610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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Risperidone is commonly used to treat different psychiatric disorders worldwide. Knowledge on dose–concentration relationships of risperidone treatment in children and adolescents with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders is, however, scarce and no age-specific therapeutic ranges have been established yet. Multicenter data of a therapeutic drug monitoring service were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between risperidone dose and serum concentration of the active moiety (risperidone (RIS) plus its main metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS)) in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders. Patient characteristics, doses, serum concentrations and therapeutic outcomes were assessed by standardized measures. The study also aimed to evaluate whether the therapeutic reference range for adults (20–60 ng/ml) is applicable for minors. In the 64 patients (aged 11–18 years) included, a positive correlation between daily dose and the active moiety (RIS\(_{am}\)) concentration was found (r\(_s\) = 0.49, p = 0.001) with variation in dose explaining 24% (r\(_s\)\(^2\) = 0.240) of the variability in serum concentrations. While the RIS\(_{am}\) concentration showed no difference, RIS as well 9-OH-RIS concentrations and the parent to metabolite ratio varied significantly in patients with co-medication of a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Patients with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) had on average higher RIS\(_{am}\) concentrations than patients without (p = 0.05). Considering EPS, the upper threshold of the therapeutic range of RIS\(_{am}\) was determined to be 33 ng/ml. A rough estimation method also indicated a possibly decreased lower limit of the preliminary therapeutic range in minors compared to adults. These preliminary data may contribute to the definition of a therapeutic window in children and adolescents with schizophrenic disorders treated with risperidone. TDM is recommended in this vulnerable population to prevent concentration-related adverse drug reactions.
Decreased oligodendrocyte number in hippocampal subfield CA4 in schizophrenia: a replication study
(2022)
Hippocampus-related cognitive deficits in working and verbal memory are frequent in schizophrenia, and hippocampal volume loss, particularly in the cornu ammonis (CA) subregions, was shown by magnetic resonance imaging studies. However, the underlying cellular alterations remain elusive. By using unbiased design-based stereology, we reported a reduction in oligodendrocyte number in CA4 in schizophrenia and of granular neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG). Here, we aimed to replicate these findings in an independent sample. We used a stereological approach to investigate the numbers and densities of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in CA4 and of granular neurons in the DG of left and right hemispheres in 11 brains from men with schizophrenia and 11 brains from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In schizophrenia, a decreased number and density of oligodendrocytes was detected in the left and right CA4, whereas mean volumes of CA4 and the DG and the numbers and density of neurons, astrocytes, and granular neurons were not different in patients and controls, even after adjustment of variables because of positive correlations with postmortem interval and age. Our results replicate the previously described decrease in oligodendrocytes bilaterally in CA4 in schizophrenia and point to a deficit in oligodendrocyte maturation or a loss of mature oligodendrocytes. These changes result in impaired myelination and neuronal decoupling, both of which are linked to altered functional connectivity and subsequent cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder with immense personal and societal costs; identifying individuals at risk is therefore of utmost importance. Genomic risk profile scores (GRPS) have been shown to significantly predict cases-control status. Making use of a large-population based sample from Sweden, we replicate a previous finding demonstrating that the GRPS is strongly associated with admission frequency and chronicity of SCZ. Furthermore, we were able to show a substantial gap in prediction accuracy between males and females. In sum, our results indicate that prediction accuracy by GRPS depends on clinical and demographic characteristics.
Bestimmung von genetischen Veränderungen auf PANX 1-3 anhand von Einzelnukleotid Polymorphismen (SNP). Test auf Assoziation von Allelen und Haplotypen mit den schizophrenen Psychosen nach ICD-10 und der Klassifikation von Karl Leonhard in Form einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie mit 1163 Patienten und 479 Kontrollen.
Cycloid psychoses in the psychosis spectrum: evidence for biochemical differences with schizophrenia
(2016)
Cycloid psychoses (CP) differ from schizophrenia regarding symptom profile, course, and prognosis and over many decades they were thought to be a separate entity within the psychosis spectrum. As to schizophrenia, research into the pathophysiology has focused on dopamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glutamate signaling in which, concerning the latter, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor plays a crucial role. The present study aims to determine whether CP can biochemically be delineated from schizophrenia. Eighty patients referred for psychotic disorders were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History, and (both at inclusion and after 6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment) with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Clinical Global Impression. From 58 completers, 33 patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia and ten with CP according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and Leonhard criteria, respectively. Fifteen patients were diagnosed with other disorders within the psychosis spectrum. At both time points, blood levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and amino acids related to glutamate neurotransmission were measured and compared with a matched control sample. Patients with CP showed a significantly better response to antipsychotic treatment as compared to patients with schizophrenia. In CP, glycine levels were elevated and tryptophan levels were lowered as compared to schizophrenia. Glutamate levels were increased in both patient groups as compared to controls. These results, showing marked differences in both treatment outcome and glutamate-related variable parameters, may point at better neuroplasticity in CP, necessitating demarcation of this subgroup within the psychosis spectrum.
Assoziationsuntersuchungen zu schizophrenen und affektiven Psychosen im Bereich des EphA4 Gens
(2018)
Die Schizophrenie ist eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung, deren Gesamtlebenzeitprävalenz ca. 1% beträgt. Da bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen die genetische Komponente eine erhebliche Rolle spielt und es außerdem in bisherigen Studien Hinweise für einen Zusammenhang von EphA4 mit diversen neuronalen Krankheitsformen gibt, ist dieser mögliche Zusammenhang Gegenstand der durchgeführten Untersuchungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Rolle des Eph receptor A4 bei der Ätiopathogenese von schizophrenen und affektiven Psychosen untersucht werden, da besonders zur Rolle der Eph- und Ephrin A-Familie bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen derzeit noch grundlegendes Wissen fehlt. Dabei wurde ein Patientenkollektiv von mehr als 1000 Probanden sowohl nach der ICD-10-Klassifikation als auch der Klassifikation von Leonhard in Unterformen eingeteilt und diese getrennt untersucht und mit einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Es wurden sowohl SNP-Analysen als auch Haplotypanalysen durchgeführt. Das Kandidatengen EphA4 liegt beim Menschen auf dem Chromosom 2 (Basenpaar 221.418.027 bis 221.574.202), besteht aus insgesamt 156.176 Basenpaaren und dient vor allem der Steuerung der Zellform und -bewegung durch Veränderungen am Aktinoskelett. Insgesamt wurden 9 SNPs auf Assoziation mit schizophrenen Psychosen und zykloiden Psychosen untersucht, um einen möglichen Einfluss von EphA4 bei der Ätiopathogenese oder im Krankheitsverlauf zu diagnostizieren. Zum einen wurden 4 Single SNP-Analysen durchgeführt, um einzelne SNPs auf Assoziation mit dem erkrankten Phänotyp zu untersuchen. Weiterhin wurden Haplotypanalysen für 9 SNPs durchgeführt, um die Vererbung von gemeinsamen Polymorphismen miteinander auf benachbarten Bereichen der DNA zu untersuchen. Hierbei stellte sich als Hauptbefund der durchgeführten Studie ein Haplotyp rs2052940T – rs3087584T als möglicher Risikofaktor für die Entstehung schizophrener Erkrankungsformen heraus, welcher wahrscheinlich über einen Zufallsbefund hinausgeht und nach der Leonhard-Klassifikation vor allem Patienten mit dem Phänotyp affektvolle Paraphrenie betrifft. Für die Single-SNP-Analysen ergaben sich einige nominell positive Befunde, die jedoch einer Korrektur auf multiples Testen nach Bonferroni nicht standhalten konnten, womit folglich nicht klar ist, ob es sich hierbei möglicherweise um Zufallsbefunde handelt.
Es ist nach Auswertung der vorliegenden Ergebnisse davon auszugehen, dass EphA4 zwar keinen gemeinsamen Risikofaktor für endogene Psychosen darstellt, jedoch einen Beitrag als spezifischer Risikofaktor für spezielle Unterformen schizophrener Psychosen leisten könnte. Dies konnte vor allem für die Unterform der affektvollen Paraphrenie nach Leonhard aufgezeigt werden. Um die Resultate dieser Studie zu verifizieren, wären weitere Untersuchungen wünschenswert, welche auf ein erweitertes Kollektiv mit einer höheren Anzahl von Fällen und Kontrollen zurückgreifen.
As a consequence of obstetric complications, neonatal hypoxia has been discussed as an environmental factor in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, the biological consequences of hypoxia are unclear. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that the onset of abnormal brain development and neuropathology occurs perinatally, whereas symptoms of the disease appear in early adulthood. In our animal model of chronic neonatal hypoxia, we have detected behavioral alterations resembling those known from schizophrenia. Disturbances in cell proliferation possibly contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. In the present study, we used postnatal rats to investigate cell proliferation in several brain areas following neonatal hypoxia. Rats were repeatedly exposed to hypoxia (89 % N2, 11 % O2) from postnatal day (PD) 4–8. We then evaluated cell proliferation on PD 13 and 39, respectively. These investigations were performed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudate-putamen (CPU), dentate gyrus, and subventricular zone. Rats exposed to hypoxia exhibited increased cell proliferation in the ACC at PD 13, normalizing at PD 39. In other brain regions, no alterations have been detected. Additionally, hypoxia-treated rats showed decreased CPU volume at PD 13. The results of the present study on the one hand support the assumption of chronic hypoxia influencing transient cell proliferation in the ACC, and on the other hand reveal normalization during ageing.
In 55 chronic DSM I11 -R schi zophre nics the occurrence of obstetr ic complica ti ons (OCs) was investigated us ing the famili al/sporael ic strategy and Leonhard's unsystemati c/systematic distin ction. The overa ll frequency and severity of OCs elid not differ be tween patie nts anel controls. A sub-sample of patients, whose genetic ri sk was supposed to be high in both class ification systems (d iagnos is 01' unsystematic anel fa mili al sc hizophre ni a), had s igni ficantly fewer OCs than controls on the Lewis anel Murray scale (P < 0.05). With reference to previous reports of inc reased morta lity rates in the offspring of schizop hre nics, high genetic risk and addition al perinatal stressors may in crease perin atal mortality. In contrast, pat ie nts whose genetic ri sk was sllpposed to be low in both systems (di agnos is of systematic and sporadic sc hizophrenia) showed a trend to an increased freqllency of OCs in the Fuchs scale. In the context of the recently reported highl y signi ficantly increased rate of matern al infections dllring midgestation in these pati e nts, it was supposed th at perin atal complications may be of so me ae tio logical importance in sc hizophrenics with low genetic ri sk.
In 55 chronic schizophrenics, the occurrence of infectious diseases during their mothers' pregnancies was investigated. Different psychiatrie diagnostic systems were compared. Infections were reported by the mothers of familial and sporadic DSM I1I-R schizophrenics in equal proportion. However, applying Leonhard's classification, the frequency of infections was found to be significantly increased in 'systematic' schizophrenia (mainly exogenously induced in the view of Leonhard) compared to 'unsystematic' schizophrenia (mainly genetically determined according to Leonhard's findings). Most of the infections occurred during the second trimester (nine out of 13). Thus, in the 'systematic' forms of schizophrenia (low genetic loading), maternal infections in this crucial period of neurodevelopment would appear to be important causative factors in the cytoarchitectural deviance detected in the central nervous system of schizophrenics.
Das Ziel der Studie war es, den vorbeschriebenen Befund des P50-Gating-Defizits bei Schizophrenie, insbesondere die Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Subgruppen nach Leonhard zu replizieren und darüber hinaus diejenigen kortikalen Areale zu detektieren, die während Bedingungen gesteigerten sensorischen Gatings mit signifikanter Aktivierung reagieren. Ferner sollten mögliche Differenzen im Muster kortikaler Aktivierung zwischen gesunden Kontrollen und Patienten aufgedeckt werden, um das kortikale Substrat defizitären sensorischen Gatings zu ermitteln.