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Iconography of the Genus Hieracium in central Europe - Part 1: General Description and Morphotypes
(2005)
The genus Hieracium comprises more than one thousand sexual and apomictic species in Europe, with numerous intermediates and microspecies. Only a small fraction of the members of the genus Hieracium has been illustrated or photo-documented in the literature. Since many of these publications are difficult to obtain, only a few specialists are familiar with most of the species and subspecies described in the literature. In order to overcome this problem and encourage geobotanical research on the genus Hieracium, we decided to edit an iconography of central and southern European Hieracia in an electronical journal (Forum geobotanicum) with free international access through the internet. Part I of this endeavour contains descriptions and photographs of the morphological spectrum of the genus Hieracium. Here, we categorize the genus into 15 basic morphotypes. These types conform partly to the sections and subsections of the genus Hieracium, but are in some cases informal and may even include members of different sections. Classification of morphotypes is considered helpful to obtain a first rough picture of an unknown species that then can be traced to the species and subspecies level by using keys or, after completion of this iconography, simply by screening the relevant images. One particularly novel aspect of the present endeavour will be the regular inclusion of magnified images and scanning electron micrographs.
Zur Kenntnis des Ranunculus auricomus-Komplexes in Deutschland: Ranunculus suborbicularis spec. nova
(2005)
Die bei Schwarz (1949) als R. vertumnalis abgebildeten Pflanzen entsprechen nicht dem Typusmaterial, sondern weichen durch fast kreisförmige Blattspreiten der Schlussblätter und geringe Blattteilung ab. Sie werden hier als R. suborbicularis spec. nov. beschrieben und mit ihrem Blattzyklus und weiteren Belegen abgebildet. Die bekannte Verbreitung erstreckt sich auf Berlin (wohl erloschen), Thüringen und Bayern. Insgesamt ist aufgrund der kleinen Zahl der Populationen eine starke Gefährdung anzunehmen.
In August 2004 the authors of this report undertook a survey on the Genus Oenothera (evening-primroses) in the valley of the river Main between the cities of Schweinfurt and Bamberg (Bavaria, Lower and Upper Franconia). 22 different taxa were identified, most of which are new to Bavaria, one new for Europe (Oenothera hazelae Gates) and another one new for Middle Europe (Oenothera stucchii Soldano). In this report a list of all Oenothera species found in Franconia is given and Oenothera stucchii, a particular tall (up to > 2 m) species with extremely long Hypanthia of 50-70 mm and fruit capsules with truncated teeth, is described and depicted in more detail.
Das Naturschutzgebiet "Garchinger Heide" ist ein Relikt der ehemals ausgedehnten Kalkmagerrasen auf Pararendzinen über Niederterrassenschotter im Alpenvorland. Bei jahrhundertelanger extensiver Landnutzung hat sich auf trockenen nährstoffarmen Böden eine artenreiche Vegetation mit zahlreichen seltenen und gefährdeten Arten entwickelt. Die "Altheide", welche den größten Teil des Naturschutzgebiets einnimmt, ist geprägt durch flachgründige, nährstoffarme Böden, welche eine geschlossene Vegetation mit einem hohen Anteil an Arten der Halbtrockenrasen (hauptsächlich Mesobromion erecti und Cirsio-Brachypodion) tragen. Das 1945 durch Oberbodenabtrag begonnene, aber nicht mehr ausgebaute und verwendete „Rollfeld“ weist einen niedrigen Feinbodenanteil, welcher auf eine geringe Wasserverfügbarkeit schließen lässt, sowie niedrige Gehalte an Gesamtstickstoff und CAL-austauschbaren P2O5 auf. Die Vegetation ist lückig mit einem hohen Anteil an Trockenrasenarten (Xerobromion, Sedo-Scleranthetea, Sesleritalia albicantis). Das heutige Vorkommen zahlreicher Arten, welche in früheren Untersuchungen (1956 und 1986) nicht gefunden wurden, lässt auf eine fortschreitende Sukzession der Vegetation des Rollfeldes hin zu der der Altheide schließen. Der 1959 zum Naturschutzgebiet hinzu gekaufte ehemalige Acker unterscheidet sich immer noch deutlich von der Altheide. Eine allmähliche Annäherung der Standortbedingungen ist jedoch zu beobachten. So sanken die Gehalte an CAL-austauschbarem P_ 2 O_5 und K_2 O im Vergleich zu Werten aus dem Jahr 1993 deutlich ab. Trotz des immer noch hohen Anteils an Grünlandarten (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) konnten sich im Vergleich zu 1986 mehr Magerrasenarten etablieren.
Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) is one of the most widespread members of the genus Prunus in middle europe. Its morphological plasticity resulted in a number of described taxa at subspecific level. Since the early neolithic times, drupes of the plum family are recorded and exhibit already a remarkable diversity in size and form. Here we present a short historical account to the use of P. spinosa and an overview of the different taxonomic treatments. We examined distribution patterns in general and in particular in the central valley of the river Saale (Thuringia) with respect to ecological, edaphic and climatic factors. We assessed within 16 populations the variability of 22 metric and 10 qualitative morphological characters at 7 different locations. Population sites included forest-, way- and fieldsides, as well as lightish pine forests. Pollen fertility did not increase during the flowering period, all flowers were directly fully fertile from the beginning. In contrast, glucose content varied significantly depending of the status of fertilization. Epicuticular wax structure was without variation amongst the populations. P. spinosa leaves are covered with a smooth layer of slightly striated wax. Morphological characters were scored on 270 branches and 506 fruits. Most of the characters showed enormous variability among and within populations such as metrics of leaves, thorns and character states of flower morphology. The lowest variability among populations and therefore not dependend of modificatory factors was found in fruit characters. Since kernel morphology seems to be genetically rather than modificatory controlled, we applied the 3 taxonomical concepts of Werneck, Kühn and Scholz u. Scholz to identify evolutionary units at subspecific levels. However, population variability was still so high, that from our study here we can not support an infraspecific classification of Prunus spinosa L.
Based on queries of the phytosociological databank BERGWALD, a compilation of 3.504 forest vegetation plots from the Bavarian Alps, the ecological niche of Abies alba is re-assessed. The tree species occurs mostly admixed in mountain forests with Fagus and Picea rather than forming distinctive communities of its own. Climatically, Abies is widely distributed to the upper limit of the montane belt, but occurs only sparsely in subalpine forest. Analysis of Ellenberg indicator values based on total species composition yielded the following results: As a tolerant species Abies regeneration has a marked preference for shady forest, which in turn Abies tree layers themselves help create. It also has a clear preference for acidic topsoil conditions. Sites with low N-supply, such as early successional stages on raw carbonate soils, are rarely colonised by Abies. Also, dry and markedly wet forest sites in the region are avoided by Abies. Permutation-based indicator species analysis found a large number of common forest species as being significantly associated with Abies and its frequent companion Fagus sylvatica, whereas there is a negative relationship with more specialised Seslerion and Erico-Pinion species. As Abies alba has very few specific companion species not shared with either Fagus or Picea, the delimitation of Abietetum-syntaxa appears mostly motivated by ecological rather than phytosociological considerations. As a result of its susceptibility towards game browsing, Abies regeneration is an indicator of high woody species richness. The study broadly confirms Abies alba's status as a climax species intermediate between Fagus and Picea, and demonstrates the potential of large phytosociological databanks for niche modelling.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is a common reaction of plant cells in defense-related signal transduction pathways. Since the downstream events after the activation of MAP kinases are largely unknown in plants, the role of MAP kinases in the co-ordinate regulation of defense reactions and primary carbon metabolism by stress related stimuli has been analyzed in tomato. Thus, the relationship between mitogen activated protein kinases (LpMPK2 and LpMPK3) and extracellular invertases Lin6, as the key enzyme of an apoplasmic phloem unloading pathway, has been analyzed. The results showed that the mRNAs of LpMPK3 and Lin6 are sequentially induced by the same set of stress related stimuli (E-Fol, PGA,wounding, and KCl). The induction of the Lin6 promotor, as revealed by an increase in β-glucuronidase activity after 2 hours, was dependent both on the expression and activation of LpMPK3. These data suggest that the induction of extracellular invertase Lin6 by stress related stimuli requires LpMPK3. Glucose, metabolic molecule, was shown to result in the simultaneous induction of AtMPK4 and AtMPK6 activities that could be separated by anion-exchange chromatography, and characterized by differential cross-reaction with MAP kinase antibodies. Taken together, these data suggest that the activation of MAP inases play central roles in the regulation of sugar signaling. Stomatal movement is controlled by environmental signals including light intensity,humidity and atmospheric CO2 level. In Arabidopsis, a complete MAP kinase signaling cascade regulates stomatal development and patterning. However, the movement of stomata mediated by CO2 induced signaling pathways is not fully studied in higher plants. Here, we show that elevated levels of CO2 induce rapid and transient activation of SIPK and NtMPK4. The activation of both MAP kinases may regulate the anion channel activation for stomatal movement by the elevated level CO2. Up to now, the non-antioxidant function of tocopherol is not clear in higher plant,whereas the ability of tocopherol to modulate the stress tolerance mediated by function of antioxidant has been described in numerous studies. Thus, the function of α-tocopherol in stimuli-induced signal transduction pathways mediated by MAP kinase has been analyzed in tobacco. It has been shown that the activation of MAP kinase was induced by treatment of fungal elicitor and α-tocopherol phosphate but not α-tocopherol. Interestingly, α-tocopherol showed the transient inhibitory effect on the activation of stimuli-induced MAP Kinases in BY2 cells and tobacco plants, whereas ascorbate did not inhibit the activation of MAP kinases. The inhibitory activity test indicated that current application may indirectly affect the activity of MAP kinases. These results suggest that α-tocopherol can negatively regulate stimuliinduced signal transduction pathways via inactivation of MAP kinases. The purine-analogues have been tested and reported to be specific inhibitors of protein kinases mediated by structural-based selectivity in mammalian. Here, we tested C2, N6, N9-trisubstituted purines to determine basic relationship between their chemical structure and inhibitory activity using a particular plant MAP kinase. The modification of substitution in position C2 and N9 caused the increased inhibitory activity of 6-(benzylamino) purine analogue. In addition, 6-(isopentenylamino) purine analogues suggested that addition of a methyl group to position N9 caused at least 2-fold increased inhibitory activity compared with the addition of isopropyl group.Taken together, our study suggests that the selectivity and potency of inhibitors can be improved by structure modification. In addition, we have characterized the physiological function of Arabidopsis thaliana PLAT domain protein 1 (AtPDP1) in modulating the interaction of defense pathways mediated by biotic and abiotic factors. Interestingly, overexpression of AtPDP1 resulted in increasing susceptibility of virulent pathogens and necrotrophic fungus, and developing necrosis induced by unknown biotic factors. However, these overexperssion lines showed the significantly delayed senescence and higher level of phosystem II quantum yield compared with control plants against high salt stress. Our results strongly indicate that AtPDP1 positively regulate with salt tolerance, and enhances the sensitivity to biotic stresses. We propose that the AtPDP1 might be regulated with the complex pathways of interplay among various signaling during stress adaptation.
The island of Rügen (Rugia), located in the Baltic sea, is the most northeastern (NE) part of Germany. Due to its particular geographic position at the border between scandinavian, middle european and continental european floral elements, Rügen harbours several hawkweed species (Hieracia) of the scandinavian area such as Hieracium fuscocinererum, H. subramosum, H. subrigidum and H. diaphanoides subsp. neoornatum and, at the same time, is the most northwestern location of H. echioides. Two endemic Hieracium species have been identified recently, i. e. H. muorum subsp. rugianum and H. caesium subsp. zabelianum (Gottschlich et al. 1998, Bot. Rundbr. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 31:1-94). In the present communication, two further novel endemic Hieracium taxa will be described, which are restricted to the chalk cliffs of Cape Arkona and Jasmund, i. e. H. swantevitii and H. lachenalii subsp. litocretaceum. H. swantevitii (Swantevit’s hawkweed) is intermediate between H. caesium/H. bifidum and H. lachenalii with hairy, modestly glandular involucre and slightly serrated elongated leaves . This view of an intermediate position of H. swantevitii between these species was further supported by the ultrastructure of epidermal papillae of the outer bracts of the involucre visualized by scanning electron microscopy. H. lachenalii subsp. litocretaceum (chalk cliff hawkweed) is characterized by its narrow anguste to almost linear denticulate leaves in combination with mode rately glandular heads. In addition to the description of these two new hawkweed taxa , the rediscovery of three further species will be reported for Rügen, i. e. H. echioides (W. Gager in SE Rügen), H. cymosum subsp. cymosum (close to Göhren in SE Rügen) and H. subrigidum E Glowe in N Rügen. The locality of H. echioides appears to be most north-western site in middle Europe, the locality of H. cymosum is one of the last growth sites in the northern German lowlands and H. subrigidum (so far only known as a single herbarium specimen, collected 1858 in Rügen) has so far not been recorded in other localities of middle Europe.
• Die Modellpflanze der Pflanzenphysiologen, Arabidopsis thaliana, besitzt mindestens 15 verschiedene kaliumselektive Kanäle, von denen 5 der Strukturklasse der Tandemporen-Kaliumkanäle angehören und daher TPK-Kanäle genannt werden. • Tandemporenkanäle findet man nur bei eukaryontischen Organismen. Die pflanzlichen Tandemporen Kaliumkanäle haben einen gemeinsamen phylogenetischen Ursprung und unterscheiden sich von den Tierischen und denen der Pilze und Einzeller. Die pflanzlichen TPK-Kanäle lassen sich wiederum in die TPK1-Unterfamilie und die TPK2-Unterfamilie unterteilen. Die weitere Evolution der TPK2-Unterfamilie von A. thaliana, TPK2, TPK3, TPK4 und TPK5, lässt sich eindeutig auf bestimmte Duplikationsereignisse im Genom von A. thaliana und dessen Ahnen zurückführen. Auch der Ein-Poren Kaliumkanal KCO3 geht sehr wahrscheinlich auf die Duplikation des TPK2 und einer anschließenden Deletion und nicht auf einen der prokaryontischen Ein-Poren-Kaliumkanal-Prototypen zurück. • Vier der A. thaliana TPK-Kanäle (TPK1, 2, 3 und 5) lokalisieren in der Vakuolenmembran, während einer, TPK4, zum großen Teil im ER, aber auch in der Plasmamembran zu finden ist. Die Translokation des TPK1 folgt dem sekretorischen Pfad vom ER, durch den Golgi und möglichen intermediären Kompartimenten hin zur Membran der lytischen Vakuole. Von entscheidender Bedeutung ist dabei der zytoplasmatische Carboxy-Terminus (CT) des TPK1. Deletionsmutanten des TPK1 CT zeigen, dass die Translokation mindestens zwei Sortierungsschritten, am Ausgang des ER und des Golgi, unterliegt. Fehlt der CT komplett bleibt der Kanal im ER. Die Sortierungssignale des TPK1 CT konnten auf die EF-Hand Domäne I eingegrenzt werden. Anschließende Punktmutationen in diesem Bereich konnten zeigen, dass TPK1 in der eigentlich für die Ca2+ Bindung zuständigen Domäne ein di-azidisches ER-Export Motiv bestehend aus Asparaginsäure, Leucin und Glutaminsäure enthält. Andere Arbeiten legen nahe, dass der Mechanismus des ER-exports von TPK1 auf der Interaktion mit COPII Vesikelhüllproteinen beruht; TPK1 also in Vesikel sortiert wird, die sich am ER abschnüren und mit dem cis-Golgi fusionieren. Der Vergleich mit anderen pflanzlichen TPK Kanälen lässt vermuten, dass TPK1 Orthologe, nicht aber die A. thaliana Homologen ein di-azidisches ER-Exportmotiv besitzen. Die Translokation des TPK3 erwies sich dementsprechend als unabhängig von dessen CT. Weitere Experimente schließen außerdem eine Beteiligung der 14-3-3 Bindung an der Translokation aus. • TPK4 ist der einzige TPK der heterolog in Xenopus Oozyten funktionell exprimiert werden kann. Wie Mutationen an einem essentiellen Aspartat (Asp86, Asp200) in der Pore zeigten, sind beide tandem repetierten Porendomänen einer Kanaluntereinheiten an der Porenbildung beteiligt. Somit formt sich TPK4 ähnlich wie die tierischen TPK-Kanäle voraussichtlich aus zwei Untereinheiten. Ein Austausch der zweiten Porendomäne von TPK4 konnte zeigen, dass TPK2, TPK3 und TPK5, mit ihrer zweiten Porendomäne und TPK4 mit seiner ersten Porendomäne den TPK4 zu einem funktionellen Kaliumkanal komplementieren können. Da keine der TPK4 Eigenschaften, außer geringfügig die relative Permeabilität für Rb+, verändert wurde, kann man absehen, dass die homologen TPK2, TPK3 und TPK5 als instantan aktivierte, spannungsunabhängige Kaliumkanäle der Vakuolenmembran fungieren. Dazu kommt wahrscheinlich ähnlich wie bei TPK1 ein 14-3-3 und Ca2+ abhängiges Öffnen und Schließen. • Weiterführende elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen am TPK4 zeigten eine Beteiligung einer transmembranen Asparaginsäure (Asp110) an der Kaliumpermeation und der schwachen Einwärtsgleichrichtung. Der Aspartatrest ist in die wassergefüllte Aussparung der zytoplasmatischen Porenhälfte orientiert. Damit kann er über ionische Wechselwirkungen sowohl Kalium in der Pore konzentrieren als auch potentielle Kanalblocker wie Mg2+ oder Polyamine binden. Die Konservierung des Aspartats unter anderem bei TPK2, TPK3 und TPK5 deutet daraufhin, dass auch die vakuolären TPK-Kanäle eine Einwärtsgleichrichtung vermitteln, die auf einem spannungsabhängigen Block von zytoplasmatischer Seite basiert. • Im Gegensatz zum zytoplasmatischen Block ist das Schließen des TPK4 durch zytoplasmatische Ansäuerung spannungsunabhängig und ist daher von einer Protonierungsreaktion abhängig. Über zahlreiche Deletionen und Chimären des TPK4 wurde der Bereich, in dem sich pH-Sensor und pH-Tor befinden, auf den Bereich zwischen transmembranen und zytoplasmatischen Domänen eingegrenzt. Darüber hinaus fungieren Histidine nicht als pH-Sensor.