100 Philosophie und Psychologie
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Die Rückkehr des Realen
(2020)
We are witnessing a return of the real which philosophy seems illequipped to handle. I argue (1) that this return of the real must be read as a rejection of those philosophical tendencies which were prevalent in the past decades and which I call philosophies of mediation: They supplanted all references to something real by the sole reference to those processes in which reality was supposed to be given or shaped (in interpretations, linguistic structures, historical or social conditions, media…). The current urgency of the question of the real indicates that those philosophies have lost credibility. On the other hand (2), the contemporary attempts to resuscitate philosophical realism cannot be considered satisfactory either. It is curiously the real itself they fail to fully appreciate. All in all (3), the return of the real has to be interpreted as the effect of an event that has little to do with philosophy, namely the return of politics.
How are fictions given? Conjoining the ‘artifactual theory’ and the ‘imaginary-object theory’
(2021)
According to the so-called ‘artifactual theory’ of fiction, fictional objects are to be considered as abstract artifacts. Within this framework, fictional objects are defined on the basis of their complex dependence on literary works, authors, and readership. This theory is explicitly distinguished from other approaches to fictions, notably from the imaginary-object theory. In this article, I argue that the two approaches are not mutually exclusive but can and should be integrated. In particular, the ontology of fiction can be fruitfully supplemented by a phenomenological analysis, which allows us to clarify the defining modes of givenness of fictional objects. Likewise, based on the results of the artifactual theory, some assumptions in the imaginary-object theory, which are liable to be interpreted as laying the ground to phenomenalism, can be corrected.
Whether, and in what sense, research in phenomenology and phenomenological psychopathology has—in addition to its descriptive and hermeneutic value—explanatory power is somewhat controversial. This paper shows why it is legitimate to recognize such explanatory power. To this end, the paper analyzes two central concerns underlying the debate about explanation in phenomenology: (a) the warning against reductionism, which is implicit in a conception of causal explanation exclusively based on models of natural/physical causation; and (b) the warning against top-down generalizations, which neglect the specificity of the individual. While acknowledging that these two caveats express serious concerns regarding the debate on explanatory models, I show that phenomenology has the resources to respond to them. These can be found in analyses of different types of causation relating to different regions of reality and in the structure of explanatory models based on exemplarity. On the basis of these analyses, I defend a pluralist account vis-à-vis explanatory models.
Husserl’s taxonomy of action
(2022)
In the present article I discuss, in confrontation with the most recent studies on Husserl’s phenomenology of acting and willing, the taxonomy of action that is collected in the volume ‘Wille und Handlung’ of the Husserliana edition Studien zur Struktur des Bewussteins. In so doing, I first present Husserl’s universal characterization of action (Handlung) as a volitional process (willentlicher Vorgang). Then, after clarifying what it means for a process to have a character of volitionality (Willentlichkeit), I illustrate the various types of actions, which Husserl distinguishes as ‘straightforward’ (schlicht) or ‘deciding’ (entscheidend), ‘primary’ (primär) or ‘secondary’ (sekundär), ‘inner’ (innere) or ‘outer’ (äußere), ‘immediate’ (unmittelbar) or mediate (mittelbar), ‘simple’ (einfach) or ‘compound’ (zusammengesetzt). Finally, I consider Husserl’s discussion of the direction and foundation of action.
In this paper, I consider the relevance of judgment for practical considerations by discussing Christian August Crusius’s conception of rational desire. According to my interpretation of Crusius’s distinction between rational and non-rational desire, we are responsible at least for our rational desires insofar as we can control them. And we can control our rational desires by judging whether what we want complies with our human nature. It should become clear that Crusius’s conception of rational desire is normative in that we necessarily desire things that are compatible with our nature, such as our own perfection. Therefore, a desire is rational if the desired object is apt to satisfy the desires compatible with our nature. From a contemporary perspective, such a normative conception of rational desire might not appear very attractive; it is apt, however, to stimulate a debate on the normative criteria and the role of judgment for rational desire, which is the ultimate aim of this paper.
Any account of intentional action has to deal with the problem of how such actions are individuated. Medieval accounts, however, crucially differ from contemporary ones in at least three respects: (i) for medieval authors, individuation is not a matter of description, as it is according to contemporary, ‘Anscombian’ views; rather, it is a metaphysical matter. (ii) Medieval authors discuss intentional action on the basis of faculty psychology, whereas contemporary accounts are not committed to this kind of psychology. Connected to the use of faculty psychology is (iii) the distinction between interior and exterior acts. Roughly, interior acts are mental as opposed to physical acts, whereas exterior acts are acts of physical powers, such as of moving one’s body. Of course, contemporary accounts are not committed to this distinction between two ontologically different kinds of acts. Rather, they might be committed to views consistent with physicalist approaches to the mind. The main interpretative task in this paper is to clarify how Scotus and Ockham explain moral intentional action in terms of the role and involvement of these kinds of acts respectively. I argue that Scotus’s account is close to contemporary, ‘Anscombian’ accounts, whereas Ockham’s account is incompatible with them.
Eine angewandte Philosophische Lebenskunst ist bislang nur in den Philosophischen Praxen anzutreffen, in den Humanwissenschaften steht sie bis heute noch aus. Auf diesem Pfade schreitend stellt das vorliegende Buch einen programmatischen Anfang am Beispiel der Klinischen Sozialarbeit dar. Im Mittelpunkt der systematischen Reflexionen stehen insgesamt vier Aspekte: Zunächst wird ein gemeinsamer Bezugspunkt für die Ethik und die Humanwissenschaften eingeführt, der mit Hilfe der ethischen Systematik der integrativen Ethik von Hans Krämer auf unterschiedlichen Reflexionsniveaus entfaltet wird. Als Ergebnis dieser beiden Aspekte steht eine Landkarte für die Zuordnung von ethischen Themen in der Sozialen Arbeit als prototypisches Exempel einer Humanwissenschaft. Am Leitfaden der philosophisch-ethischen Konsiliatorik wird schließlich die Anwendung der Strebensethik in der Klinischen Sozialarbeit am Arbeitsfeld der Sozialpsychiatrie bis hin zu einem Fallbeispiel Schritt für Schritt vorgestellt. Im Unterschied zur antiken Lebenskunst – die im Kern normativ konzipiert war – ist die vorgestellte Anwendung vom Geiste einer optativen Vorgehensweise, wie sie bspw. Wilhelm Schmid einer breiten Öffentlichkeit bekannt gemacht hat, getragen. Alle Begriffserläuterung sowie Empfehlungen und Warnungen zielen auf einen möglichst optimalen Gebrauch der individuellen Freiheit. Im Mittelpunkt stehen stets das Wollen und die Wahl des Individuums, das sich um sein Leben selbst kümmern und es auch selbst führen muss. Insgesamt will die programmatische Anwendung der Philosophischen Lebenskunst neben einem Raster für die Ethik in der Sozialen Arbeit in Theorie, Praxis und Ausbildung vor allem eine ethische Sichtweise für die zweite Reformwelle in der Sozialpsychiatrie liefern. Mit Hilfe der angestellten Reflexionen aus der Strebensethik kann den eingeforderten „Personenzentrierten Hilfen“ eine weitere Orientierung für die professionelle Umsetzung in der Praxis zur Verfügung gestellt werden.