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Chronic pain conditions are a major reason for the utilization of the health care system. Inflammatory pain states can persist facilitated by peripheral sensitization of nociceptors. The voltage-gated sodium channel 1.9 (NaV1.9) is an important regulator of neuronal excitability and is involved in inflammation-induced pain hypersensitivity. Recently, oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) was identified as a mediator of acute inflammatory pain and persistent hyperalgesia, suggesting an involvement in proalgesic cascades and peripheral sensitization. Peripheral sensitization implies an increase in neuronal excitability. This thesis aims to characterize spontaneous calcium activity in neuronal compartments as a proxy to investigate neuronal excitability, making use of the computational tool Neural Activity Cubic (NA3). NA3 allows automated calcium activity event detection of signal-close-to-noise calcium activity and evaluation of neuronal activity states. Additionally, the influence of OxPAPC and NaV1.9 on the excitability of murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the effect of OxPAPC on the response of DRG neurons towards other inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2, histamine, and bradykinin) is investigated. Using calcium imaging, the presence of spontaneous calcium activity in murine DRG neurons was established. NA3 was used to quantify this spontaneous calcium activity, which revealed decreased activity counts in axons and somata of NaV1.9 knockout (KO) neurons compared to wildtype (WT). Incubation of WT DRG neurons with OxPAPC before calcium imaging did not show altered activity counts compared to controls. OxPAPC incubation also did not modify the response of DRG neurons treated with inflammatory mediators. However, the variance ratio computed by NA3 conclusively allowed to determine neuronal activity states. In conclusion, my findings indicate an important function of NaV1.9 in determining the neuronal excitability of DRG neurons in resting states. OxPAPC exposition does not influence neuronal excitability nor sensitizes neurons for other inflammatory mediators. This evidence reduces the primary mechanism of OxPAPC-induced hyperalgesia to acute effects. Importantly, it was possible to establish an approach for unbiased excitability quantification of DRG neurons by calcium activity event detection and calcium trace variance analysis by NA3. It was possible to show that signal-close-to-noise calcium activity reflects neuronal excitability states.
Kardialer Phänotyp und SUDEP durch Knockout des Nav1.1 Kanalgens (SCN1A) in einem Dravet-Mausmodell
(2018)
SUDEP bezeichnet den plötzlichen und unerwarteten Epilepsietod ohne offensichtliche kausale Todesursache. Junge Patienten, die an der schweren infantilen enzephalo-pathischen Epilepsieform des Dravet-Syndroms (SMEI) leiden, tragen besonderes
Risiko an SUDEP zu versterben. Die pathophysiologische Ursache für das Dravet-Syndrom liegt in einem Defekt des brain-type Natriumkanals Nav1.1. Neuere Studien zeigen, dass der ursprünglich als hirnspezifisch geltende Kanal nicht explizit in
neuronalem Gewebe, sondern auch im Herzen exprimiert wird.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, die Auswirkungen des Nav1.1-Defektes auf kardialer Ebene zu evaluieren, um eine mögliche Beteiligung von Herzrhythmusstörungen an der Ätiologie des SUDEP aufzudecken. Dazu wurde ein Knockout-Mausmodell hinsichtlich seines kardialen Phänotyps charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe elektrokardiographischer
Untersuchungen (EKG) konnte eine gesteigerte Herzfrequenz unter Stressbedingungen festgestellt werden. Die Frequenz lag sowohl bei den Versuchen unter pharmakologischem Stress mittels Isoproterenol als auch unter induziertem Stress mittels
Hyperthermie bei den Dravet-Syndrom-Mäusen höher als in dem wildtypischen
Kontrollkollektiv. Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen (EPU) zeigten neben einem erhöhten Schweregrad der induzierbaren Arrhythmien, gemessen anhand eines
Arrhythmie-Scores, auch eine erhöhte Quantität ausgelöster Herzrhythmusstörungen. Sowohl unter Ruhebedingungen als auch nach Induktion von Hyperthermie überwogen die aufgezeichneten Arrhythmien bei Dravet-Syndrom-Mäusen.
Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie helfen die Rolle des Nav1.1-Defektes an einer kardialen Beteiligung im Rahmen von SUDEP bei Dravet-Patienten zu beschreiben. Sie zeigen ver-schiedene kardiale Auswirkungen bei Knockout des primär neuronalen Natrium¬kanalgens SCN1A. Weitere Einsichten in diesen Bereich werden angemessene Risikostratifizierung für Epilepsie-Patienten hinsichtlich Ihres SUDEP-Risikos ermöglichen und moderne The-rapieansätze anregen.
During development of the nervous system, spontaneous Ca2+ transients are observed that regulate the axon growth of motoneurons. This form of spontaneous neuronal activity is reduced in motoneurons from a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy and this defect correlates with reduced axon elongation. Experiments from our group demonstrated that voltage-gated sodium channel pore blockers decrease spontaneous neuronal activity and
axon growth in cultured motoneurons, too. In these experiments, saxitoxin was more potent than tetrodotoxin. We identified the saxitoxin-sensitive/tetrodotoxin-insensitive voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.9 as trigger for the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. In motoneurons, expression of NaV1.9 was verified via quantitative RT-PCR. Immuno labelling
experiments revealed enrichment of the channel in axonal growth cones and at the nodes of Ranvier of isolated nerve fibres from wild type mice. Motoneurons from NaV1.9 knock-out mice show decreased spontaneous activity and reduced axonal elongation. This growth defect can be rescued by NaV1.9 overexpression. In motoneurons from Smn-deficient mice, NaV1.9 distribution appeared to be normal.
Recently, patients carrying a missense mutation in the NaV1.9-encoding gene SCN11A were identified. These patients are not able to feel pain and suffer from muscular weakness and a delayed motor development. Molecular biological work during this dissertation supported the analysis of this mutation in a mouse model carrying the orthologous alteration in the Scn11a
locus. The cooperation study confirmed that a gain-of-function mechanism underlies the NaV1.9-mediated channelopathy, thus suggesting a functional role of NaV1.9 in human motoneurons.
An earlier study showed in hippocampal neurons that the receptor tyrosine kinase tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) can open the NaV1.9 channel. TrkB is localized in
growth cones of motoneurons and subsequently found in close proximity to NaV1.9. In order to proof whether TrkB is involved in spontaneous excitability in motoneurons, TrkB knock-out mice were analysed. Isolated motoneurons from TrkB knock-out mice show a reduced spontaneous activity and axon elongation. It remains to be studied whether TrkB and NaV1.9 are functionally connected.
Spontaneous neural activity has been shown to regulate crucial events in neurite growth including axonal branching and path finding. In animal models of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) cultured embryonic mouse motoneurons show distinct defect in axon elongation and neural activity. This defect is governed by abnormal clustering of Ca2+ channels in the axonal regions and the protruding growth cone area. The mechanisms that regulate the opening of calcium channels in developing motoneurons are not yet clear. The question was addressed by blocking neural activity in embryonic cultured motoneurons by pharmacological inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) by saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Low dosages of STX resulted in significant reduction of axon growth and neural activity in cultured motoneurons. This pharmacological treatment did not affect survival of motoneurons in comparison to control motoneurons that was grown in the presence of survival neurotrophic factors BDNF and CNTF. It was also found that STX was 10 times more potent than TTX a common inhibitor of VGSC with a reduced activity on the TTX-insensitive sodium channels NaV1.5, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. Reverse Transcriptase-PCR experiments revealed the presence of NaV1.9 as the likely candidate that begins to express from embryonic stage sixteen in the mouse spinal cord. Immunolabelling experiments showed that the channel is expressed in the axonal compartments and axonal growth cones in cultured motoneurons. Suppression of NaV1.9 in cultured motoneurons by lentivirus mediated short hairpin-RNA (shRNA) resulted in shorter axon length in comparison with uninfected and scrambled constructs. Further, embryonic motoneurons cultured from NaV1.9 knockout mice also showed a significant reduction in neural activity and axon growth. The findings of this work highlight the role of NaV1.9 as an important contender in regulating activity dependent axon growth in embryonic cultured motoneurons. NaV1.9 could therefore be considered as a prospective molecule that could play an important role in regulating axon growth in motoneuron disease models like spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
Spannungsabhängige Natriumkanäle bestehen aus einer α-Untereinheit und zugehörigen β-Untereinheiten und sind verantwortlich für die schnelle Aufstrichphase eines Aktionspotenzials. Die α-Untereinheit bildet unter anderem die Pore, während die assoziierten β-Untereinheiten Zelladhäsionsaufgaben erfüllen und verantwortlich für Modulation der Kinetik und die Kommunikation mit dem Extrazellular-raum sind. In Vorarbeiten an Herzen von Säugetieren konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die eigentliche kardiale Isoform Nav1.5, als auch die TTX-sensitiven, neuronalen Isoformen Nav1.1, Nav1.3 und Nav1.6 vorkom-men. Diesen Untersuchungen lagen adulte Kardiomyozyten zugrunde. Unklar war allerdings die Lokalisation und Expression von Natrium-kanälen an neonatalen Herzmuskelzellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte die Isolation ventrikulärer Kardio-myozyten von Herzen neonataler, ein bis zwei Tage alter Ratten. Diese wurden nach zwei Tagen in Kultur mit spezifischen Antikörpern gegen α-und β-Untereinheiten mithilfe immunzytochemischer Unter-suchungsmethoden gefärbt. Zusätzlich wurden Connexin 43 und α-Actinin als Marker für Disci intercalares und intrazelluläre Sarkomere im Sinne einer Doppelfärbung dargestellt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels konfokaler Mikroskopie. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine Darstellung sowohl der kardialen (Nav1.5), als auch der neuronalen, TTX-sensitiven α-Natriumkanalisoformen (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3 und Nav1.6). Ebenso ließen sich alle vier bekannten β-Untereinheiten detektieren. Im Unterschied zu adulten Kardiomyozyten zeigte sich kein iso-formenspezifisches Verteilungsmuster, sondern eine gleichmäßige Ver-teilung aller Natriumkanaluntereinheiten über die Zellmembran. Es konnte für die dargestellten Isoformen eine Kolokalisation mit Connexin 43 an den Disci intercalares detektiert werden. Dies weist auf eine wichtige Rolle bei der Erregungsfortleitung von Zelle zu Zelle hin.