610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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Purpose
4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and the assessment of wall shear stress (WSS) are non-invasive tools to study cardiovascular risks in vivo. Major limitations of conventional triggered methods are the long measurement times needed for high-resolution data sets and the necessity of stable electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering. In this work an ECG-free retrospectively synchronized method is presented that enables accelerated high-resolution measurements of 4D flow and WSS in the aortic arch of mice.
Methods
4D flow and WSS were measured in the aortic arch of 12-week-old wildtype C57BL/6 J mice (n = 7) with a radial 4D-phase-contrast (PC)-CMR sequence, which was validated in a flow phantom. Cardiac and respiratory motion signals were extracted from the radial CMR signal and were used for the reconstruction of 4D-flow data. Rigid motion correction and a first order B0 correction was used to improve the robustness of magnitude and velocity data.
The aortic lumen was segmented semi-automatically. Temporally averaged and time-resolved WSS and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were calculated from the spatial velocity gradients at the lumen surface at 14 locations along the aortic arch. Reproducibility was tested in 3 animals and the influence of subsampling was investigated.
Results
Volume flow, cross-sectional areas, WSS and the OSI were determined in a measurement time of only 32 min. Longitudinal and circumferential WSS and radial stress were assessed at 14 analysis planes along the aortic arch. The average longitudinal, circumferential and radial stress values were 1.52 ± 0.29 N/m2, 0.28 ± 0.24 N/m2 and − 0.21 ± 0.19 N/m2, respectively. Good reproducibility of WSS values was observed.
Conclusion
This work presents a robust measurement of 4D flow and WSS in mice without the need of ECG trigger signals. The retrospective approach provides fast flow quantification within 35 min and a flexible reconstruction framework.
The role of macrophages in primary and secondary infection of mice with Salmonella typhimurium
(1982)
Elimination of macrophages with high-molecular dextran sulphate (OS) markedly impairs resistance of mice to primary infection with smooth, virulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium, whereas stimulation of this system by killed Bordetella pertussis organisms increases resistance. In infection with rough, avirulent strains of S. iyphimurium the elimination of macro phages was not followed by an essential loss of resistance, and it appears that other non-specific defence mechanisms, for example the complement system, may have compensated for the lack of macrophages. Macrophages, therefore, play an important role in defence during primary infection with virulent strains. In immunity to challenge infection with S. typhimurium, macrophages play an even more significant role. Treatment with OS completely removes immunity, and both humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms seem to require the participation of macrophages.
Die Kniegelenksinnervation von 6 Mäusen wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Der Mediale Artikuläre Nerv (MAN) enthielt durchschnittlich 75 Nervenfasern, 63 unmyelinisierte und 12 myelinisierte (Durchmesser 1 bis 8 µm, Maximum zwischen 2 und 5 µm). Der Posteriore Artikuläre Nerv (PAN) bestand durchschnittlich aus 195 Nervenfasern, 129 unmyelinisierte und 66 myelinisierte (Durchmesser zwischen 1 und 12 µm, Maximum bei 4 bis 5 µm). Diese Daten sprechen für eine weitgehende histologische Vergleichbarkeit der Kniegelenksinnervation bei Maus, Ratte und Katze. Lediglich die Anzahl der Nervenfasern ist bei der im Verhältnis kleineren Maus geringer. Spinalganglienzellen von 10 Mäusen wurden mittels hypoosmolarer Lösung gedehnt. Schwankungen der intrazellulären Kalzium-Konzentrationen und elektrophysiologische Veränderungen wurden dabei registriert (Calcium-Imaging und Patch-Clamp). Die primär sensorischen Neuronen, die nicht an der Kniegelenksinnervation beteiligt waren, konnten in schnell, langsam und nicht reagierende Subpopulationen unterteilt werden. Die Beobachtungen an den retrograd markierten Kniegelnksafferenzen erlaubten eine solche Differenzierung nicht. Die Reizung mit Capsaicin zeigte, dass es sich bei den mechanosensitiven Kniegelenksafferenzen selten um polymodale Nozizeptoren handelte.