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Studien zeigen, dass Fahrer in Notfallsituationen meistens eher bremsen als ausweichen, obwohl ausweichen möglicherweise die bessere Strategie zur Kollisionsvermeidung gewesen wäre. Um Fahrer besser bei der Kollisionsvermeidung zu unterstützen, wurden daher in den letzten Jahren Assistenzsysteme entwickelt, die den Fahrer nicht mehr nur bei Notbremsmanövern, sondern auch bei Notausweichmanövern durch einen automatischen Eingriff in die Querführung unterstützen sollen. Allerdings zeigte sich in mehreren Studien, dass das Verhalten der Fahrer die Wirksamkeit dieser Assistenten reduziert, insbesondere wenn der Eingriff des Assistenten über das Lenkrad rückgemeldet wurde.
In dieser Arbeit wurde davon ausgegangen, dass diese Reaktion der Fahrer eine Folge automatischer Korrekturprozesse innerhalb eines psychokybernetischen Regelkreises ist, an dem sensomotorische Regelprozesse zur Steuerung der Lenkradbewegung beteiligt sind. Dazu wurde ein Fahrerverhaltensmodell entwickelt, das den Einfluss der sensomotorischen Regelprozesse im Kontext der Fahraufgabe beschreibt. Auf Basis des Fahrerverhaltensmodells wird angenommen, dass unerwartete haptische Signale am Lenkrad auf Ebene der motorischen Regelung zunächst als Störung des ursprünglichen Handlungsziels interpretiert werden. Um die resultierenden Abweichungen zu korrigieren, wird auf sensomotorischer Ebene ein Korrekturprozess eingeleitet, der erst dann beendet wird, wenn der Fahrer die Möglichkeit hatte, die Situation visuell zu analysieren und sein Handlungsziel an die Situation anzupassen. Dies sollte sich im zeitlichen Verlauf der Fahrerreaktion am Lenkrad widerspiegeln und könnte eine Erklärung für die vom Fahrer verursachte Reduktion der Wirksamkeit sein.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Anhaltspunkte für diese Annahme aufzuzeigen. Im Rahmen von sieben Experimenten wurden der Einfluss von Eingriffen mit haptischer Rückmeldung am Lenkrad und das resultierende Zusammenspiel von sensomotorischen und visuellen Kontrollprozessen untersucht. Alle Studien befassten sich mit Eingriffen in die Querführung, die den Fahrer potenziell bei Notausweichmanövern unterstützen könnten, und betrachteten sowohl Aspekte der Wirksamkeit als auch der Kontrollierbarkeit. Dabei wurde versucht, durch die Gestaltung des Eingriffs, einer gezielten Beeinflussung der Handlungsziele des Fahrers und einer Manipulation der Rückmeldung Unterschiede in der Reaktion des Fahrers auf unerwartete Eingriffe hervorzurufen. Die Lenkreaktionszeit und das Reaktionsmuster der Fahrer dienten hierbei als Indikatoren für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Fahrer, ihre Handlungsziele an die vorliegende Situation anzupassen.
Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Relevanz der im Modell angenommenen sensomotorischen Kontrollprozesse und damit auch den Einfluss der haptischen Rückmeldung auf das Fahrerverhalten bei automatischen Eingriffen in die Querführung. Die beschriebene Betrachtung des zeitlichen Verlaufs des Lenkverhaltens ermöglicht zudem eine fundierte Evaluation der Fahrer-Fahrzeug-Interaktion, um verschiedene Assistenzsysteme miteinander zu vergleichen. Darüber hinaus liefert die vorliegende Arbeit wertvolle Hinweise für die Gestaltung von Assistenzsystemen, die den Fahrer in Notfallsituationen mit automatischen Eingriffen in die Querführung unterstützen sollen. Insgesamt bietet die Integration sensomotorischer Kontrollprozesse in bestehende Fahrerverhaltensmodelle einen Erklärungsansatz für bestehende Probleme bei der Fahrer-Fahrzeug-Interaktion bei automatischen Eingriffen in die Querführung, wodurch eine Lücke in der aktuellen verkehrspsychologischen Forschung geschlossen wurde.
Die Studie untersuchte die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Umgang mit alkohol- und psychisch kranken Patienten Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel der Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik der Universität Würzburg.
2014 wurden die Patientenakten und Standbücher der Universitätsklinik der Jahre 1888 bis 1944 erstmalig zu Studienzwecken freigegeben, die Ergebnisse dieser Studie wurden vor dem Hintergrund der Forschungsliteratur diskutiert.
Die Studie betrachtete die unterschiedlichen Epochen- Industrialisierung, Kaiserreich, Erster Weltkrieg, Weimarer Republik, Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg - und insbesondere die Trinkerfürsorge sowie die Geschlechtergeschichte der Psychiatrie jener Epochen. Ebenso wurde auf die spezielle Rolle der Universitätspsychiatrie eingegangen.
Die Analysen ergaben, dass Alkoholismus bei Frauen verurteilt, bei Männern beschönigt und entschuldigt wurde. Frauen wurden stark nach ihrem Lebenswandel und etwaigen“ moralischen Verfehlungen“ beurteilt, bei Männern wurde dies kaum berücksichtigt. Psychische Leiden bei Frauen wurden häufig mit hormonellen oder sexuellen Ursachen in Verbindung gebracht, bei Männern gab es kein analoges Erklärungsmuster. Es bestand eine sehr hohe Toleranzschwelle für häusliche Gewalt gegenüber alkoholkranken Patientinnen. Gutachten ärztlicherseits befürworteten meist Ehescheidung und Entmündigungen von alkoholkranken Patienteninnen, bei männlichen Alkoholkranken erfolgte dies nur bei massiver Beweislast. Die Analysen ergaben einen oft herablassenden und teils respektlosen Umgang mit allen psychiatrischen Patienten, jedoch mit standes- und geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden. Patientinnen wurden insgesamt respektloser behandelt als männliche Patienten, speziell wenn sie den „unteren Ständen“ angehörten und ihr Lebenswandel nicht den gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen entsprach.
Alkoholkranke waren niemals primäres Ziel der nationalsozialistischen Rassen- und Vernichtungspolitik. Da Alkoholkranke meist arbeitsfähig waren, waren sie selten Opfer von Zwangsterilisationen, und soweit arbeitsfähig, auch nicht Opfer von dem gezielten Hungersterben in den Anstalten oder der „Aktion T4“.
Die Psychiatrische und Nervenklinik der Universität Würzburg nahm als Universitätsklinik im Lichte der Öffentlichkeit eine besondere Rolle ein. Sie war von wirtschaftlichen Zwängen kaum betroffen, Arbeitstherapie war zwar Teil des klinischen Alltags, jedoch weit weniger intensiv als in den Anstalten und Arbeitshäusern. Es ergab sich kein Hinweis auf „Hungerkost“ während der beiden Kriege, es gab keine direkten Transporte in die Tötungsanstalten im Rahmen der „Aktion T4“ und es ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf Experimente an psychiatrisch erkrankten Patienten an der Würzburger Lehrklinik.
Using color in user interface design is both art and science. Often, designers focus on aesthetic properties of color, but neglect that it also carries meaning and entails profound psychological consequences. Color psychology, filling this gap, is in its infancy, and lacks a theoretical approach that predicts and explains color-meaning associations shared by a large group of people in a large variety of contexts.
To amend this situation, this work develops Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Color (CMToC), which predicts and explains cross-cultural and experience-based semantic color associations. The theory is based on the idea from cognitive linguistics that the study of metaphorical language provides valuable insights into our mental models involving color. A discussion of three types of metaphors that cover associations with physical and abstract concepts in light of existing empirical evidence provides the basis for deriving empirical research questions.
The first research question addresses the use of color for conveying physical information like weight in user interfaces. The results of four online surveys involving a total of 295 German and Japanese participants show the relative impact of hue, saturation and brightness for associations with 16 physical properties. Two thirds of these color associations were correctly predicted by CMToC. Participants frequently matched physical properties to colors based on sensorimotor correspondences and participants of both cultures did not considerably vary in their performance.
The second research question addresses the use of color for conveying abstract information like importance in user interfaces. In one experimental study, a total of 75 German and Japanese participants validated color-to-abstract mappings in form of color population stereotypes like important is dark. The majority of these color associations (86%) were correctly predicted by CMToC. Again, participants of both cultures did not considerably vary in their performance.
The third research question addresses whether predicted color associations with physical and abstract information are processed automatically as a precondition for intuitive use. The results of three studies involving a total of 85 German and Japanese participants show on the example of temperature that color automatically influences the identification speed of related physical properties, but not vice versa. Color and abstract information were not automatically associated.
As a result of these studies it can be concluded that predictions of CMToC are cross-culturally valid for user interface design. Derived implicit associations with physical properties and explicit associations with abstract concepts can inform design decisions in both hard- and software user interface design.
Driving simulators are powerful research tools. Countless simulator studies have contributed to traffic safety over the last decades. Constant improvements in simulator technology call for a measureable scale to assess driving simulators with regard to their utility in human factors research. A promising psychological construct to do so is presence. It is commonly defined as the feeling of being located in a remote or virtual environment that seems to be real. Another aspect of presence describes the ability to act there successfully.
The main aim of this thesis is to develop a presence model dedicated to the application in driving simulators. Established models have been combined and extended in order to gain a comprehensive model of presence that allows understanding its emergence and deriving recommendations on how to design or improve driving simulators. The five studies presented in this thesis investigate specific postulated model components and their interactions. All studies deal with motorcycling or a motorcycle riding simulator as exemplary field of application.
The first study used a speed estimation task to investigate the contribution of different sensory cues to presence. While visualization plays a particularly important role, further improvements could be achieved by adding more consistent sensory stimuli to the virtual environment. Auditory, proprioceptive and vestibular cues have been subject to investigation. In the second study, the speed production method was applied. It confirmed the positive contribution of action to presence as predicted by psychocybernetic models. The third study dealt with the effect of training on presence. Hence, no positive effect was observed. The fourth study aimed at replicating previous findings on sensory fidelity and diversity in a more complex riding situation than only longitudinal vehicle control. The riders had to cross an unexpectedly appearing deep pit with the virtual motorcycle. The contribution of more consistent sensory stimulation on presence was successfully shown in this scenario, too. The final study was a real riding experiment that delivered reference values for the speed estimation capabilities of motorcycle riders. Besides higher variations in the simulator data, the general speed estimation performance was on a comparable level. Different measures, such as subjective ratings, behavioral responses, performance, and physiological reactions, have been applied as presence indicators.
These studies’ findings deliver evidence for the meaningful application of the proposed presence model in driving simulator settings. The results suggest that presence can be interpreted as a quality measure for perception in virtual environments. In line with psychocybernetic models, taking action, which is seen as controlling perception, enhances this quality even further. Describing the psychological construct of presence in a theoretical framework that takes the diversity of perception and action in driving simulator settings into account closes a gap in traffic psychological research.
Beyond the state of the art, towards intuitive and reliable non-visual Brain-Computer-Interfacing
(2016)
For the present work three main goals were formulated:
goal 1 To design a tactile BCI used for mobility which is
intuitive (G1.1), reliable and fast while being usable
by participants aged 50 years and above.
goal 2 To design an auditory BCI used for communication
which is intuitive and reliable.
goal 3 To examine the effects of training on tactile and
auditory BCI performance.
Three studies were performed to achieve these goals.
In the first study nine participants aged above 50 years
performed a five-session training after which eight participants
were able to navigate a virtual wheelchair with
mean accuracy above 95% and an ITR above 20 bits / min.
In the second study 15 participants, four of them endusers
with motor-impairment, were able to communicate
meaningful with high accuracies using an auditory BCI.
In the third study nine healthy and nine visually impaired
participants (regarded as sensory experts for non-visual
perception) performed tactile, auditory and visual (for
healthy participants only) copy tasks. Participants with
trained perception significantly outperformed control
participants for tactile but not for auditory performance.
Tactile performance of sensory experts was on equal levels
as the visual performance of control participants.
We were able to demonstrate viability of intuitive gazeindependent
tactile and auditory BCI. Our tactile BCI performed
on levels similar to those of visual BCI, outperforming
current tactile BCI protocols. Furthermore, we were
able to demonstrate significant beneficial effect of training
on tactile BCI performance. Our results demonstrate previously
untapped potential for tactile BCI and avenues for
future research in the field of gaze-independent BCI.
Für eine gesunde kindliche Entwicklung ist besonders in der frühen Kindheit
guter Schlaf sehr wichtig. Gerade im Baby- und Kleinkindalter sind
Schlafschwierigkeiten jedoch ein häufiges Phänomen. Vor allem Ein- und
Durchschlafstörungen kommen vielfach vor, die nicht automatisch mit zunehmendem
Alter eines Kindes remittieren. Sie können persistieren und zum
Teil auch schwerwiegende Folgen für die kindliche Entwicklung haben. Nicht
nur Hyperaktivität, Reizbarkeit und Aggressivität treten bei Kindern mit
Schlafstörungen gehäuft auf, sondern auch Tagesmüdigkeit, Konzentrationsund
Gedächtnisstörungen sowie kognitive Beeinträchtigungen können die
Folge sein. Darüber hinaus können Depressionen, Angststörungen und
Übergewicht langfristige Folgen von Schlafstörungen sein. Auch wirken sich
die Schlafstörungen bei jungen Kindern negativ auf die Eltern aus. Daher
ist es wichtig, Schlafprobleme im frühen Kindesalter zu erkennen, ernst zu
nehmen und frühzeitig zu behandeln.
Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen. Es wurden das elterliche
Wissen über Schlaf im Kleinkindalter sowie eine Auswahl von Elternratgeberliteratur
für kindliche Schlafprobleme untersucht. Ferner wurde das
multimodale Elterntrainingsprogramm „Mini-KiSS“, ein Elterntraining für
Kinder bis vier Jahren mit Schlafstörungen (Schlarb_2014), hinsichtlich
seiner externen Validität betrachtet.
Da Eltern diejenigen sind, die als erste mit den Schlafproblemen ihres
Kindes konfrontiert sind, sollten sie kindliche Schlafstörungen als diese
erkennen und auch einschätzen können, um ggf. weiterführende Maßnahme
einzuleiten. Deshalb ist es wichtig, dass Eltern über den kindlichen Schlaf
informiert sind. Um dieses elterliche Wissen über Schlaf von jungen Kindern
zu erfassen, wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, in dem Anwendungs- und Faktenwissen über Schlaf im Baby- und Kleinkindalter erfragt wurden. Dieser
wurde einer Online-Stichprobe (N = 1291) vorgelegt. Insgesamt verfügten die
Eltern über ein gutes Wissen, sie beantworteten 65% der Fragen korrekt. Es
zeigte sich jedoch ein Unterschied zwischen dem Anwendungswissen, wo die
Eltern 72% korrekt beantworteten und dem Faktenwissen, wo die Eltern 61%
der gestellten Fragen korrekt beantworteten. Allerdings wurden auch Unsicherheiten
sowie Wissensdefizite deutlich, die noch genauer erfasst werden
und denen künftig mit unverbindlichen Informations- und Beratungsangeboten
begegnet werden sollte. Insbesondere bei den Interventionsmöglichkeiten
zum Umgang mit einer Schlafproblematik im Kleinkindalter wurde ein
Dissens deutlich, der sich auch in der nachfolgenden Analyse von Elternratgeberliteratur
für Schlafschwierigkeiten widerspiegelte. Es wurden
Literaturanalysen über Ratgeber für das Kindesalter einerseits und für das
Baby- und Kleinkindalter andererseits durchgeführt. Dabei konnte gezeigt
werden, dass die Autoren entweder eine Position zum lerntheoretischen
Ansatz der graduierten Extinktion bezogen und diese Methode empfohlen
oder das Co-Sleeping, also das gemeinsame Schlafen von Eltern und Kind
in einem Bett, favorisierten. Zudem wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das
multimodale Elterntraining Mini-KiSS bezüglich der externen Validität im
Langzeitverlauf erfolgreich überprüft. Das Elterntraining richtet sich an
Eltern von Kindern im Alter von sechs Monaten bis vier Jahren mit Schlafstörungen
und findet in Form von sechs aufeinanderfolgenden Elternabenden
statt. Durch das Training kam es zu signifikanten Verbesserungen des kindlichen
und mütterlichen Schlafes, diese bis zur Ein-Jahres-Katamnese stabil.
Auch weitere mit problematischem kindlichem Schlafverhalten assoziierte
Parameter, wie das allgemeine kindliche Problemverhalten sowie die elterliche
Gesamtbelastung, konnten nachhaltig reduziert werden. Im Rahmen
der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Intervention
sowohl auf das Kind als auch auf die Eltern positiv auswirkte, was auch
anhand von objektiven Verfahren bestätigt werden konnte. Zusammengefasst leistet diese Arbeit somit mit der Befragung einer großen Online-Stichprobe zu frühkindlichem Schlaf, der literaturanalytischen Betrachtung
ausgewählter Ratgeberliteratur sowie der erfolgreichen Prüfung
der externen Validität des Mini-KiSS-Trainings einen wichtigen und richtungsweisenden
Beitrag zur aktuellen Forschung im Bereich der nichtorganischen
Schlafstörungen im Kleinkindalter.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Besides, increasing evidence points to ADHD patients showing emotional dysfunctions and concomitant problems in social life. However, systematic research on emotional dysfunctions in ADHD is still rare, and to date most studies lack conceptual differentiation between emotion processing and emotion regulation. The aim of this thesis was to systematically investigate emotion processing and emotion regulation in adult ADHD in a virtual reality paradigm implementing social interaction. Emotional reactions were assessed on experiential, physiological, and behavioral levels.
Experiment 1 was conducted to develop a virtual penalty kicking paradigm implying social feedback and to test it in a healthy sample. This paradigm should then be applied in ADHD patients later on. Pleasant and unpleasant trials in this paradigm consisted of hits respectively misses and subsequent feedback from a virtual coach. In neutral trials, participants were teleported to different spots of the virtual stadium. Results indicated increased positive affectivity (higher valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, and higher expression rates of positive emotional behavior) in response to pleasant compared to neutral trials. Reactions to unpleasant trials were contradictory, indicating increased levels of both positive and negative affectivity, compared to neutral trials. Unpleasant vs. neutral trials revealed lower valence ratings, higher arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, slightly lower corrugator activations, and higher expression rates of both positive and negative emotional behavior. The intensity of emotional reactions correlated with experienced presence in the virtual reality.
To better understand the impact of hits or misses per se vs. hits or misses with coach feedback healthy participants’ emotional reactions, only 50% of all shots were followed by coach feedback in experiment 2. Neutral trials consisted of shots over the free soccer field which were followed by coach feedback in 50 % of all trials. Shots and feedback evoked more extreme valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, lower corrugator activations, and higher skin conductance responses than shots alone across emotional conditions. Again, results speak for the induction of positive emotions in pleasant trials whereas the induction of negative emotions in unpleasant trials seems ambiguous. Technical improvements of the virtual reality were reflected in higher presence ratings than in experiment 1.
Experiment 3 investigated emotional reactions of adult ADHD patients and healthy controls after emotion processing and response-focused emotion regulation. Participants successively
went through an ostensible online ball-tossing game (cyber ball) inducing negative emotions, and an adapted version of the virtual penalty kicking game. Throughout cyber ball, participants were included or ostracized by two other players in different experimental blocks. Participants were instructed to explicitly show, not regulate, or hide their emotions in different experimental blocks. Results provided some evidence for deficient processing of positive emotions in ADHD. Patients reported slightly lower positive affect than controls during cyber ball, gave lower valence ratings than controls in response to pleasant penalty kicking trials, and showed lower zygomaticus activations than controls especially during penalty kicking. Patients in comparison with controls showed slightly increased processing of unpleasant events during cyber ball (higher ratings of negative affect, especially in response to ostracism), but not during penalty kicking. Patients showed lower baseline skin conductance levels than controls, and impaired skin conductance modulations. Compared to controls, patients showed slight over-expression of positive as well as negative emotional behavior. Emotion regulation analyses revealed no major difficulties of ADHD vs. controls in altering their emotional reactions through deliberate response modulation. Moreover, patients reported to habitually apply adaptive emotion regulation strategies even more frequently than controls. The analyses of genetic high-risk vs. low-risk groups for ADHD across the whole sample revealed similar results as analyses for patients vs. controls for zygomaticus modulations during emotion processing, and for modulations of emotional reactions due to emotion regulation.
To sum up, the virtual penalty kicking paradigm proved to be successful for the induction of positive, but not negative emotions. The importance of presence in virtual reality for the intensity of induced emotions could be replicated. ADHD patients showed impaired processing of primarily positive emotions. Aberrations in negative emotional responding were less clear and need further investigation. Results point to adult ADHD in comparison to healthy controls suffering from baseline deficits in autonomic arousal and deficits in arousal modulation. Deficits of ADHD in the deliberate application of response-focused emotion regulation could not be found.
Costly signaling with mobile devices: An evolutionary psychological perspective on smartphones
(2016)
In the last decade, mobile device ownership has largely increased. In particular, smartphone ownership is constantly rising (A. Smith, 2015; Statista, 2016a), and there is a real hype for luxury brand smartphones (Griffin, 2015). These observations raise the question of which functions smartphones serve in addition to their original purposes of making and receiving calls, searching for information, and organizing. Beyond these obvious functions, studies suggest that smartphones express fashion, lifestyle, and one’s economic status (e.g., Bødker et al., 2009; Statista, 2016b; Vanden Abeele, Antheunis, & Schouten, 2014). Specifically, individuals seem to purchase and use conspicuous luxury brand smartphones to display and enhance status (D. Kim et al., 2014; Müller-Lietzkow et al., 2014; Suki, 2013). But how does owning a conspicuous, high-status smartphone contribute to status, and which benefits may these status boosts provide to their owners? From an evolutionary perspective, status carries a lot of advantages, particularly for males; high status grants them priority access to resources and correlates with their mating success (van Vugt & Tybur, 2016). In this sense, research suggests that men conspicuously display their cell phones to attract mates and to distinguish themselves from rivals (Lycett & Dunbar, 2000). In a similar vein, evolutionarily informed studies on conspicuous consumption indicate that the purchase and display of conspicuous luxuries (including mobile phones and smartphones) relate to a man’s interest in uncommitted sexual relationships and enhance his desirability as a short-term mate (Hennighausen & Schwab, 2014; Saad, 2013; Sundie et al., 2011). Drawing on these findings, this doctoral dissertation investigated how a man is perceived given that he is an owner of a high-status (vs. nonconspicuous, low-status) smartphone as a romantic partner and male rival. This was done in three experiments. In addition, it was examined how male conspicuous consumption of smartphones interacted with further traits that signal a man’s mate quality, namely facial attractiveness (Studies 1 and 2) and social dominance (Study 3). Study 1 revealed that men and women perceived a male owner of a conspicuous smartphone as a less desirable long-term mate and as more inclined toward short-term mating. Study 2 replicated these results and showed that men and women assigned traits that are associated with short-term mating (e.g., low loyalty, interest in flirts, availability of tangible resources) to a male owner of a conspicuous smartphone and perceived him as a stronger male rival and mate poacher, and less as a friend. The results of Study 2 further suggested that specifically more attractive men might benefit from owning a conspicuous smartphone in a short-term mating context and might be hence considered as stronger male rivals. Study 3 partially replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 pertaining to the effects of owning a conspicuous smartphone. Study 3 did not show different effects of conspicuous consumption of smartphones on perceptions of a man dependent on the level of his social dominance.
To conclude, the findings of this doctoral dissertation suggest that owning a conspicuous, high-status smartphone might not only serve proximate functions (e.g., making and receiving calls, organization) but also ultimate functions, which relate to mating and reproduction. The results indicate that owning a conspicuous smartphone might yield benefits for men in a short-term rather than in a long-term mating context. Furthermore, more attractive men appear to benefit more from owning a conspicuous smartphone than less attractive men. These findings provide further insights into the motivations that underlie men’s purchases and displays of conspicuous, high-status smartphones from luxury brands that reach beyond the proximate causes frequently described in media and consumer psychological research. By applying an evolutionary perspective, this doctoral dissertation demonstrates the power and utility of this research paradigm for media psychological research and shows how combining a proximate and ultimate perspective adds to a more profound understanding of smartphone phenomena.
Although many researchers refer to organizational culture as the key to explain employees' organizational corruption (= corruption on behalf of the organization), literature lacks systematic empirical evidence. Through a mixed-method approach this research tries to shed some first lights on this issue with the questions: what characteristics describe an organizational culture that promotes employees' corruption? Does a certain type of organizational culture shape a positive attitude towards organizational corruption? Does organizational culture differ in its impact on different types of corruption? Does organizational culture interact with employees’ sex to promote employees’ corruption? And, is there a main effect of sex on corruption?
A qualitative study investigates the characteristics of a corrupt organizational culture in both general and in particular for managers and employees (Study 1). 14 experts of different occupations were asked about underlying assumptions, values, and norms of a corrupt organizational culture coding the frequency and relationship of their answers. The results showed specific underlying assumptions, values, and norms that were shared by the interviewees and provide first insights into their interrelatedness.
In addition, the quantitative field survey (Study 2) analyzed if a corrupt organizational culture shapes a positive attitude towards organizational corruption and if both tangible rewards and lax control mechanism mediate this impact. 131 participants answered questionnaires about their perceived competition in their industry, tangible rewards, lax control mechanism, and their attitude towards both gifting and bribery. Results showed that lax control mechanism (and for gifting also tangible rewards) mediated the positive impact of a corrupt organizational culture on organizational corruption. In addition, men and women did not differ in their attitude towards organizational corruption in a corrupt organizational culture.
Finally a web-based experiment investigates if organizational culture shapes employees' corruption (Study 3). In addition this approach also covers if the impact of organizational culture on corruption depends on the type of corruption (organizational corruption vs. counterproductive), and if employees’ sex influence corruption and if there is an interaction of organizational culture and sex on employees’ corruption. 563 participants had to decide whether they engage in corruption. Although a corrupt organizational culture raises both types of corruption, there was neither a notable main effect of sex nor a high impact interaction effect of both on both types of corruption. Thus, aspects of a corrupt organizational culture seem to influence employees' corruption.
The increasing importance of environmental friendly and efficient transportation guides the interest of researchers and car manufacturers towards the development of technologies that support an efficient driving style.
This thesis presents the development of a traffic light assistance system with the focus on human factors. The system aims on supporting drivers in approaching traffic light intersections efficiently. In three driving simulator studies, the content related research covered the investigation of the unassisted driving task, the influence of the system on the driver’s perception of the interaction with other road users and the information strategy of the human machine interface. When the traffic light phase changes or when visibility is limited, drivers prepare driving behaviour that is not appropriate for the traffic light phase at arrival at the intersection. These situations offer the greatest potential for the assistance system. The traffic light assistant is able to change driving behaviour. However, the expectation of other road user’s emotional reactions influences driver compliance. In situations in which drivers expected to bother others with their driving behaviour, compliance to the traffic light assistant was low. Further, the deviations of driver behaviour from the target strategy of the traffic light assistant are lowest when the HMI includes the two information units target speed and action recommendations. Traffic light phase information in the HMI is a subjectively important information for drivers. The results point towards the presentation of all three information units.
The method related research covered the development of a method for measuring drivers’ information demand for dynamic stimuli. While driving, specific stimuli are action relevant for drivers, i.e. they need to be processed in order to decide on the appropriate driving behaviour. Eye tracking has been the standard method for measuring information demand while driving. The novel MARS (Masking Action Relevant Stimuli) method measures information demand by masking the dynamic action relevant stimulus in the driving environment or in the vehicle. To unmask the stimulus for a fixed interval, drivers press a button at the steering wheel. In the present thesis, two driving simulator studies evaluated the MARS method. They included measuring information demand for the traffic light phasing and the in-vehicle display of the traffic light assistant. The analyses demonstrate that variations in the experimental conditions influence the information demand measured with the MARS method qualitatively similar to the influences on fixations measured by eye tracking. Due to its simple application, the MARS method represents a promising tool for transportation research.