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In dieser Arbeit wurde der elektronische Grundzustand und der erste angeregte Zustand sowie der Zustand des Ions von substituierten [2.2]Paracyclophanen untersucht. Um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen konjugierten pi-Systemen besser zu verstehen wurden die Moleküle mit Hilfe von Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Spektroskopie (REMPI), VUV-Synchrotronstrahlung und quantenchemischen Rechnungen untersucht. Die Experimente wurden im Molekularstrahl durchgeführt. In den [1+1]-REMPI-Spektren von pseudo-para-Dibrom[2.2]paracyclophan, pseudo-para-Dicyano[2.2]paracyclophan, pseudo-ortho-Dicyano[2.2]paracyclophan, pseudo-para-Diphenyl[2.2]paracyclophan und pseudo-para-Di(trimethylsilyl)[2.2]paracyclophan wird ein kontinuierlicher Signalanstieg beobachtet. Individuelle Schwingungsbanden konnte nicht aufgelöst werden. Dies ist ein Hinweis darauf, dass die Schwingungszustände im S1-Zustand sehr eng beieinanderliegen. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung der hydroxysubstituierten [2.2]Paracyclophane pseudo-ortho-Dihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophan (o-DHPC), pseudo-para-Dihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophan (p-DHPC) und racemisches-4-Hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophan (MHPC). Die adiabatischen Ionisierungsenergien der Moleküle wurden aus der Ionenstromkurve mit Hilfe eines Wannier-Fits bestimmt: 7.56eV (o-DHPC), 7.58eV (p-DHPC) und 7.63eV (MHPC). In den Schwellenphotoelektronenspektren (TPES) werden Signalmodulationen im Photonenenergiebereich von 7.8-11eV beobachtet. Hierbei handelt es sich um angeregte Zustände des Kations. Bei ca. 10.5eV wird in den Spektren von allen drei hydroxysubstituierten Molekülen dissoziative Photoionisation (DPI) beobachtet. Hierbei werden die Bindungen zwischen den aliphatischen Kohlenstoff-Atomen gebrochen. Im [1+1]-REMPI-Spektrum des o-DHPCs wird der S1<-S0-Übergang bei 31483cm^-1 (3.903eV) beobachtet. Die berechnete adiabatische Anregungsenergie liegt bei 3.87eV (SCS-CC2). Der elektronische Ursprung des o-DHPCs ist +722cm^-1 blauverschoben im Vergleich zum unsubstituierten [2.2]Paracyclophan (PC). Im REMPI-Spektrum werden viele Schwingungsbanden beobachtet. Cluster des o-DHPCs mit Wasser werden ebenfalls beobachtet. Die elektronischen Ursprünge der Cluster mit Wasser sind rotverschoben im Vergleich mit dem Monomer. Im o-DHPC(H2O)-Cluster ist das Wassermolekül zwischen den beiden OH-Gruppen des Cyclophans über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen fixiert. In den REMPI-Spektren des o-DHPCs und o-DHPC(H2O)-Clusters wird die Atmungsmode mit hoher Intensität beobachtet. Außerdem tritt eine Twist- und Tilt-Mode in den Spektren auf. Viele Kombinationsbanden der Atmungs, Twist- und Tilt-Mode werden in den Spektren beobachtet. Im [1+1]-REMPI-Spektrum des p-DHPCs werden nur kleine Signalmodulationen mit niedrigen Intensitäten im roten Spektralbereich im Vergleich mit dem Ursprung des o-DHPCs beobachtet. Bei der Anregung des p-DHPCs kommt es zu einer großen Änderung der Struktur. Dies führt dazu, dass die Franck-Condon-Faktoren für den S1<-S0-Übergang des p-DHPCs deutlich kleiner sind im Vergleich mit dem o-DHPC (1:10^7). Daher treten die Signale des p-DHPCs im REMPI-Spektrum nur mit geringer Intensität auf. Der Ursprung des S1<-S0 Übergangs des MHPCs wird im [1+1]-REMPI-Spektrum bei 30772cm^-1 (3.815eV) beobachtet. Die berechnete Anregungsenergie liegt bei 3.79eV (SCS-CC2). Im Vergleich zum unsubstituierten PC wird keine wesentliche Energieverschiebung des S1<-S0-Übergangs beobachtet. Im REMPI-Spektrum des MHPCs wird die Twist-Mode beobachtet. Die Banden zeigen eine inverse Anharmonizität. Die ab-initio-Rechnungen beschreiben die Potentialkurve des S1-Zustands mit einem Doppelminimum. Die Höhe der Barriere zwischen den beiden Minima hängt vom Basissatz ab. Empirisch wurde entlang der Twist-Mode ein flaches Potential bestimmt. Die aus diesem Potenzial resultierenden Banden und Intensitäten der Twist-Mode stimmen mit den experimentellen Beobachtungen sehr gut überein. Die [1+1]-REMPI-Spektren des MHPCs mit einem und zwei Wassermolekülen zeigen einen kontinuierlichen Signalanstieg. Einzelne Schwingungsbanden konnten unter den experimentellen Bedingungen nicht aufgelöst werden. Der Ursprung des MHPC-Clusters mit einem Wassermolekül beginnt bei ca. -180cm^-1 und mit zwei Wassermolekülen bei ca. -290cm^-1 im Vergleich mit dem Ursprung des Monomers.
The present work presents investigations on energy and charge transport properties in organic crystals. Chapter 4 treats exciton transport in anthracene, which is an example for weakly coupled π-systems. The electronic coupling parameter is evaluated by the monomer transition density approach. With these and the reorganization energy hopping rates are calculated in the framework of the Marcus theory. Together with the knowledge of the crystal structure, these allow us to calculate the experimental accessible exciton diffusion lengths, whose isotropic part fits nicely within the scattering of experimental values found in the literature. Furthermore, the anisotropy of the exciton diffusion lengths is reproduced qualitatively and quantitatively correct. This chapter also contains studies about electron and hole transport in both polymorphs (α and β) of perylene. Reorganization energies as well as diffusion coefficients for both crystal structures and types of charge transport were calculated. The best transport is hole transport in β-perylene, but it is strongly isotropic. The preferred transport direction is along the b-axis of the unit cell with couplings of greater than 100 meV. However, there is no transport along the c-axis. The diffusion constant in b-direction is bigger by two orders of magnitude than in c-direction (62.7•10-6 m2/s vs. 0.4•10-6 m2/s). Charge transport is calculated to be strongly anisotropic for holes as well as electrons in both modifications. To verify these results experimental electron mobilities have been compared to the simulations. Good agreement was found with errors of less than 27%. As it was shown above, the calculation and measurement of transport properties between weakly coupled systems is possible. However, it is difficult to exactly determine the quality of the electronic coupling. For this reason a collaboration about strongly interacting π-systems was started between us and the research group of Prof. Ingo Fischer. There, [2.2]paracyclophanes and its derivates were investigated to show how hydroxyl substitution influences absorption properties. Overall, a combination of SCS-MP2 and SCS-CC2 performs best to address the description of geometric and electronic structures for both ground and excited states of these model systems as well as their parent compounds benzene and phenol. Only [2.2]paracyclophane shows a double minimum potential regarding a twist and shift motion between the benzene/phenol subunits towards each other. All other systems are less flexible due to their substitution pattern. Almost all [2.2]paracyclophanes display minor changes in their geometric structure upon excitation to the S1 state: The inter-ring distance shortens, but qualitatively they keep their shift and twist characteristics, although the extent of these deformations diminishes. The exception is p-DHPC, which turns from a shifted ground state structure into a twisted excited state structure. Consequently, the intensity of the 0-0 transition cannot be observed experimentally due to small Franck-Condon factors and impurities of o-DHPC. In the present thesis, the structures and their changes due to excitation are explained by electrostatic potentials as well as antibonding (bonding) HOMO (LUMO) orbitals. Adiabatic excitation energies have been corrected by ZPEs and result in accuracies with errors smaller than 0.1 eV. Note that corrections on the B3LYP level worsen the results and one has to apply SCS-CC2 to achieve this accuracy. These calculations allow an interpretation of the experimental [1+1]REMPI spectra. Band progressions of the twist, shift and breathing of the [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton vibrations have been identified and show good agreement to the experiment. This work shows that the substitution pattern in [2.2]paracyclophanes can have a significant impact on spectroscopic properties. Because these properties are directly linked to the transport properties of these materials, the hereby gained insight can be used to design materials with customized transport properties. It was shown that the SCS-CC2 method is very appropriate to predict the interaction between the π-systems
The one electron oxidation potential of ten TAAs with all permutations of Cl , OMe- and Me-substituents in the three p-positions were determined by CV. The half wave potential of the first oxidation wave correlates linearly with the number of Cl- and OMe-substituents. AM1-CISD derived values of the absorption energies are in good agreement with the experiments but differ strongly for the oscillator strengths as well as for neutral compounds and their corresponding mono radical cations. The small solvent dependence of the experimental UV/Vis spectra in CH2Cl2 and MeCN reflects a minor charge transfer character of the electronic transitions. The UV/Vis/NIR spectra of the series of TAAs and their corresponding radical cations and the AM1 computations reveal that even small substituents may lead to strong symmetry breaking and to a modified electronic structure. The spectroscopic properties of a series of four bis-TAA donor-bridge-donor X-B-X dimers, composed of two asymmetric TAA chromophores (monomers) were investigated. UV/vis-, fluorescence and transient absorption spectra were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding X-B monomers. The excited states of the dimers are described as MV states which show, depending on the chemical nature of the bridge, a varying amount of interactions. It was found that superradiant emission only proceeds in the case of weak and medium coupling. Whether the first excited state potential energy surface of the dimers is a single minimum or a double minimum potential depends on the solvent polarity and the electronic coupling. In the latter case, the dimer relaxes in a symmetry broken CT state. The [2.2]paracyclophane bridged dimer is an example for a weakly coupled system, because the spectroscopic behavior is very similar to the corresponding p xylene monomer. In contrast, anthracene as well as p-xylene bridges mediate a stronger coupling and reveal a significant cooperative influence on the optical properties. A series of [2.2]paracylophane bridged bis-TAA MV radical cations X-B-X+ were analyzed by a GMH three-level model which takes two transitions into account: the IV-CT band and the bridge band. From the GMH analysis, one can conclude that the [2.2]paracyclophane moiety is not the limiting factor which governs the intramolecular charge transfer. The electronic interactions are of course smaller than direct conjugation but from the order of magnitude of the couplings of the [2.2]paracyclophane MV species it can be assumed that this bridge is able to mediate significant through-space and through-bond interactions. From the exponential dependence of the electronic coupling V between the two TAA localized states on the distance r between the two redox centers, it was inferred that the HT proceeds via superexchange mechanism. The analysis reveals that even significantly longer conjugated bridges should still mediate significant electronic interactions, because the decay constant of a series of conjugated MV species is small. The absorption properties of a series of bis-TAA-[2.2]paracyclophane dications X+-B-X+ were presented. The localized and the CT transitions of these dications are explained and analyzed by an exciton coupling model which also considers the photophysical properties of the monomeric TAA radical cations. Together with AM1-CISD calculated transition moments, experimental transition moments and transition energies of the bis-TAA dications were used to calculate electronic couplings by a GMH approach. These couplings are a measure for interactions of the excited MV CT states. The modification of the diabatic states reveals similarities of the GMH three-level model and the exciton coupling model. Comparison of the two models shows that the transition moment between the excited mixed-valence states of the dimer equals the dipole moment difference of the ground and the excited bridge state of the corresponding monomer. Thianthrenophane (1) has a cavity which offers enough room to potentially enable endohedral coordination to small ions or molecules. For the complexation of silver(I) perchlorate, the complex stability constants of thianthrenophane logK1=5.45 and of thianthrene logK2=9.16 were determined by UV/Vis titration. Single competition transport experiments with ten metal salts demonstrate a very high selectivity of thianthrenophane as a carrier for silver(I) and a distinctly higher transport rate compared to carriers such as thianthrene and 14-ane-S4. Although the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the polymeric [Ag(1)]ClO4 shows an exohedral coordination to silver(I), the formation of an endohedral [Ag(1)]+ complex is suggested to be the explanation for the unusual carrier selectivity of silver(I) by 1 in bulk liquid membrane.