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- Institut für Geographie und Geologie (114)
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EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 20-3044-2-11 (1)
- 308377 (1)
- 714087 (1)
- 776019 (1)
The production of commodities such as cocoa, rubber, oil palm and cashew, is the main driver of deforestation in West Africa (WA). The practiced production systems correspond to a land managment approach referred to as agroforestry systems (AFS), which consist of managing trees and crops on the same unit of land.Because of the ubiquity of trees, AFS reported as viable solution for climate mitigation; the carbon sequestrated by the trees could be estimated with remote sensing (RS) data and methods and reported as emission reduction efforts. However, the diversity in AFS in relation to their composition, structure and spatial distribution makes it challenging for an accurate monitoring of carbon stocks using RS. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose a RS-based approach for the estimation of carbon sequestration in AFS across the climatic regions of WA. The main objectives were to (i) provide an accurate classification map of AFS by modelling the spatial distribution of the classification error; (ii) estimate the carbon stock of AFS in the main climatic regions of WA using RS data; (iii) evaluate the dynamic of carbon stocks within AFS across WA. Three regions of interest (ROI) were defined in Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso, one in each climatic region of WA namely the Guineo-Congolian, Guinean and Sudanian, and three field campaigns were carried out for data collection. The collected data consisted of reference points for image classification, biometric tree measurements (diameter, height, species) for biomass estimation. A total of 261 samples were collected in 12 AFS across WA. For the RS data, yearly composite images from Sentinel-1 and -2 (S1 and S2), ALOS-PALSAR and GEDI data were used. A supervised classification using random forest (RF) was implemented and the classification error was assessed using the Shannon entropy generated from the class probabilities. For carbon estimation, different RS data, machine learning algorithms and carbon reference sources were compared for the prediction of the aboveground biomass in AFS. The assessment of the carbon dynamic was carried between 2017 and 2021. An average carbon map was genrated and use as reference for the comparison of annual carbon estimations, using the standard deviation as threshold. As far as the results are concerned, the classification accuracy was higher than 0.9 in all the ROIs, and AFS were mainly represented by rubber (38.9%), cocoa (36.4%), palm (10.8%) in the ROI-1, mango (15.2%) and cashew (13.4%) in ROI-2, shea tree (55.7%) and African locust bean (28.1%) in ROI-3. However, evidence of misclassification was found in cocoa, mango, and shea butter. The assessment of the classification error suggested that the error level was higher in the ROI-3 and ROI-1. The error generated from the entropy was able to reduced the level of misclassification by 63% with 11% of loss of information. Moreover, the approach was able to accuretely detect encroachement in protected areas. On carbon estimation, the highest prediction accuracy (R²>0.8) was obtained for a RF model using the combination of S1 and S2 and AGB derived from field measurements. Predictions from GEDI could only be used as reference in the ROI-1 but resulted in a prediction error was higher in cashew, mango, rubber and cocoa plantations, and the carbon stock level was higher in African locust bean (43.9 t/ha), shea butter (15 t/ha), cashew (13.8 t/ha), mango (12.8 t/ha), cocoa (7.51 t/ha) and rubber (7.33 t/ha). The analysis showed that carbon stock is determined mainly by the diameter (R²=0.45) and height (R²=0.13) of trees. It was found that crop plantations had the lowest biodiversity level, and no significant relationship was found between the considered biodiversity indices and carbon stock levels. The assessment of the spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks showed that cashew plantations are carbon emitters due to firewood collection, while cocoa plantations showed the highest potential for carbon sequestration. The study revealed that Sentinel data could be used to support a RS-based approach for modelling carbon sequestration in AFS. Entropy could be used to map crop plantations and to monitor encroachment in protected areas. Moreover, field measurements with appropriate allometric models could ensure an accurate estimation of carbon stocks in AFS. Even though AFS in the Sudanian region had the highest carbon stocks level, there is a high potential to increase the carbon level in cocoa plantations by integrating and/or maintaining forest trees.
The seasonal snow cover in the European Alps plays a crucial role in the region's climate, ecology, and economy. It affects the local climate through its high albedo, protects permafrost, provides habitats, and acts as a water reservoir that feeds European rivers. However, these functions are threatened by climate change. Analyzing snow cover dynamics is essential to predict future developments and assess related ecological and economic impacts.
This study explores the potential of long Earth Observation (EO) time series for modeling and predicting the snow line elevation (SLE) in the Alps. Based on approximately 15,000 Landsat satellite images, SLE time series were generated for the years 1985 to 2022. Various univariate forecasting models were evaluated, with the best results achieved by Random Forests, Telescope, and Seasonal ARIMA. A newly developed approach combines the best models into a robust ensemble, achieving an average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.8 in catchments with strong seasonal signals.
Forecasts for 2030 indicate significant upward shifts in the SLE, particularly in the Western and Southern Alps. Given the variability in results, a multivariate modeling approach using climate variables is recommended to improve prediction accuracy. This study lays the groundwork for future models that could potentially project SLE dynamics through the end of the 21st century under various climate scenarios, which is highly relevant for climate policy in the Alpine region.
A circum-Arctic monitoring framework for quantifying annual erosion rates of permafrost coasts
(2023)
This study demonstrates a circum-Arctic monitoring framework for quantifying annual change of permafrost-affected coasts at a spatial resolution of 10 m. Frequent cloud coverage and challenging lighting conditions, including polar night, limit the usability of optical data in Arctic regions. For this reason, Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) data in the form of annual median and standard deviation (sd) Sentinel-1 (S1) backscatter images covering the months June–September for the years 2017–2021 were computed. Annual composites for the year 2020 were hereby utilized as input for the generation of a high-quality coastline product via a Deep Learning (DL) workflow, covering 161,600 km of the Arctic coastline. The previously computed annual S1 composites for the years 2017 and 2021 were employed as input data for the Change Vector Analysis (CVA)-based coastal change investigation. The generated DL coastline product served hereby as a reference. Maximum erosion rates of up to 67 m per year could be observed based on 400 m coastline segments. Overall highest average annual erosion can be reported for the United States (Alaska) with 0.75 m per year, followed by Russia with 0.62 m per year. Out of all seas covered in this study, the Beaufort Sea featured the overall strongest average annual coastal erosion of 1.12 m. Several quality layers are provided for both the DL coastline product and the CVA-based coastal change analysis to assess the applicability and accuracy of the output products. The predicted coastal change rates show good agreement with findings published in previous literature. The proposed methods and data may act as a valuable tool for future analysis of permafrost loss and carbon emissions in Arctic coastal environments.
Monitoring forest conditions is an essential task in the context of global climate change to preserve biodiversity, protect carbon sinks and foster future forest resilience. Severe impacts of heatwaves and droughts triggering cascading effects such as insect infestation are challenging the semi-natural forests in Germany. As a consequence of repeated drought years since 2018, large-scale canopy cover loss has occurred calling for an improved disturbance monitoring and assessment of forest structure conditions. The present study demonstrates the potential of complementary remote sensing sensors to generate wall-to-wall products of forest structure for Germany. The combination of high spatial and temporal resolution imagery from Sentinel-1 (Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR) and Sentinel-2 (multispectral) with novel samples on forest structure from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI, LiDAR, Light detection and ranging) enables the analysis of forest structure dynamics. Modeling the three-dimensional structure of forests from GEDI samples in machine learning models reveals the recent changes in German forests due to disturbances (e.g., canopy cover degradation, salvage logging). This first consistent data set on forest structure for Germany from 2017 to 2022 provides information of forest canopy height, forest canopy cover and forest biomass and allows estimating recent forest conditions at 10 m spatial resolution. The wall-to-wall maps of the forest structure support a better understanding of post-disturbance forest structure and forest resilience.
Permafrost degradation is observed all over the world as a consequence of climate change and the associated Arctic amplification, which has severe implications for the environment. Landslides, increased rates of surface deformation, rising likelihood of infrastructure damage, amplified coastal erosion rates, and the potential turnover of permafrost from a carbon sink to a carbon source are thereby exemplary implications linked to the thawing of frozen ground material. In this context, satellite earth observation is a potent tool for the identification and continuous monitoring of relevant processes and features on a cheap, long-term, spatially explicit, and operational basis as well as up to a circumpolar scale.
A total of 325 articles published in 30 different international journals during the past two decades were investigated on the basis of studied environmental foci, remote sensing platforms, sensor combinations, applied spatio-temporal resolutions, and study locations in an extensive review on past achievements, current trends, as well as future potentials and challenges of satellite earth observation for permafrost related analyses. The development of analysed environmental subjects, utilized sensors and platforms, and the number of annually published articles over time are addressed in detail. Studies linked to atmospheric features and processes, such as the release of greenhouse gas emissions, appear to be strongly under-represented. Investigations on the spatial distribution of study locations revealed distinct study clusters across the Arctic. At the same time, large sections of the continuous permafrost domain are only poorly covered and remain to be investigated in detail. A general trend towards increasing attention in satellite earth observation of permafrost and related processes and features was observed. The overall amount of published articles hereby more than doubled since the year 2015. New sources of satellite data, such as the Sentinel satellites and the Methane Remote Sensing LiDAR Mission (Merlin), as well as novel methodological approaches, such as data fusion and deep learning, will thereby likely improve our understanding of the thermal state and distribution of permafrost, and the effects of its degradation. Furthermore, cloud-based big data processing platforms (e.g. Google Earth Engine (GEE)) will further enable sophisticated and long-term analyses on increasingly larger scales and at high spatial resolutions.
In this thesis, a specific focus was put on Arctic permafrost coasts, which feature increasing vulnerability to environmental parameters, such as the thawing of frozen ground, and are therefore associated with amplified erosion rates. In particular, a novel monitoring framework for quantifying Arctic coastal erosion rates within the permafrost domain at high spatial resolution and on a circum-Arctic scale is presented within this thesis. Challenging illumination conditions and frequent cloud cover restrict the applicability of optical satellite imagery in Arctic regions. In order to overcome these limitations, Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) data derived from Sentinel-1 (S1), which is largely independent from sun illumination and weather conditions, was utilized. Annual SAR composites covering the months June–September were combined with a Deep Learning (DL) framework and a Change Vector Analysis (CVA) approach to generate both a high-quality and circum-Arctic coastline product as well as a coastal change product that highlights areas of erosion and build-up. Annual composites in the form of standard deviation (sd) and median backscatter were computed and used as inputs for both the DL framework and the CVA coastal change quantification. The final DL-based coastline product covered a total of 161,600 km of Arctic coastline and featured a median accuracy of ±6.3 m to the manually digitized reference data. Annual coastal change quantification between 2017–2021 indicated erosion rates of up to 67 m per year for some areas based on 400 m coastal segments. In total, 12.24% of the investigated coastline featured an average erosion rate of 3.8 m per year, which corresponds to 17.83 km2 of annually eroded land area. Multiple quality layers associated to both products, the generated DL-coastline and the coastal change rates, are provided on a pixel basis to further assess the accuracy and applicability of the proposed data, methods, and products.
Lastly, the extracted circum-Arctic erosion rates were utilized as a basis in an experimental framework for estimating the amount of permafrost and carbon loss as a result of eroding permafrost coastlines. Information on permafrost fraction, Active Layer Thickness (ALT), soil carbon content, and surface elevation were thereby combined with the aforementioned erosion rates. While the proposed experimental framework provides a valuable outline for quantifying the volume loss of frozen ground and carbon release, extensive validation of the utilized environmental products and resulting volume loss numbers based on 200 m segments are necessary. Furthermore, data of higher spatial resolution and information of carbon content for deeper soil depths are required for more accurate estimates.
Satellite-derived land surface temperature dynamics in the context of global change — a review
(2023)
Satellite-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) dynamics have been increasingly used to study various geophysical processes. This review provides an extensive overview of the applications of LST in the context of global change. By filtering a selection of relevant keywords, a total of 164 articles from 14 international journals published during the last two decades were analyzed based on study location, research topic, applied sensor, spatio-temporal resolution and scale and employed analysis methods. It was revealed that China and the USA were the most studied countries and those that had the most first author affiliations. The most prominent research topic was the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), while the research topics related to climate change were underrepresented. MODIS was by far the most used sensor system, followed by Landsat. A relatively small number of studies analyzed LST dynamics on a global or continental scale. The extensive use of MODIS highly determined the study periods: A majority of the studies started around the year 2000 and thus had a study period shorter than 25 years. The following suggestions were made to increase the utilization of LST time series in climate research: The prolongation of the time series by, e.g., using AVHRR LST, the better representation of LST under clouds, the comparison of LST to traditional climate change measures, such as air temperature and reanalysis variables, and the extension of the validation to heterogenous sites.
Sufficient plant-available water is one of the most important requirements for vital, stable, and well-growing forest stands. In the face of climate change, there are various approaches to derive recommendations considering tree species selection based on plant-available water provided by measurements or simulations. Owing to the small-parcel management of Central European forests as well as small-spatial variation of soil and stand properties, in situ data collection for individual forest stands of large areas is not feasible, considering time and cost effort. This problem can be addressed using physically based modeling, aiming to numerically simulate the water balance. In this study, we parameterized, calibrated, and verified the hydrological multidimensional WaSiM-ETH model to assess the water balance at a spatial resolution of 30 m in a German forested catchment area (136.4 km2) for the period 2000–2021 using selected in situ data, remote sensing products, and total runoff. Based on the model output, drought-sensitive parameters, such as the difference between potential and effective stand transpiration (Tdiff) and the water balance, were deduced from the model, analyzed, and evaluated. Results show that the modeled evapotranspiration (ET) correlated significantly (R2 = 0.80) with the estimated ET using MODIS data (MOD16A2GFv006). Compared with observed daily, monthly, and annual runoff data, the model shows a good performance (R2: 0.70|0.77|0.73; Kling–Gupta efficiency: 0.59|0.62|0.83; volumetric efficiency: 0.52|0.60|0.83). The comparison with in situ data from a forest monitoring plot, established at the end of 2020, indicated good agreement between observed and simulated interception and soil water content. According to our results, WaSiM-ETH is a potential supplement for forest management, owing to its multidimensionality and the ability to model soil water balance for large areas at comparable high spatial resolution. The outputs offer, compared to non-distributed models (like LWF-Brook90), spatial differentiability, which is important for small-scale parceled forests, regarding stand structure and soil properties. Due to the spatial component offered, additional verification possibilities are feasible allowing a reliable and profound verification of the model and its parameterization.
Accurate crop monitoring in response to climate change at a regional or field scale
plays a significant role in developing agricultural policies, improving food security,
forecasting, and analysing global trade trends. Climate change is expected to
significantly impact agriculture, with shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and
extreme weather events negatively affecting crop yields, soil fertility, water availability,
biodiversity, and crop growing conditions. Remote sensing (RS) can provide valuable
information combined with crop growth models (CGMs) for yield assessment by
monitoring crop development, detecting crop changes, and assessing the impact of
climate change on crop yields. This dissertation aims to investigate the potential of RS
data on modelling long-term crop yields of winter wheat (WW) and oil seed rape (OSR)
for the Free State of Bavaria (70,550 km2
), Germany. The first chapter of the dissertation
describes the reasons favouring the importance of accurate crop yield predictions for
achieving sustainability in agriculture. Chapter second explores the accuracy
assessment of the synthetic RS data by fusing NDVIs of two high spatial resolution data
(high pair) (Landsat (30 m, 16-days; L) and Sentinel-2 (10 m, 5–6 days; S), with four low
spatial resolution data (low pair) (MOD13Q1 (250 m, 16-days), MCD43A4 (500 m, one
day), MOD09GQ (250 m, one-day), and MOD09Q1 (250 m, 8-days)) using the spatial
and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM), which fills regions' cloud
or shadow gaps without losing spatial information. The chapter finds that both L-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.11) and S-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.68, RMSE = 0.13) are more
suitable for agricultural monitoring than the other synthetic products fused. Chapter
third explores the ability of the synthetic spatiotemporal datasets (obtained in chapter
2) to accurately map and monitor crop yields of WW and OSR at a regional scale. The
chapter investigates and discusses the optimal spatial (10 m, 30 m, or 250 m), temporal
(8 or 16-day) and CGMs (World Food Studies (WOFOST), and the semi-empiric light
use efficiency approach (LUE)) for accurate crop yield estimations of both crop types.
Chapter third observes that the observations of high temporal resolution (8-day)
products of both S-MOD13Q1 and L-MOD13Q1 play a significant role in accurately
measuring the yield of WW and OSR. The chapter investigates that the simple light use
efficiency (LUE) model (R2 = 0.77 and relative RMSE (RRMSE) = 8.17%) that required fewer input parameters to simulate crop yield is highly accurate, reliable, and more
precise than the complex WOFOST model (R2 = 0.66 and RRMSE = 11.35%) with higher
input parameters. Chapter four researches the relationship of spatiotemporal fusion
modelling using STRAFM on crop yield prediction for WW and OSR using the LUE
model for Bavaria from 2001 to 2019. The chapter states the high positive correlation
coefficient (R) = 0.81 and R = 0.77 between the yearly R2 of synthetic accuracy and
modelled yield accuracy for WW and OSR from 2001 to 2019, respectively. The chapter
analyses the impact of climate variables on crop yield predictions by observing an
increase in R2
(0.79 (WW)/0.86 (OSR)) and a decrease in RMSE (4.51/2.57 dt/ha) when
the climate effect is included in the model. The fifth chapter suggests that the coupling
of the LUE model to the random forest (RF) model can further reduce the relative root
mean square error (RRMSE) from -8% (WW) and -1.6% (OSR) and increase the R2 by
14.3% (for both WW and OSR), compared to results just relying on LUE. The same
chapter concludes that satellite-based crop biomass, solar radiation, and temperature
are the most influential variables in the yield prediction of both crop types. Chapter six
attempts to discuss both pros and cons of RS technology while analysing the impact of
land use diversity on crop-modelled biomass of WW and OSR. The chapter finds that
the modelled biomass of both crops is positively impacted by land use diversity to the
radius of 450 (Shannon Diversity Index ~0.75) and 1050 m (~0.75), respectively. The
chapter also discusses the future implications by stating that including some dependent
factors (such as the management practices used, soil health, pest management, and
pollinators) could improve the relationship of RS-modelled crop yields with
biodiversity. Lastly, chapter seven discusses testing the scope of new sensors such as
unmanned aerial vehicles, hyperspectral sensors, or Sentinel-1 SAR in RS for achieving
accurate crop yield predictions for precision farming. In addition, the chapter highlights
the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) or deep learning (DL) in obtaining higher
crop yield accuracies.
Accurate crop monitoring in response to climate change at a regional or field scale plays a significant role in developing agricultural policies, improving food security, forecasting, and analysing global trade trends. Climate change is expected to significantly impact agriculture, with shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events negatively affecting crop yields, soil fertility, water availability, biodiversity, and crop growing conditions. Remote sensing (RS) can provide valuable information combined with crop growth models (CGMs) for yield assessment by monitoring crop development, detecting crop changes, and assessing the impact of climate change on crop yields. This dissertation aims to investigate the potential of RS data on modelling long-term crop yields of winter wheat (WW) and oil seed rape (OSR) for the Free State of Bavaria (70,550 km2), Germany. The first chapter of the dissertation describes the reasons favouring the importance of accurate crop yield predictions for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Chapter second explores the accuracy assessment of the synthetic RS data by fusing NDVIs of two high spatial resolution data (high pair) (Landsat (30 m, 16-days; L) and Sentinel-2 (10 m, 5–6 days; S), with four low spatial resolution data (low pair) (MOD13Q1 (250 m, 16-days), MCD43A4 (500 m, one day), MOD09GQ (250 m, one-day), and MOD09Q1 (250 m, 8-days)) using the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM), which fills regions' cloud or shadow gaps without losing spatial information. The chapter finds that both L-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.11) and S-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.68, RMSE = 0.13) are more suitable for agricultural monitoring than the other synthetic products fused. Chapter third explores the ability of the synthetic spatiotemporal datasets (obtained in chapter 2) to accurately map and monitor crop yields of WW and OSR at a regional scale. The chapter investigates and discusses the optimal spatial (10 m, 30 m, or 250 m), temporal (8 or 16-day) and CGMs (World Food Studies (WOFOST), and the semi-empiric light use efficiency approach (LUE)) for accurate crop yield estimations of both crop types. Chapter third observes that the observations of high temporal resolution (8-day) products of both S-MOD13Q1 and L-MOD13Q1 play a significant role in accurately measuring the yield of WW and OSR. The chapter investigates that the simple light use efficiency (LUE) model (R2 = 0.77 and relative RMSE (RRMSE) = 8.17%) that required fewer input parameters to simulate crop yield is highly accurate, reliable, and more precise than the complex WOFOST model (R2 = 0.66 and RRMSE = 11.35%) with higher input parameters. Chapter four researches the relationship of spatiotemporal fusion modelling using STRAFM on crop yield prediction for WW and OSR using the LUE model for Bavaria from 2001 to 2019. The chapter states the high positive correlation coefficient (R) = 0.81 and R = 0.77 between the yearly R2 of synthetic accuracy and modelled yield accuracy for WW and OSR from 2001 to 2019, respectively. The chapter analyses the impact of climate variables on crop yield predictions by observing an increase in R2 (0.79 (WW)/0.86 (OSR)) and a decrease in RMSE (4.51/2.57 dt/ha) when the climate effect is included in the model. The fifth chapter suggests that the coupling of the LUE model to the random forest (RF) model can further reduce the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) from -8% (WW) and -1.6% (OSR) and increase the R2 by 14.3% (for both WW and OSR), compared to results just relying on LUE. The same chapter concludes that satellite-based crop biomass, solar radiation, and temperature are the most influential variables in the yield prediction of both crop types. Chapter six attempts to discuss both pros and cons of RS technology while analysing the impact of land use diversity on crop-modelled biomass of WW and OSR. The chapter finds that the modelled biomass of both crops is positively impacted by land use diversity to the radius of 450 (Shannon Diversity Index ~0.75) and 1050 m (~0.75), respectively. The chapter also discusses the future implications by stating that including some dependent factors (such as the management practices used, soil health, pest management, and pollinators) could improve the relationship of RS-modelled crop yields with biodiversity. Lastly, chapter seven discusses testing the scope of new sensors such as unmanned aerial vehicles, hyperspectral sensors, or Sentinel-1 SAR in RS for achieving accurate crop yield predictions for precision farming. In addition, the chapter highlights the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) or deep learning (DL) in obtaining higher crop yield accuracies.
The development of retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS) is known to be strongly influenced by relief-related parameters, permafrost characteristics, and climatic triggers. To deepen the understanding of RTS, this study examines the subsurface characteristics in the vicinity of an active thaw slump, located in the Richardson Mountains (Western Canadian Arctic). The investigations aim to identify relationships between the spatiotemporal slump development and the influence of subsurface structures. Information on these were gained by means of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The spatiotemporal development of the slump was revealed by high-resolution satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle–based digital elevation models (DEMs). The analysis indicated an acceleration of slump expansion, especially since 2018. The comparison of the DEMs enabled the detailed balancing of erosion and accumulation within the slump area between August 2018 and August 2019. In addition, manual frost probing and GPR revealed a strong relationship between the active layer thickness, surface morphology, and hydrology. Detected furrows in permafrost table topography seem to affect the active layer hydrology and cause a canalization of runoff toward the slump. The three-dimensional ERT data revealed a partly unfrozen layer underlying a heterogeneous permafrost body. This may influence the local hydrology and affect the development of the RTS. The results highlight the complex relationships between slump development, subsurface structure, and hydrology and indicate a distinct research need for other RTSs.