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Der Gesundheitssport hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten als feste Säule im organisierten Sport etabliert. Erkenntnisse aus der Vereinsforschung, der Erforschung des Gesundheitsverhaltens und der Wechselwirkung von Sport und Gesundheit sowie Modellvorstellungen von Gesundheit und Krankheit werden zur Konzeption und Optimierung von Sportprogrammen herangezogen. Die vorliegende epidemiologische Studie arbeitet anhand einer Re-Analyse von 1752 Datensätzen aktiver Vereins-Gesundheitssportler aus dem Wettbewerb "Der Gesundheitsclub im Sportverein" zentrale Befunde zur Gesundheit, dem Gesundheitserleben und -verhalten sowie dem Sport(vereins)erleben heraus, um im Vergleich der Geschlechts- und Altersgruppen die Zielgruppe deskriptiv zu bestimmen. In einem zweiten Analyseschritt wird geprüft, wie sich Aktive im fitnessorientierten, präventiven und rehabilitativen Sport in ihrer Wahrnehmung unterscheiden. Dabei zeigt es sich, dass eine stärkere gesundheitliche Belastung der weiblichen und jüngeren Sportler mit einer ungünstigen Gesundheitswahrnehmung dieser Teilpopulationen einhergeht. Fitnesssportler dokumentieren sich hier als am geringsten belastet, was sie im Gegenzug zu einem vergleichsweise risikoreichen Gesundheitsverhalten zu verleiten scheint. Insgesamt attestiert sich die Sportlerstichprobe ein geringes Raucherpotential, jedoch einen mit dem Alter steigenden Anteil an Übergewichtigen bei einem grundsätzlich ausgeprägtem Schutzverhalten, dokumentiert durch das Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten. Kognitive Gesundheitsressourcen als ein Faktor verhaltensunterstützender Elemente werden insgesamt in der Stichprobe sehr gering kommuniziert, vor allem im Bereich des Handlungswissens, und diese scheinen generell krankheitsspezifisch generiert zu sein. Eine fundierte soziale Integration in das Netz des Sportvereins erreichen offensichtlich am ehesten die weiblichen Aktiven, während Männer aufgrund der Suche nach sozialer Anbindung die Sportaktivität aufnehmen. Fitnesssportler zeigen sich hier am stärksten eingebunden, während die Rehabilitanten die geringste soziale Integration dokumentieren, gleichwohl sie diese am stärksten im Verein suchen. In quantitativer Hinsicht zeigen sich Frauen sportlich aktiver als Männer bzw. Fitness- und Präventionssportler aktiver als Rehabilitationssportler. In die Befunde lassen sich die Erkenntnisse zur Motivationslage der Sportler einbinden, nachdem Fitnessaktive an einer Intensivierung der sozialen Kontakte, Präventionssportler an den kompensatorischen Leistungen der sportlichen Aktivität und Rehabilitanten an einer therapeutischen Zielsetzung orientiert sind. Als Fazit lässt sich eine konsequente Abstimmung der (Vereins)Sportangebote auf die Selbstwahrnehmung, Motive und Bedürfnisse der Sportler fordern, um eine ganzheitliche Gesundheitsförderung ermöglichen zu können. Diese Abstimmung muss jedoch in Abhängigkeit der Möglichkeiten und des Potentials des jeweiligen Sportvereins erfolgen.
Virtual online training has emerged as one of the top 20 worldwide fitness trends for 2021 and continues to develop rapidly. Although this allows the cycling community to engage in virtual training and competition, critical evaluation of virtual training platforms is limited. Here, we discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with virtual training technology and cycling in an attempt to enhance awareness of such aspects. Strengths include immersive worlds, innovative drafting mechanics, and versatility. Weaknesses include questionable data accuracy, inadequate strength and reliability of power-speed algorithms. Opportunities exist for expanding strategic partnerships with major cycling races, brands, and sponsors and improving user experience with the addition of video capture and “e-coaching.” Threats are present in the form of cheating during competition, and a lack of uptake and acceptance by a broader community.
The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to assess the eggbeater kick and throwing performance using a number of water polo specific tests, 2) to explore the relation between the eggbeater kick and throwing performance, and 3) to investigate the relation between the eggbeater kick in the water and strength tests performed in a controlled laboratory setting in elite water polo players. Fifteen male water polo players of the German National Team completed dynamic and isometric strength tests for muscle groups (adductor, abductor, abdominal, pectoralis) frequently used during water polo. After these laboratory strength tests, six water polo specific in-water tests were conducted. The eggbeater kick assessed leg endurance and agility, maximal throwing velocity and jump height. A 400 m test and a sprint test examined aerobic and anaerobic performance. The strongest correlation was found between jump height and arm length (p < 0.001, r = 0.89). The laboratory diagnostics of important muscles showed positive correlations with the results of the in-water tests (p < 0.05, r = 0.52-0.70). Muscular strength of the adductor, abdominal and pectoralis muscles was positively related to in-water endurance agility as assessed by the eggbeater kick (p < 0.05; r = 0.53-0.66). Findings from the current study emphasize the need to assess indices of water polo performance both in and out of the water as well as the relation among these parameters to best assess the complex profile of water polo players.
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a subjective load marker and may assist in individualizing training prescription, particularly by adjusting running intensity. Unfortunately, RPE has shortcomings (e.g., underreporting) and cannot be monitored continuously and automatically throughout a training sessions. In this pilot study, we aimed to predict two classes of RPE (≤15 “Somewhat hard to hard” on Borg’s 6–20 scale vs. RPE >15 in runners by analyzing data recorded by a commercially-available smartwatch with machine learning algorithms. Twelve trained and untrained runners performed long-continuous runs at a constant self-selected pace to volitional exhaustion. Untrained runners reported their RPE each kilometer, whereas trained runners reported every five kilometers. The kinetics of heart rate, step cadence, and running velocity were recorded continuously ( 1 Hz ) with a commercially-available smartwatch (Polar V800). We trained different machine learning algorithms to estimate the two classes of RPE based on the time series sensor data derived from the smartwatch. Predictions were analyzed in different settings: accuracy overall and per runner type; i.e., accuracy for trained and untrained runners independently. We achieved top accuracies of 84.8 % for the whole dataset, 81.8 % for the trained runners, and 86.1 % for the untrained runners. We predict two classes of RPE with high accuracy using machine learning and smartwatch data. This approach might aid in individualizing training prescriptions.
Although it is becoming increasingly popular to monitor parameters related to training, recovery, and health with wearable sensor technology (wearables), scientific evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of such data is limited and, where available, has involved a wide variety of approaches. To improve the trustworthiness of data collected by wearables and facilitate comparisons, we have outlined recommendations for standardized evaluation. We discuss the wearable devices themselves, as well as experimental and statistical considerations. Adherence to these recommendations should be beneficial not only for the individual, but also for regulatory organizations and insurance companies.
The aim was to examine certain aspects of circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, cognitive, and perceptual responses while sitting following a brief session of high-intensity interval exercise. Twelve students (five men; age, 22 ± 2 years) performed two trials involving either simply sitting for 180 min (SIT) or sitting for this same period with a 6-min session of high-intensity exercise after 60 min (SIT+HIIT). At T\(_0\) (after 30 min of resting), T\(_1\) (after a 20-min breakfast), T\(_2\) (after sitting for 1 h), T\(_3\) (immediately after the HIIT), T\(_4\), T\(_5\), T\(_6\), and T\(_7\) (30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the HIIT), circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, cognitive, and perceptual responses were assessed. The blood lactate concentration (at T\(_3\)–T\(_5\)), heart rate (at T\(_3\)–T\(_6\)), oxygen uptake (at T\(_3\)–T\(_7\)), respiratory exchange ratio, and sensations of heat (T\(_3\)–T\(_5\)), sweating (T\(_3\), T\(_4\)) and odor (T\(_3\)), as well as perception of vigor (T\(_3\)–T\(_6\)), were higher and the respiratory exchange ratio (T\(_4\)–T\(_7\)) and mean body and skin temperatures (T\(_3\)) lower in the SIT+HIIT than the SIT trial. Levels of blood glucose and salivary cortisol, cerebral oxygenation, and feelings of anxiety/depression, fatigue or hostility, as well as the variables of cognitive function assessed by the Stroop test did not differ between SIT and SIT+HIIT. In conclusion, interruption of prolonged sitting with a 6-min session of HIIT induced more pronounced circulatory and metabolic responses and improved certain aspects of perception, without affecting selected hormonal, thermoregulatory or cognitive functions.
Monitoring variations in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system may help personalize training of runners and provide more pronounced physiological adaptations and performance improvements. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature comparing physiological adaptations and/or improvements in performance following training based on responses of the autonomic nervous system (ie, changes in heart rate variability) and predefined training. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched systematically in July 2019. Keywords related to endurance, running, autonomic nervous system, and training. Studies were included if they (a) involved interventions consisting predominantly of running training; (b) lasted at least 3 weeks; (c) reported pre‐ and post‐intervention assessment of running performance and/or physiological parameters; (d) included an experimental group performing training adjusted continuously on the basis of alterations in HRV and a control group; and (e) involved healthy runners. Five studies involving six interventions and 166 participants fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Four HRV‐based interventions reduced the amount of moderate‐ and/or high‐intensity training significantly. In five interventions, improvements in performance parameters (3000 m, 5000 m, Loadmax, Tlim) were more pronounced following HRV‐based training. Peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) and submaximal running parameters (eg, LT1, LT2) improved following both HRV‐based and predefined training, with no clear difference in the extent of improvement in VO\(_{2peak}\). Submaximal running parameters tended to improve more following HRV‐based training. Research findings to date have been limited and inconsistent. Both HRV‐based and predefined training improve running performance and certain submaximal physiological adaptations, with effects of the former training tending to be greater.
Optimale Förderung des Mädchenfußballs aus Vereinssicht : Vertiefende Ergebnisse der BFV-Studie 2015
(2016)
Dieser Band berichtet die Ergebnisse einer Befragung bei 1.309 Fußballvereinen aus Bayern, die ab Herbst 2015 in Kooperation des Lehrstuhls Empirische Bildungsforschung der Universität Würzburg mit dem Bayerischen Fußball-Verband durchgeführt wurde.
Vertiefend zu den Gesamtergebnissen der Studie werden in dieser Publikation die Einschätzungen der Vereine zur Talentförderung im Mädchenfußball in den Blick genommen. Die drei Hauptfragen sind:
• Welchen Stellenwert haben Ziele der Mädchenförderung und deren Umsetzung in den Vereinen?
• Welche Hemmnisse werden beim Zugang von Mädchen zum Vereinsfußball wahrgenommen?
• Welche Vorstellungen von Talentförderung im Mädchenfußball haben die Vereine?
Alle drei Fragestellungen wurden nochmals danach aufgegliedert, welche Erfahrungen die Vereine im Mädchenfußball haben und Leistungssportvereine sowie Breitensportvereine im Mädchenfußball mit Vereinen ohne Mädchenfußball verglichen.