
- anaerobic and aerobic testing (1)
- anaerobic threshold (1)
- arms (1)
- artifical inteligence (1)
- artificial intelligence (1)
- association (1)
- biomarker variability (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- blood (1)
- blood lactate (1)
- body mass index (1)
- bood (1)
- breathing (1)
- built environment (1)
- cardiac training group (1)
- center of pressure (1)
- change of direction (1)
- change‐of‐direction movement (1)
- cinematographic analysis (1)
- coaching (1)
- compensation (1)
- competition (1)
- conditioning (1)
- conservative treatment (1)
- context (1)
- cortisol (1)
- creatine kinase (1)
- cross-country skiers (1)
- cross-sectional (1)
- cycling (1)
- cyclists (1)
- data (1)
- data mining (1)
- dead spot (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diary (1)
- digital health (1)
- disk herniation (1)
- displacement (1)
- distance running (1)
- diurnal profile (1)
- e-coach (1)
- e-health (1)
- education (1)
- educational attainment (1)
- elite athlete (1)
- elite sport (1)
- energy intake (1)
- ergometer (1)
- exercise intervention (1)
- exercise science (1)
- fat mass (1)
- female (1)
- follow-up (1)
- global health (1)
- habit strength (1)
- health promotion (1)
- health-related fitness (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heart failure training group (1)
- heat stress (1)
- height-adjustable desk (1)
- high intensity training (1)
- high volume (1)
- high-altitude training (1)
- high-intensity training (1)
- high-volume training (1)
- hyperoxia (1)
- hyperthermia (1)
- immunoglobin-A (1)
- impact force (1)
- implant (1)
- implantable neurostimulators (1)
- inactivity (1)
- incidental lifestyle physical activity (1)
- individualized training (1)
- ingestible sensor (1)
- injury prevention (1)
- intensity distribution (1)
- intermittent exercise (1)
- internal load (1)
- internet of things (1)
- intervention (1)
- jump height (1)
- lactate threshold (1)
- lean mass (1)
- linear regression analysis (1)
- low intensity (1)
- lower body (1)
- m exercise training (1)
- match load (1)
- maximum oxygen uptake (1)
- medical hypoxia (1)
- microRNAs (1)
- microsoft band 2 (1)
- mobility (1)
- mood (1)
- multi-sensor (1)
- muscle oxygen saturation (1)
- natural approach (1)
- occupational sitting and physical activity questionnaire (1)
- office environment (1)
- online survey (1)
- optimize performance (1)
- peak power (1)
- penalty throw (1)
- perceived physical environment (1)
- performance parameters (1)
- performance testing (1)
- personalized training (1)
- physical activity promotion (1)
- physical education (1)
- physiological (1)
- physiological characteristics (1)
- plantaris tendinopathy (1)
- point of care testing (1)
- polarized training (1)
- posture (1)
- precision training (1)
- prediction (1)
- pressure sensor (1)
- probability of scoring a goal (1)
- prospective (1)
- pyramidal retrospective (1)
- radiculopathy (1)
- ramp test (1)
- recovery (1)
- recreation-related physical activity (1)
- reference values (1)
- reliability (1)
- repeated exercise (1)
- repeated shuttle sprints (1)
- repeated sprint (1)
- repeated sprint ability (1)
- repeated sprint running (1)
- rural (1)
- sedentary behavior (1)
- sedentary lifestyle (1)
- sensor assessment (1)
- sex (1)
- simulation (1)
- sitting time (1)
- skeletal-muscle (1)
- skin blood flow (1)
- smart soccer boot (1)
- soccer (1)
- soccer (football) (1)
- socio-demographic (1)
- speed skaters (1)
- spine (1)
- sports (1)
- sports technology (1)
- standing (1)
- strength (1)
- stress markers (1)
- structured physical activity (1)
- students (1)
- surface scanner (1)
- surgical treatment (1)
- sweet spot (1)
- systematic review and meta-analysis (1)
- team sports (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- threshold training (1)
- time to exhaustion (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- training intensity (1)
- training load (1)
- training optimization (1)
- transport-related physical activity (1)
- treadmill protocol (1)
- treadmill running (1)
- triceps (1)
- triceps brachii (1)
- upper body (1)
- urban (1)
- vagal threshold (1)
- vasoconstriction (1)
- vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activities (1)
- virtual reality (1)
- virtual training (1)
- walkability (1)
- walking (1)
- wearable sensors (1)
- wearable technologies (1)
- wearable technology (1)
- web-based apps (1)
- work economy (1)
- work engagement (1)
- work performance (1)
- workplace (1)
- world championships (1)
- youth (1)
- youth soccer (1)
The present review examines retrospective analyses of training intensity distribution (TID), i.e., the proportion of training at moderate (Zone 1, Z1), heavy (Z2) and severe (Z3) intensity by elite-to-world-class endurance athletes during different phases of the season. In addition, we discuss potential implications of our findings for research in this field, as well as for training by these athletes. Altogether, we included 175 TIDs, of which 120 quantified exercise intensity on the basis of heart rate and measured time-in-zone or employed variations of the session goal approach, with demarcation of zones of exercise intensity based on physiological parameters. Notably, 49% of the TIDs were single-case studies, predominantly concerning cross-country skiing and/or the biathlon. Eighty-nine TIDs were pyramidal (Z1 > Z2 > Z3), 65 polarized (Z1 > Z3 > Z2) and 8 “threshold” (Z2 > Z1 = Z3). However, these relative numbers varied between sports and the particular phases of the season. In 91% (n = 160) of the TIDs >60% of the endurance exercise was of low intensity. Regardless of the approach to quantification or phase of the season, cyclists and swimmers were found to perform a lower proportion of exercise in Z1 (<72%) and higher proportion in Z2 (>16%) than athletes involved in the triathlon, speed skating, rowing, running, cross-country skiing or biathlon (>80% in Z1 and <12% in Z2 in all these cases). For most of the athletes their proportion of heavy-to-severe exercise was higher during the period of competition than during the preparatory phase, although with considerable variability between sports. In conclusion, the existing literature in this area does not allow general conclusions to be drawn. The methods utilized for quantification vary widely and, moreover, contextual information concerning the mode of exercise, environmental conditions, and biomechanical aspects of the exercise is often lacking. Therefore, we recommend a more comprehensive approach in connection with future investigations on the TIDs of athletes involved in different endurance sports.
Here, we performed a non-systematic analysis of the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) associated with the application of artificial intelligence to sports research, coaching and optimization of athletic performance. The strength of AI with regards to applied sports research, coaching and athletic performance involve the automation of time-consuming tasks, processing and analysis of large amounts of data, and recognition of complex patterns and relationships. However, it is also essential to be aware of the weaknesses associated with the integration of AI into this field. For instance, it is imperative that the data employed to train the AI system be both diverse and complete, in addition to as unbiased as possible with respect to factors such as the gender, level of performance, and experience of an athlete. Other challenges include e.g., limited adaptability to novel situations and the cost and other resources required. Opportunities include the possibility to monitor athletes both long-term and in real-time, the potential discovery of novel indicators of performance, and prediction of risk for future injury. Leveraging these opportunities can transform athletic development and the practice of sports science in general. Threats include over-dependence on technology, less involvement of human expertise, risks with respect to data privacy, breaching of the integrity and manipulation of data, and resistance to adopting such new technology. Understanding and addressing these SWOT factors is essential for maximizing the benefits of AI while mitigating its risks, thereby paving the way for its successful integration into sport science research, coaching, and optimization of athletic performance.
Background
Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a ‘lower’ and a ‘higher’ threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), and critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) are used. Various heart rate variability-derived thresholds (HRVTs) using different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but a systematic review of the proximity of HRVTs to established threshold concepts is lacking.
Objective
This systematic review aims to provide an overview of studies that determined HRVTs during endurance exercise in healthy adults in comparison with a reference VT and/or LT concept.
Methods
A systematic literature search for studies determining HRVTs in healthy individuals during endurance exercise and comparing them with VTs or LTs was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming to describe similar physiological boundaries to delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow and/or LTlow), and heavy from severe intensity zone (HRVThigh vs. VThigh and/or LThigh) were grouped and their results synthesized.
Results
Twenty-seven included studies (461 participants) showed a mean difference in relative HR between HRVTlow and VTlow of − 0.6%bpm in weighted means and 0.02%bpm between HRVTlow and LTlow. Bias between HR at HRVTlow and VTlow was 1 bpm (limits of agreement (LoA): − 10.9 to 12.8 bpm) and 2.7 bpm (LoA: − 20.4 to 25.8 bpm) between HRVTlow and LTlow. Mean difference in HR between HRVThigh and VThigh was 0.3%bpm in weighted means and 2.9%bpm between HRVThigh and LThigh while bias between HR at HRVThigh and VThigh was − 4 bpm (LoA: − 17.9 to 9.9 bpm) and 2.5 bpm (LoA: − 12.1 to 17.1 bpm) between HRVThigh and LThigh.
Conclusion
HRVTlow seems to be a promising approach for the determination of a ‘lower’ threshold comparable to VTlow and potentially for HRVThigh compared to VThigh, although the latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA for both intensity zone boundaries indicates bias of HRVTs on an individual level. Taken together, HRVTs can be a promising alternative for prescribing exercise intensity in healthy, male athletes undertaking endurance activities but due to the heterogeneity of study design, threshold concepts, standardization, and lack of female participants, further research is necessary to draw more robust and nuanced conclusions.
Background: According to socio-ecological theories, physical activity behaviors are linked to the physical and social neighborhood environment. Reliable and contextually adapted instruments are needed to assess environmental characteristics related to physical activity. This work aims to develop an audit toolbox adapted to the German context, to urban and rural settings, for different population groups, and different types of physical activity; and to evaluate its inter-rater reliability.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search to collect existing audit tools and to identify the latest evidence of environmental factors influencing physical activity in general, as well as in German populations. The results guided the construction of a category system for the toolbox. Items were assigned to the categories based on their relevance to physical activity and to the German context as well as their comprehensibility. We piloted the toolbox in different urban and rural areas (100 street segments, 15 parks, and 21 playgrounds) and calculated inter-rater reliability by Cohen's Kappa.
Results: The audit toolbox comprises a basic streetscape audit with seven categories (land use and destinations, traffic safety, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, attractiveness, social environment, and subjective assessment), as well as supplementary tools for children and adolescents, seniors and people with impaired mobility, parks and public open spaces, playgrounds, and rural areas. 76 % of all included items had moderate, substantial, or almost perfect inter-rater reliability (κ > 0.4).
Conclusions: The audit toolbox is an innovative and reliable instrument for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany.
Posture and mobility are important aspects for spinal health. In the context of low back pain, strategies to alter postural anomalies (e.g., hyper/hypolordosis, hyper/hypokyphosis) and mobility deficits (e.g., bending restrictions) have been of interest to researchers and clinicians. Machine-based isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise (ILEX) has been used successfully for rehabilitation of patients suffering from low back pain. The aim of this study was to analyse the immediate effects of ILEX on spinal posture and mobility. In this interventional cohort study, the posture and mobility measures of 33 healthy individuals (m = 17, f = 16; mean age 30.0 years) were taken using the surface-based Spinal Mouse system (IDIAG M360©, Fehraltdorf, Switzerland). Individuals performed one exercise set to full exhaustion with an ILEX-device (Powerspine, Wuerzburg, Germany) in a standardized setup, including uniform range of motion and time under tension. Scans were made immediately before and after the exercise. There was an immediate significant decrease in standing lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. No change could be observed in standing pelvic tilt. Mobility measures showed a significant decrease in the lumbar spine and an increase in the sacrum. The results show that ILEX alters spine posture and mobility in the short-term, which may benefit certain patient groups.
Background and Objectives: Chronic painful midportion Achilles combined with plantaris tendinopathy can be a troublesome condition to treat. The objective was to prospectively follow patients subjected to ultrasound (US)- and color doppler (CD)-guided wide awake, local anesthetic, no-tourniquet (WALANT) surgery in a private setting. Material and Methods: Twenty-six Swedish patients (17 men and 9 women, mean age 50 years (range 29–62)) and eight international male patients (mean age of 38 years (range 25–71)) with combined midportion Achilles and plantaris tendinopathy in 45 tendons altogether were included. All patients had had >6 months of pain and had tried non-surgical treatment with eccentric training, without effect. US + CD-guided surgical scraping of the ventral Achilles tendon and plantaris removal under local anesthesia was performed on all patients. A 4–6-week rehabilitation protocol with an immediate full-weight-bearing tendon loading regime was used. The VISA-A score and a study-specific questionnaire evaluating physical activity level and subjective satisfaction with the treatment were used for evaluation. Results: At the 1-year follow-up, 32/34 patients (43 tendons) were satisfied with the treatment result and had returned to their pre-injury Achilles tendon loading activity. There were two dropouts (two tendons). For the Swedish patients, the mean VISA-A score increased from 34 (0–64) before surgery to 93 (61–100) after surgery (p < 0.001). There were two complications, one wound rupture and one superficial skin infection. Conclusions: For patients suffering from painful midportion Achilles tendinopathy and plantaris tendinopathy, US + CD-guided surgical Achilles tendon scraping and plantaris tendon removal showed a high satisfaction rate and good functional results 1 year after surgery.
Regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with health benefits. Consequently, numerous health promotion programs for children and adolescents emphasize the enhancement of physical activity. However, the ActivityStat hypothesis states that increases in physical activity in one domain are compensated for by decreasing physical activity in another domain. Currently, little is known about how physical activity varies in children and adolescents within intervals of one day or multiple days. This systematic review provides an overview of studies that analyzed changes in (overall) physical activity, which were assessed with objective measurements, or compensatory mechanisms caused by increases or decreases in physical activity in a specific domain in children and adolescents. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus) was performed with a priori defined inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers screened the literature and identified and rated the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 77 peer-reviewed articles were included that analyzed changes in overall physical activity with multiple methodological approaches resulting in compensation or displacement. Of 40,829 participants, 16,265 indicated compensation associated with physical activity. Subgroup analyses separated by study design, participants, measurement instrument, physical activity context, and intervention duration also showed mixed results toward an indication of compensation. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that they were of high quality (mean = 0.866). This review provides inconclusive results about compensation in relation to physical activity. A trend toward increased compensation in interventional studies and in interventions of longer duration have been observed.
Background
Physical activity (PA) guidelines acknowledge the health benefits of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) regardless of bout duration. However, little knowledge exists concerning the type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle PA of students and office workers. The present study aimed to i) assess the duration and distribution of intensity of MVPAs during waking hours ≥50% of heart rate reserve (HRR), ii) to identify the type of PA through diary assessment, iii) to assign these activities into structured and lifestyle incidental PA, and iv) to compare this information between students and office workers.
Methods
Twenty-three healthy participants (11 students, 12 office workers) recorded heart rate (HR) with a wrist-worn HR monitor (Polar M600) and filled out a PA diary throughout seven consecutive days (i.e. ≥ 8 waking h/day). Relative HR zones were calculated, and PA diary information was coded using the Compendium of PA. We matched HR data with the reported PA and identified PA bouts during waking time ≥ 50% HRR concerning duration, HRR zone, type of PA, and assigned each activity to incidental and structured PA. Descriptive measures for time spend in different HRR zones and differences between students and office workers were calculated.
Results
In total, we analyzed 276.894 s (76 h 54 min 54 s) of waking time in HRR zones ≥50% and identified 169 different types of PA. The participants spend 31.9 ± 27.1 min/day or 3.9 ± 3.2% of their waking time in zones of ≥50% HRR with no difference between students and office workers (p > 0.01). The proportion of assigned incidental lifestyle PA was 76.9 ± 22.5%.
Conclusions
The present study provides initial insights regarding the type, amount, and distribution of intensity of structured and incidental lifestyle PA ≥ 50% HRR. Findings show a substantial amount of incidental lifestyle PA during waking hours and display the importance of promoting a physically active lifestyle. Future research could employ ambulatory assessments with integrated electronic diaries to detect information on the type and context of MVPA during the day.
Objectives
To assess the impact of HIIT performed at school, i.e. both in connection with physical education (intra-PE) and extracurricular sports activities (extra-PE), on the physical fitness and health of children and adolescents.
Methods
PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched systematically utilizing the following criteria for inclusion: (1) healthy children and adolescents (5–18 years old) of normal weight; (2) HIIT performed intra- and/or extra-PE for at least 5 days at an intensity ≥ 80% of maximal heart rate (HR\(_{max}\)) or peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) or as Functional HIIT; (3) comparison with a control (HIIT versus alternative interventions); and (4) pre- and post-analysis of parameters related to physical fitness and health. The outcomes with HIIT and the control interventions were compared utilizing Hedges’ g effect size (ES) and associated 95% confidence intervals.
Results
Eleven studies involving 707 participants who performed intra-PE and 388 participants extra-PE HIIT were included. In comparison with the control interventions, intra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 5.89 ± 5.67 (range 1.88–9.90); ES number of push-ups: 6.22 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.66 ± 2.02 (range 1.24–4.09)), as well as ES fasting glucose levels (− 2.68 (range n.a.)) more effectively, with large effect sizes. Extra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 1.81 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.60 (range n.a.)) to an even greater extent, again with large effect sizes. Neither form of HIIT was more beneficial for parameters related to cardiorespiratory fitness than the control interventions.
Conclusion
Compared to other forms of exercise (e.g. low-to-moderate-intensity running or walking), both intra- and extra-PE HIIT result in greater improvements in neuromuscular and anaerobic performance, as well as in fasting levels of glucose in school children.
Speckle tracking-derived bi-atrial strain before and after eleven weeks of training in elite rowers
(2018)
The left (LA) and right (RA) atria undergo adaptive remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress not only induced by endurance exercise but also as part of several cardiovascular diseases thereby confounding differential diagnosis. Echocardiographic assessment of the atria with novel speckle tracking (STE)-derived variables broadens the diagnostic spectrum compared to conventional analyses and has the potential to differentiate physiologic from pathologic changes. The purpose of this study was to assess and categorize baseline values of bi-atrial structure and function in elite rowers according to recommended cutoffs, and to assess the cardiac changes occurring with endurance training. Therefore, fifteen elite rowers underwent 2D-echocardiographic analysis of established variables of cardiac structure and function as well as STE-derived variables of bi-atrial function. Measurements were performed at baseline and after eleven weeks of extensive training. 40% of athletes displayed mildly enlarged LA and 47% mildly enlarged RA at baseline, whereas no athlete fell below the lower reference values of LA and RA reservoir strain. Average power during a 2000 m ergometer rowing test (P2000 m) improved from 426 +/- 39 W to 442 +/- 34 W (p = 0.010) but there were no changes of echocardiographic variables following training. In elite rowers, longitudinal bi-atrial strain assessment indicates normal resting function of structurally enlarged atria and thereby may assist to differentiate between exercise-induced versus disease-associated structural cardiac changes in which function is commonly impaired.