Refine
Year of publication
- 2002 (277) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (264)
- Master Thesis (4)
- Complete part of issue (4)
- Jahresbericht (2)
- Book (2)
- Journal article (1)
Keywords
- Signaltransduktion (8)
- Deutschland (7)
- Würzburg (7)
- Taufliege (6)
- Drosophila (5)
- Genexpression (5)
- Maus (5)
- Nahrungserwerb (4)
- Universität (4)
- Zeitschrift (4)
- signal transduction (4)
- Apoptose (3)
- Apoptosis (3)
- Auge (3)
- Bayern (3)
- Chemische Synthese (3)
- Embryonalentwicklung (3)
- Fortpflanzungsverhalten (3)
- Geschichte (3)
- Herz (3)
- Katalyse (3)
- Masernvirus (3)
- Molekulargenetik (3)
- Naphthylisochinolinalkaloide (3)
- Phosphane (3)
- Phosphine (3)
- Rhodium (3)
- Sekundärmetabolit (3)
- Stereoselektive Synthese (3)
- Toxoplasma gondii (3)
- Wurzel (3)
- myocardial infarction (3)
- rhodium (3)
- Adipositas (2)
- Aminosäuren (2)
- Annual Report (2)
- BDNF (2)
- Bestrahlung (2)
- Bienen <Familie> (2)
- Comet Assay (2)
- Cycloaddition (2)
- Cytochrom C (2)
- Cytochrome C (2)
- Depression (2)
- Durchflußzytometrie (2)
- EGF-Rezeptor (2)
- EGF-receptor (2)
- Einkaufszentrum (2)
- Einzelhandel (2)
- Eisen (2)
- Epoxidation (2)
- Epoxidierung (2)
- Fanconi Anämie (2)
- Fanconi-Anämie (2)
- Fibroblasten (2)
- Germany (2)
- Glutamat (2)
- Homogener Raum (2)
- Hörgerät (2)
- ISGF3 (2)
- ISRE (2)
- Immunreaktion (2)
- Immunsuppression (2)
- Impfung (2)
- Infrarot-Spektroskopie (2)
- Interferon (2)
- Iridium (2)
- Iridiumkomplexe (2)
- JNK (2)
- Jahresbericht (2)
- Kernhülle (2)
- Kinder (2)
- Kinderheilkunde (2)
- Kohomologie (2)
- Kommunikation (2)
- Kraniopharyngeom (2)
- Lebensqualität (2)
- Listeria (2)
- MAP-Kinase (2)
- Maligne Hyperthermie (2)
- Masern (2)
- Membran (2)
- Messung (2)
- Molekularbiologie (2)
- Motorisches Lernen (2)
- Mutation (2)
- Mutationen (2)
- Myokardinfarkt (2)
- NFAT (2)
- NMR (2)
- Nervenzelle (2)
- Neurotrophine (2)
- Niere (2)
- Ontogenie (2)
- Oxidation (2)
- PAK (2)
- Pentakoordination (2)
- Pflanzeninhaltsstoff (2)
- Phagosom (2)
- Pheromon (2)
- Pilzkörper (2)
- Primaten (2)
- Primates (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Pädiatrie (2)
- ROS (2)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Replikation (2)
- Rhodiumkomplexe (2)
- SERS (2)
- Sammeln (2)
- Schizophrenie (2)
- Silicate (2)
- Silicium (2)
- Siloxane (2)
- Sindbisvirus (2)
- Skelettmuskel (2)
- Smad (2)
- Stofftransport <Biologie> (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Strukturaufklärung (2)
- Synthese (2)
- T-Lymphozyt (2)
- T-Lymphozyten (2)
- Tabak (2)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (2)
- Vancomycin (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Virulenz (2)
- Wuerzburg (2)
- Wurzburg (2)
- Zelldifferenzierung (2)
- amino acids (2)
- children (2)
- cytotoxicity (2)
- epoxidation (2)
- eye (2)
- fermentation (2)
- fibroblasts (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- foraging (2)
- gene expression (2)
- glutamate (2)
- immunosuppression (2)
- infection (2)
- infrared spectroscopy (2)
- irradiation (2)
- measles (2)
- measles virus (2)
- mosaicism (2)
- motor learning (2)
- mutations (2)
- neurotrophins (2)
- obesity (2)
- organic chemistry (2)
- proliferation (2)
- schizophrenia (2)
- sepsis (2)
- silicon (2)
- stereoselektive Synthese (2)
- structure elucidation (2)
- Übergangsmetallkomplexe (2)
- "Balanced-lethal" Plasmid-System (1)
- 1 (1)
- 19. Jahrhundert (1)
- 19th century (1)
- 2 (1)
- 23Na- NMR (1)
- 23Na-NMR (1)
- 3-Cyclopenrtandiyl Radikalkationen (1)
- 3-Cyclopentanediyl Radical Cations (1)
- 3-DPG (1)
- 3-dipolar cycloaddition (1)
- 3-dipolare Cycloaddition (1)
- 31P-MR-Spektroskopie (1)
- 31P-MR-spectroscopy (1)
- 3D-Sehen (1)
- 3d-vision (1)
- 5-Aminopiperidylessigsäuren (1)
- 5-Dihydroxycinnamat (1)
- 5-aminopiperidylaceticacid (1)
- 5-dihydroxycinnamate (1)
- A-Silicons (1)
- A-Silikone (1)
- AAF (1)
- ABA-GE (1)
- ABA-Konjugate (1)
- ABA-conjugates (1)
- ABR (1)
- AICD (1)
- AIDS (1)
- AKR-2B (1)
- AMPK (1)
- ANCA (1)
- APOPLAST (1)
- APP (1)
- ASCA (1)
- ATP (1)
- Abgabenvereinbarung (1)
- Abscisinsäure (1)
- Abstoßung (1)
- Acetaminophen (1)
- Actin (1)
- Adenokarzinom (1)
- Adenosin (1)
- Adhärenskontakte (1)
- Adrenerger Neuronenblocker (1)
- Adrenergic neurone blocking agent (1)
- Adrenostatika (1)
- Afipia (1)
- Afipia felis (1)
- Agalia duperreana (1)
- Aglaia (1)
- Aglaia dasyclada (1)
- Aglaia duperreana (1)
- Ajlun <Region> (1)
- Aktivator / Bionator (1)
- Al2O3 (1)
- Algorithmische Geometrie (1)
- Alignment (1)
- Alkene (1)
- Alkine (1)
- Alkohol (1)
- Alkoxylierung (1)
- Allergie (1)
- Allylalkohol (1)
- Allylalkohole (1)
- Allylic Amination (1)
- Allylische Aminierung (1)
- Alpha-2-Rezeptor (1)
- Alzheimer Krankheit (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (1)
- Ameise (1)
- Amido (1)
- Aminopeptidase (1)
- Aminosäurederivate (1)
- Amplifikation (1)
- Analog (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Anastomosendurchblutung (1)
- Anastomosenheilung (1)
- Ancistrocladaceae (1)
- Ancistrocladus (1)
- Ancistrocladus griffithii (1)
- Ancistrogriffin (1)
- Ancistrogriffine (1)
- Ancistrogriffithin A (1)
- Ancistrogriffithine A (1)
- Anden (1)
- Angina pectoris (1)
- Angiotensin (1)
- Ankerfibrillen (1)
- Anoxie (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antagonist (1)
- Anteile (1)
- Anthrachinonfarbstoff (1)
- Antidesma (1)
- Antidesma membranaceum (1)
- Antigen CD22 (1)
- Antikörperescape (1)
- Antipsychotika (1)
- Antiretroviral Therapy (1)
- Antiretrovirale Therapie (1)
- Antisense (1)
- Anwendung (1)
- Anwendungssystem (1)
- Aortenklappenersatz (1)
- Apherese (1)
- Apoplast (1)
- Aquaporin (1)
- Aquaporine (1)
- Arbeiterinnen Fortpflanzung (1)
- Arbeitsketten (1)
- Aromaten (1)
- Array-Technologie (1)
- Arsan (1)
- Art Education (1)
- Arzneimittelresistenz (1)
- Asthma (1)
- Asymmetrische Synthese (1)
- Atemantwortkurven (1)
- Atherosclerosis (1)
- Atherosklerose (1)
- Atovaquone (1)
- Atta (1)
- Atta vollenweideri (1)
- Aufwachverhalten (1)
- Augenentwicklung (1)
- Auslauftrichter (1)
- Autoantigen (1)
- Autoantikörper (1)
- Autoimmunität (1)
- Autonomer Roboter (1)
- Autonomous Robot (1)
- Axiographie (1)
- Azoalkene (1)
- Azofarbstoff (1)
- B cell differentiation (1)
- B-Cells (1)
- B-Lymphozyt (1)
- B-Zell-ELISPOT-Test (1)
- B-Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- B-Zellen (1)
- B-cell ELISPOT assay (1)
- BCL1 rearrangement (1)
- BCL1-Rearrangement (1)
- BERA (1)
- BERAphon® (1)
- BMP (1)
- BZ reaction (1)
- BZ-Reaktion (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Bakteriophage (1)
- Bakteriophage K139 (1)
- Baumwollratte (1)
- Baumwollrattenmodell (1)
- Bavaria (1)
- Bavarian Realschule (1)
- Bayerische Realschule (1)
- Beckenbodenmuskulatur (1)
- Behavioural Ecology (1)
- Beinentwicklung (1)
- Belousov-Zabotinskij-Reaktion (1)
- Benefit to the Public (1)
- Benthos (1)
- Benzvalen (1)
- Benzvalene (1)
- Beobachter (1)
- Beobachtungsbogen (1)
- Bericht (1)
- Besitzerwerb (1)
- Besucherverhalten (1)
- Beteiligung (1)
- Betriebliche Altersversorgung (1)
- Bewegungsdetektion (1)
- Bewegungshandlung (1)
- Bewegungssehen (1)
- Bewegungssequenzen (1)
- Bewegungssteuerung (1)
- Bicyclobutanderivate (1)
- Bicyclobutane (1)
- Bicyclobutanes (1)
- Bidirektional (1)
- Biene (1)
- Bienensprache (1)
- Bilirubin (1)
- Bindungslängenalternanz in Aromaten (1)
- Bindungspolarisation (1)
- Bioanorganik (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogenese (1)
- Biogenesis Ancistrocladus griffithii (1)
- Biografie (1)
- Bioisosterie (1)
- Biologische Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Biologisches System (1)
- Biometrie (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Bis-diimidosulfinate (1)
- Bis-diimidosulfinates (1)
- Bis-triimidosulfonate (1)
- Bis-triimidosulfonates (1)
- Bloch's Principle (1)
- Blochsches Prinzip (1)
- Blut (1)
- Blutstammzelle (1)
- Blutzucker (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenökologie (1)
- Bolus (1)
- Bombina variegata (1)
- Bombus (1)
- Bond length alternation in aromatics (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Botulinumtoxin- A- Behandlung (1)
- Brandes (1)
- Brasilien (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Brückenbildung (1)
- Buchpreis (1)
- Buchpreisbindung (1)
- Bürgerliches Recht (1)
- C-3-substituiert (1)
- C-3-substituted (1)
- C/Si bioisosterism (1)
- CARS (1)
- CASPARY-STREIFEN (1)
- CBP (1)
- CD 27 (1)
- CD22 (1)
- CD4+ (1)
- CD83mRNA (1)
- CK2 (1)
- CK2ß (1)
- CNS-Infection (1)
- CO2-response curves (1)
- COPD (1)
- CT (1)
- Ca-antagonisten (1)
- Caging (1)
- Campylobacter jejuni (1)
- Capillarization (1)
- Carbazolderivate (1)
- Carbazole (1)
- Cardioid (1)
- Cartan's Theorem (1)
- Casapse (1)
- Casparian strip (1)
- Caspasen (1)
- Caspases (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Catgut (1)
- Cellcycle blockage (1)
- Cenoman (1)
- Cenomanian (1)
- Cestoden (1)
- Chemische Kommunikation (1)
- Chemische Reaktion (1)
- Chemotherapie (1)
- Chimärismus (1)
- Chiral secondary and teriary phosphines (1)
- Chirale sekundäre und tertiäre Phosphane (1)
- Cholesterin (1)
- Cholesterol (1)
- Chromosomenaberrationen (1)
- Chronical renal failure (1)
- Chronik (1)
- Cisaprid (1)
- Cisapride (1)
- Civil law (1)
- Clearance (1)
- Clindamycin (1)
- Clusteranalyse (1)
- Colitis ulcerosa (1)
- Computational Geometry (1)
- Computer Center (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Condylar fracture (1)
- Constant score (1)
- Constant-Score (1)
- Content-analytical study (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Cranio-Maxillo-Facial-Reconstructive (1)
- Craniosynostosis (1)
- Cretaceous (1)
- Crohn´s disease (1)
- Curitiba (1)
- Curitiba <Region> (1)
- Curtin / Hammett Verhalten (1)
- Curtin / Hammett-Behavior (1)
- Cyclische Verbindungen (1)
- Cycloadditionen (1)
- Cycloadditions (1)
- Cycloalkene (1)
- Cyclopentadienderivate (1)
- Cyperus (1)
- Cytochrom c (1)
- Cytokeratin (1)
- Cytokeratine (1)
- Cytotoxizität (1)
- DBH (1)
- DFT (1)
- DMPS (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA delivery (1)
- DNA-Damage (1)
- DNA-Extraktion (1)
- DNA-Polymorphismen (1)
- DNA-Schaden (1)
- DNA-extraction (1)
- DNA-polymporhisms (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS-Schädigung (1)
- DRAF1 (1)
- DSI (1)
- DXA (1)
- Databases (1)
- Datenauswertung (1)
- Datenbanken (1)
- Defektdeckung (1)
- Defäkographie (1)
- Degeneration (1)
- Delayed Stereopsis Illusion (1)
- Deletion (1)
- Demenz (1)
- Depressivität (1)
- Derivation (1)
- Deutschland / Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (1)
- Deutschunterricht (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Dialog (1)
- Dialyse (1)
- Dialysis (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Dictyostelium (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Didaktik (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Dioncophyllaceae (1)
- Diphtherie-Schutzimpfung (1)
- Dipolare Cycloaddition (1)
- Diskriminierung (1)
- Dominanz (1)
- Dominanzhierarchien (1)
- Donator <Chemie> (1)
- Dorylus (1)
- Dualität (1)
- Durchblutung (1)
- Dysfunktionsindex (1)
- Dystonie (1)
- Dünndarm (1)
- Dünnschichtchromatographie (1)
- E. multilocularis (1)
- EBRA (1)
- EEG (1)
- EF (1)
- EKP (1)
- EL-4 (1)
- ELISPOT (1)
- EMSA (1)
- ENDODERMIS (1)
- EORTC (1)
- ERM- Faktor (1)
- ERM- factor (1)
- ESS (1)
- ET-37 Komplex (1)
- ET-37 complex (1)
- Echinococcus (1)
- Echinococcus multilocularis (1)
- Echokardiographie (1)
- Egr-1 (1)
- Eheliche Gütergemeinschaft (1)
- Einheitstheorie (1)
- Einmann-Gesamthand (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Eisenorganische Verbindungen (1)
- Electric stimulation therapy (1)
- Electronic Commerce (1)
- Elektronendichte (1)
- Elektronendichteverteilung (1)
- Elektronische Märkte (1)
- Elektrostimualtionstherapie (1)
- Embryo (1)
- Emergency case (1)
- En-Reaktion (1)
- En-Synthese (1)
- Enantioselektivität (1)
- Encephalitis (1)
- End-zu-End-Anastomose (1)
- Endodermis (1)
- Endokarderkennung (1)
- Endosom (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Ene Reaction (1)
- Enolether (1)
- Enterococcus faecium (1)
- Entgeltumwandlung (1)
- Entscheidungen (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Entwicklungsdokumentation (1)
- Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Epidemiologie (1)
- Episulfid (1)
- Equisetum (1)
- Erbengemeinschaft (1)
- Erdmandel (1)
- Erfolgskontrolle (1)
- Ergospirometrie (1)
- Erregbarkeit (1)
- Erschließungsbeitrag (1)
- Erschließungsrecht (1)
- Erythrozyten (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- EspI (1)
- Estrogene (1)
- Etomidat (1)
- Euphorbiaceae (1)
- Europäische Union (1)
- Evangelisation (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Ex-Chiral-Pool Synthese (1)
- Exegese (1)
- Exhalationskondensat (1)
- Expressionsmuster (1)
- FISH (1)
- FLEXS (1)
- FT-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- FT-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Factory Outlet Center (1)
- Fakultät (1)
- Faltung (1)
- Fanconi Anaemia (1)
- Fanconi anemia (1)
- Faser (1)
- Fazialisläsion (1)
- Femtosecond (1)
- Femtosekunden (1)
- Fermentation (1)
- Financial Independence (1)
- Finanzielle Unabhängigkeit (1)
- Flavomycin (1)
- Flavophospholipol (1)
- Flexibilität (1)
- Fließeigenschaften (1)
- Fließverhalten (1)
- Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization (1)
- Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Fokalmannigfaltigkeit (1)
- Food Competition (1)
- Forschung (1)
- Four-Wave Mixing (1)
- Fouragieren (1)
- Fragebogen (1)
- Fragmentgröße (1)
- Freistellungssystem (1)
- Fruchtwasserzellen (1)
- Futtersammeln (1)
- G protein-coupled receptor (1)
- G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptor (1)
- GFP (1)
- GLAST (1)
- GLT1 (1)
- GST fusion protein (1)
- GST-Fusionsprotein (1)
- GVO (1)
- Gabelstreifiger Katzenmaki (1)
- Gaborochinone A und B (1)
- Gaboroquinone A und B (1)
- GbR (1)
- Gebäude (1)
- Gedaechtnis (1)
- Gedächtnis (1)
- Gefäße (1)
- Gefäßentwicklung (1)
- Gehaltsumwandlung (1)
- Gelenkfortsatzfraktur (1)
- Gelretentionsanalyse (1)
- Gemeinnützigkeit (1)
- Genanalyse (1)
- Genmutation (1)
- Genomvariabilität (1)
- Genomvaribilität (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geomorphologie (1)
- Geomorphologische Kartierung (1)
- Gerichtsbuch (1)
- Gesamthandsgemeinschaft (1)
- Geschichte 1317-1334 (1)
- Geschichte 1582-1813 (1)
- Geschichte 1800-1900 (1)
- Geschichte 1877 (1)
- Geschichte 1897-1914 (1)
- Geschmacksrezeptor (1)
- Gesichtschirurgie (1)
- Gespannte Ringe (1)
- Gespannte Verbindungen (1)
- Geste (1)
- Geteiltes Eigentum (1)
- Gewaschene Erythrozytenkonzentrate (1)
- Gewebe (1)
- Gilbert Syndrom (1)
- Gilbert´s Syndrome (1)
- Glaskeramik (1)
- Glass-Ceramic (1)
- Glatter Krallenfrosch (1)
- Glucuronidation (1)
- Glukuronidierung (1)
- Glutamate (1)
- Granuloma gangraenescens (1)
- Grasschneiderameise (1)
- Group13 (1)
- Grundsubstanz (1)
- Grundwasserströmungsmodell (1)
- Gruppe13 (1)
- Grün fluoreszierendes Protein (1)
- Guillain-Barr'e-Syndrom (1)
- Guillain-Barré Syndrom (1)
- Guillain-Barré syndrome (1)
- Guillain-Barré-Syndrom (1)
- Guillain-Barré-Syndrome (1)
- Gustducin (1)
- H-Protein (1)
- H-protein (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- HFE-Gen (1)
- HIC (1)
- HIV-Infection (1)
- HIV-Infektion (1)
- HPK1 (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HPLC-CD (1)
- Halbsandwich-Verbindungen (1)
- Halbsandwichkomplexe (1)
- Halfsandwich-type-complexes (1)
- Hallux valgus (1)
- Handlungseffekte (1)
- Harninkontinenz (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Harnstoff-Natrium- Clearance Verhältnis (1)
- Harnstoffverteilungsvolumen (1)
- Harnwegsinfektion (1)
- Hearing Aid (1)
- Hearing Screening (1)
- Hercules furens (1)
- Hereditäre Neuropathien (1)
- Herpesvirus 6 (1)
- Herzfrequenz (1)
- Herzinfarkt (1)
- Herzmuskel (1)
- Herztransplantation (1)
- Heterosiloxane (1)
- Heterosiloxanes (1)
- Hexakoordination (1)
- Hey1 (1)
- Hey2 (1)
- Highly Active Antioretroviral Therapy (1)
- Hitzekammer (1)
- Hochaktive Antiretrovirale Therapie (1)
- Hochgerichtsbarkeit (1)
- Hoertest (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Honigbiene (1)
- Host-Guest Interaction (1)
- Hummel (1)
- Hummeln (1)
- Hydroboration (1)
- Hydroborierung (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydrogeologie (1)
- Hydrophosphinierung (1)
- Hypertonie (1)
- Hypoparathyreoidismus (1)
- Hypopharynx (1)
- Hämagglutinin (1)
- Hämatopoese (1)
- Hämochromatose (1)
- Hämodialyse (1)
- Hörscreening (1)
- I kappa B (1)
- IL-4 Rezeptor (1)
- IL-4 receptor (1)
- IRF3 (1)
- IS256 (1)
- Illusion (1)
- Imido (1)
- Immunaktivierung (1)
- Immunpräzipitationen (1)
- Immunzytochemie (1)
- Impedanz (1)
- Impfversagen (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Influenza A Virus (1)
- Influenza A virus (1)
- Influenza-A-Virus (1)
- Information (1)
- Infrarotspektroskopie (1)
- Inherited neuropathies (1)
- Initiation der DNA Replikation (1)
- Initiationsproteine der Maus (1)
- Innenstadt (1)
- Innere-Punkte-Methode (1)
- Innere-Punkte-Verfahren (1)
- Innervation (1)
- Insertionselement (1)
- Insolvenzrecht (1)
- Insulinsensitivität (1)
- Interaktionen (1)
- Interferon <beta-> (1)
- Interleukin-4 (1)
- Internaline (1)
- Intracraniell volume (1)
- Intrakranielles Volumen (1)
- Invarianter Unterraum (1)
- Invasion (1)
- Iod (1)
- Iodine (1)
- Iodmolekül (1)
- Irai-Becken (1)
- Irai-basin (1)
- Iron (1)
- Ischämie (1)
- Isolierung (1)
- Isolierung <Chemie> (1)
- Isoparametrische Hyperfläche (1)
- J-Pouch (1)
- J774 (1)
- JNK/SAPK (1)
- Jak/ STAT (1)
- Johannes-Apokalypse (1)
- Jordan (1)
- Jordanien (1)
- KG (1)
- Kammerwasser (1)
- Kaninchen (1)
- Kannenpflanze (1)
- Kapillarelektrophorese (1)
- Kapillarisierung (1)
- Kappa- Koeffizient (1)
- Karzinomzellen (1)
- Kasuistik (1)
- Katalase (1)
- Kaufverhalten (1)
- Kavitätenausdehnung (1)
- Keatit (1)
- Keller (1)
- Keramikfaser (1)
- Kernaktin (1)
- Ketone (1)
- Kiefer- (1)
- Kieferorthopädische Drähte (1)
- Kieferwachstum (1)
- Kinderklinik (1)
- Kirche (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Klonierung (1)
- Knie (1)
- Knipholon (1)
- Knipholone (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Knochenbildung (1)
- Knochendichte (1)
- Knochenmarksversagen (1)
- Knockout (1)
- Knockout <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Knockout Mice (1)
- Knockout Mäuse (1)
- Ko-Kultur (1)
- Koffein (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohäsion (1)
- Kollagenasen (1)
- Kommunalabgabe (1)
- Kompakte Lie-Gruppe (1)
- Komplexe (1)
- Komplexes Problemlösen (1)
- Komplikationen (1)
- Kompositslot (1)
- Konkursordnung (1)
- Kontinenz (1)
- Kontrastmittel (1)
- Kontrollsystem (1)
- Koordinationschemie (1)
- Koordinationslehre (1)
- Koordinationsverbindungen (1)
- Koronare Herzkrankheit (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Korund (1)
- Kraniosynostose (1)
- Krankenhaus (1)
- Krankheitslast (1)
- Kreide (1)
- Kreislauf (1)
- Kreuzreaktivität (1)
- Kristallisation (1)
- Kristallstruktur (1)
- Kristallstrukturanalyse (1)
- Kt/V (1)
- Kugel (1)
- Kunsterziehung (1)
- Kupfer- und Eisen-dotierten Glas-Systemen (1)
- Kurpfalz (1)
- Kutikulare Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Käfig-Rekombination (1)
- Körperzusammensetzung (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LIFR (1)
- LIGNIN (1)
- LIPI-2 (1)
- LPA (1)
- Lactate (1)
- Lacton concept (1)
- Lacton-Konzept (1)
- Laktat (1)
- Laktatmaximum (1)
- Laktatmetabolismus (1)
- Lamina (1)
- Lamina-associated polypeptides (1)
- Lamina-assoziierte Polypeptide (1)
- Landgericht (1)
- Langschrittmethoden (1)
- Langzeitergebnisse (1)
- Larynx (1)
- Laser welding (1)
- Laser-Doppler-Vibrometry (1)
- Laser-Doppler-Vivrometer (1)
- Laserchirurgie (1)
- Laserschweißen (1)
- Learning (1)
- Leber/Dünndarmtransplantation (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Lehnrechtswissenschaft (1)
- Lehnsauftrag (1)
- Lehnsauftragung (1)
- Lehnsrecht (1)
- Lehre (1)
- Lehrplan (1)
- Leistungsdiagnostik (1)
- Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Lemuren (1)
- Lemurs (1)
- Lendenwirbelsäule (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Leukozyt (1)
- Leukozyten (1)
- Leukozytenelastase (1)
- Leukämie (1)
- Lie groups (1)
- Liegruppen (1)
- Lignin (1)
- Linezolid (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipoproteine (1)
- Lipoproteins (1)
- Listeria ivanovii (1)
- Listeria monocytogenes (1)
- Literaturunterricht (1)
- Lithographie (1)
- Lobula Platte (1)
- Localization (1)
- Lokalisation (1)
- Longitudinalstudie (1)
- Lsc/p115 Rho GEF (1)
- Lucigenin (1)
- Lucius Annaeus <Philosophus> (1)
- Lungenfibroblasten (1)
- Lymphom (1)
- Lymphome (1)
- Lymphozyten (1)
- Lysosom (1)
- Lärmbelästigung (1)
- Lävokardiographie (1)
- Lösungsmittel (1)
- Löten (1)
- Lückenreihe (1)
- Lückenreihen (1)
- MALT-Lymphom (1)
- MALT-lymphoma (1)
- MAO-Hemmer (1)
- MAPK (1)
- MBP (1)
- MIBG (1)
- MOG (1)
- MR (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Magenbandoperation (1)
- Magnetresonanz (1)
- Makrophage (1)
- Makrophagen (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Malefizordnung (1)
- Malignant Hyperthermia (1)
- Mangan (1)
- Map-kinase (1)
- Marginalzonen-B-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- Marin (1)
- Marine (1)
- Marktanpassung (1)
- Marktanteilsschwelle (1)
- Matrixproteasen (1)
- Mbt (1)
- Mechanical properties (1)
- Mechanische Eigenschaft (1)
- Mechanische Eigenschaften (1)
- Mechanotransduktion (1)
- Mediastinum (1)
- Medikamente (1)
- Medizingeschichte (1)
- Medizinische Klinik (1)
- Medulloblastome (1)
- Meeresschwämme (1)
- Meliaceae (1)
- Membranprotein (1)
- Memory-B-Zelle (1)
- Mensch (1)
- Merkel cells (1)
- Merkelzelle (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Messungen (1)
- Metal-assisted Hydrophosphination (1)
- Metallassistierte Hydrophosphinierung (1)
- Metallierte Verbindungen (1)
- Metallkomplexe (1)
- Metallo-phosphan (1)
- Metallorganische Polymere (1)
- Metallorganische Verbindungen (1)
- Metapopulation (1)
- Methyl-2 (1)
- Metochondriale DNS (1)
- Microdialyse (1)
- Microdialysis (1)
- Microglia (1)
- Microorganismen (1)
- Midazolam (1)
- Migrationsanalyse (1)
- Mikro-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Mikrodialyse (1)
- Mikroglia (1)
- Mikrokerntest (1)
- Mikroorganismus (1)
- Mikrosatelliteninstabilität (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Milz (1)
- Minimal surfaces (1)
- Minimalflächen (1)
- Minimalkurven (1)
- Miniplatte (1)
- Mischkristallkeramik (1)
- Mittelalter (1)
- Mobiler Roboter (1)
- Molecular Dynamics (1)
- Molekularbewegung (1)
- Moleküldynamik (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Monoaminoxidase (1)
- Morbus Alzheimer (1)
- Morbus Crohn (1)
- Mosaik (1)
- Mosaizismus (1)
- Motion detection (1)
- Motoneuron (1)
- Mouse (1)
- Multiagentensystem (1)
- Multimedia (1)
- Multiple Sklerose (1)
- Multipolverfeinerung (1)
- Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie (1)
- Mundgesundheit (1)
- Muscarin (1)
- Muscarin Antagonisten (1)
- Muskel (1)
- Mutante (1)
- Myelinprotein (1)
- Myokard (1)
- Myrmecia gulosa (1)
- NACA (1)
- NF-AT (1)
- NF-kappa B (1)
- NF-kappaB (1)
- NFkappaB (1)
- NGF (1)
- NIR-Spektroskopie (1)
- NIR-spectroscopy (1)
- NK cells (1)
- NLO (1)
- NLO properties (1)
- NLO-Eigenschaften (1)
- NLO-Polymere (1)
- NMR-Bildgebung (1)
- NOF (1)
- NT-3 (1)
- Nadeln (1)
- Nahrungskonkurrenz (1)
- Nahtmaterial (1)
- Nahtmaterialien (1)
- Nanohärte (1)
- Nanoindentation (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanostrukturiertes Material (1)
- Naphthylisochinolin alkaloide (1)
- Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloid (1)
- Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide (1)
- Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid (1)
- Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids (1)
- Narbenentwicklung (1)
- Natriumchlorid (1)
- Natural product isolation (1)
- Naturstoff (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Naturstoffisolation (1)
- Natürliche Killerzelle (1)
- Nebenniere (1)
- Nebenschilddrüse (1)
- Nectar Foraging (1)
- Neisseria meningitidis (1)
- Nektar (1)
- Nepenthaceae (1)
- Nepenthes (1)
- Nervenfaser (1)
- Nervengift (1)
- Nervenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Nervus recurrens (1)
- Netzbogenlänge (1)
- Neurodegeneration (1)
- Neurogenese (1)
- Neurological Signs (1)
- Neurologische Befunde (1)
- Neuromonitoring (1)
- Neurophysiologie (1)
- Neurotransmitter (1)
- Neurotrophe Faktoren (1)
- Neurovirulenz (1)
- Neutrophil (1)
- Neutrophiler Granulozyt (1)
- New Education (1)
- Nicht-adiabatische Dynamik (1)
- Nichtinvasive Diagnostik (1)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (1)
- Nichtlineare Welle (1)
- Nichtlineares Phänomen (1)
- Nichtlinearität (1)
- Nichtpathologische Faktoren (1)
- Niereninsuffizienz (1)
- Nierenzellkarzinom (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Niob (1)
- Niobverbindungen (1)
- Nitratreduktase (1)
- Nitrosoaren (1)
- Nitrosoarene (1)
- No-Reflow (1)
- No:cGMP-Signalling (1)
- No:cGMP-Signalweg (1)
- Non-adiabatic Dynamics (1)
- Nonlinear Dynamics (1)
- Nonlinearity (1)
- Nonpathologic Factors (1)
- Noradrenalin (1)
- Notarzt (1)
- Notfalleinsatz (1)
- Nucleolus (1)
- Nukleolus (1)
- Näherungsverfahren (1)
- OAT1 (1)
- Oberflächenverstärkter Raman-Effekt (1)
- Oberhöfe (1)
- Obstruktive Schlafapnoe (OSAS) (1)
- Oligopyrrole (1)
- Oligopyrrols (1)
- Operante Konditionierung (1)
- Operations-Planungsmodelle (1)
- Opioiderge Mechanismen (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Organische Chemie (1)
- Orthodontic wires (1)
- Oscillating bone-saw (1)
- Osteoarthrose (1)
- Osteoporose (1)
- Oszillator (1)
- Oszillierende Knochensägen (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- Oxygen-Oscillator (1)
- PA-MBO-System (1)
- PAB (1)
- PAX genes (1)
- PAX-Gene (1)
- PDMS-Membranen (1)
- PDMS-membranes (1)
- PLLA (1)
- PMMA (1)
- PSF/p54nrb (1)
- PTCA (1)
- Pachycondyla (1)
- Paclitaxel (1)
- Paediatrics (1)
- Palaeoecology (1)
- Paläoklima (1)
- Palökologie (1)
- Paracetamol (1)
- Paraffin (1)
- Parametrisierung (1)
- Parana (1)
- Parasit (1)
- Parasite (1)
- Parathormon (1)
- Parese (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pathogenitätsinsel (1)
- Patientenbefragung (1)
- Pentenol (1)
- Pentenole (1)
- Peristaltik (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Permeation (1)
- Peroxisom (1)
- Peroxisomale Biogenese Defekte (1)
- Persönlichkeit (1)
- Persönlichkeitsfragebögen (1)
- Pfalz (1)
- Pfannendachplastik (1)
- Pflanzen (1)
- Pflanzliches Insektizid (1)
- Phagosomen (1)
- Phagozytose (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Pharmakologie (1)
- Pharmazeutische Technologie (1)
- Phenobarbital (1)
- Phenole (1)
- Phenylanthrachinone (1)
- Phenylanthrachinones (1)
- Phosphan (1)
- Phosphorylide (1)
- Photoleitfähigkeit (1)
- Photolyse (1)
- Photolysis (1)
- Photorefraktiver Effekt (1)
- Physikalische (1)
- Phytanoyl-CoA-Hydroxylase (1)
- Phytansäure (1)
- Phytopathogene (1)
- Phytopathogene Pilze (1)
- Pikler (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pilzkörperentwicklung (1)
- Piperidinderivate (1)
- Piping Signal (1)
- Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (1)
- Plasmamembran Ca2+-ATPase (1)
- Plasmid (1)
- Plazenta (1)
- Polarität (1)
- Poly(L-Lactid) (1)
- Polyatomare Verbindungen (1)
- Polydimethylsiloxan (1)
- Polydimethylsiloxane (1)
- Polygynie (1)
- Polyimido Anions (1)
- Polyimidoanionen (1)
- Polyketide (1)
- Polyketides (1)
- Polymorphismus (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polysomnographie (1)
- Ponerinae (1)
- Populationsgenetik (1)
- Power Center (1)
- Predissociation (1)
- Preisbindung (1)
- Primäre Polygynie (1)
- Primärphosphankomplexe (1)
- Probleme und Ziele von Psychotherapiepatienten (1)
- Prognosefaktor (1)
- Prolin (1)
- Promotor (1)
- Promotor <Genetik> (1)
- Promotorpolymorphismus (1)
- Propofol (1)
- Protease (1)
- Proteaseinhibitoren (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktionen (1)
- Proteinase 3 (1)
- Proteindesign (1)
- Proteinkinase CK2 (1)
- Proteinmenge (1)
- Proteinreinigung (1)
- Provitamin A (1)
- Prädissoziation (1)
- Pränatale Diagnostik (1)
- Präzision von Organmodellen (1)
- Pseudogeodätische (1)
- Psychiatrie (1)
- Psychische Langzeitbeeinträchtigungen (1)
- Psychological Long-Term Impairment (1)
- Psychosocial Rehabilitation (1)
- Psychosoziale Rehabilitation (1)
- Pulver (1)
- Pump-Probe-Technik (1)
- Puromycin (1)
- Pyramidalisierte Alkene (1)
- Pyramidalized Alkenes (1)
- Pyridonderivate (1)
- Pyrimethamin (1)
- Pyrimethamine (1)
- Pyroglutaminsäure (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- QSAR (1)
- Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse (1)
- Qualität (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Quantifizierung (1)
- Quartär (1)
- Quecksilber (1)
- Quelle (1)
- RNA-Polymerase I (1)
- RNS (1)
- RNS-Polymerase I (1)
- RT-PCR (1)
- Rac (1)
- Rac1 (1)
- Radikal <Chemie> (1)
- Radikale (1)
- Radiologie (1)
- Radiosensibilisierung (1)
- Raf (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Ratte (1)
- Reaktions-Diffusions-Systeme (1)
- Reaktive Arthritis (1)
- Reaktivität (1)
- Realschule (1)
- Rechenzentrum (1)
- Recht (1)
- Rechtsmedizin (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Reformpädagogik (1)
- Registrierende Härteprüfung (1)
- Rehabilitaion (1)
- Reichskonkursordnung (1)
- Rekrutierung (1)
- Rektumchirurgie (1)
- Rektumresektion (1)
- Remifentanil (1)
- Replication (1)
- Report (1)
- Reproductive Strategies (1)
- Reproductive potential (1)
- Reproduktives Potential (1)
- Resistenz (1)
- Resound (1)
- Retroperitoneum (1)
- Retrospective Study (1)
- Retrospektive Untersuchung (1)
- Retroviraler Gentransfer (1)
- Rev-NES (1)
- Reversion (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Rezeptor Tyrosin Kinase (1)
- Rezeptorkinasen (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Rhodococcus equi (1)
- Ribosomenproteine (1)
- Rinecker (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikostreuung (1)
- Rocaglamid (1)
- Root (1)
- Rotatorenmanschette (1)
- Rotstirnmaki (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- Räuberdruck (1)
- Räumliche Verteilung (1)
- Räumliches Sehen (1)
- Rückmeldung (1)
- SAPK (1)
- SAT (1)
- SAterilschlauchschweißgerät (1)
- SHG (1)
- SOFRELINER S (1)
- SPAN (1)
- SRF (1)
- STEC (1)
- STR (1)
- SUBERIN (1)
- Samenpflanzen (1)
- Sammelrevers (1)
- Satz von Cartan (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoff-Oszillatoren (1)
- Sauerstoffradikal (1)
- Sauerstoffradikale (1)
- Scanner (1)
- Scapula Transplant (1)
- Schachtelhalm (1)
- Schachtelhalme (1)
- Schaf (1)
- Schenkelhals (1)
- Schiff-base (1)
- Schiffbase (1)
- Schiffsche Basen (1)
- Schilddrüse (1)
- Schizophrenieerkrankung (1)
- Schnarchen (1)
- Schulbau (1)
- Schule (1)
- Schwefelatom (1)
- Schwefeldonor (1)
- Schwefelorganische Verbindungen (1)
- Schwefeltransfer (1)
- Schwefelverbindungen (1)
- Schwefelylide (1)
- Schwämme (1)
- Schwänzeltanz (1)
- Schädelsuturen (1)
- Schüttgut (1)
- Schüttgüter (1)
- Screeninguntersuchungen (1)
- SeSAm (1)
- Sechste Nebengruppe (1)
- Seit-zu-End-Anastomose (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Selektive Laser-Sinterung (1)
- Selenoprotein P (1)
- Semidualität (1)
- Semidualtität (1)
- Seneca (1)
- Sepsis (1)
- Sequenzlängeneffekt (1)
- Serinprotease (1)
- Serotonin (1)
- Sexuelle Selektion (1)
- Shopping Center (1)
- Sichtbarkeit (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Signaltransduction (1)
- Signalverarbeitung (1)
- Silane (1)
- Silanole (1)
- Silanols (1)
- Silylamine (1)
- Silylamines (1)
- Similarity Measure (1)
- Singlet Oxygen (1)
- Singulettsauerstoff (1)
- Sintern (1)
- Skapulatransplantat (1)
- Skeletal muscle (1)
- Snoring (1)
- Social Organisation (1)
- Soft relining materials (1)
- Sol-Gel (1)
- Sol-Gel-Verfahren (1)
- Soldering (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysen (1)
- Solvolyses (1)
- Sonographie (1)
- Sozialethik (1)
- Sozio-endokrinologie (1)
- Spastischer Spitzfuß (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Speichel (1)
- Speiseröhre (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spezifität (1)
- Sphäre (1)
- Spin Relaxation (1)
- Spinrelaxation (1)
- Spiral-Computertomographie (1)
- Spiralflächen (1)
- Spiraltypfläche (1)
- Spiraltypflächen (1)
- Spiramycin (1)
- Spleißen (1)
- Spondylodese (1)
- Sportsclub (1)
- Sportverein (1)
- Sprachtest (1)
- Spross (1)
- Spurenkunde (1)
- Stadiendifferenzierung (1)
- Stage Conversion (1)
- Stammzelle (1)
- Stammzellen (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Standardsoftware (1)
- Standortanalyse (1)
- Stanzbiopsie (1)
- Stapes (1)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (1)
- Staphylococcus epidermis (1)
- Stat3 (1)
- Stausee (1)
- Steifigkeit (1)
- Stem cells (1)
- Stereochemical Memory Effect (1)
- Stereochemie (1)
- Stereochemischer Erinnerungseffekt (1)
- Stereolithographie (1)
- Stereoselective Synthesis (1)
- Stereoselectivity (1)
- Stereoselektivität (1)
- Sterilisierung (1)
- Steroidbiosynthese (1)
- Stiban (1)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (1)
- Stickstoffverbindungen (1)
- Stift-Stumpfaufbauten (1)
- Stochastische Resonanz (1)
- Stochastischer Prozess (1)
- Strafgerichtsbarkeit (1)
- Strafgerichtswesen (1)
- Strahlensensibilität (1)
- Strained Rings (1)
- Streptococcus faecium (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stressincontinence (1)
- Stressinkontinenz (1)
- Strukturauklärung (1)
- Stufenplan (1)
- Styrylpyrone (1)
- Suberin (1)
- Sulfadiazin (1)
- Sulfadiazine (1)
- Sulfur Ylides (1)
- Sulfur transfer (1)
- Sulfurierung (1)
- Superoxide anione (1)
- Symmetrie (1)
- Symmetrien (1)
- Synergismus (1)
- Synthetische Polypeptide (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Säugetiere (1)
- Südamerika (1)
- T Lymphocytes (1)
- T cell line (1)
- T cells (1)
- T-Zellen (1)
- T-cells (1)
- T1R1 (1)
- T1R2 (1)
- T2 (1)
- TAD-A (1)
- TFIIIA (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-ß (1)
- TGFß-Rezeptor (1)
- TGFß-receptor (1)
- TIVA (1)
- Tag-zu-Tag-Variabilität (1)
- Tandem-Reaktion (1)
- Tandem-Wittig-1 (1)
- Tantal (1)
- Tantalverbindungen (1)
- Taste receptor (1)
- Teaching (1)
- Tectosilicate (1)
- Territorium (1)
- Tet-off system (1)
- Tet-off-System (1)
- Tetanus Neurotoxin (1)
- Tetanus-Schutzimpfung (1)
- Tetrahydrofuran (1)
- Tetrahydrofurane (1)
- Tetrakoordinierte Verbindungen (1)
- Tetralon (1)
- Tetralone (1)
- Theologie (1)
- Therapie (1)
- Therapiegrundsätze Mund- (1)
- Thermal-Shock (1)
- Thermoschock (1)
- Thermoschockverhalten (1)
- Thiiran (1)
- Thiireniumion (1)
- Thin-layer chromatography (1)
- Thiopyran (1)
- Thiopyrane (1)
- Thiozimtaldehyd (1)
- Thrombolyse (1)
- Thrombozytopenie (1)
- Thyroid gland (1)
- Tiere (1)
- Time-Course-Step-Stimulus-Algorithm (1)
- Titan (1)
- Titandioxid (1)
- Titanium (1)
- Titaniumdioxide (1)
- Toleranzinduktion (1)
- Toll-ähnliche Rezeptoren (1)
- Topoisomerase I (1)
- Topologie (1)
- Torticollis (1)
- Total synthesis (1)
- Totalsynthese (1)
- Trans-Spleißen (1)
- Transfer (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor-beta (1)
- Transforming growth factor beta (1)
- Transient Grating (1)
- Transiente Gitter (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- Translokation t(11;14)(q13;q32) (1)
- Translokation t(11;18) (1)
- Trichter (1)
- Trick (1)
- Tricycloheptanderivate (1)
- Trinkwasserverschmutzung (1)
- Triphyophyllum (1)
- Triphyophyllum peltatum (1)
- Tripyrrine (1)
- Tripyrrins (1)
- Tropen (1)
- Tropomodulin (1)
- Tropomyosin (1)
- Tumorpromotion (1)
- Tumorzelle (1)
- Two-Hybrid-System (1)
- UBM (1)
- UGT1A1 (1)
- USA (1)
- UV-Spektroskopie (1)
- UV-spectroscopy (1)
- Ufi Gel C (1)
- Ultraschall-Biomikroskopie (1)
- University Library (1)
- Universitätsbibliothek (1)
- Universitätsgründung (1)
- Unterfanken (1)
- Unterfunktion (1)
- Unterfütterungen (1)
- Unterkiefer (1)
- Unterräume (1)
- Unterstützungskasse (1)
- Urea distribution volume (1)
- Urgeincontinence (1)
- Urgeinkontinenz (1)
- Urinary incontinence (1)
- VASP (1)
- VE-Cadherin (1)
- VE-cadherin (1)
- Vakzinierung (1)
- Validierung (1)
- VanA (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vanadium(V)- und Cobalt(II)-katalysierte Oxidation (1)
- Vav (1)
- Verbraucherverhalten (1)
- Vereinbarungen (1)
- Vergleich (1)
- Verhaltens-Ökologie (1)
- Verrechnungszeit (1)
- Verteilung (1)
- Verunreinigugsprofil (1)
- Verunreinigung (1)
- Verwandtschaft (1)
- ViMS (1)
- Vibrio cholerae (1)
- Vierwellenmischung (1)
- Viral (1)
- Viral Load (1)
- Virus (1)
- Viruslast (1)
- Visibility (1)
- Viskosität (1)
- Visuelles System (1)
- Vitalitätsdiagnostik (1)
- WURZEL (1)
- Wachstumshemmung (1)
- Wachstumshormonmangel (1)
- Waldbrand (1)
- Wandbilder (1)
- Wandschmuck (1)
- Wasserpermeabilität (1)
- Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (1)
- Wegener's granulomatosis (1)
- Wegener'sche Granulomatose (1)
- Weichbleibend (1)
- Weitz-Scheffer Reaktion (1)
- Weitz-Scheffer reaction (1)
- Wert (1)
- Werte (1)
- Wirkstoff (1)
- Wirt-Gast-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Wirtsspezifität (1)
- Wistarratte (1)
- Wittig-Reaktion (1)
- Wolfram (1)
- Wurzel-Spross-Stresssignal (1)
- Würzburg / Institut für Deutsche und Bayerische Rechtsgeschichte (1)
- Würzburg ; Universität ; Rechenzentrum ; Bericht (1)
- Würzburg <Hochstift> (1)
- Würzburg Lag-Screw-Plate (1)
- Würzburger Zugschrauben-Platte (1)
- Xylem (1)
- YAG (1)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- ZNS-Infektion (1)
- Zeit (1)
- Zelladhäsion (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellmigration (1)
- Zellzyklusanalyse (1)
- Zellzyklusdiagnostik (1)
- Zementierung (1)
- Zentgerichtsbarkeit (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zielbewegungen (1)
- Zimtaldehyd (1)
- Zittertanz (1)
- Zuordnung (1)
- Zweikernige Komplexe (1)
- Zwitterion (1)
- Zytokine (1)
- Zytokinetisch (1)
- Zytoskelett (1)
- Zytotoxizität (1)
- acquisition (1)
- action effects (1)
- activator / bionator (1)
- acute coronary syndrom (1)
- adenocarcinoma (1)
- adenosine (1)
- adherens junction (1)
- adhesive (1)
- adhäsive Befestigung (1)
- adrenal (1)
- adrenostatic compound (1)
- aesthetic (1)
- agreements (1)
- aiming (1)
- akutes Koronarsyndrom (1)
- alcohol (1)
- alignment (1)
- alkene (1)
- alkyne (1)
- allergy (1)
- allgemeine Erkrankungen (1)
- allylic alcohols (1)
- alpha-Myosinschwerkette (1)
- alpha-Oxidation (1)
- alpha-myosin heavy chain (1)
- alpha-oxidation (1)
- alpha2-adrenerge Rezeptoren (1)
- alpha2-adrenergic receptors (1)
- amido (1)
- aminopeptidase (1)
- amniotic fluid cells (1)
- amount of protein (1)
- amplification (1)
- analog (1)
- analytical continuation (1)
- analytische Fortsetzung (1)
- anchoring fibrils (1)
- angina pectoris (1)
- anoxia (1)
- antibodyescape (1)
- antifungal (1)
- antigen specific IgE (1)
- antigen-specific immunity (1)
- antigenspezifische Immunität (1)
- antipsychotics (1)
- antisense (1)
- aortal valve stenosis (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- appendage development (1)
- aqueous humor (1)
- arbeitnehmerfinanziert (1)
- arching (1)
- aromates (1)
- arsine (1)
- asthma (1)
- autoantigen (1)
- autoimmunity (1)
- automatische Auswertung (1)
- auxiliary person (1)
- axiography (1)
- bacterial overgrowth (1)
- bacteriophage (1)
- bakterielle Besiedelung (1)
- balanced-lethal plasmid system (1)
- bankruptcy law (1)
- behavior (1)
- benthic fauna (1)
- beta-Carotene (1)
- beta-Carotin (1)
- betriebliche Altersversorgung (1)
- biofilm (1)
- biography (1)
- bioinorganic chemistry (1)
- biologically active molecules (1)
- biologisch aktiven Moleküle (1)
- biometry (1)
- biopsy (1)
- biosynthesis (1)
- blood (1)
- body-composition (1)
- bond polarisation (1)
- bone (1)
- bone mineral density (1)
- bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- bone-marrow failure (1)
- book price maintainance (1)
- book-price (1)
- botulinum toxin a treatment (1)
- breast cancer (1)
- breath condensate (1)
- bridge (1)
- bridging (1)
- bucket brigades (1)
- buildings (1)
- bulk polarity (1)
- bumble bees (1)
- bystander activation (1)
- cDNA-Arrays (1)
- cDNA-arrays (1)
- ca-antagonists (1)
- caffeine (1)
- calcium-dependent potassium channels (1)
- calcium-imaging (1)
- capillary electrophoresis (1)
- carbanion (1)
- carcinoma cells (1)
- cardiac imaging (1)
- cardiac transplantation (1)
- cardiomyocyte growth (1)
- carious lesion (1)
- case report (1)
- catalase (1)
- catalysis (1)
- catgut (1)
- cavity extension (1)
- cell adhesion (1)
- cell cycle analysis (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cemented (1)
- cephalometric (1)
- cerebral persistance (1)
- cestode (1)
- charge density (1)
- chemical communication (1)
- chemische Kommunikation (1)
- chemotherapy (1)
- chimeric (1)
- chimerism (1)
- chimär (1)
- chromaffin granulas (1)
- chromaffine Granulas (1)
- chromosomal aberrations (1)
- church (1)
- cloning (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-culture (1)
- cohesion (1)
- cohomology (1)
- collagenases (1)
- colorectal Carcinogenesis (1)
- comet assay (1)
- complications (1)
- confocal Raman-spectroscopy (1)
- confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- conservative treatment (1)
- contribution (1)
- convolution (1)
- coordination chemistry (1)
- coordination compounds (1)
- copper and iron doped glass systems (1)
- cores (1)
- cotton rat (1)
- court (1)
- craniopharyngeoma (1)
- craniopharyngioma (1)
- critical points (1)
- crosstalk (1)
- crystal structure analysis (1)
- curriculum (1)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- cycloaddition (1)
- cytapheresis (1)
- cytokeratin (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- day-to-day-variability (1)
- decision-making (1)
- defaecography (1)
- dementia (1)
- density-dependent dispersal (1)
- depression (1)
- derivation (1)
- dermal-epidermal junction (1)
- dermo-epidermale Junktionszone (1)
- development (1)
- developmental time (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- diagnostics of muscular effort (1)
- dialogue (1)
- diastereomer (1)
- didactic (1)
- digital (1)
- diphtheria immunisation (1)
- discrimination (1)
- dispersal rate (1)
- documentation of the development of children (1)
- dominance hierarchies (1)
- dominium directum (1)
- dominium utile (1)
- drugs (1)
- dsRNA (1)
- duality (1)
- dynamics (1)
- dysfunctionindex (1)
- dystonia (1)
- e. multilocularis (1)
- eIF-5A (1)
- echinococcus (1)
- echocardiographic (1)
- ecology (1)
- ejection fraction (1)
- elastic-plastic properties (1)
- elastischer Eindringmodul (1)
- electron density distribution (1)
- electrostatic (1)
- elektrostatisch (1)
- embryo (1)
- emergency doctor (1)
- employee (1)
- enantiomerenrein (1)
- enantiopure (1)
- end-to-end-anastomosis (1)
- endocardial opacification (1)
- endosome (1)
- endothelium (1)
- enol ether (1)
- epidemiologie (1)
- episulfide (1)
- ergospirometry (1)
- erweiterte Ziele (1)
- erythrocyte (1)
- esculentus (1)
- esophagus (1)
- essential oils (1)
- estrogen (1)
- estrogen receptor (1)
- estrogens (1)
- ethanol (1)
- etomidate (1)
- evangelisation (1)
- evolution (1)
- ex-chiral-pool synthesis (1)
- excitability (1)
- exemption (1)
- expanded goals (1)
- expression pattern (1)
- eye development (1)
- facial growth (1)
- facial nerve lesion (1)
- fanconi anaemia (1)
- feedback (1)
- femoral head bone graft (1)
- feudal law (1)
- feudum datum (1)
- feudum oblatum (1)
- fiber (1)
- flavophospholipol (1)
- flow properies (1)
- fluorescent microscopy (1)
- forensic genetics (1)
- functionally and orthodontically treated patients (1)
- fungi (1)
- gamergate (1)
- gap power series (1)
- gastric banding operation (1)
- gd T Zellen (1)
- gd T cells (1)
- gene variability (1)
- generalized quadrangles (1)
- genomvariability (1)
- geometric control (1)
- geometrische Kontrolltheorie (1)
- geste (1)
- glutamates (1)
- gras-cutting ants (1)
- groundwater flow model (1)
- growth hormone deficiency (1)
- hardness (1)
- headsuture (1)
- hearing screening (1)
- hearingaid (1)
- heart (1)
- heart rate (1)
- heat-box (1)
- helical-volume-computed-tomography (1)
- hemagglutinin (1)
- hematopoiesis (1)
- hemochromatosis (1)
- hereditary hemochromatosis (1)
- hexacoordination (1)
- hfe-gen (1)
- higher-coordinate germanium (1)
- higher-coordinate silicon (1)
- hip (1)
- history (1)
- history of medicine (1)
- hla-mapping (1)
- homogene Raüme (1)
- homogeneous spaces (1)
- horsetail (1)
- hospital (1)
- host specificity (1)
- human (1)
- hybrid Polymer-Schichten (1)
- hybrid polymer coatings (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrologische Modellierung (1)
- hydrophosphination (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypoparathyroidism (1)
- hypopharynx (1)
- höherkoordiniertes Germanium (1)
- höherkoordiniertes Silicium (1)
- iNOS-Synthase (1)
- ica (1)
- ideomotor principle (1)
- ideomotorisches Prinzip (1)
- imido (1)
- immuncytochemistry (1)
- immune activation (1)
- immunisation (1)
- immunprecipitations (1)
- impedance (1)
- impurity profile (1)
- in situ Hybridisierung (1)
- in situ hybridization (1)
- in vitro Modell (1)
- in vitro model (1)
- in-vitro Modell (1)
- in-vitro model (1)
- individual based model (IBM) (1)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (1)
- induction of tolerance (1)
- infeasible interior point paths (1)
- infektion (1)
- inflammation (1)
- information (1)
- initiation of DNA-replication (1)
- initiation proteins of mouse (1)
- innervation (1)
- insolvency law (1)
- insulinsensitivity (1)
- interactions (1)
- interior point methods (1)
- intermanual transfer (1)
- intermanueller Transfer (1)
- internalins (1)
- invasion (1)
- inventories (1)
- iridium (1)
- iridiun (1)
- iron (1)
- ischemia (1)
- isolated (1)
- isolation (1)
- isoliert (1)
- iurisdiction (1)
- kalzium-abhängige Kaliumkanäle (1)
- kappa-coefficient (1)
- kardiale Hypertrophie (1)
- kariöse Läsion (1)
- kephalometrisch (1)
- kidney (1)
- kieferorthopädisch behandelte Patienten (1)
- knee (1)
- knockout (1)
- kolorektale Karzinogenese (1)
- konfokal Mikro-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- konfokale Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- konservative Behandlung (1)
- kritische Punkte (1)
- lamina (1)
- larynx (1)
- laser surgery (1)
- leukemia (1)
- leukozytes (1)
- life quality (1)
- lipids (1)
- literature lessons (1)
- lithium (1)
- liver/small bowel transplantation (1)
- load size (1)
- lobula plate (1)
- long step methods (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- loss of heterozygosity (1)
- lumbar spine (1)
- lung fibroblasts (1)
- lymphoma (1)
- lymphomas (1)
- lysosome (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mRNA-Amplifikation (1)
- mRNA-amplification (1)
- macrophages (1)
- magnetic resonance (1)
- malaria (1)
- malignant hyperthermia (1)
- mandible (1)
- manganese (1)
- mao-inhibiters (1)
- marginal zone-B-cell-Lymphoma (1)
- marketshare (1)
- matrix proteases (1)
- maximal oxygen absorption (1)
- maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme (1)
- maximum of lactate (1)
- mean curvature (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- mediastinum (1)
- medical (1)
- medizinisch (1)
- medulloblastoma (1)
- membrane (1)
- memory (1)
- memory B-cell (1)
- mercury (1)
- meta-Iodbenzylguanidin (1)
- meta-iodobenzylguanidine (1)
- metabolites (1)
- metallo-phosphines (1)
- metapopulation (1)
- micro Raman spectroscopy (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- micronucleus test (1)
- microorganisms (1)
- microsatellite instability (1)
- midazolam (1)
- migration analysis (1)
- minimal curves (1)
- minimal invasiv (1)
- minimal invasive (1)
- miniplate (1)
- mitochondrial DNA (1)
- mitochondriale DNA (1)
- mittlere Krümmung (1)
- molecular biology (1)
- molecular characterization (1)
- molecular mimicry (1)
- molekulare Charakterisierung (1)
- molybdenum (1)
- monoamine oxidase (1)
- motoneuron (1)
- motor sequences (1)
- multiple sclerosis (1)
- multipole refinement (1)
- murin (1)
- murine (1)
- muscarinic antagonists (1)
- muscle (1)
- mushroom body (1)
- mushroom body development (1)
- myelin protein zero (1)
- myocardium (1)
- natural products (1)
- needle (1)
- nerve fibres (1)
- network chain length (1)
- neurogenesis (1)
- neuromonitoring (1)
- neurotransmitter (1)
- neurotrophic factor (1)
- neurovirulence (1)
- neutrophil (1)
- nicht additive Effekte (1)
- nicht-invasiv (1)
- nicht-lineare Optik (1)
- niobium (1)
- nitrate reductase (1)
- nitric oxide (1)
- no-reflow (1)
- non-additive effects (1)
- non-invasive (1)
- non-linear optics (1)
- norA (1)
- noradrenaline (1)
- normal families (1)
- normale Familien (1)
- nucleolus (1)
- oHG (1)
- observation paper for the development of children (1)
- observer (1)
- obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) (1)
- occupational pension scheme (1)
- operant conditioning (1)
- operante Konditionierung (1)
- operation planning models (1)
- opioid mechanims (1)
- optical nonlinearity 2. order (1)
- optically active hydroperoxides (1)
- optically active phase-transfer catalysts (1)
- optimization (1)
- optisch aktive Hydroperoxide (1)
- optisch aktive Phasentransferkatalysatoren (1)
- optische Nichtlinearität 2. Ordnung (1)
- oral health (1)
- organische Chemie (1)
- osmotic resistence (1)
- osmotische Resistenz (1)
- osteoarthritis (1)
- osteoporosis (1)
- outflow funnel (1)
- overexpression (1)
- oxidation (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- p21-activated kinase (1)
- p21-aktivierte Kinase (1)
- p300 (1)
- p60 (1)
- p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (1)
- p90 ribosomale S6 kinase (1)
- pANCA (1)
- pH (1)
- pJS-A (1)
- pJS-B (1)
- paclitaxel (1)
- paediatric clinic (1)
- paediatrics (1)
- palliativ (1)
- palliative (1)
- paraffin (1)
- parametrization (1)
- parathyroid (1)
- paresis (1)
- patch size (1)
- pathogenicity island (1)
- pelvic floor (1)
- pentacoordination (1)
- pentenol (1)
- perfusion (1)
- peristalsis (1)
- permeation (1)
- peroxisomal biogenesis disease (1)
- peroxisome (1)
- personality (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phagosome (1)
- phagosoms (1)
- pharmacokinetic (1)
- pharmakologisches Profil (1)
- phenobarbitale (1)
- phenolics (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- phosphanes (1)
- phosphine (1)
- phosporus ylides (1)
- photoconductivity (1)
- photorefractivity (1)
- phytanic acid (1)
- phytanoyl-CoA Hydroxylase (1)
- phytopathogens (1)
- phänotypsche Plastizität (1)
- pikler (1)
- placenta (1)
- plasmid (1)
- poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1)
- poly(l-lactide) (1)
- ponerinae (1)
- population genetics (1)
- possession (1)
- postoperative Atemdepression (1)
- postoperative respiratory depression (1)
- posts (1)
- powder (1)
- precision of anatomical models (1)
- predation pressure (1)
- premature (1)
- prenatal diagnosis (1)
- price maintainance (1)
- primary phosphine complexes (1)
- primary polygyny (1)
- problems and therapeutic goals of psychotherapy patients (1)
- prognostic factor (1)
- proline (1)
- promoter (1)
- promoter polymorphism (1)
- propofol (1)
- protease (1)
- protease inhibitors (1)
- protein design (1)
- protein purification (1)
- protein-protein-interactions (1)
- prämatur (1)
- pseudo geodesics (1)
- pth (1)
- pyroglutamic acid (1)
- pyrolysis (1)
- quality (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantification (1)
- questionnaire (1)
- radicals (1)
- radiology (1)
- radiosensibilisation (1)
- radiosensitivity (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rat (1)
- reaction-diffusion-systems (1)
- reactive arthritis (1)
- receptor (1)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (1)
- recombinant protein expression (1)
- recruitment (1)
- rectal carcinoma (1)
- rectal resection (1)
- rectal surgery (1)
- recurrent nerve (1)
- regulation (1)
- rehabilitaion (1)
- rejection (1)
- rekombinante Proteinexpression (1)
- relatedness (1)
- relation (1)
- remifentanil (1)
- renal cell carcinoma (1)
- reproduktive Strategien (1)
- resistance (1)
- restraints (1)
- retroperitoneum (1)
- retroviral gene transfer (1)
- reversion (1)
- rezeptorkinases (1)
- rheology (1)
- ribosomal proteins (1)
- ribosomale Proteine (1)
- risk spreading (1)
- rnaH (1)
- rocaglamide (1)
- root-to-shoot stress signal (1)
- roots (1)
- rotational unsymmetric substituents (1)
- rotationsunsymmetrische Substituenten (1)
- rotator cuff (1)
- ruthenium (1)
- sGC (1)
- saliva (1)
- scanner (1)
- scar formation (1)
- schock (1)
- school (1)
- score (1)
- screening examination (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- selecitve laser-sintering (1)
- semidefinite Komplementaritätsprobleme (1)
- semidefinite complementarity problems (1)
- semiduality (1)
- sensomotorisch (1)
- sensory (1)
- sequence length effect (1)
- serine protease (1)
- serotonin (1)
- serum response element (1)
- serumresponsive Elemente (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexuelle Selektion (1)
- sexueller Konflikt (1)
- sheep (1)
- shock (1)
- side-to-end-anastomosis (1)
- silanes (1)
- silicium (1)
- siloxanes (1)
- sirs (1)
- size-matching (1)
- skeletal muscle (1)
- sleeplab (1)
- slotpreparation (1)
- small intestine (1)
- social-ethics (1)
- socio-endocrinology (1)
- soil (1)
- sol-gel (1)
- sonoabrasiv (1)
- sonoabrasive (1)
- sonography (1)
- sources (1)
- soziale Oranisation (1)
- spastic equinus (1)
- specificity (1)
- spezifisches IgE (1)
- spherical pressfit cup (1)
- sphärische Pressfit-Pfanne (1)
- spin dephasing (1)
- spiral surfaces (1)
- spiral type surfaces (1)
- spleen (1)
- splicing (1)
- spodoptera littoralis (1)
- spondylodesis (1)
- sponges (1)
- standarization (1)
- stapes (1)
- stereogen (1)
- stereogenic (1)
- stereolithographie (1)
- stereoselective syntheses (1)
- sterile docking (1)
- sterilization (1)
- steroid biosynthesis (1)
- stibine (1)
- stiffness (1)
- stochastic resonance (1)
- stress (1)
- structure (1)
- styrylpyrones (1)
- subspaces (1)
- sulfur donor (1)
- supercritical solvents (1)
- superkritische Lösungsmittel (1)
- support fund (1)
- suture material (1)
- symmetries (1)
- syndromal (1)
- synergism (1)
- synthesis (1)
- synthetic polypeptides (1)
- systemic deseases (1)
- tandem-Wittig-1 (1)
- tantalum (1)
- task-partitioning (1)
- tetanus immunisation (1)
- tetrahydrofuran (1)
- tetrahydrofurans (1)
- theology (1)
- therapeutic work relation (1)
- therapeutische Arbeitsbeziehung (1)
- therapy (1)
- therapy plan (1)
- thiirane (1)
- thiirenium ion (1)
- thiocinnamaldehyde (1)
- thiopyran (1)
- thrombolysis (1)
- thrombozytopenia (1)
- tissue (1)
- tobacco (1)
- toll-like receptors (1)
- topoisomerase I (1)
- topology (1)
- torticollis (1)
- trans influence (1)
- trans-Einfluss (1)
- trans-splicing (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transformation (1)
- transgene Ratten (1)
- transgenic rat (1)
- transition state (1)
- translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) (1)
- translocation t(11;18) (1)
- transpedicular (1)
- transpedikulär (1)
- tremble dance (1)
- trick (1)
- tropomodulin (1)
- tropomyosin (1)
- tumourpromotion (1)
- tungsten (1)
- two-dimensional (1)
- two-hybrid-system (1)
- ubm (1)
- ulcerative colitis (1)
- ultrasound contrast (1)
- ultrasound-biomicroscopy (1)
- university (1)
- unzulässige Innere-Punkte-Pfade (1)
- urea- sodium- clearance relation (1)
- urinary tract infection (1)
- vaccination (1)
- vaccination failure (1)
- vaccine (1)
- validation (1)
- values (1)
- vanadium (1)
- vanadium(V)- and cobalt(II)-catalyzed oxidation (1)
- vasculitis (1)
- vasculogenesis (1)
- verallgemeinerte Vierecke (1)
- verbrückend (1)
- vertical (1)
- vertikale (1)
- vessels (1)
- video-based gait analysis (1)
- videogestützte Ganganalyse (1)
- viscisity (1)
- visual system (1)
- visuomotor transformation (1)
- visuomotorische Transformation (1)
- vitality of heart muscle (1)
- waggle dance (1)
- wallcharts (1)
- washed erythrocytes (1)
- waterpermeability (1)
- well-being (1)
- worker piping (1)
- worker policing (1)
- worker reproduction (1)
- xylem (1)
- ydeI (1)
- yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- young’s modulus (1)
- zerebrale Persistenz (1)
- zweidimensional (1)
- § 15 GWB (1)
- Ähnlichkeitsmaß (1)
- Ästhetik (1)
- Österreich (1)
- Östrogene (1)
- Östrogenrezeptor (1)
- Überexpression (1)
- Übergangszustand (1)
- ß-D-Glucosidase (1)
- ß-D-glucosidase (1)
- ätherische Öle (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (41)
- Institut für Organische Chemie (16)
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (15)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie (Chirurgische Klinik I) (13)
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie (11)
- Medizinische Klinik (bis 2004) (11)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, plastische und ästhetische Operationen (10)
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie (9)
- Kinderklinik und Poliklinik (8)
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (7)
In the experiments presented in this work, third-order, time-resolved spectroscopy was applied to the disentanglement of nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom in polyatomic molecules. The motivation for approaching this problem was given by the decisive role that the coupling of nuclear and electronic dynamics plays in the mechanism of photochemical reactions and photobiological processes. In order to approach this complex problem, different strategies within the framework of time-resolved, four-wave mixing spectroscopy were developed that allowed for the dynamic as well as the energetic aspects of vibronic coupling in non-radiative transitions of polyatomic molecules to be addressed. This was achieved by utilizing the influence of optical as well as Raman resonances on four-wave mixing processes. These resonance effects on third-order, optical processes allow for a high selectivity to be attained with respect to the interrogation of specific aspects of molecular dynamics. The development of different strategies within the framework of time-resolved, four-wave mixing spectroscopy for addressing the problem of vibronic coupling began with the experiments on gaseous iodine. This simple, well investigated molecular system was chosen in order to unambiguously characterize the effect of Raman resonances on four-wave mixing processes. A time-resolved degenerative four-wave mixing (DFWM) experiment was carried out on gaseous iodine that allowed for the dynamics of coherent Stokes Raman scattering (CSRS) as well as a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to be observed parallel to the dynamics of a DFWM process at different spectral positions of the FWM signal. Here, the state-selectivity of these different FWM processes manifests itself in the vibrational wave packet dynamics on different electronic potentials of iodine. It could be shown that Raman resonances determine the selectivity with which these FWM processes prepare and interrogate nuclear dynamics in different electronic states. With the insight gained into the relevance of Raman resonant processes in FWM spectroscopy, an experimental scheme was devised that utilizes this effect to selectively interrogate the dynamics of a specific vibrational mode within a polyatomic molecule during a radiationless electronic transition. Here, a CARS process was employed to selectively probe specific vibrational modes of a molecular system by variably tuning the energy difference between the lasers involved in the CARS process to be in Raman resonance with the vibrational energy spacing of a particular vibrational mode. Using this aspect of a tunable resonance enhancement within a CARS scheme, this optical process was incorporated in a time-resolved pump-probe experiment as a mode-selective probe mechanism. This type of experimental configuration, that employs four pulsed laser fields, was classified as a pump-CARS scheme. Here, a laser pulse independent of the CARS process initiates the molecular dynamics that are interrogated selectively with respect to the vibrational mode of the system through the simultaneous interaction of the three pulsed fields involved in the CARS process. Time-resolution on a femtosecond timescale is achieved by introducing a time delay between the independent pump laser and the laser pulses of the CARS process. The experimental configuration of a pump-CARS scheme was applied to the study of the nuclear dynamics involved in the radiationless electronic transition between the first excited singlet state (S1) and the electronic ground state (S0) of all-trans-b-carotene. The mode-selective CARS probe allowed for the characteristic timescale with which specific vibrational modes are repopulated in the S0 state to be determined. From the varying repopulation times of specific vibrational modes, a mechanism with which the full set of vibrational states of the S0 potential are repopulated subsequent to the internal conversion process could be postulated. Most importantly, the form of nuclear motion that primarily funnels the population between the two electronic states could be identified as the C=C symmetric symmetric stretch mode in the polyene backbone of b-carotene. With this, the reaction coordinate of this radiationless electronic transition could be identified. The experiment shows, that the CARS probe is capable of determining the nuclear motion coupled to a radiationless electronic transition in complex polyatomic systems. The S1/S0 internal conversion process in b-carotene was further investigated with time-resolved transient gratings. Here, the energetic aspects of a non-adiabatic transition was addressed by determining the influence of the vibrational energy on the rate of this internal conversion. In order to compare the rate of internal conversion taking place out of vibrational ground state modes versus this transition initiating out of vibrationally hot modes, the strategy of shifting the probe mechanism in the transient grating scheme to spectral positions within and out of the red flank of the S1 absorption profile was pursued. The interrogation of different vibrational states was verified by determining the degree of vibrational cooling, taking place parallel to the internal conversion process. With this strategy, it could be shown that vibrationally hot states contribute to the internal conversion with a higher rate than vibrational ground state modes. In summary, different third-order, optical processes in the framework of time-resolved FWM were applied to the study of non-adiabatic dynamics in polyatomic molecules. By utilizing the effect of optical as well as Raman resonances on different FWM processes, it could be shown that third-order, time-resolved spectroscopy is a powerful tool for gaining insight into complex molecular dynamics such as vibronic coupling. The experiments presented in this work showed that the CARS process, as a mode-selective probe in time-resolved experiments, is capable of disentangling nuclear and electronic dynamics.
This study investigates the foraging behaviour of grass-cutting ants, Atta vollenweideri, with specific consideration of the following issues: (a) cutting behaviour and the determination of fragment size, (b) the effect of load size on transport economics, (c) division of labour and task-partitioning. Grass-cutting ants, Atta vollenweideri, harvest grass fragments that serve as substrate for the cultivation of a symbiotic fungus. Foragers were observed to cut grass fragments across the blade, thus resulting in longish, rectangular-shaped fragments in contrast to the semicircular fragments of leaf-cutting ants. Cutting was very time-consuming: In tough grasses like the typical grassland species Paspallum intermedium and Cyperus entrerrianus, cutting times lasted up to more than 20 minutes per fragment and roughly half of all initiated cutting attempts were given up by the ants. Foragers harvesting the softer grass Leersia hexandra were smaller than those foraging on the hard grasses. Fragment size determination and the extent of size-matching between ant body size and fragment size was investigated regarding possible effects of tissue toughness on decision-making and as a function of the distance from the nest. Tissue toughness affected decision-making such that fragment width correlated with ant body mass for the hard grass but not for the soft one, suggesting that when cutting is difficult, larger ants tend to select wider grasses to initiate cutting. The length of the fragments cut out of the two grass species differed statistically, but showed a large overlap in their distribution. Distance from the nest affected load size as well as the extent of size-matching: Fragments collected directly after cutting were significantly larger than those carried on the trail. This indicates that fragments were cut once again on their way to the nest. Size-matching depended on the trail sector considered, and was stronger in ants sampled closer to the nest, suggesting that carriers either cut fragments in sizes corresponding to their body mass prior transport, or transferred them to nestmates of different size after a short carrying distance. During transport, a worker takes a fragment with its mandibles at one end and carries it in a more or less vertical position. Thus, load length might particularly affect maneuverability, because of the marked displacement of the gravitational center. Conversely, based on the energetic of cutting, workers might maximise their individual harvesting rate by cutting long grass fragments, since the longer a grass fragment, the larger is the amount of material harvested per unit cutting effort. I therefore investigated the economics of load transport by focusing on the effects of load size (mass and length) on gross material transport rate to the nest. When controlling for fragment mass, both running speed of foragers and gross material transport rate was observed to be higher for short fragments. In contrast, if fragment mass was doubled and length maintained, running speed differed according to the mass of the loads, with the heavier fragments being transported at the lower pace. For the sizes tested, heavy fragments yielded a higher transport rate in spite of the lower speed of transport, as they did not slow down foragers so much that it counterbalanced the positive effects of fragment mass on material transport rate. The sizes of the fragments cut by grass-cutting ants under natural conditions therefore may represent the outcome of an evolutionary trade-off between maximising harvesting rate at the cutting site and minimising the effects of fragment size on material transport rates. I investigated division of labour and task partitioning during foraging by recording the behaviour of marked ants while cutting, and by monitoring the transport of fragments from the cutting until they reached the nest. A. vollenweideri foragers showed division of labour between cutting and carrying, with larger workers cutting the fragments, and smaller ones transporting them. This division was absent for food sources very close to the nest, when no physical trail was present. Along the trail, the transport of fragment was a partitioned task, i.e., workers formed bucket brigades composed of 2 to 5 carriers. This sequential load transport occurred more often on long than on short trails. The first carriers of a bucket brigade covered only short distances before dropping their fragments, turned back and continued foraging at the same food source. The last carriers covered the longest distance. There was no particular location on the trail for load dropping , i.e., fragments were not cached. I tested the predictions of two hypotheses about the causes of bucket brigades: First, bucket brigades might occur because of load-carriage effects: A load that is too big for an ant to be carried is dropped and carried further by nestmates. Second, fragments carried by bucket brigades might reach the nest quicker than if they are transported by a single carrier. Third, bucket brigades might enhance information flow among foragers: By transferring the load a worker may return earlier back to the foraging site and be able to reinforce the chemical trail, thus recruitment. In addition, the dropped fragment itself may contain information for unladen foragers about currently harvested sources and may enable them to choose between sources of different quality. I investigated load-carriage effects and possible time-saving by presenting ants with fragments of different but defined sizes. Load size did not affect frequency of load dropping nor the distance the first carrier covered before dropping, and transport time by bucket brigades was significantly longer than by single carriers. In order to study the information transfer hypothesis, I presented ants with fragments of different attractivity but constant size. Ants carrying high-quality fragments would be expected to drop them more often than workers transporting low-quality fragments, thus increasing the frequency of bucket brigades. My results show that increasing load quality increased the frequency of bucket brigades as well as it decreased the carrying distance of the first carrier. In other words, more attractive loads were dropped more frequently and after a shorter distance than less attractive ones with the first carriers returning to the foraging site to continue foraging. Summing up, neither load-carriage effects nor time-saving caused the occurrence of bucket brigades. Rather, the benefit might be found at colony level in an enhanced information flow.
Division of reproductive labour in societies represents a topic of interest in evolutionary biology at least since Darwin. The puzzle of how helpers can be selected for, in spite of their reduced fertility has found an explanation in the kin selection theory: workers can overcome the cost of helping and of forgiving direct reproduction by rearing sufficiently related individuals. However, in the Hymenoptera, little is known on the proximate mechanisms that regulate the division of labour in colonies. Our knowledge is based on several "primitive" ants from the subfamily Ponerinae and two highly eusocial Hymenoptera species. In the former, the dominance hierarchies allowing for the establishment of individuals as reproductives are well understood. In contrast, the pheromonal mechanisms that help maintain their reproductive status are not understood. Similarly in "higher" ants, pheromonal regulation mechanisms of worker reproduction by queens remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the modalities of production, distribution and action, as well as the identity of the queen pheromones affecting worker reproduction in the ant Myrmecia gulosa. This species belongs to the poorly studied subfamily Myrmeciinae, which is endemic to the Australian region. The subfamily represents, together with the Ponerinae, the most "primitive" ants: their morphology is close to that of the hypothetical ancestor of ants, and the specialisation of queens is weaker than that of "higher" ants. Simple regulation mechanisms were therefore expected to facilitate the investigation. The first step in this study was to characterise the morphological specialisation of queens and workers, and to determine the differences in reproductive potential associated with this specialisation. This study contributes to our understanding of the link between regulation of division of reproductive labour and social complexity. Furthermore, it will help shed light on the reproductive biology in the poorly known subfamily Myrmeciinae. Queens were recognised by workers on the basis of cuticular as well as gland extracts or products. What is the exact function of the multiple pheromones identified and how they interact remains to be determined. This could help understand why queen "signal" in a "primitive" ant with weakly specialised queens such as M. gulosa appears to be as complex as in highly eusocial species. Primer pheromones act on workers? physiology and have long-term effect. Whether workers of M. gulosa reproduce or not is determined by the detection of a queen pheromone of this type. Direct physical contact with the queen is necessary for workers to detect this pheromone. Thus, the colony size of M. gulosa is compatible with a simple system of pheromone perception by workers based on direct physical contact with the queen. When prevented from establishing physical contact with their queen, some workers start to reproduce and are policed by nestmates. The low volatility of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), their repartition over the entire cuticle and the existence of queen and worker specific CHC profiles suggest that these chemicals constitute a queen pheromone. Importance of HC versus non-HC compounds was confirmed by bioassaying purified fraction of both classes of chemicals. This study demonstrates for the first time that purified HCs indeed are at the basis of the recognition of reproductive status. This supports the idea that they are also at the basis of the recognition of queens by their workers. As CHCs profiles of workers and queens become similar with acquisition of reproductive status, they represent honest fertility markers. These markers could be used as signals of the presence of reproductives in the colonies, and represent the basis of the regulation of division of reproductive labour.
A significant relatedness is of fundamental importance for the evolution and maintenance of social life (kin selection theory, Hamilton 1964a,b). Not only kin selection itself, but also more complex evolutionary theories make predictions on the occurrence of conflict and co-operation in animal societies. They all depend on the genetic relationships among individuals. Therefore, the study of unrelated, co-operating individuals provides a unique opportunity to critically test predictions based on these evolutionary theories. Using allozyme electrophoresis, the study species Pachycondyla villosa was found to represent three different species. Young queens in one of these species, provisionally called Pachycondyla cf. inversa, may co-operate during colony founding (pleometrosis). Approximately 50 per cent of all founding colonies collected near Itabuna, Brazil, consisted of two to five founding queens. Queens of P. cf. inversa have to forage for food (semi-claustral founding), and in founding associations only one queen specialised for this risky task. A microsatellite study showed that nestmate queens were typically not related. How can a division of labour be achieved, where one individual performs risky tasks to the favour of another individual to which it is not related? In contrast to the predictions made by group selectionists, this study provided clear evidence that the division of labour among co-foundresses of P. cf. inversa results from social competition: Co-foundresses displayed aggressive interactions and formed dominance hierarchies which predominantly served to force subordinates to forage. The frequency of queen antagonism increased with the duration since food was last added to the foraging arena. The social status was not, or only weakly associated with the reproductive status: As predicted by the reproductive skew theory, all foundresses laid eggs at similar rates, though the subordinate may be harassed during egg laying and occasionally, some of her eggs may be eaten by the dominant. The differential oophagy presumably was also reflected in a microsatellite study of foundress associations, which was conducted shortly after the first workers emerged: Here, the co-foundresses occasionally contributed unequally to the colony’s workers. Conflicts among workers or between workers and queens, e.g. over the division of labour or sex ratio, strongly depend on the genetic relationships among members of a colony. The number of two to five co-founding queens in polygynous colonies of P. cf. inversa, and the lack of relatedness among them, should lead to a decrease in the relatedness of workers. However, nestmate workers were closely related. Furthermore, worker relatedness may decrease as several queens were found to be multiply inseminated. Inbreeding coefficients were significantly different from zero in both queens and workers. No evidence for a geographical substructuring of the population was found. The deviation from random mating presumably was probably due to small, localised nuptial flights. Virgin queens do not mate near their natal nest and disperse before founding colonies. The analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons obtained from live queens revealed consistent differences between the patterns of cuticular hydrocarbons of queens with high vs. low rank: only high-ranking queens showed considerable amounts of cuticular pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecene (n-C17:1). The presence of the two substances apparently was not associated with reproductive status. It is not yet known, if the two substances indeed serve to communicate high social status in P. cf. inversa. In experimentally assembled associations of two founding queens, queens engaged in aggressive interactions which already within one to twenty minutes resulted in stable dominance hierarchies. The queens attacking first usually won the contest and became dominant. Nest ownership at least for a couple of days did not influence the outcome of dominance interactions in the laboratory experiments, whereas queen body size apparently played an important role: In all eight trials, the larger queen became dominant. However, dominant queens from natural foundress associations were on average not larger than subordinates, suggesting that in the field, resident asymmetries might override size asymmetries only after a more prolonged period of nest ownership. Sequencing of the COI/COII region of mitochondrial DNA displayed sufficient variability for the study of the sociogenetic structure of the secondarily polygynous ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis: Six different haplotypes could be distinguished among six workers of different colonies from one study population in Costa Rica. The variability of other methods which were established (RFLPs, microsatellites, allozymes, and multilocus DNA fingerprinting) was too low for a further study on the genetic structure in P. obscuricornis.
Die Isolierung von Phagosomen ermöglicht die biochemische Analyse der Phagosomen-Zusammensetzung sowie der an der Phagosomenreifung beteiligten Moleküle. Deshalb wurde im Rahmen dieser Promotionsarbeit eine Methode entwickelt, die es ermöglicht, Bakterien-enthaltende Phagosomen zu isolieren. Diese Methode erzielt im Vergleich zu anderen in der Literatur beschriebenen Methoden eine gute Ausbeute (fast 40 Prozent) und vor allem eine höhere Reinheit an Bakterien-enthaltenden Phagosomen. So besteht keine Kontamination mit Teilen des Golgi-Apparates und nur eine sehr geringe Kontamination mit endosomalen und lysosomalen Proteinen sowie Plasmamembranbestandteilen. Allerdings wurde eine Kontamination mit Mitochondrien und ER detektiert. Letzteres muss nicht unbedingt eine Kontamination darstellen, sondern könnte ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Phagosomen sein. Afipia felis ist ein Gram-negatives Bakterium, das für einige Fälle der Katzen-Kratz Krankheit verantwortlich ist. Es kann innerhalb von Makrophagen überleben und sich vermehren. Die genaue Kompartimentierung der Afipia felis-enthaltenden Phagosomen in Makrophagen war allerdings unbekannt und sollte deshalb in der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit analysiert werden. Ovalbumin Texas Red, mit dem Lysosomen vor der Infektion markiert wurden, gelangt nicht in die Afipien-enthaltenden Phagosomen, und die Afipien-enthaltenden Phagosomen sind auch nicht zugänglich für Ovalbumin Texas Red, mit dem das gesamte endozytische System nach der etablierten Infektion markiert wurde. Außerdem sind etablierte, isolierte Afipia felis-enthaltende Phagosomen nur in geringem Umfang positiv für spät endosomale/lysosomale Markerproteine und negativ für früh endosomale Markerproteine. Die Afipien, die ein nicht endozytisches Kompartiment etablieren, werden vom Makrophagen in ein EEA1-negatives Kompartiment aufgenommen, das auch zu späteren Zeitpunkten negativ für LAMP-1 ist. Nur die circa 30 Prozent der Afipien, die sich in einem Kompartiment befinden, das zum endozytischen System gehört, gelangen nach der Aufnahme durch den Makrophagen in ein EEA1-positives Kompartiment, das zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt positiv für LAMP-1 wird. Tötung der Afipien oder Opsonisierung mit Antikörpern vor der Infektion normalisiert die Reifung der Afipia felis-enthaltenden Phagosomen in den J774E-Makrophagen. Somit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Mehrzahl der Phagosomen (70 Prozent), die Afipia felis enthalten, nicht zum endozytischen System gehören. Diese ungewöhnliche Kompartimentierung besteht bereits bei der Aufnahme und kann nur von lebenden Afipien etabliert werden. Rhodococcus equi ist ein Gram-positives Bakterium, das unter anderem Bronchopneumonien beim Fohlen verursacht. Aber auch Menschen und andere Säugetiere sind von Infektionen mit R. equi betroffen. Die Fähigkeit der Rhodokokken, innerhalb der Makrophagen zu überleben und sich zu vermehren, ist mit dem Vorhandensein eines 85 kbp Plasmids assoziiert. Da über die genaue Kompartimentierung von R. equi im Mausmakrophagen wenig bekannt war, und der Frage, ob es einen Unterschied zwischen der Kompartimentierung von R. equi(+)- und R. equi(-)-enthaltenden Phagosomen gibt, noch nicht nachgegangen wurde, war beides Thema dieser Promotionsarbeit. Dabei zeigt sich, dass R. equi(-)-enthaltende Phagosomen wesentlich stärker mit den spät endosomalen/lysosomalen Markerproteinen vATPase und LAMP-1 assoziiert sind sowie eine höhere ß-Galaktosidase-Aktivität aufweisen als die R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Phagosomen. Da sowohl die isolierten R. equi(-)- als auch die R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Phagosomen mit dem früh endosomalen Markerprotein rab5 assoziiert sind, ist anzunehmen, dass Rhodokokken unabhängig vom Vorhandensein des 85 kbp Plasmids in der Lage sind, die Phagosomenreifung zu verzögern. Aber R. equi(-) kann die Reifung zwar verzögern, aber letztendlich nicht verhindern. Wahrscheinlich reifen die Phagosomen, die R. equi(-) enthalten, zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zu Phagolysosomen, wohingegen R. equi(+) ein ungewöhnliches Kompartiment etabliert und dadurch die Phagosomenreifung endgültig zu verhindern scheint. Somit ist anzunehmen, dass mindestens ein vom 85 kbp Plasmid kodiertes Molekül für die Etablierung dieses ungewöhnlichen, R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Kompartimentes, verantwortlich ist. Da eine Infektion mit Rhodococcus equi zytotoxisch für die infizierte Zelle sein kann, wurde die von den Rhodokokken vermittelte Zytotoxizität näher analysiert. Die in dieser vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit dargestellten Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass nur die Plasmid-enthaltenden Rhodokokken zur Nekrose, aber nicht zur Apoptose ihrer Wirtszellen führen, während R. equi(-) keinen Einfluss auf die Vitalität ihrer Wirtszellen haben. Dieses Phänomen ist allerdings abhängig vom Wirtszelltyp. So sind R. equi(-) als auch R. equi(+) für humane Monozyten nur geringfügig zytotoxisch.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in both men and women in the Western world. Earlier observations have pointed out that pre-menopausal women have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease than age-matched men, with an increase in risk after the onset of menopause. This observation has directed the attention to estrogen as a potential protective factor in the heart. So far the focus of research and clinical studies has been the vascular system, leaving the current knowledge on the role of estrogen in the myocardium itself rather scarce. Functional estrogen receptor-alpha as well as -beta have recently been identified in the myocardium, making the myocardium an estrogen target organ. The focus of this thesis was 1) to investigate the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in modulating myocardial gene expression both in vivo in an animal model for cardiac hypertrophy (spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHR), as well as in vitro in isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes, 2) to investigate the mechanisms of the rapid induction of an estrogen target gene, the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) and 3) to initiate the search for novel estrogen target genes in the myocardium. 1) The effects of estrogen on the expression of one of the major myocardial specific contractile proteins, the alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC) have been investigated. In ovarectomised animals treated either with 17beta-estradiol alone or in combination with a specific estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182780, it was shown that both alpha-MHC mRNA and protein were upregulated by estrogen in an estrogen receptor specific manner. The in vivo results were confirmed in vitro in isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes which showed that estrogen has a direct action on the myocardium potent enough to upregulate the expression of alpha-MHC. Furthermore it was shown that the alpha-MHC promoter is induced by estrogen in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner and first investigations into the mechanisms involved in this upregulation identified Egr-1 as a potential transcription factor which, upon induction by estrogen, drives the expression of the alpha-MHC promoter. 2) Previously it was shown that Egr-1 is rapidly induced by estrogen in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner which was mediated via 5 serum response elements (SREs) in the promoter region and surprisingly not via the estrogen response elements (EREs). In this study it was shown that estrogen-treatment of cardiomyocytes resulted in the recruitment of serum response factor (SRF), or an antigenically related protein, to the SREs in the Egr-1 promoter, which was specifically inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. Transfection experiments showed that estrogen induced a heterologous promoter consisting only of 5 tandem repeats of the c-fos SRE in an ER-dependent manner, which identified SREs as promoter elements able to confer an estrogen response to target genes. 3) Potentially new target genes regulated by estrogen in vivo were analysed using hearts of ovarectomised animals as well as ovarectomised animals treated with estrogen. Analyses of cDNA microarray filters containing 1250 known genes identified 24 genes that were modified by estrogen in vivo. Among these genes, some might have potentially important functions in the heart and further analyses of these genes will create a more global picture of the role and function of estrogen in the myocardium. Taken together, the results showed that estrogen does have a direct action on the myocardium both by regulating the expression of myocardial specific genes in vivo, as well as exerting rapid non-nuclear effects in cardiac myocytes. It was shown that SREs in the promoter region of genes can confer an estrogen response to genes identifying SREs as important elements in regulation of genes by estrogen. Furthermore, 24 potentially new estrogen targets were identified in the myocardium, contributing to the general understanding of estrogen action in the myocardium.
Priority tasks of the present thesis were to generate various enantiopure C-3-substituted pyroglutamates as well as C-3-substituted glutamates, and furthermore to ameliorate the serious drawback of the bad atom-economy in the reaction sequence of previously published silylether-mediated procedures. To meet these requirements, the ortho ester functionality (OBO ester) developed by Corey was introduced. According to the plan of synthesis, the starting material, non-racemic (S)-pyroglutamic acid, was converted to the corresponding oxetane ester via a DCC-mediated esterification. The latter was N-protected to provide N-acceptor substituted pyroglutamic acid oxetane esters (Acceptor=Boc,Cbz,CO2Me). After rearrangement with boron trifluoride, the ortho ester derivatives (Acceptor=Cbz,CO2Me) were at hand and exclusively the N-Cbz derivative was converted to the corresponding alpha,beta-unsaturated lactam via a syn-elimination reaction. The formation of the C-3-substituted ortho ester compounds (R=methyl,ethyl,butyl,allyl,phenyl,4-chlorophenyl,biphenyl,naphthyl) was performed via a copper-mediated conjugate addition to the alpha,beta-enone system of the N-Cbz-alpha,beta-unsaturated lactam. The OBO functionality hence was envisaged to support perfect trans selectivity in this cuprate addition to the Michael system of the N-Cbz-alpha,beta-unsaturated lactam. Spectroscopic NMR-data, on the basis of 1H-, 13C- and DEPT spectra, proved the assumption that the C-3-substituted ortho ester derivatives exclusively are trans-configurated, i.e. the alkyl derivatives (R=methyl,ethyl,butyl,allyl) are (2S,3S)-configurated and the aryl derivatives (R=phenyl,4-chlorophenyl,biphenyl,naphthyl) are (2S,3R)-configurated). The C-3-substituted ortho ester derivatives were completely deprotected to yield the C-3-substituted pyroglutamates (R=ethyl,phenyl,4-chlorophenyl,naphthyl). Finally, ring opening reaction via route A-2 lead to the desired enantiopure C-3-substituted glutamates. Alternatively, latter preferably were reacted via route A-1 to yield the C-3-substituted glutamates (R=methyl,ethyl,butyl,phenyl,4-chlorophenyl,naphthyl). Their (2S,3R)-configuration (R=aryl) and (2S,3S)-configuration (R=alky), respectively, unambiguously was proved on the basis of available spectroscopic NMR-data. To ensure this assumption, diastereomeric (2S,3R)-3-methyl glutamic acid (i.e. cis-configurated) examplarily was synthesized via route A-3 and spectroscopic NMR-data was compared to that of (2S,3S)-3-methyl glutamic acid (i.e. trans-configurated). Conclusively, there can be recorded the fact that the serious drawback of the bad atom-economy in the reaction sequence previously used can be circumvented by the introduction of the OBO functionality, so the concept of an improved atom-economy is achieved. Additionally, in comparison to the silyl-ether-mediated synthesis, the OBO functionality provided crystalline ortho ester derivatives, which facilitated their purification as well as characterization.
Cyclopentadienyl-Triscarbonyl-Primärphosphankomplexe des Molybdäns und Wolframs lassen sich leicht aus den komplexen Metallhydriden mittels Hydridabstraktion und Zugabe des entsprechenden primären Phosphans synthetisieren. Die so erzeugten primären Phosphankomplexe lassen sich mit Triethylamin in die entsprechenden sekundären Metallo-phosphane überführen. Aufgrund ihrer ausgeprägten Nukleophilie können die Metallo-phosphane einer Vielzahl an Oxidationsreaktionen unterworfen werden und reagieren mit sanften Oxygenierungsmitteln wie 1,1-Dimethyldioxiran zu den entsprechenden Metallo-phosphanoxiden oder mit elementarem Schwefel bzw. Selen zu Chalkogen-phosphoranen und verwandten Verbindungen. Die oben beschriebenen Primärphosphankomplexe stellen Ausgangsverbindungen für die Reaktion mit elektronenarmen organischen Mehrfachbindungssystemen dar. Dabei wird durch die Zugabe katalytischer Mengen einer Base wie z.B. Triethylamin intermediär das korrespondierende Metallo-phosphan generiert das als Nukleophil an der Mehrfachbindung angreift. Abschließende Reprotonierung führt zur Ausbildung eines sekundären Phosphankomplexes, wobei formal eine Insertion des ungesättigten Systems (z.B. Maleinsäuredimethylester) in eine P-H-Bindung erfolgt. Auch Metallo-phosphane können für Insertionsreaktionen genutzt werden, wobei mit elektronenarmen Alkinen der Aufbau von Phosphabenzolderivaten gelingt.
Die Präzisionsbestimmung rechnergesteuert hergestellter Organmodelle am Schweineschädelmodell
(2002)
An der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg erfolgt seit 1987 die Entwicklung und der Einsatz von Verfahren des rechnergesteuerten Organmodellbaus in der Planung und Durchführung operativer Eingriffe. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung erfolgte die Bestimmung der statistisch belegbaren und reproduzierbaren anatomisch-metrischen Präzision von medizinischen Organmodellen am Schweineschädelmodell in Abhängigkeit von den CT-Parametern und dem Modellbauverfahren. An einem intakten Schweinekopf erfolgte die Spiral-Computertomographische Datenerfassung zur Herstellung eines Stereolithographiemodells und die Mehrschicht- Computertomographische Datenerfassung zur Herstellung eines Lasersintermodells. Der Schweinekopf wurde mazeriert und Vergleichsmessungen von 75 ausgewählten anatomischen Meßpunkten über 200 Meßstrecken an dem Schädel und den beiden Modellen durchgeführt. Dabei konnte bestätigt werden, daß die Dimensionsabweichung unabhängig von der Datenerfassungsart und des Modellbauverfahrens durchschnittlich unterhalb von ± 0,88 mm, bzw. 2,7 Prozent liegt (max. Gesamtabweichung: - 3,0 mm bis + 3,2 mm). Bei gleicher Präzision der Modelle ist die Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT der konventionellen Spiral-CT in der Datenakquisition für den Organmodellbau bei verkürzter Akquisitionszeit und verringerter Strahlenbelastung vorzuziehen.